Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  Developmental coordination disorder, also known as dyspraxia or DCD, is a prevalent condition often underrecognized by healthcare and educational professionals. DCD’s prevalence ranges between 1.8% and 6%. The condition is 7 times more common in boys than girls. Edwards et al found that prematurity and low birth weight are the strongest risk factors (odds ratio 6.3, 95% CI 4.4-9.0) for developing DCD. Langevin et al also reported that DCD co-occurred with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 30% to 50% of cases, indicating a common neural substrate underlying attention and motor disorders. […] The disorder has increased prevalence among lefthanded or ambidextrous children, suggesting possible incomplete lateralization.

• #2 CEUFast – Diagnoses and Treatment of Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

  https://ceufast.com/course/diagnoses-and-treatment-of-children-with-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) affects approximately 5- (Wood et al., 2017)% of school children, the majority being boys. […] Children suffering from DCD have poor motor performance and may have psychosocial skills and physical health problems. […] It has been reported that balance dysfunction is one of the most common sensorimotor disorders exhibited by 73%- (Wood et al., 2017) 7% of children with DCD (Fong et al., 201 (Blank Barnett, 2019). […] Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is described in the International Classification of Diseases and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), both used by physicians as tools to diagnose clinical conditions or diseases (Barra-Cabello, 2019). […] According to the DSM-5, individuals with DCD present with motor performance substantially below expected levels considering their chronological age and previous opportunities for skill acquisition.

• #3 The prevalence of developmental coordination disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11464289/

  The aim of the study was to synthesize previous evidence and clarify the prevalence of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in children by meta-analysis. […] A total of 18 papers involving 31,203 patients were included. The prevalence of children with DCD was found to be 5%. […] A subgroup analysis showed that prevalence was 7% for boys and 4% for girls, respectively; 4% in Asia, 2% in Europe, and 6% in North America, respectively; and 18% and 6% for preterm and term infants, respectively. The prevalence of very low birth weight children with DCD was found to be 31%. […] In this study, we found that the prevalence of children with DCD in the general population was 5% and that preterm infants and very low birth weight infants have a higher prevalence of DCD and require early screening and regular follow-up.

• #4 Children and young people’s experiences of living with developmental coordination disorder/dyspraxia: A systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0245738

  To date services for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have not been informed by the perspective of children with DCD. […] This neurodevelopmental disorder Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) affects between 5% to 6% of the paediatric population and is characterised by impaired motor proficiency, which interferes with the performance of activities of daily life, academic/school-based activities, leisure and play. […] It is well established that DCD has the potential to impact on individuals involvement and participation in daily life activities and these challenges persist beyond childhood. […] Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop interventions for children and adolescents with DCD. […] Children with disabilities have the right to be heard on issues that affect them, yet research on children’s experiences has tended to ignore the views of children as active agents and key informants in matters pertaining to their health and wellbeing.

• #5 The prevalence of developmental coordination disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11464289/

  The 2019 International Clinical Guidelines state that the prevalence of DCD in children is currently estimated to be in the range of 2% to 20%, with 5% to 6% often cited in the literature. […] The relationship between sex and DCD is unclear. […] We also found that the prevalence of DCD was significantly higher in preterm and very low birth weight children than in typical children, up to 18% and 31%, respectively. […] In conclusion, our results found that the prevalence of DCD was 5%, which was stable compared to previous years but showed a higher prevalence in preterm and low birth weight children. Screening and continuous follow-up of young children for DCD is recommended, especially in preterm and low birth weight children.

• #6 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition that begins in childhood that makes it difficult to perform motor skills. It also causes issues with coordination. […] Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a chronic condition that begins in childhood that causes difficulties with motor (movement) skills and coordination. […] Dyspraxia more commonly affects men than women. […] Dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) is relatively common. It affects approximately 6% of school-aged children. […] Although signs of dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) are present from an early age, they can be easy to miss, as children vary widely in their rate of development. […] For a child to be diagnosed with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), they typically need to meet all of the following criteria: Their motor skills are significantly below the level expected. Their lack of motor skills and coordination affects their daily activities and achievements at school. Symptoms of dyspraxia first developed during an early stage of their development. Their difficulty with motor skills isn’t better explained by other medical conditions.

