Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition that begins in childhood that makes it difficult to perform motor skills. It also causes issues with coordination. Dyspraxia can cause a wide range of issues with movement and coordination. Some of these may be noticeable at an early age, while others may only become obvious as your child gets older. Dyspraxia can affect your child’s coordination skills, which can make riding a bicycle or playing sports difficult. It can also affect their fine motor skills, such as writing or fastening buttons. […] The first signs of dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) begin in childhood during the developmental period. As it’s a chronic condition, dyspraxia can persist into adulthood as well. Dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) can cause a wide range of issues with coordination and motor skills. While most people with dyspraxia show signs of the condition by the time they start school, some people have mild forms of the condition that are more difficult to detect.

• #2 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  Developmental coordination disorder, also known as dyspraxia or DCD, is a prevalent condition often underrecognized by healthcare and educational professionals. This psychomotor development abnormality in an otherwise healthy child results in considerable short- and long-term health consequences. DCD is the failure to acquire the ability to perform age-appropriate complex motor activities that cannot be explained by inadequate practice or instructions. The population of children with this condition is heterogeneous, and the etiology remains unknown. […] Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), or dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by poor motor coordination and difficulty learning motor skills in an otherwise healthy child with a normal gross neurological examination. This condition may negatively impact the child’s life by interfering with socialization and academic performance. Additionally, DCD can lead to executive function deficits, preventing effective learning in early childhood education. Children with DCD experience difficulty executing coordinated motor actions accurately. The patients’ movements may be slow and inaccurate. DCD manifests as mild fine and gross motor delays in childhood that are later attributed to motor learning difficulties.

• #3 Developmental Coordination Disorder

  https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skills disorder that affects five to six percent of all school-aged children. DCD occurs when a delay in the development of motor skills, or difficulty coordinating movements, results in a child being unable to perform common, everyday tasks. Frequently described as „clumsy” or „awkward” by their parents and teachers, children with DCD have difficulty mastering simple motor activities, such as tying shoes or going down stairs, and are unable to perform age-appropriate academic and self-care tasks. […] DCD is commonly associated with other developmental conditions, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities (LD), speech-language delays and emotional and behavioural problems. […] While it was once thought that children with DCD would simply outgrow their motor difficulties, research tells us that DCD persists throughout adolescence into adulthood. Children with DCD can and do learn to perform certain motor tasks well, however, they have difficulty when faced with new, age-appropriate ones and are at risk for secondary difficulties that result from their motor challenges. Although there is currently no cure for DCD, early intervention and treatment may help to reduce the emotional, physical and social consequences that are often associated with this disorder.

• #4 What is Dyspraxia/DCD? – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/what-is-dyspraxia-dcd/

  Dyspraxia/DCD affects 5 to 6% of the population (Blank et al., 2019). […] Despite being almost as common as ADHD and more common than Autism, it is unfamiliar to many parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals in the United States. […] Although the term developmental is often associated with childhood milestones, it actually refers to growth and change throughout the lifespan including childhood, adulthood, and old age. Thus, DCD begins in childhood and continues to affect individuals at every age and stage of life.

• #5

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/symptoms/

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) can cause a wide range of problems. Some of these may be noticeable at an early age, while others may only become obvious as your child gets older. […] Delays in reaching normal developmental milestones can be an early sign of DCD in young children. For example, your child may take slightly longer than expected to roll over, sit, crawl or walk. […] Problems with movement and co-ordination are the main symptoms of DCD. […] A child with DCD may appear awkward and clumsy as they may bump into objects, drop things and fall over a lot. […] Some children with DCD may also become less fit than other children as their poor performance in sport may result in them being reluctant to exercise. […] As well as difficulties related to movement and co-ordination, children with DCD can also have other problems such as difficulty concentrating they may have a poor attention span and find it difficult to focus on 1 thing for more than a few minutes. […] Children with DCD may also have other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a group of behavioural symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness.

• #6 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Delays in reaching expected developmental milestones can be an early sign of dyspraxia in babies and toddlers. For example, your child may take longer than expected to roll over, sit, crawl or walk. Signs of dyspraxia in older children include difficulty with walking up and down stairs, difficulty with balance they may bump into objects, fall frequently or seem clumsy, and difficulty with sports and activities, such as riding a bike; jumping; and catching, throwing or kicking a ball. […] Children with dyspraxia are also more likely to develop overweight or obesity since they may be reluctant to exercise due to difficulties and frustration with coordination.

• #7 Dyspraxia – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia is a neurological (brain) condition. Its also called developmental coordination disorder (DCD). People with dyspraxia have problems learning and doing motor skills. Dyspraxia is often identified in early childhood and is a life-long condition. […] Children with dyspraxia are often unusually clumsy and bump into other people or objects. They may have problems with: gross motor skills, fine motor skills. […] Signs that your child may have dyspraxia are difficulty with: holding a pencil and writing, doing up buttons or shoelaces, running and jumping. Some other things that you might notice are that your child: has difficulty learning new skills, becomes tired easily, avoids tasks they find difficult, such as handwriting, has difficulty doing tasks on their own, such as dressing. Dyspraxia is usually identified in early childhood.

• #8

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a condition affecting physical co-ordination. It causes a child to perform less well than expected in daily activities for their age, and appear to move clumsily. […] Early developmental milestones of crawling, walking, self-feeding and dressing may be delayed in young children with DCD. Drawing, writing and performance in sports are also usually behind what is expected for their age. […] Although signs of the condition are present from an early age, children vary widely in their rate of development. This means a definite diagnosis of DCD does not usually happen until a child with the condition is 5 years old or more. […] Although DCD does not affect how intelligent a child is, it can make it more difficult for them to learn and they may need extra help to keep up at school.

• #9 What is Dyspraxia? Clumsy Child Syndrome Symptoms & TreatmentFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/what-is-dyspraxia-clumsy-child-syndrome/?srsltid=AfmBOoqUucwmJ2gn5yeRu7TkIhS4ZRZ5m1ttoGLAeGveUcT0vWTPQqfA

  The following dyspraxia symptoms correspond to each stage of development in children: 0-3 Years Old: Delayed early motor development, Delayed language development, Repetitive behaviors and frequent motor activity, Highly emotional, Feeding difficulties, Sleeping difficulties, Toilet training may be delayed. […] 3-5 Years Old: Can’t stay in one place for longer than 5 minutes, constantly tapping feet or hands, Speaks too loud, easily distressed, No sense of danger, Clumsy, constantly bumping into things, Associated mirror movements (hands flap when running or jumping), Trouble with fine motor skills — when handwriting, using scissors and eating utensils, tying shoes, buttoning clothes, Limited response to verbal instructions, Sensitive to sensory stimulation, Difficulty with speech, concentration and memory.

• #10 Dyspraxia: Signs, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/dyspraxia-signs-symptoms-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a condition that can affect many aspects of your child’s life, from fine motor issues (like getting dressed or writing) to gross motor functions (like walking, jumping, or balancing). There are many symptoms of dyspraxia. The type and severity vary quite a bit. Basic symptoms can include: Difficulty with balance and coordination, Being clumsy, Vision problems, Emotional and behavioral problems, Difficulty with communication reading, writing, speaking, Poor short-term memory, Poor posture, Poor social skills. Dyspraxia may not be easy to spot in babies because some of the symptoms could be caused by something else, or your baby might be just a bit behind on reaching milestones. That said, if your baby shows any of these symptoms, you should speak with your doctor to see if dyspraxia could be the cause: Delay in rolling over, sitting, crawling, or walking, Holding their body in unusual positions up to their first birthday, Difficulty building with blocks or playing with toys that need some coordination, Difficulty learning how to use a spoon to eat. Not all children develop at the same rate and these symptoms don’t necessarily point to dyspraxia. However, it would be a good idea to ask your doctor for an evaluation if your child is older and shows symptoms like these: Not keeping up with their peers with activities such as jumping, running, or catching or kicking a ball, Having problems going up and down stairs, Having difficulty when trying to write (may be unable to write clearly), using scissors, or other tools, Not being able to dress themselves, doing buttons, zippers, and tying shoelaces, Moving unintentionally, such as waving about their arms and legs, Being clumsy, bumping into things, dropping what they’re holding, or falling, Difficulty keeping up in school because they can’t concentrate or follow instructions, Having poor organizational skills, like keeping up with homework, Being bullied or difficulty making friends, Having behavior problems, often out of frustration, Having low self-esteem. Dyspraxia symptoms in adults may change over time, but if you have some of these symptoms, you may have the condition: Difficulty with coordination, balance, and movement, Difficulty learning new skills, Poor memory, Poor time management, organization, and planning, Changes in your ability to dress yourself or perform other daily tasks, such as cooking, Changes in your writing, Changes in how you can use tools such as scissors, Challenges to function in social situations, Changes in your ability to handle or manage your emotions. Dyspraxia doesn’t come with the same complications as diseases like diabetes, but having dyspraxia can cause other issues. This could include having difficulty managing behavior, completing tasks, or doing things that many people take for granted, such as dressing quickly or eating without spilling. Other issues someone with dyspraxia may experience include: Difficulties at home and work because of problems with remembering information or learning new skills, Isolation due to difficulty with social situations, dealing with emotions, Fatigue, because of the extra effort it takes, both emotionally and physically, to complete tasks, Getting injured easily because of frequent bumps or falls, Emotional distress and depression. There is no cure for dyspraxia, but early treatment could help your child adapt to having dyspraxia, lessening some symptoms.

