Zaburzenie rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej (dyspraksja) – Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Zaburzenie rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej (dyspraksja)
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Zaburzenie rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej (DCD, dyspraksja) to neurorozwojowe schorzenie rozpoczynające się w dzieciństwie, dotykające około 5-6% dzieci w wieku szkolnym, z przewagą u chłopców. Charakteryzuje się trudnościami w wykonywaniu umiejętności motorycznych i zaburzeniami koordynacji, bez obecności innych medycznych lub neurologicznych przyczyn. DCD wpływa nie tylko na funkcjonowanie fizyczne, ale także na aspekty emocjonalne i społeczne, utrzymując się często do dorosłości. Współwystępuje często z innymi zaburzeniami, zwłaszcza ADHD (w około 50% przypadków). Opóźniona diagnoza może prowadzić do powikłań psychospołecznych, takich jak stany lękowe, depresja, uzależnienia czy problemy zawodowe. Dzieci z DCD wykazują obniżoną sprawność fizyczną, rzadziej uczestniczą w aktywnościach sportowych, a ich samoocena jest istotnie obniżona, mimo zachowanej inteligencji.

Wprowadzenie do zaburzenia rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej (dyspraksji)
Przewidywany przebieg i rokowanie

Rokowanie u dzieci z lekkim nasileniem objawów
Przewidywany przebieg u większości pacjentów
Konsekwencje braku lub opóźnionej diagnozy

Długoterminowe skutki w różnych okresach życia

Konsekwencje w dzieciństwie
Konsekwencje w okresie dojrzewania
Konsekwencje w życiu dorosłym

Czynniki wpływające na rokowanie

Współistniejące zaburzenia
Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji
Skuteczność interwencji ukierunkowanych na zadania

Zalecenia dla rodziców i opiekunów

Kolejne rozdziały

Wprowadzenie do zaburzenia rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej (dyspraksji)

Zaburzenie rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej (dyspraksja) to zaburzenie neurorozwojowe, które rozpoczyna się w dzieciństwie i powoduje trudności w wykonywaniu umiejętności motorycznych oraz zaburzenia koordynacji. Dotyka około 5-6% dzieci w wieku szkolnym, przy czym występuje częściej u chłopców niż u dziewcząt.¹²³ Zgodnie z definicją, dzieci z tym zaburzeniem nie mają identyfikowalnych medycznych lub neurologicznych schorzeń, które wyjaśniałyby ich problemy z koordynacją.⁴

Termin zaburzenie rozwoju koordynacji (DCD – Developmental Coordination Disorder) został wprowadzony w Diagnostycznym i Statystycznym Podręczniku Zaburzeń Psychicznych w 1989 roku i pozostał w nowszych wydaniach.⁵ Zaburzenie to może być również określane jako zespół niezgrabnego dziecka, dyspraksja lub specyficzne rozwojowe zaburzenie funkcji motorycznych.⁶

Dyspraksja wpływa na fizyczne funkcjonowanie i stan zdrowia dzieci, a także na ich życie emocjonalne i uczestnictwo społeczne – nie tylko w dzieciństwie, ale również w okresie dojrzewania i dorosłości.⁷

Przewidywany przebieg i rokowanie

Rokowanie w zaburzeniu rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej jest zróżnicowane i zależy od wielu czynników, w tym od nasilenia objawów, wczesnego rozpoznania i interwencji oraz współwystępowania innych zaburzeń.⁸⁹

Rokowanie u dzieci z lekkim nasileniem objawów

Dzieci z łagodnymi objawami dyspraksji, które zostały wcześnie zdiagnozowane i poddane terapii, mogą z czasem nauczyć się przezwyciężać trudności w wykonywaniu czynności ruchowych i osiągać swoje cele.¹⁰ Choć koordynacja ruchowa dziecka z DCD pozostanie poniżej średniej, może to stanowić mniejszy problem w miarę dorastania i rozwoju strategii radzenia sobie.¹¹

