Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition that begins in childhood that makes it difficult to perform motor skills. It also causes issues with coordination. […] Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a chronic condition that begins in childhood that causes difficulties with motor (movement) skills and coordination. […] In the latest edition of the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), developmental coordination disorder is subcategorized as a motor disorder within the broader category of neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Although signs of dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) are present from an early age, they can be easy to miss, as children vary widely in their rate of development. Because of this, a definite diagnosis of DCD doesn’t usually happen until a child is 5 years old or older.

• #2 Assessment & Diagnosis

  https://www.canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder/assessment-diagnosis

  Occupational therapists and physical therapists are skilled in the observation of fine and gross motor task performance and can assist in accurately identifying and assessing children with DCD. […] Once other medical and neurological explanations for the child’s clumsiness have been ruled out, an assessment by an occupational therapist (OT) and/or physical therapist (PT) would be helpful in order to confirm the presence of a motor coordination disorder, provide information on the severity of the difficulties and determine the impact of the motor coordination disorder on the child’s daily functioning. […] The characteristics of children with DCD are usually noticed first by those closest to the child (parents, classroom teacher) because the motor difficulties interfere with successful participation at home, at school or on the playground. DCD is commonly identified and diagnosed after age 5, when minor motor problems (often noted when the child was young) are made more noticeable by the structured demands of a school environment.

• #3 Diagnosis and management of developmental coordination disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4467929/

  Developmental coordination disorder is a common neuromotor condition, affecting about 5%6% of school-aged children; this equates to more than 400 000 Canadian children. Despite its prevalence, developmental coordination disorder may be underrecognized by health care professionals. In a recent online survey of 1297 parents, teachers and physicians, only 41% of pediatricians and 23% of general practitioners had knowledge of the condition; the physician respondents were from Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, only 23% of the pediatricians and 9% of the general practitioners surveyed had ever diagnosed developmental coordination disorder. The vast majority of the physicians reported the need for more education about the condition. […] In this article, we define developmental coordination disorder and describe how it is diagnosed, discuss associated risk factors and the consequences of the condition on physical, social and emotional well-being, and present the evidence that supports promising interventions.

• #4 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  Developmental coordination disorder, also known as dyspraxia or DCD, is a prevalent condition often underrecognized by healthcare and educational professionals. This psychomotor development abnormality in an otherwise healthy child results in considerable short- and long-term health consequences. DCD is the failure to acquire the ability to perform age-appropriate complex motor activities that cannot be explained by inadequate practice or instructions. The population of children with this condition is heterogeneous, and the etiology remains unknown. […] […] Identify the early signs of developmental coordination disorder. Develop a clinically guided diagnostic plan for patients with neuropsychiatric and behavioral conditions who may have concomitant developmental coordination disorder. Apply current evidence-based therapies for developmental coordination disorder. Collaborate with interdisciplinary team members in formulating comprehensive short- and long-term care plans to improve outcomes for patients with developmental coordination disorder. […]

• #5

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a condition affecting physical co-ordination. It causes a child to perform less well than expected in daily activities for their age, and appear to move clumsily. […] Although signs of the condition are present from an early age, children vary widely in their rate of development. This means a definite diagnosis of DCD does not usually happen until a child with the condition is 5 years old or more. […] They may refer your child to an occupational therapist, paediatrician, or another health professional who can assess them and try to identify any developmental problems. […] There’s no cure for DCD, but a number of therapies can help children to manage their problems. […] Treatment for DCD will be tailored to your child and usually involves a number of different healthcare professionals working together.

• #6 Developmental Coordination Disorder: Dyspraxia in Children | Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/problems-coordination-dyspraxia/

  Children with poor motor skills may have developmental coordination disorder, or dyspraxia. […] Children who are very uncoordinated for their age may have a disorder called developmental coordination disorder (DCD), or dyspraxia. […] Signs of dyspraxia often show up in young children, who might be slow to sit up, crawl, and walk. But DCD is usually diagnosed when kids get older and struggle to do age-appropriate things like dressing themselves, using utensils and playing games. […] When does being uncoordinated become a disorder? When it interferes with their ability to do age-appropriate things like dressing, grooming, play, and schoolwork. […] DCD can also affect motor planning, which is what experts call the process of figuring out how to carry out the movement you need to accomplish something.

• #7 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – What is Dyspraxia/DCD?

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/What-is-Dyspraxia-DCD

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) commonly known as Dyspraxia, is a neurological condition that affects movement and coordination (organisation of bigger and smaller movements) which can affect the performance of day-to-day activities (at home, in school, during play, at work). It’s not related to intelligence, but it can sometimes affect cognitive skills. „Early identification and intervention of children with, or at risk of, DCD is important to help prevent the potential negative developmental trajectories and psychosocial consequences associated with DCD” (Zwicker et al 2021). […] Dyspraxia or Developmental Co-ordination disorder is more common than you would think with research showing that „The prevalence of dyspraxia in school-age populations is about 6% (or 1 in 20 people) and 10% of the overall population” (Farmer et al 2017).