• #11 Dyspraxia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151951

  DCD symptoms can vary depending on a persons age. Some symptoms might be more noticeable at an early age and others at an older age. […] DCD can cause delays in reaching typical developmental milestones. For example, a child may take longer than expected to learn how to: roll over, crawl, sit, walk. […] A parent or caregiver may also notice that the infant: displays atypical postures in their first year, has difficulty learning how to use cutlery, has difficulty with tasks that require coordination, such as stacking blocks. […] As a child gets older, they may have more noticeable symptoms relating to movement and coordination. They may bump into things, fall over often, or drop things. […] They may also have difficulty with tasks such as: using the stairs, writing and drawing, using scissors, getting dressed, tying shoelaces, fastening buttons, keeping still, jumping, running, and playing sports, coordinating the movements necessary to speak clearly.

• #12 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Symptoms-of-Dyspraxia.aspx

  Dyspraxia is a developmental coordination disorder that affects motor coordination and learning abilities. […] The symptoms that characterize the condition may vary with age of diagnosis and presentation. […] Babies may often show initial symptoms such as irritability, feeding problems etc. They may be slow developmentally. […] The child takes longer than other children to roll over, sit, crawl, stand, walk, and speak or toilet train. […] These children typically avoid playgrounds and peers. They are unable to hop, jump, run and catch or kick a ball due to lack of coordination. […] There may be some characteristic high levels of activity. This includes feet swinging and tapping, hand-clapping or twisting etc. The child is unable to sit still. […] This may be accompanied by high excitability, with a loud/shrill voice, proneness to temper tantrums and distress, constantly bumping into things and falling over, hand flapping on running, difficulty with a tricycle, lack of sense of danger, messy eating etc.

• #13 Dyspraxia in Children: A Quick Guide

  https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-dyspraxia/

  Also known as developmental coordination disorder, dyspraxia is a condition that causes children to appear clumsy and uncoordinated compared to other kids their age. They frequently drop things, break things, or bump into things. […] In young children, signs of dyspraxia include being slow to develop abilities including: Sitting up, Crawling, Walking, Using utensils, Drawing, Making hand gestures. […] Dyspraxia can also be diagnosed in older children. Signs that a school-age child might have dyspraxia include: Trouble with fine motor skills like holding a pencil, using a zipper, or fastening buttons, Difficulty balancing, Trouble with physical activities like running and jumping, Frequently stumbling or tripping, Avoiding activities like drawing, writing by hand, or playing sports, Getting teased by peers for being clumsy.

• #14 Signs and Symptoms of Dyspraxia – Is my child dyspraxic? – by GriffinOT

  https://www.griffinot.com/dyspraxia-symptoms-is-my-child-dyspraxic/

  Dyspraxia is more than just a little clumsiness. Dyspraxic individuals will also experience difficulties with ideation and/or planning as well as doing. […] Some common signs of dyspraxia include: Difficulty learning new motor tasks, Preferring fantasy games or talking to actually doing things (so has good ideation but can’t figure out how to follow through with their idea), Struggling to learn exercise steps or routines, Difficulty organising motor activities that require multiple steps, Finding drawing, colouring or copying more challenging, Having trouble playing with fine motor activities (e.g. blocks, beads), Difficulty following directions that require two or three steps, Poor skills in ball activities and other sports, Frustration when unable to complete tasks due to poor motor skills, Poor timekeeping, Limited ability to organise materials and resources including losing items and not arriving to class (or work!) with the correct materials.

• #15 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  Early signs of DCD may include delayed motor milestone achievement and difficulty completing age-appropriate everyday tasks such as brushing the teeth, catching a ball, cutting paper, and writing. The motor difficulties may persist in adolescence and be associated with attentional problems, anxiety, low self-esteem, and obesity. […] Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.

• #16 Symptoms of Dyspraxia in Babies, Toddlers & Children – Empowerkidz

  https://empowerkidz.com/symptoms-of-dyspraxia-in-children/

  Dyspraxia affects movement, coordination, judgement, processing, memory, and some cognitive skills in children. […] A baby with Dyspraxia may experience developmental delays, including lifting their head, rolling over, or even sitting up. […] Symptoms of Dyspraxia in Children include difficulty in participating in Physical education lessons, dressing up slower than others and unable to tie shoelaces, unable to have legible handwriting, bad at drawing and poor copying skills, limited concentration and poor listening skills, unable to remember instructions properly, slow at completing any task, continued at high levels of motor activity, easily gets distressed and emotional, inability to befriend other children, difficulty in coordination, sleeping difficulties: sleepless nights and night terrors, possible physical symptoms like migraine, headaches and generally feeling sick, and attentiveness in school is very poor. […] Although there is no cure for Dyspraxia it can be successfully managed with the right therapy and guidance.

• #17

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/d/article/developmentalcoordinationdisorder(dyspraxia)inchildren

  Delays in reaching normal developmental milestones can be an early sign of DCD in young children. For example, your child may take slightly longer than expected to roll over, sit, crawl or walk. […] Problems with movement and co-ordination are the main symptoms of DCD. […] A child with DCD may appear awkward and clumsy as they may bump into objects, drop things and fall over a lot. […] As well as difficulties related to movement and co-ordination, children with DCD can also have a range of other problems, such as difficulty concentrating, difficulty following instructions, being poor at organising themselves, being slow to pick up new skills, difficulty making friends, behaviour problems, and low self-esteem. […] Children with DCD often have other conditions as well, which may need to be treated separately. […] Although the physical co-ordination skills of a child with DCD will remain below average, this often becomes less of a problem as they get older. […] During adolescence, difficulties in school particularly producing written work may become much more prominent.

• #18 Dyspraxia vs Developmental Coordination Disorder. Clumsiness Symptoms

  https://www.coordikids.com/dyspraxia-vs-developmental-coordination-disorder/

  DCD is often confused with dyspraxia. Heres the thing, they are very similar and cause a lot of the same types of clumsiness and disorganisation. However, dyspraxia involves planning of tasks. […] Some DCD symptoms include: Awkward walking gait, Clumsy play often bumping into things or knocking things over, Difficulty to navigate their body through self-care, such as brushing teeth, Difficulty fastening buttons or zippers, Difficulty using utensils to eat typically children with DCD prefer to eat with their hands or just a spoon, Writing using too much or too little pressure, Neglecting to use the supportive hand to stabilise a book or paper on which they are writing, Unable to catch a ball, Unable to ride a tricycle, Difficulty especially with activities that require a constant state of motion, such as jumping rope or basketball, Poor balance, Physical disorganization and untidiness children with DCD rarely take the extra time and effort to put things in their proper place and instead toss them aside.

• #19 Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment For Dyspraxia In Children

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-for-dyspraxia-in-children-14979.html

  Symptoms in children in the age of months. It may take long time to sit, walk, crawl, speak and stand. While speaking or answering the questions they feel hard to speak and make sounds and sometimes they will repeat the same thing which we did. […] Early childhood. Hard to give moments, inactive state, not performing well, well dressed up. Problem in doing physical activities, indoor and outdoor games, most importantly they cannot concentrate. Shard to focus on things and studies, difficulty in learning new things. […] Later in childhood. Not participating in any kind of sports or games, lack of decency and dignity, difficulty in handwriting and solving the problems, they should not follow any rules and regulations. […] In adults. Lack of clarity in speech, Insomnia, Difficulty in gestures and hand moments, for boys having trouble in grooming, shaving for girls; Applying of makeup and dressing up, selecting of things. In some cases they will frustrate so easily, and aggressiveness, anxiety, Unable to do exercise or dance.

• #20

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/symptoms/

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) can cause a wide range of problems. Some of these may be noticeable at an early age, while others may only become obvious as your child gets older. […] Delays in reaching normal developmental milestones can be an early sign of DCD in young children. For example, your child may take slightly longer than expected to roll over, sit, crawl or walk. […] Problems with movement and co-ordination are the main symptoms of DCD. […] A child with DCD may appear awkward and clumsy as they may bump into objects, drop things and fall over a lot. […] Some children with DCD may also become less fit than other children as their poor performance in sport may result in them being reluctant to exercise. […] As well as difficulties related to movement and co-ordination, children with DCD can also have other problems such as difficulty concentrating they may have a poor attention span and find it difficult to focus on 1 thing for more than a few minutes. […] Children with DCD may also have other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a group of behavioural symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness.

• #21 Dyspraxia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151951

  DCD can affect a childs performance in school. For example, they may have difficulty: concentrating, following instructions, and copying information, staying organized, learning new skills, making friends. […] While DCD does not affect a persons intelligence, it can make learning more challenging. Children may benefit from one-on-one teaching and may need encouragement and repetition. […] It is also important for parents, teachers, and caregivers to keep an eye on the childs mental health. The symptoms of DCD may contribute to low self-esteem and feelings of frustration.

• #22 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  Characteristics of a Child with DCD Physical Characteristics The child may: Be clumsy, or awkward in his or her movements; for example, they may bump into, spill, or knock things over. Experience difficulties with gross motor skills (whole body), fine motor skills (using hands); or both. Be delayed in developing motor skills such as riding a bicycle, catching a ball, doing up buttons, tying shoes, etc. Have difficulty learning new motor skills. […] Emotional/Behavioral Characteristics The child may: Show lack of interest in or avoid activities that require a physical response. For a child with DCD, performing motor skills requires significant effort. Fatigue and repeated failure may cause the child to avoid such activities. Demonstrate a low frustration tolerance, decreased self-esteem, and a lack of motivation due to difficulties coping with activities that are required in all aspects of life.