Przewidywany przebieg u większości pacjentów

Większość dzieci z zaburzeniem rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej wymaga długoterminowej pomocy medycznej oraz dostosowanego planu edukacyjnego w krytycznych okresach rozwojowych.¹² Opieka nad dzieckiem prawdopodobnie będzie długoterminowa, aby pomóc mu lepiej wykonywać zadania i poprawić koordynację.¹³

Chociaż kiedyś uważano, że dzieci z DCD po prostu „wyrosną” z trudności motorycznych, badania wskazują, że DCD utrzymuje się przez okres dojrzewania aż do dorosłości.¹⁴ Aktualnie nie ma lekarstwa na dyspraksję, jednak dzięki interwencji i praktyce umiejętności motoryczne często ulegają poprawie.¹⁵¹⁶

Konsekwencje braku lub opóźnionej diagnozy

Opóźniona diagnoza i leczenie zaburzenia rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej może prowadzić do krótko- i długoterminowych powikłań zdrowotnych i psychospołecznych.¹⁷ Nierozpoznana dyspraksja może prowadzić do:

Napadów złości
Stanów lękowych i depresji
Ataków paniki
Uzależnień
Częstych zmian pracy lub długotrwałego bezrobocia¹⁸

Długoterminowe skutki w różnych okresach życia

Konsekwencje w dzieciństwie

Opóźnienia w osiąganiu kamieni milowych rozwoju motorycznego mogą wpływać na sprawność fizyczną dziecka. Dzieci z zaburzeniem rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej rzadziej uczestniczą w sportach zespołowych i mogą rozwijać zmniejszoną elastyczność, siłę i wytrzymałość.¹⁹

Negatywny wpływ DCD na uczestnictwo dziecka w zajęciach grupowych może powodować problemy społeczno-behawioralne, które mogą utrzymywać się w okresie dojrzewania.²⁰ Samoocena dzieci z DCD, szczególnie w zakresie kompetencji fizycznych, jest obniżona w większym stopniu niż u dzieci z poważnymi niepełnosprawnościami fizycznymi.²¹

Warto podkreślić, że chociaż DCD nie wpływa na inteligencję dziecka, może utrudniać mu naukę, przez co może potrzebować dodatkowej pomocy, aby nadążyć w szkole.²² Wraz z wiekiem trudności w szkole, szczególnie w tworzeniu prac pisemnych, mogą stać się bardziej widoczne i wymagać dodatkowej pomocy ze strony rodziców i nauczycieli.²³

Konsekwencje w okresie dojrzewania

Nastolatki z zaburzeniem rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej zgłaszają specyficzne wyzwania fizyczne, społeczne i emocjonalne, które poważnie wpływają na ich wyniki w sporcie i pracy fizycznej. Takie trudności mogą powodować marginalizację społeczną.²⁴

Konsekwencje w życiu dorosłym

DCD u dorosłych zwykle ma bardziej heterogeniczną prezentację i często wynika z nierozpoznania subtelnych objawów w dzieciństwie. Dorośli z tym zaburzeniem mają tendencję do doświadczania trudności motorycznych związanych z szacowaniem odległości. Takie upośledzenia mogą się objawiać, na przykład, podczas prowadzenia samochodu lub przechodzenia przez ulicę.²⁵

Dorośli zgłaszają również trudności z funkcjami wykonawczymi, uwagą i uczeniem się nowych umiejętności. DCD może prowadzić do problemów medycznych, takich jak lęk, niska samoocena, zaburzenie obsesyjno-kompulsyjne (OCD), zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu (ASD), schizofrenia i zespół metaboliczny.²⁶

Czynniki wpływające na rokowanie

Współistniejące zaburzenia

Większość dzieci z zaburzeniem rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej ma co najmniej jedną współwystępującą różnicę w uczeniu się lub myśleniu. ADHD jest jednym z najczęstszych schorzeń współwystępujących z DCD. W rzeczywistości, połowa wszystkich dzieci z DCD cierpi również na ADHD.²⁷