• #8 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  The ICD-10 defines DCD as a disorder characterized by seriously impaired motor coordination development not solely accounted for by general intellectual retardation or any specific congenital or acquired neurological disorder. Meanwhile, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) defines the criteria for diagnosing DCD, which are as follows: The achievement and performance of coordinated motor skills are substantially below what is expected, given the child’s chronological age and opportunity for skill learning and use. The poor performance persistently and significantly interferes with ADLs appropriate to chronologic age and impacts academic and school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure, and play. The symptoms began in the early developmental period. The motor and expressive difficulties are not better explained by intellectual disability or visual impairment and cannot be attributed to another neurologic or neuromuscular condition affecting movement (eg, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, degenerative disorder). […]

• #9 Developmental Coordination Disorder

  https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder

  The following criteria are necessary for a diagnosis of DCD to be given: A) Learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is below expected level for age, given opportunity for skill learning. B) Motor skill difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily living and impact academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure and play. C) Onset is in the early developmental period. D) Motor skill difficulties are not better explained by intellectual delay, visual impairment or other neurological conditions that affect movement. […] In the time since that landmark consensus statement in 1994, research into the disorder has grown considerably with a need to re-visit the concepts as outlined in the 1994 consensus. At the ninth Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) International Conference held in Switzerland in June 2011, new guidelines for the assessment and diagnosis of DCD were announced. These guidelines resulted from the work of an international group of researchers and clinicians.

• #10 SciELO Brazil – Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the condition and research evidence Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the condition and research evidence

  https://www.scielo.br/j/motriz/a/ZBc7trmmqWVmzGs6FjhSBHM/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by impairments in the development of motor coordination. […] A DCD diagnosis is made with the basis on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th edition (DSM-5). […] The diagnostic process involves the assessment of four criteria: A) Learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is below expected level for age, given opportunities for skill learning; B) Motor skill difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily living and impact academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure and play; C) Onset is in the early developmental period; and D) Motor skill difficulties are not better explained by intellectual delay, visual impairment or other neurological conditions that affect movement.

• #11 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/148754

  The ICD-10 defines DCD as a disorder characterized by seriously impaired motor coordination development not solely accounted for by general intellectual retardation or any specific congenital or acquired neurological disorder. Meanwhile, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) defines the criteria for diagnosing DCD, which are as follows: The achievement and performance of coordinated motor skills are substantially below what is expected, given the child’s chronological age and opportunity for skill learning and use. The poor performance persistently and significantly interferes with ADLs appropriate to chronologic age and impacts academic and school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure, and play. The symptoms began in the early developmental period. The motor and expressive difficulties are not better explained by intellectual disability or visual impairment and cannot be attributed to another neurologic or neuromuscular condition affecting movement (eg, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, degenerative disorder).

• #12 Developmental Coordination Disorder/ Dyspraxia – Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board

  https://bcuhb.nhs.wales/services/hospital-services/occupational-therapy/childrens-occupational-therapy/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  A. The acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected given the individuals chronological age and opportunity for skill learning and use. Difficulties are manifested as clumsiness (e.g., dropping or bumping into objects) as well as slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills (e.g., catching an object, using scissors or cutlery, handwriting, riding a bike, or participating in sports). […] B. The motor skills deficit in Criterion A significantly and persistently interferes with activities of daily living appropriate to chronological age (e.g., self-care and self-maintenance) and impacts academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure, and play. […] C. Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period.

• #13 DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Dyspraxia/Developmental Coordination Disorder – MedicalCRITERIA.com

  https://medicalcriteria.com/web/dyspraxia-dcd/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is often characterized as a skill acquisition deficit disorder. […] A. The acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected given the individuals chronological age and opportunity for skill learning and use. Difficulties are manifested as clumsiness (e.g., dropping or bumping into objects) as well as slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills (e.g., catching an object, using scissors or cutlery, handwriting, riding a bike, or participating in sports). […] B. The motor skills deficit in Criterion A significantly and persistently interferes with activities of daily living appropriate to chronological age (e.g., self-care and self-maintenance) and impacts academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure, and play.

• #14 DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Dyspraxia/Developmental Coordination Disorder – MedicalCRITERIA.com

  https://medicalcriteria.com/web/dyspraxia-dcd/

  C. Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period. […] D. The motor skills deficits are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or visual impairment and are not attributable to a neurological condition affecting movement (e.g., cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, degenerative disorder).

• #15 Developmental Coordination Disorder/ Dyspraxia – Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board

  https://bcuhb.nhs.wales/services/hospital-services/occupational-therapy/childrens-occupational-therapy/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  D. The motor skills deficits are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or visual impairment and are not attributable to a neurological condition affecting movement (e.g., cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, degenerative disorder). […] Criterion A, B,and C can be determined through an occupational therapy assessment. A standardised movement assessment usually HAS to be undertaken in order to establish whether a childs movement and coordination skills are at variance with their peers. […] Criterion D has to be established by a medical doctor to exclude any other neurological issues. If your child has not seen a medical doctor then the Occupational Therapist will refer on if you feel a diagnosis is important for your child. […] Not all children who are just clumsy/uncoordinated will meet these diagnostic criteria.

• #16 Diagnostic criteria for Dyspraxia

  https://dyspraxiauk.com/diagnostic-criteria

  Developmental motor coordination disorder is characterised by a significant delay in the acquisition of gross and fine motor skills and impairment in the execution of coordinated motor skills that manifest in clumsiness, slowness, or inaccuracy of motor performance. […] Coordinated motor skills difficulties cause significant and persistent limitations in functioning (e.g., in activities of daily living, school work, and vocational and leisure activities). […] Difficulties with coordinated motor skills are not solely attributable to a Disease of the Nervous System, Disease of the Musculoskeletal System or Connective Tissue, sensory impairment, and not better explained by a Disorder of Intellectual Development.

• #17 Developmental coordination disorder: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/developmental-coordination-disorder-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  „Developmental motor coordination disorder” is the preferred term in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11), which is used in many European countries. […] Although DCD is generally the preferred term in the United States, DCD is considered a mental health diagnosis for billing purposes and may not be covered by the child’s medical insurance. […] Other terms for the diagnosis, such as „lack of coordination,” „dyspraxia,” and „dysgraphia,” which are considered medical diagnoses, typically are covered by medical insurance.