• #23 Developmental Coordination Disorder DSM-5 315.4 (F82)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/developmental-coordination-disorder-dsm–5-315.4-(f82)

  Multiple disturbances of gross and fine motor control have been described. Gross motor symptoms include poor timing and impaired balance, causing patients to trip over their own feet. Difficulty in combining movements into a sequence or in remembering movements in a sequence may be associated with proprioception or spatial awareness. Proprioceptive impairment and left-right confusion can interfere with holding or transferring objects such as pencils or tools. Manipulation and dexterity are also compromised by fine motor symptoms, which can interfere with handwriting and many activities of daily life. […] Impaired control of the vocal apparatus, difficulty suppressing breathing and salivation while speaking, and central difficulties forming speech sounds and sequencing words can result in speech and language impairment, which is termed childhood apraxia of speech. The gross and fine motor symptoms and disturbance of speech and language are often comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, impairment of mathematical ability and reading or writing, and abnormal muscle tone. Abnormal sensory sensitivity is also often associated with coordination defects, and can interfere with occupational or social function or result in unrecognized injury. Specific language impairment, the abnormal development of language without apparent etiology, is also associated with developmental coordination disorder: students with the latter are 7 times more likely than students without to have impairment of visual-spatial memory.

• #24

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a condition affecting physical co-ordination. It causes a child to perform less well than expected in daily activities for their age, and appear to move clumsily. […] Early developmental milestones of crawling, walking, self-feeding and dressing may be delayed in young children with DCD. Drawing, writing and performance in sports are also usually behind what is expected for their age. […] Although signs of the condition are present from an early age, children vary widely in their rate of development. This means a definite diagnosis of DCD does not usually happen until a child with the condition is 5 years old or more. […] Although DCD does not affect how intelligent a child is, it can make it more difficult for them to learn and they may need extra help to keep up at school.

• #25 What is Dyspraxia?

  https://dyspraxia.org.nz/what-is-dyspraxia

  The child usually has normal intellect is as intelligent as he would have been without dyspraxia but may have difficulty in showing what he knows or integrating faultily stored sensory information to form concepts. […] An inability to cope with demands can lead to emotional difficulties, stress, frustration, anxiety, tension, and failure, with resulting low self-esteem, and possible behaviour problems. […] Without the consistent ability to read people, situations, or the accepted behaviour in situations, friendships may be difficult, as his ability to moderate his behaviour, modulate his actions, or anticipate the results of his actions or behaviour (all highly developed cognitive skills) may be impaired. […] Speech is the first consciously planned, voluntary motor skill, the most obvious of learned voluntary skills, and often the first disability to be noticed. The need to communicate is basic to our lives, and the inability to do so sometimes leads to an assumption that the intellect is also affected.

• #26 Developmental Co-ordination Disorder / Dyspraxia – Pembrokeshire County Council

  https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/inclusion-services/developmental-co-ordination-disorder-dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia is characterized by motor coordination difficulties that impact a childs success in daily and academic life, recreation, and play (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). […] Many children with dyspraxia will have co-occurring language-based and non-verbal learning difficulties, attention challenges, and/or difficulties with memory, planning, and organisation. […] Children with dyspraxia appear clumsy and awkward in the school environment. They have difficulties controlling and maintaining their posture, impacting their ability to complete learning activities and tasks. […] The motor problems present in children with dyspraxia, particularly if not identified early, can lead to challenging classroom behaviours such as frequent disruptions of the class and/or interference with other pupils, avoidance of work, and attention-seeking behaviours.

• #27

  https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/learningneeds/Pages/developmental-coordination-disorder.aspx

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a motor skill disorder that affects as many as one in 20 children. […] Another term often used for DCD is dyspraxia. In Australia, DCD is preferred. […] Children with DCD perform motor skills below what is expected for their age. DCD interferes with their academic achievement and daily activities and cannot be explained by an intellectual delay, visual impairment, or other neurological conditions that affect movement. […] In most cases, a child will not outgrow DCD. Interventions are currently designed to help the child function better in their environment. […] As an educator you may notice that a student with DCD has awkward or clumsy movement. […] Students with DCD often have lower working memory capacity than their peers. This can affect their performance on tasks where they are given multiple steps or are required to follow a specific sequence.

• #28 Developmental Co-ordination Disorder / Dyspraxia – Pembrokeshire County Council

  https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/inclusion-services/developmental-co-ordination-disorder-dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia occurs when poorly coordinated motor skills interfere with daily and academic functioning, and is observed on a continuum from mild to severe. […] Currently there is no known cure for dyspraxia, and children do not grow out of the condition. While they do not get worse over time, their challenges may become more apparent with increasing academic demands. […] Despite their difficulties, pupils with dyspraxia can and do learn to perform some motor tasks quite well. […] Early identification, along with differentiated instructional approaches and modifications to learning activities and environments, are critical for effective long-term management. […] Children with dyspraxia may have associated learning, speech/language, and attention problems. […] Printing/handwriting difficulties are nearly always a challenge for pupils with dyspraxia.

• #29

  https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/learningneeds/Pages/developmental-coordination-disorder.aspx

  DCD commonly affects handwriting. Students with DCD may write at a slower pace than their peers. When a student with DCD tries to write more quickly, legibility may become poor. This can impact subjects with a large written component such as maths. […] Poor fine motor skills can impact the students ability to use scissors, paste objects, draw or gather up class resources required for new activities. […] The physical and cognitive effort required for a student with DCD to perform many in-class tasks can leave them mentally and physically fatigued. […] Children with DCD may also have low muscle tone and fatigue easily, which can affect their sitting posture. […] It is difficult for many children with DCD to keep up with their peers in the playground. They may run differently run or find it difficult to catch or kick a ball.

• #30

  https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/learningneeds/Pages/developmental-coordination-disorder.aspx

  Students with DCD who are able to keep up with their peers often fatigue quickly, which means they are unable to play for as long. […] Students with DCD may be labelled by those who are unaware of their condition as lazy, uncooperative, difficult or distracting. […] Students with DCD may have lower levels of muscle tone. This means their muscles have to work harder to support their posture and movements. […] Trying to keep up in class is both cognitively and physically tiring for a student with DCD. Without adequate breaks for rest, they can easily become fatigued.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Symptoms-of-Dyspraxia.aspx

  Other notable problems are lack of establishment of handedness, language difficulties, sensitivity to sensory stimulation like noise, touch etc., lack of response to verbal instruction, lack of comprehension and concentration required to finish a task at hand. […] They may find it hard to walk up and down stairs and language may be immature or ill-developed. […] At school, a child with dyspraxia may have difficulty with maths and writing stories. […] These children are slow to complete work but show high levels of motor activity, excitability, easily distressed or emotionally weak and show inability to form relationships with peers. […] Symptoms are similar but academic performance and daily attendance becomes progressively poorer. […] The children appear more tired, as they have to use more energy than other children to complete the same activities.

• #32

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/symptoms/

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) can cause a wide range of problems. Some of these may be noticeable at an early age, while others may only become obvious as your child gets older. […] Delays in reaching normal developmental milestones can be an early sign of DCD in young children. For example, your child may take slightly longer than expected to roll over, sit, crawl or walk. […] Problems with movement and co-ordination are the main symptoms of DCD. […] A child with DCD may appear awkward and clumsy as they may bump into objects, drop things and fall over a lot. […] Some children with DCD may also become less fit than other children as their poor performance in sport may result in them being reluctant to exercise. […] As well as difficulties related to movement and co-ordination, children with DCD can also have other problems such as difficulty concentrating they may have a poor attention span and find it difficult to focus on 1 thing for more than a few minutes. […] Children with DCD may also have other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a group of behavioural symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness.

• #33 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Delays in reaching expected developmental milestones can be an early sign of dyspraxia in babies and toddlers. For example, your child may take longer than expected to roll over, sit, crawl or walk. Signs of dyspraxia in older children include difficulty with walking up and down stairs, difficulty with balance they may bump into objects, fall frequently or seem clumsy, and difficulty with sports and activities, such as riding a bike; jumping; and catching, throwing or kicking a ball. […] Children with dyspraxia are also more likely to develop overweight or obesity since they may be reluctant to exercise due to difficulties and frustration with coordination.

• #34 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  Early signs of DCD may include delayed motor milestone achievement and difficulty completing age-appropriate everyday tasks such as brushing the teeth, catching a ball, cutting paper, and writing. The motor difficulties may persist in adolescence and be associated with attentional problems, anxiety, low self-esteem, and obesity. […] Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.

• #35

  https://mentalhealthcenterkids.com/blogs/articles/dyspraxia-in-children

  In fact, between 30 and 50% of children with dyspraxia also have ADHD, which suggests that there may be a neurobiological contribution shared by both disorders. […] Not only is it possible that dyspraxia co-occurs with ADHD, but children with such motor coordination difficulties are also at a greater risk for other neuropsychiatric conditions, such as autism, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or schizophrenia. […] Because dyspraxia in children causes difficulties in performing day-to-day activities, these children often feel personally inadequate. […] Some children may perceive themselves negatively, and they may be unwilling to engage in social and physical activities for fear that their motor coordination difficulties will be exposed. […] Finally, children with dyspraxia may reduce their participation in physical activities, which may lead to obesity. […] Overall, this leads to the child suffering from a poor quality of life in terms of physical health.