• #7 Understanding the mechanisms of cognitive impairments in developmental coordination disorder | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2013192

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), a neurodevelopmental disability in which a childs motor coordination difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily life or academic achievement, together with additional symptoms of diseases with childhood sensorimotor impairments, increases the risk of many cognitive problems. […] Presently, depending on the selection criteria used, prevalence estimates for DCD vary from 1.4 to 19.0% of school-aged children across countries. […] Clinical studies of children with DCD have reported the gender difference in prevalence, where it shows that the gender ratio for boys to girls ranges from 3:1 to as high as 7:1. […] Furthermore, more recent epidemiological studies report that DCD usually coincides with other developmental disordersfor example, attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Up to 50% DCD children have shown the core symptoms of ADHD, such as attention deficiency, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

• #8 Epidemiological Study of Children with Development Coordination Disorders

  https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20874.html

  The objectives of the study is to determine the epidemiology of dyspraxia among preschool children in Alexandria. […] Males are significantly affected more than females (p= 0.037). Prematurity (p= 0.012), allergic disease (p= 0.004), and positive family history (p= 0.000) are significant factors for dyspraxia. […] Conclusion dyspraxia is more common in males than females.

• #9 DOAJ Logotype

  https://doaj.org/article/296487c2fc17418a9619013d5a05b8aa

  The objectives of the study is to determine the epidemiology of dyspraxia among preschool children in Alexandria. […] Males are significantly affected more than females (p= 0.037). […] Prematurity (p= 0.012), allergic disease (p= 0.004), and positive family history (p= 0.000) are significant factors for dyspraxia. […] Dyspraxic children have significantly behavior problems (p=0.008), speech disturbance (p=0.000), and lack of imaginative play (p0.0001). […] Conclusion dyspraxia is more common in males than females. Behaviour problems, speech disturbance and lack of imaginative play are more common in dysproaxic.

• #10 What is Dyspraxia? – Disability and Dyslexia Service

  https://www.qmul.ac.uk/disability-and-dyslexia-service/dyslexia/whatisdyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), is thought to affect up to 10% of the population and up to 2% severely. […] Dyspraxia/DCD can run in families. […] Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as Dyspraxia in the UK, is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] An individuals coordination difficulties may affect participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] Children may present with difficulties with self-care, writing, typing, riding a bike, play as well as other educational and recreational activities. […] In adulthood many of these difficulties will continue, as well as learning new skills at home, in education and work, such as driving a car and DIY. […] There may be a range of co-occurring difficulties which can also have serious negative impacts on daily life.

• #11 What is Dyspraxia/DCD? – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/what-is-dyspraxia-dcd/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), commonly known as Dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects fine and/or gross motor skills, including motor planning and execution. […] Dyspraxia/DCD affects 5 to 6% of the population (Blank et al., 2019). […] This means that more than 1 in 20 Americans are affected and it impacts almost 20 million people in the United States. Every classroom is likely to have at least one student coping with Dyspraxia/DCD. […] Despite being almost as common as ADHD and more common than Autism, it is unfamiliar to many parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals in the United States. […] Although Dyspraxia/DCD is under-recognized throughout the world, the United States is significantly behind other countries. […] DCD is the formal term healthcare professionals use because it is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) as code 315.4. Developmental Dyspraxia is in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), but in the US we mainly use the DSM-5 for a diagnosis. Most formal research also uses DCD. […] Thus, DCD begins in childhood and continues to affect individuals at every age and stage of life.

• #12 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – Symptoms

  https://www.jagrutirehab.org/disorder/dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd.html

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also called Dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has an adverse effect on the motor development and learning abilities of an individual. […] In India, mild dyspraxia affects almost 50% of children, whereas 6% are severe cases. Globally, 5-10% of the population is affected with the disorder, with boys being diagnosed 2-3 times more often. […] Symptoms of dyspraxia are exhibited at an early age but can be overlooked due to developmental variations. […] Health experts rule out various health conditions while diagnosing dyspraxia. To ensure that the diagnosis is right, they make sure that motor skills are extremely poor and do not originate from other health conditions. […] There is no particular treatment or medication for treating dyspraxia. Therapists and medical health professionals suggest various therapies like physical therapy, occupational therapy, and so on, depending on the severity of the symptoms.