• #18 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Dyspraxia should be diagnosed by a team of professionals qualified to examine the specific criteria for the condition, which may include a pediatrician, occupational or physical therapist, child psychologist, and pediatric neurologist. […] There are no medical tests that can definitively diagnose dyspraxia. Instead, your child’s team of healthcare providers will ask detailed questions about your child’s medical history, development and symptoms. […] For a child to be diagnosed with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), they typically need to meet all of the following criteria: Their motor skills are significantly below the level expected; Their lack of motor skills and coordination affects their daily activities and achievements at school; Symptoms of dyspraxia first developed during an early stage of their development; Their difficulty with motor skills isn’t better explained by other medical conditions.

• #19 Diagnosis and management of developmental coordination disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4467929/

  According to recommendations from the European Academy of Childhood Disability, developmental coordination disorder should be diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team of professionals qualified to examine the specific DSM-5 criteria for the disorder. Ideally, the team should include a physician (e.g., child psychiatrist, developmental pediatrician, child neurologist) and an occupational therapist or physical therapist trained in the standardized motor tools used to assess children suspected of having the disorder. […] Children who have developmental coordination disorder frequently have other childhood disorders (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], autism spectrum disorder or specific learning disabilities). […] Children with developmental coordination disorder (with or without ADHD) have been found to be at increased risk of anxiety and depression. In one study, children who had the disorder without ADHD reported depressive symptoms five times more often, and anxiety symptoms about one and a half times more often, than typical peers.

• #20 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  Evaluating children with suspected DCD requires an interprofessional approach involving pediatricians, pediatric psychiatrists and neurologists, and physical and occupational therapists. DCD must be diagnosed before formal school entry. Developmental history, ADLs, and academic performance must be thoroughly assessed. However, differentiating and identifying associated comorbidities, if present, may be particularly challenging. […] […] Children with suspected DCD must be assessed for the functional and emotional impact of the disorder on daily activities. The condition may indirectly affect family, teachers, and peers with whom the child interacts. Longitudinal studies show that children with DCD experience greater academic and sociobehavioral problems. […] […] The Developmental Coordination Disorder Parent Questionnaire-Revised Version (DCDQ-R) has evidence level 2 and may be used in DCD diagnosis. […]

• #21 Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment For Dyspraxia In Children

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-for-dyspraxia-in-children-14979.html

  A condition which occurs mostly in childrens at the age of 6 to 8 years, in simple terms called as Learning difficulties or Motor dysfunction and developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] The persons with Dyspraxia are having the difficulty in learning the things and completing the tasks. […] Dyspraxia is an Immaturity state, in that brain does not pass the information which is transforming from the neurons and neuronal signals. […] According to NINDS (National institute of Neurological disorders and strokes) people with this disease can be out of sync and out of environment. […] Diagnosing by Psychological way, like Educational Psychologist or Pediatrician specialist for children or Occupational therapist. Carrying out an assessment details like how he or she is behaving like mental status, learning abilities, activity participation, and motor skills and neuronal abilities. […] Symptoms in children in the age of months […] Early childhood […] Later in childhood […] Treatment vary from individuals, commonly used treatment ways are: Occupational Therapy, Speech therapy, motor skills training.

• #22 Sensory Mom – What is Dyspraxia and How Does it Impact my Child?

  https://www.sensorymom.com/dyspraxia-and-developmental-coordination-disorder-what-you-need-to-know/

  Dyspraxia is a neurological disorder that causes kids to have trouble with movement. Kids with DCD have difficulty with coordination as well as fine motor (handwriting, buttoning, zipping) and gross (crawling, walking, jumping) motor skills and motor planning (sequencing of movements). […] Dyspraxia impacts the following areas of development: movement, balance, coordination, organization, sensory processing, planning, memory, attention, language, speech, social and emotional. […] Dyspraxia can be officially diagnosed by a pediatrician, pediatric neurologist or a child psychiatrist. Other professionals including physical and occupational therapists, child psychologists, and educational psychologists can assess for and identify DCD, but can’t make an official diagnosis. […] When assessing for DCD, evaluators will use specific tests to look at strength, balance, coordination, motor planning, fine motor control and range of motion. They will also look at cognitive skills, emotional development and how your child’s gross and fine motor development progressed through infancy and toddlerhood. […] The primary treatment for DCD is occupational therapy (OT), also called Sensory Integration Therapy (OT-SI). Though your child won’t „outgrow” DCD, with the right intervention, he will definitely improve. The earlier he/she is diagnosed, the better and faster his/her improvement will be.

• #23 CEUFast – Diagnoses and Treatment of Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

  https://ceufast.com/course/diagnoses-and-treatment-of-children-with-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) affects approximately 5- (Wood et al., 2017)% of school children, the majority being boys. […] The term’ developmental coordination disorder’ was agreed upon to create consensus in terminology and facilitate standardization in published research. […] Children suffering from DCD have poor motor performance and may have psychosocial skills and physical health problems. […] Some DCD children may only have problems with refined coordination movements, while others might present a more serious problem coordinating global movements, or both refined and global movements, making it difficult to establish a fully standardized and comprehensive treatment protocol (Cavalcante et al., 2019). […] There may be considerable problems diagnosing DCD in children below five. […] The role of the physician in diagnosing DCD is clear. DCD is a diagnosis by exclusion, so a physician needs to rule out other possible explanations for the child’s coordination difficulties.