Współistniejące zaburzenia i choroby zdrowia psychicznego mogą poważnie wpływać na jakość życia pacjentów z DCD.²⁸ Ważne jest, aby pamiętać, że nie ma dwóch dzieci z dyspraksją, które byłyby dotknięte w ten sam sposób, dlatego najlepszym sposobem, aby wiedzieć, czego się spodziewać, jest rozmowa z pracownikami służby zdrowia specjalizującymi się w diagnozowaniu i leczeniu dyspraksji.²⁹

Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji

Chociaż obecnie nie ma lekarstwa na DCD, wczesna interwencja i leczenie mogą pomóc zmniejszyć emocjonalne, fizyczne i społeczne konsekwencje, które często towarzyszą temu zaburzeniu.³⁰

Kluczowym leczeniem DCD jest terapia zajęciowa (OT – Occupational Therapy).³¹ Różne rodzaje terapii, takie jak terapia zajęciowa i fizjoterapia, mogą pomóc dzieciom i dorosłym z dyspraksją poprawić umiejętności motoryczne i koordynację.³²

Skuteczność interwencji ukierunkowanych na zadania

Interwencje ukierunkowane na zadania mogą być przydatne dla dzieci z DCD w poprawie wyników testów ruchowych, jednak jakość dowodów jest ogólnie niska, co oznacza, że istnieje niepewność co do ustaleń badań.³³ Potrzebne są badania o wyższej jakości, aby zbadać i ustalić skuteczność interwencji ukierunkowanych na zadania dla dzieci z zaburzeniem rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej.³⁴

Wnioski wyciągnięte z poprzednich przeglądów, które jednomyślnie zgłaszały korzystne efekty interwencji, są niespójne z najnowszymi ustaleniami, co podkreśla potrzebę starannie zaprojektowanych i przeprowadzonych randomizowanych badań kontrolowanych w celu zbadania efektu interwencji dla dzieci z DCD.³⁵

Zalecenia dla rodziców i opiekunów

Wspieranie dziecka z zaburzeniem rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej wymaga cierpliwości, zrozumienia i odpowiedniego podejścia. Oto kilka zaleceń:

Zapewnienie wczesnej diagnozy i interwencji terapeutycznej
Regularne sesje terapii zajęciowej i/lub fizjoterapii
Oferowanie wsparcia i zachęty, gdy dziecko osiąga nowe kamienie milowe w zakresie umiejętności motorycznych i koordynacji³⁶
Konsultacja z lekarzem w przypadku podejrzenia DCD u dziecka³⁷³⁸
Współpraca z nauczycielami w celu dostosowania planu edukacyjnego
Pomoc w budowaniu umiejętności w domu poprzez praktykę i wsparcie³⁹

Należy pamiętać, że mimo iż zaburzenie rozwoju koordynacji ruchowej jest stanem przewlekłym, odpowiednie wsparcie i interwencja mogą znacząco poprawić jakość życia dziecka i jego funkcjonowanie w dorosłości.⁴⁰⁴¹