• #13 Harnessing real-life experiences: the development of guidelines to communicate research findings on Developmental Coordination Disorder/dyspraxia | Research Involvement and Engagement | Full Text

  https://researchinvolvement.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40900-024-00611-0

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, affects 5-15% of school-aged children (Hamilton and Sutton, Am Fam Physician 66:1435, 2002) and significantly impacts a child’s ability to learn motor skills and perform everyday activities efficiently and effectively (Zwicker et al., Eur J Paediatr Neurol 16:57381, 2012). […] DCD persists into adulthood (Kirby et al., J Adult Dev 18:10713, 2011), impacting motor as well as emotional and behavioural status (Tal Saban and Kirby, Curr Dev Disord Rep 5:917, 2018). […] Despite a prevalence rate equivalent to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and higher than autism spectrum disorder, DCD is less well understood in wider society (10) by doctors (11), teachers (12), employers (13) and the general public. […] The DCD-UK committee established a DCD Research Advisory Group (DCD-RAG) which met over the course of 12 months to: (1) identify issues of inaccessible research findings; (2) determine the need for a repository for research summaries; (3) co-create guidelines for authors and (4) agree a process for reviewing research summaries to be housed on the Movement Matters website.

• #14 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/148754

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), or dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by poor motor coordination and difficulty learning motor skills in an otherwise healthy child with a normal gross neurological examination. This condition may negatively impact the child’s life by interfering with socialization and academic performance. Additionally, DCD can lead to executive function deficits, preventing effective learning in early childhood education. Children with DCD experience difficulty executing coordinated motor actions accurately. The patients’ movements may be slow and inaccurate. DCD manifests as mild fine and gross motor delays in childhood that are later attributed to motor learning difficulties. […] DCD’s prevalence ranges between 1.8% and 6%. The condition is 7 times more common in boys than girls. Edwards et al found that prematurity and low birth weight are the strongest risk factors (odds ratio 6.3, 95% CI 4.4-9.0) for developing DCD. The disorder has increased prevalence among left-handed or ambidextrous children, suggesting possible incomplete lateralization. […] Langevin et al also reported that DCD co-occurred with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 30% to 50% of cases, indicating a common neural substrate underlying attention and motor disorders. This co-occurrence may have both etiologic and diagnostic implications.

• #15 Pathogenetic Insights into Developmental Coordination Disorder Reveal Substantial Overlap with Movement Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/12/1625

  Despite the identification of putative risk factors for DCD, including male sex, prematurity, and perinatal oxygen perfusion problems, the underlying etiology remains unknown. Recently, the hypothesis of a genetic substrate of DCD was suggested by studies on family aggregation and heritability of DCD, estimated to ≥70% in monozygotic twins. This genetic hypothesis is further supported by the high prevalence of comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders in DCD, including ADHD (about 50%) and ASD (about 47%). […] Our findings suggest that some patients might have a genetic etiology of DCD, which could be considered part of a pathogenetic movement disorder spectrum. We identified 12 genes associated with DCD in the literature, which are ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system throughout brain development. These genes are involved in cellular processes, neural signaling, and nervous system development. There was a remarkable overlap (62%) in pathogenetic mechanisms between DCD-associated genes and genes linked with movement disorders.

• #16

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40474-014-0013-7

  The reciprocal relationship between motor function and participation challenges our way of understanding DCD. […] It is evident that children learn and refine motor skills by exploring their environments. […] Children with poor motor function are known to participate less in physical activity, thus, restricting their opportunity for skill development. […] The ICF makes provision for discussing the impact of the health condition (disorder) on functioning. […] Considerable research has been undertaken to investigate the neurobiological and ecological basis of DCD. […] Population studies have identified risk factors related to prematurity, socioeconomic status and genetic factors; however, limited evidence is available to support these hypotheses. […] Reports suggest an increased risk of poor motor skills (DCD), ADHD and cognitive delays in children from less-advantaged socio-economic backgrounds.

• #17 Assessment, diagnosis, and management of developmental coordination disorder | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/developmental-coordination-disorder

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects 5% to 6% of school-aged children. DCD can significantly impact early development and life-long functioning. Evidence supports promising interventions for DCD, but the disorder continues to be under-recognized and under-diagnosed. DCD impacts early development significantly, often with life-long impacts on social functioning, physical and mental health, academic and vocational success, and health-related quality of life. DCD prevalence is higher in males than in females (2:1 to 7:1). Preterm birth is a significant risk factor, with the odds of DCD increasing with decreasing gestational age. Common co-occurring conditions associated with DCD include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), specific learning disabilities, and language impairments. Children with DCD are also more likely to have symptoms of anxiety and depression. While diagnosing DCD requires a team approach, physicians have an integral role as the only health care professionals who can evaluate Criterion D. To make a diagnosis of DCD, a child’s motor skill deficits cannot be better explained by an underlying neurological or medical condition affecting movement, visual or vestibular impairments, or motor skills commensurate with an intellectual disability. Key steps in the medical management of DCD include diagnosing and demystifying the condition, identifying and addressing common co-occurring conditions, and ongoing monitoring for secondary consequences of the disorder.