• #24 Assessment, diagnosis, and management of developmental coordination disorder | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/developmental-coordination-disorder

  To make a diagnosis of DCD, a child’s motor skill deficits cannot be better explained by an underlying neurological or medical condition affecting movement, visual or vestibular impairments, or motor skills commensurate with an intellectual disability. The paediatricians consult is key for ruling out medical conditions that might better explain a child’s motor deficits. […] After completing a standard medical and developmental history targeting symptoms of DCD (Criteria B and C), the physician conducts a physical and neurological examination to assess both soft and hard neurological signs (Criterion D). […] A neurocutaneous examination may be required to rule out neurofibromatosis 1 or tuberous sclerosis. […] Investigations may include assessing hearing and vision, creatine phosphokinase, metabolic investigations, thyroid function, peripheral nerve conduction, and/or neuroimaging (e.g., cranial MRI), depending on the neurological exam findings.

• #25 Diagnosis & Therapy – DCD Australia

  https://dcdaustralia.org.au/diagnosis-therapy/

  How is DCD diagnosed? There are four criteria that must be met for a diagnosis of DCD (DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Criterion A: Movement skills are substantially below that expected for age and opportunity for learning and use. Criterion B: Movement difficulties identified significantly and persistently interfere with daily living and impact school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure and play. Criterion C: Movement difficulties are present since early childhood. Criterion D: Movement difficulties are not better explained by intellectual delay, visual impairment or other neurological conditions that affect movement (e.g., cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy). We advocate for a team-based approach to the diagnosis of DCD, in line with international clinical guidelines (Blank et al., 2019). Typically, this would include, at a minimum: 1. A qualified health professional who can undertake an assessment of motor skill level (e.g. an occupational therapist, physiotherapist, neuropsychologist), and 2. A medical specialist (e.g., paediatrician), who can ensure there are no other explanations for the observed movement difficulties. A medical specialist can also work with other specialists to identify whether any other co-occurring conditions are evident. Together, the diagnostic team can take sufficient patient history to ensure the impact and onset of any motor skill impairment meets the diagnostic guidelines. It is important to note that DCD can be diagnosed alongside other neurodevelopmental conditions and learning disorders. DCD commonly co-occurs with speech disorders (e.g., childhood apraxia of speech), autism, ADHD, and dyslexia. Individuals presenting with these disorders should also have their motor skills evaluated. Diagnosis is often not formally given until children reach 5 years of age, because motor skill development prior to this is quite variable. However, parents often report noticing differences in development much earlier than this and a lack of diagnosis does not preclude families from seeking help from specialists, like occupational therapists. They can provide early intervention and support based on the child’s functional strengths and weaknesses at the time. Most often, children are diagnosed at school age following the process described above.

• #26 Dyspraxia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151951

  When carrying out an assessment for DCD, a healthcare professional will ask questions about the childs developmental history, intellectual ability, and gross and fine motor skills. […] The evaluator will need to know when and how the child reached developmental milestones such as walking, crawling, and speaking. They will assess the childs balance, touch sensitivity, and variations in walking activities. […] The symptoms of DCD can vary from person to person. Parents and caregivers should speak with a doctor if they notice any symptoms of DCD.

• #27 Understanding Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://californiaprimerecovery.com/understanding-dyspraxia-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Dyspraxia is diagnosed through a comprehensive evaluation process that includes developmental history, clinical observation, standardized tests, and ruling out other conditions. […] A multidisciplinary team, including pediatricians, occupational therapists, and sometimes psychologists, is often involved in the diagnosis to provide a thorough assessment. […] The Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire helps identify motor difficulties, motor performance, and motor function challenges related to perceptual motor training, co-ordination disorder (DCD), and conditions like cerebral palsy, specific learning difficulties, very low birth weight, childhood apraxia, and specific developmental disorder. […] Early identification and intervention are crucial, as they can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with dyspraxia.

• #28 Assessment & Diagnosis

  https://www.canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder/assessment-diagnosis

  Children with DCD usually achieve early major motor milestones (e.g., walking) within the broad range of normal limits but may have difficulty learning new motor skills (e.g., riding a tricycle). In order to meet diagnostic criteria for DCD, the motor coordination difficulties must impact on the child’s ability to perform in self-care and/or academic areas (e.g., difficulty with buttons/zippers, drawing/painting). […] Recognition and diagnosis of DCD allows parents, extended family and teachers to access research literature, educational resources, tips, strategies and support groups and can provide access to the services and supports families need including possible formal identification within the educational system.

• #29 How Dyspraxia is Diagnosed and How You Can Get a Dyspraxia Diagnosis – Enna Global

  https://enna.org/how-dyspraxia-is-diagnosed-and-how-you-can-get-a-dyspraxia-diagnosis/

  The assessment will; review the information about your challenges, potentially from your employer and your family as well; assess your coordination skills including your balance, posture and fine motor skills; seek to understand your developmental history to understand that these movement challenges were present from a young age.

• #30 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/148754

  Evaluating children with suspected DCD requires an interprofessional approach involving pediatricians, pediatric psychiatrists and neurologists, and physical and occupational therapists. DCD must be diagnosed before formal school entry. Developmental history, ADLs, and academic performance must be thoroughly assessed. However, differentiating and identifying associated comorbidities, if present, may be particularly challenging. […] Handwriting difficulties are particularly important to note. Handwriting is a highly complex motor skill that requires several cognitive and linguistic processes before, during, and after execution. Despite being able to construct sentences, children with DCD have impaired thought expression, which can prolong the completion of handwriting tasks. […] The Detailed Assessment of the Speed of Handwriting (DASH) is an objective tool used for evaluating 4 handwriting speed aspects: copying in the child’s best handwriting, copying quickly, alphabet writing, and free writing for 10 minutes. Handwriting evaluation in children with DCD should also include spelling and composition skills.