• #36 Dyspraxia vs Developmental Coordination Disorder. Clumsiness Symptoms

  https://www.coordikids.com/dyspraxia-vs-developmental-coordination-disorder/

  A child with DCD who are repeatedly unsuccessful catching, hitting, or kicking a ball or jumping and running will be understandably shy to fail in front of friends. Children with DCD are likely to find any excuse to avoid sport in general. Trying to coordinate these movements are exhausting for a child with DCD, and theyll often tire quickly or have an emotional outburst.

• #37 SciELO Brazil – Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the condition and research evidence Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the condition and research evidence

  https://www.scielo.br/j/motriz/a/ZBc7trmmqWVmzGs6FjhSBHM/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by impairments in the development of motor coordination. The uncoordinated movements of children with DCD lead to performance difficulties in daily life activities and academic settings. The movements of children with DCD are often described as clumsy and uncoordinated, and frequently lead to performance difficulties that most typically developing (TD) children can perform easily. DCD may be defined in different ways. In general, it is understood as poor motor proficiency that significantly interferes with daily living activities. DCD can be explained as difficulties or impairments in the performance of age-appropriate activities, and has also been described as problems in motor coordination despite appropriate levels of intelligence. By definition, children with DCD do not have an identifiable medical or neurological condition that explains their coordination problems. DCD tends to be a secondary diagnosis, and the recommendation is that a diagnosis is made only around or after age 65. However, delays and difficulties are typically observed early in life. The delays seen in Criterion C are commonly related to acquisition of motor skills – such as using silverware, dressing, playing with a toy, scribbling with a crayon, etc. Despite the visible differences in the motor behavior of children with DCD, often times their difficulties are dismissed as behavioral problems, especially if they are accompanied by a child’s frustration and anger. One of the characteristics of DCD is that the motor impairment exists despite the absence of intellectual deficits. Children with DCD seem to experience a broad number of difficulties. They tend to move awkwardly and have poor postural control, being more prone to trip, bump into things, fall, and also appear to move slower and have delayed actions and responses. They also put more effort in order to accomplish skills, and have difficulties creating solutions for movements and adjusting/adapting to different demands of the environment. Consequently, they often withdraw from participating in physical activities, especially those that require a minimum level of proficiency in motor skills. DCD has also been associated with mental health issues later in life. In addition, quality of life of these children has been shown to be severely impaired, and even lower than that of children living with chronic health conditions. Children with DCD are less likely to be physically active and have excess weight gain. DCD is a chronic condition, but little is known about its effects on adult life, and what types of interventions are effective for individuals that may suffer the consequences of DCD. In conclusion, DCD is a highly prevalent and co-morbid condition, and children with DCD represent a significant portion of the school-aged population. We determined that motor difficulties in DCD are associated with several and severe consequences in performance of activities of daily living, academic achievement, as well as problems in physical and mental health.

• #38 Dyspraxia/DCD Teens – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/dyspraxia-dcd-teens/

  Symptoms Other Than Movement […] Someone with Dyspraxia/DCD may have symptoms in addition to movement and coordination. […] The stress of living with Dyspraxia/DCD may lead to emotional or mental health issues. […] May experience: […] Depression […] Anxiety/social anxiety […] Obsessive and or compulsive behavior […] Low self-esteem […] Changes in sleep […] Changes in appetite […] Withdrawal from friends and activities. […] Signs and symptoms will begin early in life, but a diagnosis may be made at any age. […] A formal diagnosis will use criteria for Code 315.4 Developmental Coordination Disorder from The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) or for Code 6A04 Developmental Motor Coordination Disorder (Developmental Dyspraxia) in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), the global standard for diagnostic health information.

• #39 Developmental Coordination Disorder: Causes & Remedies

  https://www.verywellmind.com/developmental-coordination-disorder-causes-and-remedies-5220409

  Developmental coordination problems may be associated with other developmental issues such as challenges with social interactions and can show signs of poor short-term memory. This disorder may not affect intellect, as average and above-average intelligence levels occur with dyspraxia. However, people with this condition may behave immaturely. […] An accurate diagnosis of dyspraxia requires the expertise of professionals. […] A delay in acquiring and displaying motor function. This delay is observed following difficulty with activities like cutlery or scissors usage. The child may also struggle during more complex scenarios like sporting exercises. These challenges are usually below what is expected of a child in that age group. […] Beyond awkward movements and clumsy coordination, there are other consequences that follow life with developmental coordination disorder. This condition can lead to compromised physical well-being, obesity, hypermobility of the joints, and mental health challenges. […] Management techniques may be task-based or process-oriented. Other approaches include physical therapy and medication.

• #40 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/dyspraxia/comments/ofhmsn/a_simplified_list_of_dyspraxia_symptoms/

  Difficulty in planning and organising thought. […] Poor memory, especially short-term memory. […] Unfocused and erratic. […] Poor sequencing. […] Accuracy problems. […] Difficulty in following multiple instructions. […] Difficulty with concentration. […] Can do only one thing at a time properly. […] Slow to finish a task. […] Difficulty in listening to people. […] Slow to adapt to new or unpredictable situations. […] Tendency to be erratic. […] Tendency to opt out of things that are too difficult. […] Tend to get stressed, depressed and anxious easily. […] Difficulty sleeping. […] Prone to low self-esteem.

• #41 Developmental Progression of Dyspraxia from Childhood to Adolescence

  https://www.noorzainab.com/longitudinal-study-on-the-developmental-progression-of-dyspraxia-from-childhood-to-adolescence/

  Dyspraxia can have a significant emotional and psychological impact. […] Adolescents with dyspraxia are more likely to experience anxiety, despair, and low self-esteem, according to longitudinal studies. […] Gaining knowledge about the difficulties and coping strategies related to dyspraxia can be achieved by following the developmental course of the disorder from childhood to adolescence through longitudinal research. […] Mitigating motor skill deficiencies and promoting academic and social development require early assessment and intervention. […] Maintaining resilience and preserving the emotional and psychological well-being of children with dyspraxia as they develop into adolescents requires ongoing assistance from family, educators, and healthcare experts.

• #42

  https://mentalhealthcenterkids.com/blogs/articles/dyspraxia-in-children

  In fact, between 30 and 50% of children with dyspraxia also have ADHD, which suggests that there may be a neurobiological contribution shared by both disorders. […] Not only is it possible that dyspraxia co-occurs with ADHD, but children with such motor coordination difficulties are also at a greater risk for other neuropsychiatric conditions, such as autism, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or schizophrenia. […] Because dyspraxia in children causes difficulties in performing day-to-day activities, these children often feel personally inadequate. […] Some children may perceive themselves negatively, and they may be unwilling to engage in social and physical activities for fear that their motor coordination difficulties will be exposed. […] Finally, children with dyspraxia may reduce their participation in physical activities, which may lead to obesity. […] Overall, this leads to the child suffering from a poor quality of life in terms of physical health.

• #43 Dyspraxia – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dyspraxia

  There is no cure for dyspraxia. But it can be treated with regular therapies. Occupational therapy is the main treatment for dyspraxia. It can help develop the skills needed for school and everyday living. […] Dyspraxia can occur on its own. However, people with dyspraxia often also have: hypermobile joints, dyslexia, dyscalculia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Undiagnosed dyspraxia may lead to: temper tantrums, anxiety and depression, panic attacks, addiction, frequent job changes or long-term unemployment.

• #44 Developmental Coordination Disorder

  https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skills disorder that affects five to six percent of all school-aged children. DCD occurs when a delay in the development of motor skills, or difficulty coordinating movements, results in a child being unable to perform common, everyday tasks. Frequently described as „clumsy” or „awkward” by their parents and teachers, children with DCD have difficulty mastering simple motor activities, such as tying shoes or going down stairs, and are unable to perform age-appropriate academic and self-care tasks. […] DCD is commonly associated with other developmental conditions, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities (LD), speech-language delays and emotional and behavioural problems. […] While it was once thought that children with DCD would simply outgrow their motor difficulties, research tells us that DCD persists throughout adolescence into adulthood. Children with DCD can and do learn to perform certain motor tasks well, however, they have difficulty when faced with new, age-appropriate ones and are at risk for secondary difficulties that result from their motor challenges. Although there is currently no cure for DCD, early intervention and treatment may help to reduce the emotional, physical and social consequences that are often associated with this disorder.

• #45

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  Although the physical co-ordination of a child with DCD will remain below average, this may be less of a problem as they get older and develop coping strategies. Some children may continue to have problems. […] However, difficulties in school particularly producing written work can become much more prominent and require extra help from parents and teachers.

• #46 Dyspraxia/DCD Teens – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/dyspraxia-dcd-teens/

  While it was once believed that children with DCD would outgrow their motor difficulties, evidence suggests that these difficulties persist into adolescence and adulthood. […] Difficulty coordinating large (gross motor) and/or small (fine motor) body movements. […] Poor balance […] Low muscle tone […] Poor posture/slumping in chair […] Difficulty with writing and note taking skills […] Awkward body movements (walking, running, throwing) […] Accident proneness (bumping into people or objects) […] Difficulty learning to drive. […] Limited eye-hand and eye-foot coordination may make activities, such as those below, slow or difficult: […] Tasks such as putting on make-up, shaving, and doing hair […] Dancing. […] Someone with Dyspraxia/DCD may have another diagnosis at the same time.