• #18 Dyspraxia – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dyspraxia

  The diagnosis of dyspraxia should involve a multidisciplinary team, including: an occupational therapist or developmental neuropsychologist, a paediatrician (childrens doctor). […] There is no cure for dyspraxia. But it can be treated with regular therapies. Occupational therapy is the main treatment for dyspraxia. It can help develop the skills needed for school and everyday living. […] Dyspraxia cant be prevented. […] Dyspraxia can occur on its own. However, people with dyspraxia often also have: hypermobile joints, dyslexia, dyscalculia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD). […] Undiagnosed dyspraxia may lead to: temper tantrums, anxiety and depression, panic attacks, addiction, frequent job changes or long-term unemployment.

• #19 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – FAQs

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/faqs

  Many children with Dyspraxia/DCD will have more than one other developmental disorder overlapping with Dyspraxia/DCD, and so may be at a greater risk of epilepsy because of this association. […] Most children with motor coordination difficulties do not grow out of them so it is likely that they will still experience problems in this area as they get older. A formal diagnosis needs a recent assessment of motor skill to establish that all the DSM-5 criteria for Dyspraxia/DCD continue to be met. […] Any diagnosis of Dyspraxia/DCD should include confirmation of motor difficulties in childhood and continuing motor difficulties in adulthood. However, there is no standard process of confirming a diagnosis in anyone over 16 years of age. […] Executive functions is a broad term that refers to planning, working memory, impulse control, inhibition and mental flexibility, as well as the initiation and monitoring of action. Parents, teachers and individuals with Dyspraxia/DCD sometimes report difficulties with executive functioning (including poor planning, memory for instructions and sequencing information). Research is considering whether these are common in those with Dyspraxia/DCD, whether they might be a core part of the disorder or whether they can be co-occurring difficulties in some people.

• #20 Surveillance and Medicalization of Atypical Motor Development | Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research

  https://sjdr.se/articles/10.16993/sjdr.1126

  This article theoretically and practically navigates the controversy of whether delayed motor development should be identified through large-scale screening and addressed through the healthcare system with a diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) or Dyspraxia. […] Individuals once colloquially termed clumsy children used to receive care from non-medical professionals. This remains true to some extent, but in recent times a medicalized paradigm has increasingly been applied, involving diagnosis and treatment for Dyspraxia, or Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). […] In response to these movement and psychosocial concerns, diagnostic assessment tools and treatment approaches have been implemented as integral components of public health surveillance efforts in such nations as Brazil, Korea, Norway, and the USA.

• #21 Surveillance and Medicalization of Atypical Motor Development | Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research

  https://sjdr.se/articles/10.16993/sjdr.1126

  Public health surveillance now also includes identifying developmental disabilities. […] When public health surveillance methods are used to detect, assess, and intervene in cases of atypical motor development, it is vital to ascertain the individuals who need to know, including those who may be involved in prevention and control efforts. […] Medicalization involves reclassifying non-medical issues as medical, granting authority to medical professionals, and influencing social norms. […] The concept of medicalization, that was first introduced in North America in the 1970s, has found limited application to the study of developmental disabilities within Western academia with the notable exception of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). […] The present investigation aims to broaden the horizon of analysis to embrace the intricacies of medicalization, including its scope, ramifications, and legitimacy, in the context of atypical motor development.

• #22 Surveillance and Medicalization of Atypical Motor Development | Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research

  https://sjdr.se/articles/10.16993/sjdr.1126

  Medicalization typically proceeds not in a single step but in stages. […] The stages of medicalization in the context of atypical motor development were appraised by the five-stage sequential model proposed by Conrad and Schneider. […] The medical designation of deviant behavior is stably institutionalized and publicly accepted. […] The psychosocial effects of medicalizing atypical motor development can be influenced by society’s stigmatization of individuals with DCD or Dyspraxia, as well as its control over their personal freedoms and behavioral standards. […] The social effects of medicalizing atypical motor development can be both positive and negative. […] The recognition of DCD/Dyspraxia as a problem can be closely tied to societal expectations, which may sometimes be unfounded and exaggerated. […] DCD/Dyspraxia has been appropriately acknowledged as a problem due to its profound impact on daily activities, where movement difficulties not only disrupt these activities but also extend to affect psychosocial well-being.