• #31 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/148754

  Children with suspected DCD must be assessed for the functional and emotional impact of the disorder on daily activities. The condition may indirectly affect family, teachers, and peers with whom the child interacts. Longitudinal studies show that children with DCD experience greater academic and sociobehavioral problems. […] The goal of care is to enhance the learning of motor skills while focusing on global functions like sensory integration, visual-motor perception, and muscle strength.

• #32 (PDF) Diagnosing developmental coordination disorders

  https://www.academia.edu/73888975/Diagnosing_developmental_coordination_disorders

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) affects around 5% of children and commonly overlaps with other developmental disorders including: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and specific language impairment (SLI). […] There is a need for early identification and intervention to limit the likelihood of these secondary consequences from emerging. This paper addresses the diagnosis of DCD. […] Although there are no defined diagnostic markers for DCD, watching the child while standing, walking, throwing and catching a ball, sitting and doing some fine motor tasks allows a useful overview of skill level and behaviour. […] The diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder is most commonly made when the child’s parents or teachers notice that he or she is lagging behind peers in learning motor skills, or having learning problems in school.

• #33 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  The difficulties with coordination are not due to any other medical condition. […] If the child does also experience comorbidities such as intellectual or other developmental disability; motor coordination is still disproportionally affected. […] Currently there is no single „gold standard” assessment test for DCD. […] Various screening tests may be used, including the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement-ABC), Peabody Developmental Motor Scales- Second Edition (PDMS-2), and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP-BOT-2). […] A baseline motor assessment establishes the starting point for developmental intervention programs. […] However, research has shown that knowledge is severely limited in many who should be trained to recognize and respond to various difficulties, including developmental coordination disorder. […] A diagnosis of DCD is reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease.

• #34 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia, or simply dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired coordination of physical movements as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. […] A diagnosis of DCD is reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease. […] The American Psychiatric Association has four primary inclusive diagnostic criteria for determining if a child has developmental coordination disorder. […] The criteria are as follows: Motor coordination will be greatly reduced, although the intelligence of the child is normal for the age. […] The difficulties the child experiences with motor coordination or planning interfere with the child’s daily life.

• #35 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  Handwriting difficulties are particularly important to note. Handwriting is a highly complex motor skill that requires several cognitive and linguistic processes before, during, and after execution. Despite being able to construct sentences, children with DCD have impaired thought expression, which can prolong the completion of handwriting tasks. […] […] Collaboration with physical and occupational therapists allows physicians to determine the patients’ motor competence using standardized tests. Assessment tools such as the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (MABC-2) and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition (BOT-2) are useful. […] […] DCD’s differential diagnosis is vast and includes conditions presenting with both motor, coordination, and academic difficulties such as cerebral palsy, ADHD, ASD, intellectual disability, muscular dystrophy, sensory processing disorder, specific learning disorder, anxiety, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, neuromuscular diseases, epilepsy, brain tumors, and intellectual disability. […]

• #36

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/d/article/developmentalcoordinationdisorder(dyspraxia)inchildren

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a condition affecting physical co-ordination. It causes a child to perform less well than expected in daily activities for their age, and appear to move clumsily. […] Although signs of the condition are present from an early age, children vary widely in their rate of development. This means a definite diagnosis of DCD does not usually happen until a child with the condition is 5 years old or more. […] Talk to a GP, health visitor or special educational needs co-ordinator (SENCO) if you think your child has developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD). […] The diagnosis of DCD is usually made by a paediatrician, often in collaboration with an occupational therapist. […] For a diagnosis to be made, it’s essential for the child to have what is called a norm-referenced assessment of their motor skills.

• #37 SciELO Brazil – Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the condition and research evidence Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the condition and research evidence

  https://www.scielo.br/j/motriz/a/ZBc7trmmqWVmzGs6FjhSBHM/

  From an assessment standpoint, DCD is generally evaluated with the basis on an individuals performance in the following broad categories: Manual Dexterity, Balance, and Aiming Catching (ball skills). […] The MABC-2 is an assessment whose goal is to identify, describe, and guide treatment of motor impairment in children aged between 3- and 16 years. […] It is also possible that children demonstrate difficulties in one, two, or all of the three areas of the MABC-2. […] In addition, other assessments may be used to identify motor impairment, and the second most used in the case of DCD (worldwide) is the Bruininks-Oserestsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition (BOT-2). […] Despite the visible differences in the motor behavior of children with DCD (when compared to typically developing children), often times their difficulties are dismissed as behavioral problems.

• #38 Dyspraxia (DCD) Test, Diagnosis, & Assessment – UK

  https://www.advancedassessments.co.uk/Dyspraxia-Test-Diagnosis-UK/

  To assess gross motor coordination further, the psychologist will use several supplemental tests; these dyspraxia tests include the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC-2); Movement Assessment Battery for Children Checklist Second Edition (Movement ABC-2 Checklist) or the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2). […] The sensory profiling element of the assessment is carried out using the Sensory Profile 2, or other sensory profiling tests for adults. […] The sensory profile helps the expert psychologist to determine the individual who is being assessed strengths and areas for development.