• #47

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/d/article/developmentalcoordinationdisorder(dyspraxia)inchildren

  Delays in reaching normal developmental milestones can be an early sign of DCD in young children. For example, your child may take slightly longer than expected to roll over, sit, crawl or walk. […] Problems with movement and co-ordination are the main symptoms of DCD. […] A child with DCD may appear awkward and clumsy as they may bump into objects, drop things and fall over a lot. […] As well as difficulties related to movement and co-ordination, children with DCD can also have a range of other problems, such as difficulty concentrating, difficulty following instructions, being poor at organising themselves, being slow to pick up new skills, difficulty making friends, behaviour problems, and low self-esteem. […] Children with DCD often have other conditions as well, which may need to be treated separately. […] Although the physical co-ordination skills of a child with DCD will remain below average, this often becomes less of a problem as they get older. […] During adolescence, difficulties in school particularly producing written work may become much more prominent.

• #48 Developmental Coordination Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder

  A diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder may be given if the motor skill impairment interferes with activities of daily living and negatively impacts a persons ability to participate in school, work, leisure, and play. […] About 5 percent of children between ages 5 and 11 are diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder; approximately 2 percent can be categorized as severe. […] Developmental coordination disorder is a lifelong condition. However, symptoms often improve significantly and can become manageable with age, especially with adequate treatment. […] While many children see an improvement in symptoms with treatment over the long term, 50 to 70 percent of children continue to have problems with coordinated movement through adolescence. The severity of the condition does not worsen over time, but developmental coordination disorder does continue into adulthood.

• #49 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – What is Dyspraxia/DCD?

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/What-is-Dyspraxia-DCD

  Dyspraxia is a lifelong condition that can present in different ways in adulthood. Learning to drive a car, shaving, applying makeup, social skills and employment options may all be impacted upon for young adults. […] Individuals may present with areas of difficulty related to fine and gross motor coordination such as aspects of self-care (shaving, doing up buttons, tying shoelaces), writing with a pen or pencil, riding a bike and undertakingsports activities. […] A person with dyspraxia does not 'outgrow’ the condition as used to be thought but learns the skills to adapt and manage motor coordination and executive planning challenges. […] Many people with dyspraxia report challenges with planning and organisation and time management, all of which can detrimentally impact upon their participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment.

• #50 Developmental Coordination Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder

  A diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder may be given if the motor skill impairment interferes with activities of daily living and negatively impacts a persons ability to participate in school, work, leisure, and play. […] About 5 percent of children between ages 5 and 11 are diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder; approximately 2 percent can be categorized as severe. […] Developmental coordination disorder is a lifelong condition. However, symptoms often improve significantly and can become manageable with age, especially with adequate treatment. […] While many children see an improvement in symptoms with treatment over the long term, 50 to 70 percent of children continue to have problems with coordinated movement through adolescence. The severity of the condition does not worsen over time, but developmental coordination disorder does continue into adulthood.

• #51 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  Longitudinal studies have shown deficits in motor skills persisting into adolescence and adulthood. […] Importantly, early intervention may enable the child to overcome some of the difficulties or to adopt strategies that make them manageable. Improvements in the organisation and execution of motor activities may have a secondary beneficial effect on body image, self-esteem and increased participation in the community.

• #52

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  Although the physical co-ordination of a child with DCD will remain below average, this may be less of a problem as they get older and develop coping strategies. Some children may continue to have problems. […] However, difficulties in school particularly producing written work can become much more prominent and require extra help from parents and teachers.

• #53

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/d/article/developmentalcoordinationdisorder(dyspraxia)inchildren

  Delays in reaching normal developmental milestones can be an early sign of DCD in young children. For example, your child may take slightly longer than expected to roll over, sit, crawl or walk. […] Problems with movement and co-ordination are the main symptoms of DCD. […] A child with DCD may appear awkward and clumsy as they may bump into objects, drop things and fall over a lot. […] As well as difficulties related to movement and co-ordination, children with DCD can also have a range of other problems, such as difficulty concentrating, difficulty following instructions, being poor at organising themselves, being slow to pick up new skills, difficulty making friends, behaviour problems, and low self-esteem. […] Children with DCD often have other conditions as well, which may need to be treated separately. […] Although the physical co-ordination skills of a child with DCD will remain below average, this often becomes less of a problem as they get older. […] During adolescence, difficulties in school particularly producing written work may become much more prominent.

• #54 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – What is Dyspraxia/DCD?

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/What-is-Dyspraxia-DCD

  Dyspraxia is a lifelong condition that can present in different ways in adulthood. Learning to drive a car, shaving, applying makeup, social skills and employment options may all be impacted upon for young adults. […] Individuals may present with areas of difficulty related to fine and gross motor coordination such as aspects of self-care (shaving, doing up buttons, tying shoelaces), writing with a pen or pencil, riding a bike and undertakingsports activities. […] A person with dyspraxia does not 'outgrow’ the condition as used to be thought but learns the skills to adapt and manage motor coordination and executive planning challenges. […] Many people with dyspraxia report challenges with planning and organisation and time management, all of which can detrimentally impact upon their participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment.

• #55 Dyspraxia/DCD Teens – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/dyspraxia-dcd-teens/

  While it was once believed that children with DCD would outgrow their motor difficulties, evidence suggests that these difficulties persist into adolescence and adulthood. […] Difficulty coordinating large (gross motor) and/or small (fine motor) body movements. […] Poor balance […] Low muscle tone […] Poor posture/slumping in chair […] Difficulty with writing and note taking skills […] Awkward body movements (walking, running, throwing) […] Accident proneness (bumping into people or objects) […] Difficulty learning to drive. […] Limited eye-hand and eye-foot coordination may make activities, such as those below, slow or difficult: […] Tasks such as putting on make-up, shaving, and doing hair […] Dancing. […] Someone with Dyspraxia/DCD may have another diagnosis at the same time.

• #56 Developmental Progression of Dyspraxia from Childhood to Adolescence

  https://www.noorzainab.com/longitudinal-study-on-the-developmental-progression-of-dyspraxia-from-childhood-to-adolescence/

  During childhood, fine and gross motor skill deficits are frequently the first signs of dyspraxia. […] Early diagnosis is essential because it enables prompt intervention, which can greatly enhance overall development and motor abilities. […] Childhood dyspraxia can significantly affect social connections and academic achievement. […] Problems with motor skills can make writing tedious and slow, which might hinder scholastic progress. […] Dyspraxia causes academic difficulties that last into puberty. […] Teens who struggle with dyspraxia may find it challenging to meet the rigorous academic requirements of secondary school. […] Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that while some dyspraxics show progressive gains in their motor skills, others still struggle greatly. […] The severity of the disorder, the success of early interventions, and the existence of co-occurring disorders like ADHD or autism spectrum disorder all influence how much recovery is often seen.

• #57 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – What is Dyspraxia/DCD?

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/What-is-Dyspraxia-DCD

  Dyspraxia is a lifelong condition that can present in different ways in adulthood. Learning to drive a car, shaving, applying makeup, social skills and employment options may all be impacted upon for young adults. […] Individuals may present with areas of difficulty related to fine and gross motor coordination such as aspects of self-care (shaving, doing up buttons, tying shoelaces), writing with a pen or pencil, riding a bike and undertakingsports activities. […] A person with dyspraxia does not 'outgrow’ the condition as used to be thought but learns the skills to adapt and manage motor coordination and executive planning challenges. […] Many people with dyspraxia report challenges with planning and organisation and time management, all of which can detrimentally impact upon their participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment.

• #58

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/symptoms/

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) can cause a wide range of problems. Some of these may be noticeable at an early age, while others may only become obvious as your child gets older. […] Delays in reaching normal developmental milestones can be an early sign of DCD in young children. For example, your child may take slightly longer than expected to roll over, sit, crawl or walk. […] Problems with movement and co-ordination are the main symptoms of DCD. […] A child with DCD may appear awkward and clumsy as they may bump into objects, drop things and fall over a lot. […] Some children with DCD may also become less fit than other children as their poor performance in sport may result in them being reluctant to exercise. […] As well as difficulties related to movement and co-ordination, children with DCD can also have other problems such as difficulty concentrating they may have a poor attention span and find it difficult to focus on 1 thing for more than a few minutes. […] Children with DCD may also have other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a group of behavioural symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness.

• #59 Developmental Coordination Disorder

  https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skills disorder that affects five to six percent of all school-aged children. DCD occurs when a delay in the development of motor skills, or difficulty coordinating movements, results in a child being unable to perform common, everyday tasks. Frequently described as „clumsy” or „awkward” by their parents and teachers, children with DCD have difficulty mastering simple motor activities, such as tying shoes or going down stairs, and are unable to perform age-appropriate academic and self-care tasks. […] DCD is commonly associated with other developmental conditions, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities (LD), speech-language delays and emotional and behavioural problems. […] While it was once thought that children with DCD would simply outgrow their motor difficulties, research tells us that DCD persists throughout adolescence into adulthood. Children with DCD can and do learn to perform certain motor tasks well, however, they have difficulty when faced with new, age-appropriate ones and are at risk for secondary difficulties that result from their motor challenges. Although there is currently no cure for DCD, early intervention and treatment may help to reduce the emotional, physical and social consequences that are often associated with this disorder.