Kolejne rozdziały

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a lifelong condition that makes it hard to learn motor skills and coordination. Kids with DCD struggle with physical tasks and activities they need to do both in and out of school. […] DCD is a condition that makes it hard to learn coordination and motor skills (including motor planning). At least 5 percent of kids have it. DCD is more common in boys than in girls. Kids dont outgrow it, but they can improve their motor skills. […] DCD can create challenges outside of school, too. Motor planning problems can make it hard to figure out the steps of self-care routines, like brushing teeth and getting dressed. […] Kids with DCD may have trouble using feedback from earlier experiences to adjust their movements. […] If youre concerned your child might have DCD, reach out to your childs doctor.
#2 Developmental Coordination Disorder
https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skills disorder that affects five to six percent of all school-aged children. […] DCD occurs when a delay in the development of motor skills, or difficulty coordinating movements, results in a child being unable to perform common, everyday tasks. […] By definition, children with DCD do not have an identifiable medical or neurological condition that explains their coordination problems. […] While it was once thought that children with DCD would simply outgrow their motor difficulties, research tells us that DCD persists throughout adolescence into adulthood. […] Although there is currently no cure for DCD, early intervention and treatment may help to reduce the emotional, physical and social consequences that are often associated with this disorder.
#3 Developmental Coordination Disorder vs. Dyspraxia
https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/blog/developmental-coordination-disorder-vs-dyspraxia
DCD is a motor skills disorder that affects some children. When a child has problems coordinating movements, they might be unable to perform everyday tasks. This is because of a delay in the development of their motor skills. Research shows that DCD impacts 5-6 percent of all school-aged children. […] Dyspraxia, a form of developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. It may also affect speech. […] Although researchers have studied dyspraxia, professionals can’t agree on a proper definition of this condition. This is where things get tricky. […] Understanding the difference between DCD and dyspraxia can be difficult. As a general rule, use DCD to describe your child’s condition. Most doctors agree that dyspraxia is difficult to define and has been studied less than DCD.
#4 Developmental Coordination Disorder
https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skills disorder that affects five to six percent of all school-aged children. […] DCD occurs when a delay in the development of motor skills, or difficulty coordinating movements, results in a child being unable to perform common, everyday tasks. […] By definition, children with DCD do not have an identifiable medical or neurological condition that explains their coordination problems. […] While it was once thought that children with DCD would simply outgrow their motor difficulties, research tells us that DCD persists throughout adolescence into adulthood. […] Although there is currently no cure for DCD, early intervention and treatment may help to reduce the emotional, physical and social consequences that are often associated with this disorder.
#5 Developmental Coordination Disorder
https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder
DCD is the term that was introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1989 and that has been retained in more recent editions of the manual. […] In the time since that landmark consensus statement in 1994, research into the disorder has grown considerably with a need to re-visit the concepts as outlined in the 1994 consensus. […] Guidelines for the assessment and diagnosis of DCD were announced.
#6 Taskâoriented interventions for children with developmental coâordination disorder
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483344/
The self-esteem of children with DCD, in terms of physical competence, is diminished to a greater extent than that of children with severe physical disabilities. […] DCD may also be referred to as clumsy child syndrome, dyspraxia, or specific developmental disorder of motor function. […] The quality of the evidence was generally low, meaning we are very uncertain about the findings of this review. […] At the moment, task-oriented interventions may be useful for children with DCD in improving their performance on movement tests. We cannot be sure about benefits in other areas. Higher-quality research is needed to investigate and establish the effect of task-oriented intervention for children with DCD.
#7 Taskâoriented interventions for children with developmental coâordination disorder
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483344/
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common childhood disorder, which can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Children with DCD have difficulties in performing the essential motor tasks required for self-care, academic, social and recreational activities. […] We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. The conclusions drawn from previous reviews, which unanimously reported beneficial effects of intervention, are inconsistent with our conclusions. This review highlights the need for carefully designed and executed RCTs to investigate the effect of interventions for children with DCD. […] DCD influences children’s physical functions and health status, as well as their emotional life and social participation, not only during childhood but also throughout adolescence and adulthood.
#8 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination. […] Its important to remember that no two children with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) are affected in the same way. The best way to know what to expect is to talk to healthcare providers who specialize in diagnosing and treating dyspraxia. […] Your childs care management will likely be long-term to help them better perform tasks and improve coordination. Offer support and encouragement as your child reaches new milestones for motor skills and coordination each day.
#9 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.