• #39 Tests for Dyspraxia

  https://www.structural-learning.com/post/tests-for-dyspraxia

  A child might also need an occupational therapy assessment to fully diagnose any issues. […] The following tests can be used to identify dyspraxia: […] The Bruininks-Oserksy Test is a standardized assessment tool designed to measure motor skills in children ages 316. […] The Beery-Bukteica Developmental Test is a standardized assessment tool designed to measure children’s cognitive abilities. […] The Movement ABC-2 Checklists are designed to help parents understand the signs of developmental delays in children. […] These studies collectively provide insights into the efficacy of different dyspraxia tests and the importance of comprehensive assessment methods in diagnosing this neurological condition. […] This study examines the dyspraxia test developed by Lesny, applied to six-year-old children with varying risk levels.

• #40 Dyspraxia (DCD) Test, Diagnosis, & Assessment – UK

  https://www.advancedassessments.co.uk/Dyspraxia-Test-Diagnosis-UK/

  Examples of some of the Dyspraxia Tests the expert psychologist might use in the face-to-face element of the dyspraxia diagnosis include the Berry VMI; the DASH; the Typing Test; the Movement ABC-2; the Movement ABC-2 Checklist; the BOT-2; the WISC-V; the WAIS-IV; and the Sensory Profile 2. […] The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Coordination (Beery VMI), is one of the main tests used for diagnosing dyspraxia in the face-to-face assessment. […] The expert psychologist will undertake additional dyspraxia tests of Motor Coordination and Visual Motor Perception as part of the Dyspraxia Assessment. […] The expert psychologist will use the DASH to analyse the way in which handwriting difficulties interfere with academic study, social activities and employment. […] The expert psychologist will identify the areas where the individual needs most support and agree on an action plan for improvement.

• #41 CEUFast – Diagnoses and Treatment of Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

  https://ceufast.com/course/diagnoses-and-treatment-of-children-with-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Clinical observations made during the administration of standardized assessments are extremely important when assessing children with DCD and may contribute more valuable information than the quantitative scores (Missiuna et al., 200 (Wood et al., 2017).). […] An instrument that was reported to be frequently used to diagnose DCD is the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ), a questionnaire validated for assessing the signs of motor delays that interfere with children’s school and leisure activities. […] Therapists are in a good position to assist physicians with diagnosing DCD through standardized assessment of motor skills and addressing possible delays in activities of daily living at home and school. […] A comprehensive therapy evaluation should be conducted, which would include standard assessment and clinical observations in order to look at specific skills and underlying deficits such as balance, ocular motor control, and sensory processing/modulation abilities in order to get to the root cause of the functional performance challenges of these children and plan interventions and suggest modifications/adaptations as indicated.

• #42 Developmental Coordination Disorder | Behaviour Help

  https://behaviourhelp.com/a-z-conditions-disorders/developmental-coordination-disorder

  B. The motor skills deficit in Criterion A significantly and persistently interferes with activities of daily living appropriate to chronological age (e.g., self-care and self-maintenance) and impacts academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure, and play. […] C. Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period. […] D. The motor skills deficits are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or visual impairment and are not attributable to a neurological condition affecting movement (e.g., cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, degenerative disorder). […] At the point of diagnosis, the individual will be categorized depending upon their score on a standardized motor skills test such as the Movement Assessment Battery for Children as follows: Moderate DCD (m-DCD): All DSM 5 criteria are described and met. Children score 11.64 standard deviations below the mean on a validated motor test (between 15 and 6th percentile).

• #43 Developmental Coordination Disorder | Behaviour Help

  https://behaviourhelp.com/a-z-conditions-disorders/developmental-coordination-disorder

  Severe DCD (s-DCD): All DSM V criteria are described and met. Children score at least 1.64 standard deviation below the mean on a validated motor test (at or below 6th percentile). […] Probable DCD (p-DCD): DSM 5 criteria are described, but one or more criteria may not have been evaluated. […] At risk for DCD: All DSM 5 criteria are described and met, and children are under 5 year of age. If a later repeated motor test and evaluation confirms that all criteria are met, the diagnosis DCD will be given. […] Symptoms of DCD broadly fall into the diagnostic categories as stated above, however, some examples are: Clumsiness, Poor coordination, Difficulty tying shoelaces, Forgetfulness, Handwriting difficulties, Difficulty sitting on a chair, Sensory sensitivities, Delayed processing, Difficulties sequencing, Poor sense of direction, Generally untidy and disorganised.

• #44 Assessment & Diagnosis

  https://www.canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder/assessment-diagnosis

  When a child is suspected of having motor coordination difficulties, it is critical that they are seen by a family doctor or pediatrician to ensure that that the movement problems are not due to any other physical, neurological, or behavioural disorders and to determine whether more than one disorder may be present. […] A diagnosis of DCD can be quite helpful to the family, the school and the child. Even without a diagnosis, parents know that something is not right with their child’s development. Without being able to identify the coordination difficulties as DCD, parents may search aimlessly as they try and explain their child’s symptoms. Providing a diagnosis can reassure parents, confirm their observations, acknowledge the reality that this disorder places on their families, and give them something tangible to deal with.

• #45

  https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/dyslexia/neurodiversity-and-co-occurring-differences/dyspraxia

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] DCD is distinct from other motor disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. […] An individuals coordination difficulties may affect participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] Children may present with difficulties with self-care, writing, typing, riding a bike, play as well as other educational and recreational activities. […] In adulthood many of these difficulties will continue, as well as learning new skills at home, in education and work, such as driving a car and DIY.