• #23 Assessment & Diagnosis

  https://www.canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder/assessment-diagnosis

  The characteristics of children with DCD are usually noticed first by those closest to the child (parents, classroom teacher) because the motor difficulties interfere with successful participation at home, at school or on the playground. DCD is commonly identified and diagnosed after age 5, when minor motor problems (often noted when the child was young) are made more noticeable by the structured demands of a school environment. […] When a child is suspected of having motor coordination difficulties, it is critical that they are seen by a family doctor or pediatrician to ensure that that the movement problems are not due to any other physical, neurological, or behavioural disorders and to determine whether more than one disorder may be present. DCD can exist on its own or it may be present in a child who also has learning disabilities, speech/language impairments and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Information provided by parents, the child’s teacher, and from an assessment by an occupational and/or physical therapist (OT and/or PT) can be very helpful in assisting a physician with making a diagnosis. For children with co-occurring language, attentional, and learning problems, the involvement of other health care practitioners will be important.

• #24 Pathogenetic Insights into Developmental Coordination Disorder Reveal Substantial Overlap with Movement Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/12/1625

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting about 5% of children over the age of 5 years and often persisting into adulthood (in 30–70% of cases). The symptoms manifest as non-progressive central motor impairments, including motor apraxia, clumsiness, impaired limb coordination, and gait instability. DCD can be diagnosed when all the following diagnostic criteria are met: (a) the acquisition of motor skills is delayed for the child’s age; (b) the symptoms start early in the development and significantly affect the child’s daily activities; (c) neurological disorders that could be explanatory for the phenotype have been excluded, including movement disorders, hypotonia, muscle weakness, visual impairment, and moderate to severe intellectual disability.

• #25 CEUFast – Diagnoses and Treatment of Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

  https://ceufast.com/course/diagnoses-and-treatment-of-children-with-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  The coordination disturbance significantly and persistently interferes with activities of daily living or academic achievement. […] The currently available motor tests have a sensitivity below 90%, which means at least 10% of children with relevant motor problems are missed by administering only one test. […] There is some evidence that supports specific interventions that improve individual skills in children with DCD diagnosis. […] A comprehensive therapy evaluation should be conducted, which would include standard assessment and clinical observations in order to look at specific skills and underlying deficits such as balance, ocular motor control, and sensory processing/modulation abilities in order to get to the root cause of the functional performance challenges of these children and plan interventions and suggest modifications/adaptations as indicated.

• #26 Developmental dyspraxia/developmental coordination disorder (DCD) resources | Tertiary Education Commission

  https://www.tec.govt.nz/oritetanga-learner-success/new-oritetanga-tertiary-success-for-everyone/resources-to-help-support-your-learners/neurodiversity-resources/dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-resources

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental dyspraxia in Aotearoa New Zealand, is a neurodivergent condition affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] Dyspraxia/DCD is distinct from other motor disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. The range of intellectual ability of people with dyspraxia/DCD is similar to the general population. Dyspraxia/DCD persists into adulthood, but the negative impacts can be minimised with effective strategies and support. […] The TEC is committed to actively supporting TEOs to deliver quality education and training to learners with dyspraxia/DCD and other neurodiverse conditions. […] There is no official diagnostic pathway for dyspraxia/DCD in New Zealand. It affects movement, so an occupational therapist with experience in the area may be able to do an assessment. An assessment with an educational psychologist can help with providing support for continued education.

• #27 Dyspraxia in children: understanding for better support | Babaoo Mag

  https://babaoo.com/en/the-mag/dyspraxia-in-children-understanding-for-better-support/

  Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), can present in different forms, involving disorders of various kinds, among which we can cite the following. […] Dyspraxia is often detected by the school doctor, as the difficulties it causes become more apparent in school activities. […] A pupil suffering from dyspraxia can be supported by a Personalized Support Plan (PAP), designed by the teaching team under the supervision of the Education Nationale doctor. […] Dyspraxia is a disorder that affects motor coordination. The causes are multifactorial and difficult to identify. Symptoms generally vary from one child to the next, and have a direct impact on daily life and school.