• #60 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspraxia

  Although intelligence isnt affected, dyspraxia can make it harder to learn and socialize due to: a short attention span for tasks that are difficult, trouble following or remembering instructions, a lack of organizational skills, difficulty learning new skills, low self-esteem, immature behavior, trouble making friends. […] The severity of symptoms can vary a lot from child to child. […] A diagnosis of dyspraxia may be delayed until a child is 5 years or older. […] For some children, symptoms resolve on their own as they age. […] Theres no cure for dyspraxia. However, with the right therapies, people with dyspraxia can learn to manage symptoms and improve their abilities. […] Dyspraxia is thought to be 3 or 4 times more common in boys than girls. […] Its not unusual for a child with dyspraxia to have other conditions with overlapping symptoms. […] Dyspraxia is a developmental coordination disorder. This lifelong condition affects gross and fine motor skills, and sometimes cognitive function.

• #61 Dyspraxia And Developmental Coordination Disorder: Are The Symptoms The Same? | BetterHelp

  https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/general/dyspraxia-and-developmental-coordination-disorder-are-the-symptoms-the-same/

  DCD can affect fine and gross motor skills simultaneously, but not always in the same way. […] While DCD is primarily characterized by challenges associated with intentional movement, evidence suggests that the condition is also associated with cognitive dysfunctions. […] Those diagnosed with DCD are more likely to demonstrate deficits in executive function, behavioral control, and emotional regulation. […] Emerging research suggests that working memory is often impacted in those with DCD, frequently appearing as short-term memory deficits. […] A medical or mental health professional must diagnose DCD. Diagnosis typically occurs in childhood, often when caregivers notice developmental delays or motor coordination issues. […] The most common comorbid condition associated with DCD is ADHD, with some studies suggesting that as many as 50% or more of people with ADHD meet the criteria for DCD and vice versa.

• #62

  https://mentalhealthcenterkids.com/blogs/articles/dyspraxia-in-children

  Other difficulties that individuals with dyspraxia may experience include difficulties with short-term memory, posture, and speech, as well as abnormal muscle tone. […] More importantly, though, the DSM-5-TR requires that all symptoms must occur in the early developmental years. […] Furthermore, the motor difficulties should not be explained by a medical condition or a pervasive developmental disorder. […] Dyspraxia in children may prevent learning in formal education settings, especially in early childhood, partly due to deficits in executive function. […] Thus, there is a likelihood of impairment in academic performance. […] Many children who experience problems in coordination also suffer problems with attention, with some developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

• #63 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

  https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Below are some signs of DCD at specific ages. […] If youre concerned your child might have DCD, reach out to your childs doctor. You can use this checklist to walk through signs youre seeing. […] Most kids with DCD have at least one learning or thinking difference, too. ADHD is one of the most common conditions that co-occur with DCD. In fact, half of all kids with DCD also have ADHD. […] Researchers dont know the cause of DCD, but there are some risk factors. […] A key treatment for DCD is occupational therapy (OT). […] Kids with DCD may also work with physical therapists on balance and muscle tone. […] One of the most important things you can do is be an advocate for your child with DCD. That starts with understanding the challenges and letting your child know youre going to be there every step of the way.

• #64 Developmental Coordination Disorder

  https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder

  The following criteria are necessary for a diagnosis of DCD to be given: A) Learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is below expected level for age, given opportunity for skill learning. B) Motor skill difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily living and impact academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure and play. C) Onset is in the early developmental period. D) Motor skill difficulties are not better explained by intellectual delay, visual impairment or other neurological conditions that affect movement. […] In the time since that landmark consensus statement in 1994, research into the disorder has grown considerably with a need to re-visit the concepts as outlined in the 1994 consensus.

• #65 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  The management of children with DCD must begin with an accurate diagnosis. […] The two principal questions to be answered when assessing a patient with possible DCD are, first, is there an underlying neurological or physical disorder and, second, does the patient have significant coordination difficulties compatible with DCD? […] A history of possible epileptic seizures or a sensory disturbance (specifically, a significant visual or hearing deficit) must be sought as a possible cause for impaired coordination. […] Children and adolescents with coordination difficulties clearly appreciate receiving appropriate treatment, and searching for help can be extremely frustrating for families. […] Early diagnosis, treatment and educational support are important. Failure to diagnose and address the motor and other commonly associated (comorbid) features seen in children with DCD may have major consequences in adult life, including unemployment, psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor interpersonal skills and criminality.

• #66 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

  https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Below are some signs of DCD at specific ages. […] If youre concerned your child might have DCD, reach out to your childs doctor. You can use this checklist to walk through signs youre seeing. […] Most kids with DCD have at least one learning or thinking difference, too. ADHD is one of the most common conditions that co-occur with DCD. In fact, half of all kids with DCD also have ADHD. […] Researchers dont know the cause of DCD, but there are some risk factors. […] A key treatment for DCD is occupational therapy (OT). […] Kids with DCD may also work with physical therapists on balance and muscle tone. […] One of the most important things you can do is be an advocate for your child with DCD. That starts with understanding the challenges and letting your child know youre going to be there every step of the way.

• #67

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/d/article/developmentalcoordinationdisorder(dyspraxia)inchildren

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a condition affecting physical co-ordination. It causes a child to perform less well than expected in daily activities for their age, and appear to move clumsily. […] Early developmental milestones of crawling, walking, self-feeding and dressing may be delayed in young children with DCD. Drawing, writing and performance in sports are also usually behind what is expected for their age. […] Although signs of the condition are present from an early age, children vary widely in their rate of development. This means a definite diagnosis of DCD does not usually happen until a child with the condition is 5 years old or more. […] Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) can cause a wide range of problems. Some of these may be noticeable at an early age, while others may only become more obvious as your child gets older.

• #68 Developmental Coordination Disorder

  https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder

  The following criteria are necessary for a diagnosis of DCD to be given: A) Learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is below expected level for age, given opportunity for skill learning. B) Motor skill difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily living and impact academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure and play. C) Onset is in the early developmental period. D) Motor skill difficulties are not better explained by intellectual delay, visual impairment or other neurological conditions that affect movement. […] In the time since that landmark consensus statement in 1994, research into the disorder has grown considerably with a need to re-visit the concepts as outlined in the 1994 consensus.

• #69 DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Dyspraxia/Developmental Coordination Disorder – MedicalCRITERIA.com

  https://medicalcriteria.com/web/dyspraxia-dcd/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is often characterized as a skill acquisition deficit disorder. […] Difficulties are manifested as clumsiness (e.g., dropping or bumping into objects) as well as slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills (e.g., catching an object, using scissors or cutlery, handwriting, riding a bike, or participating in sports). […] The motor skills deficit in Criterion A significantly and persistently interferes with activities of daily living appropriate to chronological age (e.g., self-care and self-maintenance) and impacts academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure, and play. […] Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period. […] The motor skills deficits are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or visual impairment and are not attributable to a neurological condition affecting movement (e.g., cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, degenerative disorder).

• #70 Dyspraxia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151951

  DCD can affect a childs performance in school. For example, they may have difficulty: concentrating, following instructions, and copying information, staying organized, learning new skills, making friends. […] While DCD does not affect a persons intelligence, it can make learning more challenging. Children may benefit from one-on-one teaching and may need encouragement and repetition. […] It is also important for parents, teachers, and caregivers to keep an eye on the childs mental health. The symptoms of DCD may contribute to low self-esteem and feelings of frustration.

• #71 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder

  The diagnosis of dyspraxia is not usually made until children reach the age of 4 or 5 years. […] Dyspraxia can cause classroom learning issues that may affect your child’s progress, and also their self-esteem. […] Dyspraxia may affect everyday life skills in many ways, both because of the motor difficulties and because of difficulties with organisation. […] Dyspraxia can cause social and emotional difficulties as well as problems with self-organisation. […] Dyspraxia is thought to be a problem with the way the connections develop between some of the nerve pathways in the brain. […] If dyspraxia is diagnosed and treated as early as possible in a child’s life, they will have a greater chance of improvement. […] Some children with dyspraxia will continue to have difficulties with co-ordination, organisation and learning as adults. Other children, particularly if their dyspraxia was less severe, will improve as they mature, and learn (and are taught) how to overcome their difficulties.

• #72 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  The management of children with DCD must begin with an accurate diagnosis. […] The two principal questions to be answered when assessing a patient with possible DCD are, first, is there an underlying neurological or physical disorder and, second, does the patient have significant coordination difficulties compatible with DCD? […] A history of possible epileptic seizures or a sensory disturbance (specifically, a significant visual or hearing deficit) must be sought as a possible cause for impaired coordination. […] Children and adolescents with coordination difficulties clearly appreciate receiving appropriate treatment, and searching for help can be extremely frustrating for families. […] Early diagnosis, treatment and educational support are important. Failure to diagnose and address the motor and other commonly associated (comorbid) features seen in children with DCD may have major consequences in adult life, including unemployment, psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor interpersonal skills and criminality.

• #73 Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) also known as Dyspraxia – Miracle Babies

  https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/content/developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd-also-known-as-dyspraxia/gmw3kw

  Early diagnosis of dyspraxia in children means that treatment (which essentially is directed at practising and improving motor skills) can be started early. This will help children address and manage their difficulties and reduce the impact of the condition by helping them catch up with their peers.

• #74 Addressing and Caring for Dyspraxia in Children | PX Docs

  https://pxdocs.com/motor-milestones/dyspraxia/

  Without appropriate support and understanding, dyspraxia can significantly hinder a child’s confidence and development across physical, social, and academic domains. Recognizing the signs of dyspraxia early is essential for helping families access specific therapies and accommodations that can support their children in thriving. Research has shown that early intervention programs significantly increase the likelihood of improving motor and coordination skills in children with dyspraxia.