• #46 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/148754

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), or dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by poor motor coordination and difficulty learning motor skills in an otherwise healthy child with a normal gross neurological examination. This condition may negatively impact the child’s life by interfering with socialization and academic performance. Additionally, DCD can lead to executive function deficits, preventing effective learning in early childhood education. Children with DCD experience difficulty executing coordinated motor actions accurately. The patients’ movements may be slow and inaccurate. DCD manifests as mild fine and gross motor delays in childhood that are later attributed to motor learning difficulties. […] Up to 95% of children with DCD have handwriting difficulties, and 57% demonstrate decreased legibility, writing speed, and letter formation quality as compared to their peers.

• #47 Dyspraxia/DCD Healthcare Professionals – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/dyspraxia-dcd-healthcare-professionals/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), commonly known as Dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects 5 to 6% of the population and is characterized by difficulty with fine and/or gross motor skills (Blank et al., 2019). […] Many healthcare professionals are unaware of the signs and symptoms of Dyspraxia/DCD; consequently, many individuals are left undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, misunderstood, and unsupported. Early diagnosis and treatment are important and can make a vital difference in quality of life. […] Timely diagnosis and effective treatment may mitigate many of the negative consequences of living with this hidden condition. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th Edition (ICD-11) both classify the condition as a neurodevelopmental disorder.

• #48 Assessment, diagnosis, and management of developmental coordination disorder | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/developmental-coordination-disorder

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects 5% to 6% of school-aged children. DCD can significantly impact early development and life-long functioning. Evidence supports promising interventions for DCD, but the disorder continues to be under-recognized and under-diagnosed. Paediatricians play an important role in the identification and management of DCD. A diagnosis of DCD can only be confirmed when motor difficulties are not the result of a medical condition or disease, such as cerebral palsy (CP) or visual impairment, yet the individual has low scores on standardized motor testing and a history of motor problems from the early developmental period. A recent survey of paediatricians in the Canadian Paediatric Society (n=152) found that most reported having little knowledge of DCD diagnostic criteria, with 86% being unaware of the international guidelines for DCD.

• #49 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s cause is unknown, though it may have genetic and environmental sources. Preventing disease development is impossible with current technology. However, preventive measures may address DCD’s potential complications. Early recognition requires an interprofessional approach that includes healthcare specialists, teachers, and family members. […] […] Key points to remember about dyspraxia evaluation and management include the following: DCD usually affects school-aged children. One of the condition’s most common signs is difficulty with handwriting. DCD may be aggravated by other neurodevelopmental disorders affecting attention, language, and reading, such as (ADHD) and dyslexia. […] […] Evaluating and treating DCD requires an interprofessional approach that includes pediatricians, pediatric psychiatrists and neurologists, and physical and occupational therapists. Children diagnosed with DCD should be screened for potentially associated conditions such as ADHD, ASD, language disorders, and social, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

• #50 DHCAS: Health Information

  https://www.dhcas.gov.hk/en/developmental_coordination_disorder.html

  20-50% of children with DCD may have other associated problems such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, language disorder or dyslexia. […] Up to date there is no medication for DCD. […] It is difficult to predict long-term outcome based on the initial presentation of the condition.

• #51 Developmental Coordination Disorder DSM-5 315.4 (F82)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/developmental-coordination-disorder-dsm–5-315.4-(f82)

  Multiple disturbances of gross and fine motor control have been described (Missiuna et al., 2008). […] The gross and fine motor symptoms and disturbance of speech and language are often comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, impairment of mathematical ability and reading or writing (dyscalculia, dysgraphia, dyslexia), and abnormal muscle tone (Gilberg and Kadesj, 2003). […] The acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected for the patients age and opportunities for learning. […] Clumsiness (dropping or bumping into objects) and slow inaccurate performance of motor skills (catching objects, handwriting, using utensils, bicycle-riding or participation in sports) are present, and interfere with activities of daily life and impact academic, occupational, recreational or social activities.

• #52 Developmental Coordination Disorder

  https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skills disorder that affects five to six percent of all school-aged children. By definition, children with DCD do not have an identifiable medical or neurological condition that explains their coordination problems. DCD is commonly associated with other developmental conditions, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities (LD), speech-language delays and emotional and behavioural problems. While it was once thought that children with DCD would simply outgrow their motor difficulties, research tells us that DCD persists throughout adolescence into adulthood. Although there is currently no cure for DCD, early intervention and treatment may help to reduce the emotional, physical and social consequences that are often associated with this disorder.

• #53

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/

  While many people in the UK use the term dyspraxia to refer to the difficulties with movement and co-ordination that first develop in young children, this term is used less often by healthcare professionals. […] Instead, most healthcare professionals use the term developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) to describe the condition.

• #54 Dyspraxia and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) – Children’s Development Specialist

  https://childrensdevelopmentspecialist.co.uk/dyspraxia-dcd/

  The term dyspraxia is used in many different ways by different people, which can cause some confusion. […] Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common developmental disorder that is diagnosed when an individual has severe difficulties in learning everyday motor skills, which cannot be explained by physical, sensory or intellectual impairment. […] A diagnosis of DCD is usually undertaken by a number of different professionals as a part of an interdisciplinary team, after collecting information from the child, parents, and school to see how the difficulties impact on everyday life. […] Research indicates that approximately one child in every average-sized classroom is suffering from Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia.

• #55 Developmental coordination disorder: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/developmental-coordination-disorder-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterized by problems with motor coordination that interfere with academic performance and social integration in otherwise healthy children. It typically presents in the early school years and persists into adolescence or adulthood. […] The clinical features, evaluation and diagnosis of DCD will be discussed here. […] In this topic, we use the term „developmental coordination disorder” (DCD) to describe problems in motor coordination that interfere with academic performance and/or socialization and are not better explained by other medical or psychosocial conditions, such as brain tumors, metabolic conditions, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. […] DCD was first described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), and DCD is the preferred term in countries that use the DSM classification (eg, the United States).