• #28 Harnessing real-life experiences: the development of guidelines to communicate research findings on Developmental Coordination Disorder/dyspraxia | Research Involvement and Engagement | Full Text

  https://researchinvolvement.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40900-024-00611-0

  Given the challenges expressed by the DCD-RAG members in accessing research, in October 2022 DCD-UK Committee members met with the DCD-RAG for the second time and agreed to create a repository for research summaries on a relaunched and repurposed Movement Matters website, a site originally created by the DCD-UK Committee to house resources. […] It is hoped that through this collaborative process the translation of research findings will become more accessible to the wider DCD community.

• #29 Does My Child Have Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)/Dyspraxia? – Play On Pediatric Therapy | Ottawa Pediatric Multidisciplinary Clinic

  https://playonpediatric.com/2023/01/19/does-my-child-have-developmental-co-ordination-disorder-dcd-dyspraxia/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (also known as dyspraxia) is a condition that affects physical coordination. It causes children to have challenges with daily activities and makes them appear clumsy when they move. Children with DCD often do not recognize similarities between motor tasks which leads to difficulties in transferring their motor learning from one activity to another. […] Up to 5-6% of school aged children are affected by DCD. The ratio of boys to girls varies greatly for this condition from 2:1 to 5:1 though most studies agree that boys are more commonly impacted than girls. […] It is not uncommon that educators or health care professionals say that a child will grow out of it, but studies have shown that children with DCD do NOT outgrow their challenges but rather they continue to have difficulties with new age-appropriate tasks.

• #30 (PDF) DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER (DYSPRAXIA

  https://www.academia.edu/29076970/DEVELOPMENTAL_COORDINATION_DISORDER_DYSPRAXIA

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common and well-recognized neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 5 in every 100 individuals worldwide. […] Studies show DCD persistence of 30-70% in adulthood for individuals who were diagnosed with DCD as children, with direct consequences in the academic realm and even beyond. […] Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as Dyspraxia in the UK, is a common developmental disorder affecting motor coordination. The most recent, formal and widely internationally used term to describe these children is DCD, which appears in both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). […] In India 6 to 10 % of the population is affected by dyspraxia with 2% are severely affected by dyspraxia. It is defined as the Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) of the brain in childhood causing difficulty in activities requiring coordination and movements. Developmental coordination disorder may occur alone or with other developmental disorder such as DYSLEXIA, Attention /Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHT).

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40474-014-0013-7

  Reports suggest that some groups of children with DCD present with greater difficulties in manual dexterity and others have more difficulties with balance and visuo-perceptual abilities. […] The International Classification of Disability and Functioning and Disability (ICF), published by the World Health Organisation, is a classification system based on a multifactorial, interactional model of disability. […] The ICF framework consists of two main sections; the first section classifies functioning and disability and is divided into four components: 1) body structures, 2) body functions, 3) activities, and 4) participation. […] The value of the ICF model for this paper lies in its ability to expand our interrogation of DCD beyond the physical and cognitive impairments to a view that places equal value on the activity limitations and contextual factors.

• #32 Refining developmental coordination disorder subtyping with multivariate statistical methods | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2288-12-107

  With a prevalence up to 10% worldwide (higher in boys), developmental coordination disorder (DCD) constitutes a major challenge from a public health perspective as it may lead to learning difficulties, behavioral disorder, or social and emotional maladaptation. […] The present study aims at performing feature extraction, that is selecting the most informative items, when diagnosing dyspraxia in children during planned clinical examination. A second objective is to show that there exist specific impairments that are relevant and consistent within clinical subgroups; in other words, we seek to build a typology of the patients. […] It was concluded that pure forms of developmental dyspraxia—ideomotor and visual-spatial/visual-constructional—may be distinct from specific motor coordination disorder, and more frequently associated to various neuropsychological disorders and soft neurological signs.

• #33 Specific impairments and predictive markers for developmental coordination disorder subtypes in children: The importance of multidimensional developmental assessments in cluster analysis

  https://oatext.com/specific-impairments-and-predictive-markers-for-developmental-coordination-disorder-subtypes-in-children-the-importance-of-multidimensional-developmental-assessments-in-cluster-analysis.php

  The results contribute in significant manner to the current debate on the semiology of DCD subtype profiles and enable a possible interpretation of the mechanisms involved. […] The profile patterns of three main subtypes of DCD were identified using Hierarchical Ward-based clustering and the k-means algorithm.