• #75 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  Early signs of DCD may include delayed motor milestone achievement and difficulty completing age-appropriate everyday tasks such as brushing the teeth, catching a ball, cutting paper, and writing. The motor difficulties may persist in adolescence and be associated with attentional problems, anxiety, low self-esteem, and obesity. […] Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.

• #76 Developmental Coordination Disorder Symptoms | Cawley Physical Therapy

  https://www.cawleypt.net/2019/08/developmental-coordination-disorder-symptoms/

  About five to six percent of school-aged children have DCD. It affects more boys than girls. DCD can continue throughout the adolescent years and even into adulthood. […] Children and teens who have developmental coordination disorder are likely to perform poorly in academics, have poor self-esteem and not get enough physical activity. When motor movements in a child are impaired, daily living activities can be significantly disrupted. […] Your child doesnt have to continue to struggle with DCD. The earlier the disorder is diagnosed and treated, the better the odds are that your child can reach his or her fullest potential. By getting physical therapy, a child who suffers from DCD is able to start enjoying a normal and higher quality of life.

• #77 Dyspraxia – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dyspraxia

  There is no cure for dyspraxia. But it can be treated with regular therapies. Occupational therapy is the main treatment for dyspraxia. It can help develop the skills needed for school and everyday living. […] Dyspraxia can occur on its own. However, people with dyspraxia often also have: hypermobile joints, dyslexia, dyscalculia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Undiagnosed dyspraxia may lead to: temper tantrums, anxiety and depression, panic attacks, addiction, frequent job changes or long-term unemployment.

• #78 Developmental Coordination Disorder DSM-5 315.4 (F82)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/developmental-coordination-disorder-dsm–5-315.4-(f82)

  There are few treatment options, but these have been shown to produce better outcomes than no treatment. No pharmacologic therapy is effective for the coordination or developmental problems. Cognitive motor therapy attempts to teach movement patterns to children who have difficulty with those particular tasks, and to inculcate skills that are important in coordinated movement: planning a motor act, executing it and evaluating the result. Sensory integration therapy attempts to teach children who are excessively sensitive to stimuli how to cope with this while carrying out motor activities and aims to modify the environment to provide an acceptable degree of sensory stimulation; those who are insensitive to stimuli are subjected to gradually increasing stimulation. Improved sensory integration is felt to lead over time to better modulated motor responses.

• #79 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  Other Common Characteristics The child may: Have difficulty balancing the need for accuracy and speed; for example, handwriting may be very slow. Have difficulty with academic subjects that require handwriting to be accurate and organized on the page, such as mathematics, spelling, or written language. Have difficulties with activities of daily living, such as dressing, using a knife and fork, brushing teeth, doing up zippers, organizing a backpack. […] The role of therapists Occupational and physical therapists (OTs and PTs) are educated and trained in analyzing motor skill development and in determining the ability of a child to cope with the demands and activities of everyday life. […] If a child is experiencing particular difficulties or demonstrating secondary emotional and behavioral problems, the therapist may work individually with a child. The therapist may do some direct skill teaching of motor tasks that the child needs or wants to learn. They may use a cognitive approach that teaches the child problem-solving strategies that will help the child learn new motor tasks.

• #80 Dyspraxia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/understanding-dyspraxia-and-sensory-processing-disorder-spd

  Dyspraxia doesn’t have a cure. A small number of children grow out of dyspraxia symptoms, but a majority will be affected by the condition throughout their lives. […] With the right support, people can better manage the symptoms. There are several treatment options, and the right one will depend on several factors, such as the severity of the condition and comorbidities. […] Occupational therapy is the first line of treatment for dyspraxia. […] Physical therapy may also help with dyspraxia, focusing on improving gross motor skills. […] Children with dyspraxia often have other learning difficulties, including speech or language impairments. […] Psychological treatment can help children build self-esteem, which helps them cope with their motor difficulties and delays in school. […] Children with dyspraxia may experience bullying, low self-esteem, and anxiety. […] It can help to involve your child’s school in their treatment plan. […] Some children with dyspraxia will benefit from either an Individual Education Plan (IEP) or 504 plan in school. […] Getting a formal diagnosis and school support is invaluable for both you and your child.

• #81 Developmental Progression of Dyspraxia from Childhood to Adolescence

  https://www.noorzainab.com/longitudinal-study-on-the-developmental-progression-of-dyspraxia-from-childhood-to-adolescence/

  Dyspraxia can have a significant emotional and psychological impact. […] Adolescents with dyspraxia are more likely to experience anxiety, despair, and low self-esteem, according to longitudinal studies. […] Gaining knowledge about the difficulties and coping strategies related to dyspraxia can be achieved by following the developmental course of the disorder from childhood to adolescence through longitudinal research. […] Mitigating motor skill deficiencies and promoting academic and social development require early assessment and intervention. […] Maintaining resilience and preserving the emotional and psychological well-being of children with dyspraxia as they develop into adolescents requires ongoing assistance from family, educators, and healthcare experts.

• #82 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  How to help at home At home, parents can: Encourage the child to participate in games and sports that are interesting to their child and which provide practice in, and exposure to, motor activities. Try to introduce the child to new sports activities or a new playground on an individual basis before the child is required to manage the activity in a group. […] Help at school Educators and parents need to work together to ensure that the child with DCD and ADHD experiences success at school. An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) may be needed for some, while others may benefit from simple classroom support using the MATCH approach.

• #83 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  How to help at home At home, parents can: Encourage the child to participate in games and sports that are interesting to their child and which provide practice in, and exposure to, motor activities. Try to introduce the child to new sports activities or a new playground on an individual basis before the child is required to manage the activity in a group. […] Help at school Educators and parents need to work together to ensure that the child with DCD and ADHD experiences success at school. An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) may be needed for some, while others may benefit from simple classroom support using the MATCH approach.

• #84 How to Help a Child with Dyspraxia Thrive – Magrid

  https://magrid.education/how-to-help-a-child-with-dyspraxia-thrive/

  Dyspraxia is often mistaken for other developmental conditions, such as ADHD or sensory processing disorders, but it has distinct characteristics. […] Children with dyspraxia sometimes face language difficulties, making speech therapy a valuable support. […] Visual cues, such as charts and picture sequences, can help children with dyspraxia follow instructions and build independence in daily tasks. […] A multi-sensory approach, which engages multiple sensessuch as touch, sight, and soundcan be particularly effective for children with dyspraxia.

• #85 Simple Tips on How to Help a Child with Dyspraxia – Magrid

  https://magrid.education/how-to-help-a-child-with-dyspraxia/

  Occupational therapy plays a crucial role in helping a child with dyspraxia manage everyday challenges. Occupational therapists work closely with children to improve both fine motor and gross motor skills, focusing on practical strategies that help with coordinated movements. […] Through occupational therapy, children can learn how to break down complex activities into simpler steps, making them easier to manage. This therapy is especially helpful for teaching children to perform essential daily activities more independently. […] Early intervention is key to helping a child with dyspraxia develop essential motor skills and navigate daily challenges. By understanding the symptoms and working with professionals like occupational therapists, parents and teachers can offer targeted support.

• #86 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

  https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Below are some signs of DCD at specific ages. […] If youre concerned your child might have DCD, reach out to your childs doctor. You can use this checklist to walk through signs youre seeing. […] Most kids with DCD have at least one learning or thinking difference, too. ADHD is one of the most common conditions that co-occur with DCD. In fact, half of all kids with DCD also have ADHD. […] Researchers dont know the cause of DCD, but there are some risk factors. […] A key treatment for DCD is occupational therapy (OT). […] Kids with DCD may also work with physical therapists on balance and muscle tone. […] One of the most important things you can do is be an advocate for your child with DCD. That starts with understanding the challenges and letting your child know youre going to be there every step of the way.

• #87 Understanding Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – Positive Parenting

  https://mypositiveparenting.org/2022/05/31/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a lifelong condition, which previously was known as Dyspraxia. A child with DCD may have difficulty in motor coordination, as well as organising, planning and executing tasks. Speech and language development is often affected and they often have difficulties with processing information. If left unchecked, however, symptoms of DCD can lead to learning difficulties and low self-esteem in adolescence and adulthood. There are several signs, including a delay in achieving milestones (crawling, walking, etc.), having temper tantrums, and challenges with both gross and fine motor skills. A child with DCD may experience challenges in: Learning, Socialisation, Play, Daily living skills, Planning and organising. A child with DCD may also have other conditions with overlapping symptoms such as ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, childhood apraxia of speech, dyscalculia, or dyslexia. With early intervention, and the right therapies, your child can improve his/her organisational and motor skills, and live life to the fullest.

• #88 Developmental Co-ordination Disorder / Dyspraxia – Pembrokeshire County Council

  https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/inclusion-services/developmental-co-ordination-disorder-dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia occurs when poorly coordinated motor skills interfere with daily and academic functioning, and is observed on a continuum from mild to severe. […] Currently there is no known cure for dyspraxia, and children do not grow out of the condition. While they do not get worse over time, their challenges may become more apparent with increasing academic demands. […] Despite their difficulties, pupils with dyspraxia can and do learn to perform some motor tasks quite well. […] Early identification, along with differentiated instructional approaches and modifications to learning activities and environments, are critical for effective long-term management. […] Children with dyspraxia may have associated learning, speech/language, and attention problems. […] Printing/handwriting difficulties are nearly always a challenge for pupils with dyspraxia.