• #56 Developmental coordination disorder: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/developmental-coordination-disorder-clinical-features-and-diagnosis/print

  „Developmental motor coordination disorder” is the preferred term in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11), which is used in many European countries. […] Although DCD is generally the preferred term in the United States, DCD is considered a mental health diagnosis for billing purposes and may not be covered by the child’s medical insurance. Other terms for the diagnosis, such as „lack of coordination,” „dyspraxia,” and „dysgraphia,” which are considered medical diagnoses, typically are covered by medical insurance.

• #57 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common condition which mainly affects motor co-ordination – the way the body organises and carries out movement-related tasks. It can also affect other activities, including speech. Dyspraxia occurs in children and adults. […] Dyspraxia is a developmental disorder, which means that it develops in childhood. Motor milestones, such as the age of first walking may be delayed. […] The diagnosis of dyspraxia is not usually made until children reach the age of 4 or 5 years. This is because there is no simple test for dyspraxia and until that age the range of conditions that can cause similar symptoms is very wide. […] Dyspraxia is usually diagnosed after assessment of your child by one or more healthcare professionals including a paediatrician, a physiotherapist, a speech and language therapist, an occupational therapist and a psychologist. […] If dyspraxia is diagnosed and treated as early as possible in a child’s life, they will have a greater chance of improvement.

• #58

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/d/article/developmentalcoordinationdisorder(dyspraxia)inchildren

  For a diagnosis of DCD to be made, your child will usually need to meet all of the following criteria: their motor skills are significantly below the level expected for their age and opportunities they have had to learn and use these skills; their lack of motor skill significantly and persistently affects their day-to-day activities and achievements at school; their symptoms first developed during an early stage of their development; the lack of motor skills isn’t better explained by long-term delay in all areas (general learning disability) or rare medical conditions, such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy. […] Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) cannot be cured, but there are ways to help your child manage their problems. […] Once DCD has been diagnosed, a treatment plan tailored to your child’s particular difficulties can be made.

• #59 Dyspraxia | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/dyspraxia

  Despite common confusion, dyspraxia is not a form of autism. […] A dyspraxic child incorrectly diagnosed as having autism will make little progress in managing their symptoms. Careful evaluation and diagnosis by experts is critical, as dyspraxia can appear alongside autism or on its own. […] Dyspraxia cannot be cured, but people with this condition can still lead a full and satisfying life. Treatment can help them manage their symptoms and improve muscle tone and coordination. […] A diagnosis of dyspraxia can allow a child to qualify for occupational therapy, speech therapy, and other special services and accommodations through the school system.

• #60 SciELO Brazil – Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the condition and research evidence Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the condition and research evidence

  https://www.scielo.br/j/motriz/a/ZBc7trmmqWVmzGs6FjhSBHM/

  While the diagnostic criteria for DCD specify that movement difficulties must be below the expected level for the individuals age, and cannot be better explained by an intellectual disability, children with DCD tend to perform worse than their peers on several IQ indicators. […] More than often, these difficulties are associated with other symptoms, such as anxiety and depression. […] DCD has also been associated with mental health issues later in life. […] In addition, quality of life of these children has been shown to be severely impaired, and even lower than that of children living with chronic health conditions. […] In conclusion, DCD is a highly prevalent and co-morbid condition, and children with DCD represent a significant portion of the school-aged population. […] We determined that motor difficulties in DCD are associated with several and severe consequences in performance of activities of daily living, academic achievement, as well as problems in physical and mental health. […] Finally, it is essential to increase awareness of the condition, and promote interventions that focus on improving functional skills and a child’s environment.

• #61 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  Recent meta-analyses reveal that the most effective DCD therapies are task-oriented approaches, motor-training programs, and physical therapy. Task-oriented approaches are therapeutic interventions that help improve independence in performing ADLs, such as personal care, leisure activities, arts, and academic activities. […] […] Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. […] […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. […]

• #62 Developmental coordination disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001533.htm

  Physical causes and other types of learning disabilities must be ruled out before the diagnosis can be confirmed. […] Physical education and perceptual motor training (combining movement with tasks that require thinking, like math or reading) are the best ways to treat coordination disorder. Using a computer to take notes may help children who have trouble writing. […] How well a child does depends on the severity of the disorder. The disorder does not get worse over time. It most often continues into adulthood. […] Developmental coordination disorder can lead to: Learning problems, Low self-esteem resulting from poor ability at sports and teasing by other children, Repeated injuries, Weight gain as a result of not wanting to participate in physical activities, such as sports. […] Contact your health care provider if you are concerned about your child’s development. […] Families who are affected by this condition should try to recognize problems early and have them treated. Early treatment will lead to future success.

• #63 Diagnosis and management of developmental coordination disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4467929/

  Like children with other types of developmental disabilities, children with developmental coordination disorder do not outgrow their disorder. There is far less research on issues in adulthood, however. Several studies have assessed psychosocial, motor and executive functions in adults with developmental coordination disorder. Small observational studies noted that adults with the disorder had significantly high levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety, as well as decreased levels of participation in everyday life, and lower quality of life and life satisfaction.

• #64 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  There’s no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination. […] It’s important to remember that no two children with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) are affected in the same way. The best way to know what to expect is to talk to healthcare providers who specialize in diagnosing and treating dyspraxia. […] If your child has dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), they may experience frustration when they understand how to perform a certain action, such as throwing a ball, but are unable to accurately perform the movement.

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