• #34 Pathogenetic Insights into Developmental Coordination Disorder Reveal Substantial Overlap with Movement Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/12/1625

  To explore a putative shared pathogenetic background between DCD and the most frequent pediatric movement disorders with a known genetic component, including ataxia, chorea, dystonia, and myoclonus, we generated a shared gene co-expression network for these five disorders. We defined as “overlapping” the biological pathways enriched for the genes associated with DCD and for at least one or more movement disorders. […] Our data show the association of 12 genes with DCD in the literature. These 12 DCD-associated genes are ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system throughout brain development and are mainly involved in cellular processes, neural signaling, and nervous system development. These results are supportive of a genetic substrate in a subgroup of patients with DCD. […] The analysis of a putative shared pathogenetic background reveals a substantial overlap between DCD and several movement disorders. Our findings indicate the existence of a genetic etiological subgroup in DCD, whose pathogenetic mechanisms overlap substantially with those of movement disorders. These data suggest that the genetic subgroup of DCD belongs to a broader pathogenetic movement disorder spectrum.

• #35 Specific impairments and predictive markers for developmental coordination disorder subtypes in children: The importance of multidimensional developmental assessments in cluster analysis

  https://oatext.com/specific-impairments-and-predictive-markers-for-developmental-coordination-disorder-subtypes-in-children-the-importance-of-multidimensional-developmental-assessments-in-cluster-analysis.php

  Investigations of motor coordination should use a standardized neurodevelopmental assessment (with age-related normative data) with identical independent subtests across ages and qualitative and quantitative measures reflecting the development of neuro-physiological mechanisms in child that contribute to movement timing, motor control, motor coordination, and motor execution. […] The NP-Mot developmental assessment makes it possible to take into account the maturation of gesture measured via normed qualitative and quantitative assessments for each item and each function scored with identical independent subtests across ages. […] The choice of appropriate measures in methodology of the study and informations about characteristics of included participants have an impact on understanding of the nature and etiology of different subgroups of DCD.

• #36 Refining developmental coordination disorder subtyping with multivariate statistical methods | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2288-12-107

  In this regard, the present study suggests that less than 15 skills need to be assessed in order to provide a specific and sensitive diagnostic of DCD subtypes, although the data-driven approaches used here might not fully account for the complexity of skill acquisition or learning process in the target population.

• #37 (DOC) Developmental Coordination Disorder of Childhood: Dyspraxia

  https://www.academia.edu/24073733/Developmental_Coordination_Disorder_of_Childhood_Dyspraxia

  Developmental coordination disorder is a prevalent childhood disability affecting 5%-6% of school-aged children. The disorder has long been underrecognized and seldom diagnosed by general practitioners and pediatricians. Many of the motor and psychosocial difficulties associated with the disorder continue into adulthood. Recent systematic reviews and practice guidelines have identified successful, evidence-based interventions for children with developmental coordination disorder. […] Present in approximately 5e6% of school-aged children, developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neuromotor disability in which a child’s motor coordination difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily living or academic achievement. These children typically have difficulty with fine and/or gross motor skills, with motor performance that is usually slower, less accurate, and more variable than that of their peers.

• #38 Developpemental Coordination Disorder, or Dyspraxia, a New Collective Expert Review by Inserm – Inserm Newsroom

  https://presse.inserm.fr/en/developpemental-coordination-disorder-or-dyspraxia-a-new-collective-expert-review-by-inserm/59438/

  Inserm has published a new Collective Expert Review, this time looking at developmental coordination disorder (DCD) otherwise known as dyspraxia. In order to produce this document, which was commissioned by the French National Solidarity Fund for Autonomy (CNSA), a group of experts studied over 1400 scientific articles, exploring this relatively unknown disorder that affects around 5% of children. […] Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a commonly occurring condition that affects 5% of children on average. […] DCD varies markedly in its intensity and expression and is often associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders (of language, attention and learning), as well as a high risk of developing emotional, behavioral or anxiety disorders. […] To limit these impacts, the Expert Review states that spotting the signs is paramount when it comes to establishing rapid monitoring and individualized management for the child according to the severity of their condition, verbal competency, age, and any concomitant disorders. […] The first consists of guaranteeing access to diagnosis for everyone, and as soon as possible following identification of the initial signs. […] The objective of the third and final area of focus is to enable each child to get the right support at school.