• #89

  https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/learningneeds/Pages/developmental-coordination-disorder.aspx

  DCD commonly affects handwriting. Students with DCD may write at a slower pace than their peers. When a student with DCD tries to write more quickly, legibility may become poor. This can impact subjects with a large written component such as maths. […] Poor fine motor skills can impact the students ability to use scissors, paste objects, draw or gather up class resources required for new activities. […] The physical and cognitive effort required for a student with DCD to perform many in-class tasks can leave them mentally and physically fatigued. […] Children with DCD may also have low muscle tone and fatigue easily, which can affect their sitting posture. […] It is difficult for many children with DCD to keep up with their peers in the playground. They may run differently run or find it difficult to catch or kick a ball.

• #90 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  How to help at home At home, parents can: Encourage the child to participate in games and sports that are interesting to their child and which provide practice in, and exposure to, motor activities. Try to introduce the child to new sports activities or a new playground on an individual basis before the child is required to manage the activity in a group. […] Help at school Educators and parents need to work together to ensure that the child with DCD and ADHD experiences success at school. An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) may be needed for some, while others may benefit from simple classroom support using the MATCH approach.

• #91 Dyspraxia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/understanding-dyspraxia-and-sensory-processing-disorder-spd

  Dyspraxia doesn’t have a cure. A small number of children grow out of dyspraxia symptoms, but a majority will be affected by the condition throughout their lives. […] With the right support, people can better manage the symptoms. There are several treatment options, and the right one will depend on several factors, such as the severity of the condition and comorbidities. […] Occupational therapy is the first line of treatment for dyspraxia. […] Physical therapy may also help with dyspraxia, focusing on improving gross motor skills. […] Children with dyspraxia often have other learning difficulties, including speech or language impairments. […] Psychological treatment can help children build self-esteem, which helps them cope with their motor difficulties and delays in school. […] Children with dyspraxia may experience bullying, low self-esteem, and anxiety. […] It can help to involve your child’s school in their treatment plan. […] Some children with dyspraxia will benefit from either an Individual Education Plan (IEP) or 504 plan in school. […] Getting a formal diagnosis and school support is invaluable for both you and your child.

• #92 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

  https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  If so, youll be part of the IEP team that puts together the plan of services and supports. […] DCD is a condition that makes it hard for kids to learn motor skills and coordination. […] Occupational therapy is a key treatment for DCD. […] Reach out to your childs doctor if youre concerned your child has DCD.

• #93 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  The management of children with DCD must begin with an accurate diagnosis. […] The two principal questions to be answered when assessing a patient with possible DCD are, first, is there an underlying neurological or physical disorder and, second, does the patient have significant coordination difficulties compatible with DCD? […] A history of possible epileptic seizures or a sensory disturbance (specifically, a significant visual or hearing deficit) must be sought as a possible cause for impaired coordination. […] Children and adolescents with coordination difficulties clearly appreciate receiving appropriate treatment, and searching for help can be extremely frustrating for families. […] Early diagnosis, treatment and educational support are important. Failure to diagnose and address the motor and other commonly associated (comorbid) features seen in children with DCD may have major consequences in adult life, including unemployment, psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor interpersonal skills and criminality.

• #94 Dyspraxia | Neurosolution Clinic

  https://neurosolution.ca/en/dyspraxia/

  Diagnosing dyspraxia involves a comprehensive assessment conducted by healthcare professionals, typically including pediatricians, occupational therapists and neuropsychologists. The diagnostic process may include the following components: Medical History, Observation and Clinical Assessment, Standardized Tests, Educational Assessment, Collaboration with a Multidisciplinary Team.

• #95 Recognizing and Referring Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: The Role of the Physician

  https://www.canchild.ca/en/resources/120-recognizing-and-referring-children-with-developmental-coordination-disorder-the-role-of-the-physician

  Children with DCD usually begin to withdraw from and avoid motor and sports activities at an early age. […] Developmental Coordination Disorder is an impairment in the development of motor coordination which significantly interferes with academic achievement and activities of daily living. […] A child with DCD often presents in your office with parental concerns about low tone, fatigue, school avoidance, dependence or motor coordination problems or academic difficulties. […] If you suspect that a child is demonstrating the characteristics of DCD, you might want to ask parents about other developmental concerns (fine motor, gross motor, self-care, leisure). […] DCD often coexists with other developmental conditions (expressive and receptive language difficulties, attention deficit disorder).

• #96 Assessment, diagnosis, and management of developmental coordination disorder | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/developmental-coordination-disorder

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects 5% to 6% of school-aged children. DCD can significantly impact early development and life-long functioning. DCD impacts early development significantly, often with life-long impacts on social functioning, physical and mental health, academic and vocational success, and health-related quality of life. The presentation of DCD varies among individuals, such that fine, gross, and oral motor systems may not all be affected, or are affected to varying degrees. DCD prevalence is higher in males than in females (2:1 to 7:1). Preterm birth is a significant risk factor, with the odds of DCD increasing with decreasing gestational age. Common co-occurring conditions associated with DCD include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), specific learning disabilities, and language impairments. Children with DCD are also more likely to have symptoms of anxiety and depression. To make a diagnosis of DCD, a child’s motor skill deficits cannot be better explained by an underlying neurological or medical condition affecting movement, visual or vestibular impairments, or motor skills commensurate with an intellectual disability. After completing a standard medical and developmental history targeting symptoms of DCD, the physician conducts a physical and neurological examination to assess both soft and hard neurological signs. Children with DCD can have joint hypermobility, especially in the small joints of the hands and feet. One common sequela of DCD is obesity, as children become less active due to motor challenges. Key steps in the medical management of DCD include diagnosing and demystifying the condition, identifying and addressing common co-occurring conditions, and ongoing monitoring for secondary consequences of the disorder. Additional management involves referral to a paediatric occupational or physical therapist to provide practical recommendations to support the child’s successful participation in home, school, and community activities.

• #97 Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/development-coordination-disorder

  Children with DCD may appear awkward or clumsy by tripping, falling, bumping into things, dropping things, or falling often. […] It is a misconception to state that children with DCD outgrow it in their teen and adult lives. It is more accurate to state that people with DCD who follow a treatment plan and stay consistent, may show significant improvement over time in many problem areas. However, in most cases, DCD symptoms, in varying degrees, remain present into adulthood.

• #98 Developmental Coordination Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder

  A diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder may be given if the motor skill impairment interferes with activities of daily living and negatively impacts a persons ability to participate in school, work, leisure, and play. […] About 5 percent of children between ages 5 and 11 are diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder; approximately 2 percent can be categorized as severe. […] Developmental coordination disorder is a lifelong condition. However, symptoms often improve significantly and can become manageable with age, especially with adequate treatment. […] While many children see an improvement in symptoms with treatment over the long term, 50 to 70 percent of children continue to have problems with coordinated movement through adolescence. The severity of the condition does not worsen over time, but developmental coordination disorder does continue into adulthood.

• #99 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  Longitudinal studies have shown deficits in motor skills persisting into adolescence and adulthood. […] Importantly, early intervention may enable the child to overcome some of the difficulties or to adopt strategies that make them manageable. Improvements in the organisation and execution of motor activities may have a secondary beneficial effect on body image, self-esteem and increased participation in the community.

• #100 Addressing and Caring for Dyspraxia in Children | PX Docs

  https://pxdocs.com/motor-milestones/dyspraxia/

  Without appropriate support and understanding, dyspraxia can significantly hinder a child’s confidence and development across physical, social, and academic domains. Recognizing the signs of dyspraxia early is essential for helping families access specific therapies and accommodations that can support their children in thriving. Research has shown that early intervention programs significantly increase the likelihood of improving motor and coordination skills in children with dyspraxia.

• #101 Developmental Progression of Dyspraxia from Childhood to Adolescence

  https://www.noorzainab.com/longitudinal-study-on-the-developmental-progression-of-dyspraxia-from-childhood-to-adolescence/

  Dyspraxia can have a significant emotional and psychological impact. […] Adolescents with dyspraxia are more likely to experience anxiety, despair, and low self-esteem, according to longitudinal studies. […] Gaining knowledge about the difficulties and coping strategies related to dyspraxia can be achieved by following the developmental course of the disorder from childhood to adolescence through longitudinal research. […] Mitigating motor skill deficiencies and promoting academic and social development require early assessment and intervention. […] Maintaining resilience and preserving the emotional and psychological well-being of children with dyspraxia as they develop into adolescents requires ongoing assistance from family, educators, and healthcare experts.

• #102 What is Dyspraxia?

  https://dyspraxia.org.nz/what-is-dyspraxia

  He may have a poorly developed (or over-developed) sense of touch, or a poor auditory memory causing him to need things to be repeated frequently. His sense of balance may be affected, so he may avoid situations where it is challenged. […] Difficulties may not appear until the demands of later stages of development show them up. Teachers may, find the child’s ability to retain learning inconsistent, may find sequence in all areas, word-finding skills, communication, handwriting, reading (especially aloud), and following instructions all affected, making it difficult to gauge either what the child’s intellectual potential might be, or how much information the child has retained or can recall. […] As has been indicated, the main aim of treatment is to help the child circumnavigate his difficulties, to learn and to achieve his potential. Without the appropriate help at the right time, the possibility exists of him growing into an extremely frustrated, and probably unemployable adult. However, given early therapy and help he can learn, achieve, and eventually become a happy, satisfied, useful adult.

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