• #39 Developmental coordination disorder: how do children learn new movements? | Action Medical Research

  https://action.org.uk/research/developmental-coordination-disorder-how-do-children-learn-new-movements

  Up to one in 20 children in the UK has developmental coordination disorder (DCD), which causes problems with their movement and coordination. Everyday activities such as writing, dressing, or playing sports can be harder for children with DCD than for others. […] Evidence suggests up to one in 20 children in the UK has developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Children with DCD have problems with movement and coordination. Everyday activities such as writing, getting dressed and playing sports can be harder for children with DCD than for other children. […] One of the things that DCD affects the most is childrens participation in sports and their level of physical activity, adds Professor Dawes. Children with DCD tend to be aware of their movement difficulties, and rate their own physical or athletic competence as low.

• #40 Children and young people’s experiences of living with developmental coordination disorder/dyspraxia: A systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0245738

  The mismatch between their abilities and performance norms in many cases led to a cascade of negative consequences including self-criticism, negative self-appraisal, bullying, victimisation, marginalisation and exclusion by peers and siblings. […] The review findings corroborate the need for greater attention to the child’s perspective in research and practice, recognising that there are potential discrepancies between children and parents perspectives. […] The findings of the synthesis point to the need for health professionals working with this population to consider and address the social and attitudinal environments in which children and young people participate and live, but especially the school environment.

• #41

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  Although DCD does not affect how intelligent a child is, it can make it more difficult for them to learn and they may need extra help to keep up at school. […] Treatment for DCD will be tailored to your child and usually involves a number of different healthcare professionals working together. […] While many people in the UK use the term dyspraxia to refer to the difficulties with movement and co-ordination that first develop in young children, this term is used less often by healthcare professionals. […] Instead, most healthcare professionals use the term developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) to describe the condition.

• #42 Children and young people’s experiences of living with developmental coordination disorder/dyspraxia: A systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0245738

  The synthesis findings highlight the profound influence of the social and attitudinal environmental on children’s experiences within the family context. […] The findings of this synthesis highlighted that school sports and physical education were perceived as particularly challenging experiences, which led to incidents of ridicule, self-exclusion, marginalisation, and reluctance to participate due to poor teacher understanding and awareness. […] The results of the 15 papers were reciprocally translatable and led the development of three interpretative themes. Higher order interpretation of these themes identified that the experiences of children and young people with DCD can be understood as the experience of psycho-emotional disablism, a concept developed within the field of disability studies.

• #43 Children and young people’s experiences of living with developmental coordination disorder/dyspraxia: A systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0245738

  To date services for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have not been informed by the perspective of children with DCD. […] This neurodevelopmental disorder Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) affects between 5% to 6% of the paediatric population and is characterised by impaired motor proficiency, which interferes with the performance of activities of daily life, academic/school-based activities, leisure and play. […] It is well established that DCD has the potential to impact on individuals involvement and participation in daily life activities and these challenges persist beyond childhood. […] Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop interventions for children and adolescents with DCD. […] Children with disabilities have the right to be heard on issues that affect them, yet research on children’s experiences has tended to ignore the views of children as active agents and key informants in matters pertaining to their health and wellbeing.

• #44 Developmental coordination disorder: how do children learn new movements? | Action Medical Research

  https://action.org.uk/research/developmental-coordination-disorder-how-do-children-learn-new-movements

  Our work could improve understanding of how quickly children can expect to learn new skills, which would help when setting realistic goals for learning, says Professor Dawes. […] Longer term, our findings could help us develop new therapies that enable children with DCD to overcome some of their movement difficulties and live more active lives.

• #45 Dyspraxia and DCD: An Overview – Smart Kids

  https://www.smartkidswithld.org/first-steps/what-are-learning-disabilities/dyspraxia-dcd-overview/

  Dyspraxia and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are neurological disorders impacting up to 10% of the population. With DCD, dexterity and coordination (fine and gross motor development) are impaired. With Dyspraxia there may be additional concerns including problems with eye movement (ocular motor), memory, judgment, processing and function, sensory issues, and language and/or speech. […] As of now, little is known about the underlying causes of these conditions. What we do know is that in both DCD and dyspraxia neural development is impaired, which results in message errors between the brain and the body. What causes the impairment has yet to be discovered. […] For those with DCD, occupational and physical therapy can help with fine and gross motor deficits. In addition, for Dyspraxia other treatments may include behavioral optometry, psychological interventions, and speech and language therapy. […] Dyspraxia always involves a variety of other concerns.

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