#10 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.
#11
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/
Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a condition affecting physical co-ordination. It causes a child to perform less well than expected in daily activities for their age, and appear to move clumsily. […] Although DCD does not affect how intelligent a child is, it can make it more difficult for them to learn and they may need extra help to keep up at school. […] Although the physical co-ordination of a child with DCD will remain below average, this may be less of a problem as they get older and develop coping strategies. Some children may continue to have problems. […] However, difficulties in school particularly producing written work can become much more prominent and require extra help from parents and teachers.
#12 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.
#13 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination. […] Its important to remember that no two children with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) are affected in the same way. The best way to know what to expect is to talk to healthcare providers who specialize in diagnosing and treating dyspraxia. […] Your childs care management will likely be long-term to help them better perform tasks and improve coordination. Offer support and encouragement as your child reaches new milestones for motor skills and coordination each day.
#14 Developmental Coordination Disorder
https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skills disorder that affects five to six percent of all school-aged children. […] DCD occurs when a delay in the development of motor skills, or difficulty coordinating movements, results in a child being unable to perform common, everyday tasks. […] By definition, children with DCD do not have an identifiable medical or neurological condition that explains their coordination problems. […] While it was once thought that children with DCD would simply outgrow their motor difficulties, research tells us that DCD persists throughout adolescence into adulthood. […] Although there is currently no cure for DCD, early intervention and treatment may help to reduce the emotional, physical and social consequences that are often associated with this disorder.
#15 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Most kids with DCD have at least one learning or thinking difference, too. ADHD is one of the most common conditions that co-occur with DCD. In fact, half of all kids with DCD also have ADHD. […] An assessment for DCD isnt the same as an evaluation for learning and thinking differences. […] Researchers dont know the cause of DCD, but there are some risk factors. […] A key treatment for DCD is occupational therapy (OT). […] There are many ways you can help at home, too. […] With intervention and practice, motor skills often improve. You can help your child build skills. […] DCD is a condition that makes it hard for kids to learn motor skills and coordination. […] Occupational therapy is a key treatment for DCD. […] Reach out to your childs doctor if youre concerned your child has DCD.
#16 Dyspraxia – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dyspraxia
Dyspraxia is a neurological (brain) condition. […] Its also called developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia is often identified in early childhood and is a life-long condition. […] Dyspraxia is usually identified in early childhood. […] There is no cure for dyspraxia. But it can be treated with regular therapies. […] Dyspraxia cant be prevented. […] Undiagnosed dyspraxia may lead to: temper tantrums, anxiety and depression, panic attacks, addiction, frequent job changes or long-term unemployment.
#17 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.
#18 Dyspraxia – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dyspraxia
Dyspraxia is a neurological (brain) condition. […] Its also called developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia is often identified in early childhood and is a life-long condition. […] Dyspraxia is usually identified in early childhood. […] There is no cure for dyspraxia. But it can be treated with regular therapies. […] Dyspraxia cant be prevented. […] Undiagnosed dyspraxia may lead to: temper tantrums, anxiety and depression, panic attacks, addiction, frequent job changes or long-term unemployment.
#19 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.
#20 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.
#21 Taskâoriented interventions for children with developmental coâordination disorder
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483344/
The self-esteem of children with DCD, in terms of physical competence, is diminished to a greater extent than that of children with severe physical disabilities. […] DCD may also be referred to as clumsy child syndrome, dyspraxia, or specific developmental disorder of motor function. […] The quality of the evidence was generally low, meaning we are very uncertain about the findings of this review. […] At the moment, task-oriented interventions may be useful for children with DCD in improving their performance on movement tests. We cannot be sure about benefits in other areas. Higher-quality research is needed to investigate and establish the effect of task-oriented intervention for children with DCD.
#22
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/
Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a condition affecting physical co-ordination. It causes a child to perform less well than expected in daily activities for their age, and appear to move clumsily. […] Although DCD does not affect how intelligent a child is, it can make it more difficult for them to learn and they may need extra help to keep up at school. […] Although the physical co-ordination of a child with DCD will remain below average, this may be less of a problem as they get older and develop coping strategies. Some children may continue to have problems. […] However, difficulties in school particularly producing written work can become much more prominent and require extra help from parents and teachers.
#23
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/
Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a condition affecting physical co-ordination. It causes a child to perform less well than expected in daily activities for their age, and appear to move clumsily. […] Although DCD does not affect how intelligent a child is, it can make it more difficult for them to learn and they may need extra help to keep up at school. […] Although the physical co-ordination of a child with DCD will remain below average, this may be less of a problem as they get older and develop coping strategies. Some children may continue to have problems. […] However, difficulties in school particularly producing written work can become much more prominent and require extra help from parents and teachers.
#24 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Adolescents with DCD report unique physical, social, and emotional challenges that severely impact their performance in sports and manual labor. Such difficulties may cause social marginalization. […] DCD in adults usually presents more heterogeneously and often results from failure to recognize subtle symptoms during childhood. Adults with DCD tend to experience motor challenges with estimating distances. Such impairments may manifest, for example, when driving or crossing the road. Adults also report difficulty with executive functioning, attention, and learning new skills. DCD may lead to medical problems such as anxiety, low self-esteem, OCD, ASD, schizophrenia, and metabolic syndrome in adults.
#25 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Adolescents with DCD report unique physical, social, and emotional challenges that severely impact their performance in sports and manual labor. Such difficulties may cause social marginalization. […] DCD in adults usually presents more heterogeneously and often results from failure to recognize subtle symptoms during childhood. Adults with DCD tend to experience motor challenges with estimating distances. Such impairments may manifest, for example, when driving or crossing the road. Adults also report difficulty with executive functioning, attention, and learning new skills. DCD may lead to medical problems such as anxiety, low self-esteem, OCD, ASD, schizophrenia, and metabolic syndrome in adults.
#26 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Adolescents with DCD report unique physical, social, and emotional challenges that severely impact their performance in sports and manual labor. Such difficulties may cause social marginalization. […] DCD in adults usually presents more heterogeneously and often results from failure to recognize subtle symptoms during childhood. Adults with DCD tend to experience motor challenges with estimating distances. Such impairments may manifest, for example, when driving or crossing the road. Adults also report difficulty with executive functioning, attention, and learning new skills. DCD may lead to medical problems such as anxiety, low self-esteem, OCD, ASD, schizophrenia, and metabolic syndrome in adults.
#27 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Most kids with DCD have at least one learning or thinking difference, too. ADHD is one of the most common conditions that co-occur with DCD. In fact, half of all kids with DCD also have ADHD. […] An assessment for DCD isnt the same as an evaluation for learning and thinking differences. […] Researchers dont know the cause of DCD, but there are some risk factors. […] A key treatment for DCD is occupational therapy (OT). […] There are many ways you can help at home, too. […] With intervention and practice, motor skills often improve. You can help your child build skills. […] DCD is a condition that makes it hard for kids to learn motor skills and coordination. […] Occupational therapy is a key treatment for DCD. […] Reach out to your childs doctor if youre concerned your child has DCD.
#28 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/
Children with mild DCD symptoms who are promptly diagnosed and treated may learn to overcome their motor performance difficulties and achieve their goals over time. However, most children with DCD require long-term medical assistance and a tailored academic plan during critical developmental periods. Associated comorbidities and mental health diseases may severely impact the quality of life of patients with DCD. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of DCD may lead to short- and long-term health and psychosocial complications. Motor milestone delays may affect the child’s physical fitness. Children with DCD participate less in team sports and may develop decreased flexibility, strength, and endurance. DCD’s negative effect on a child’s participation in group activities may cause sociobehavioral problems that may persist in adolescence.
#29 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination. […] Its important to remember that no two children with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) are affected in the same way. The best way to know what to expect is to talk to healthcare providers who specialize in diagnosing and treating dyspraxia. […] Your childs care management will likely be long-term to help them better perform tasks and improve coordination. Offer support and encouragement as your child reaches new milestones for motor skills and coordination each day.
#30 Developmental Coordination Disorder
https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skills disorder that affects five to six percent of all school-aged children. […] DCD occurs when a delay in the development of motor skills, or difficulty coordinating movements, results in a child being unable to perform common, everyday tasks. […] By definition, children with DCD do not have an identifiable medical or neurological condition that explains their coordination problems. […] While it was once thought that children with DCD would simply outgrow their motor difficulties, research tells us that DCD persists throughout adolescence into adulthood. […] Although there is currently no cure for DCD, early intervention and treatment may help to reduce the emotional, physical and social consequences that are often associated with this disorder.
#31 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Most kids with DCD have at least one learning or thinking difference, too. ADHD is one of the most common conditions that co-occur with DCD. In fact, half of all kids with DCD also have ADHD. […] An assessment for DCD isnt the same as an evaluation for learning and thinking differences. […] Researchers dont know the cause of DCD, but there are some risk factors. […] A key treatment for DCD is occupational therapy (OT). […] There are many ways you can help at home, too. […] With intervention and practice, motor skills often improve. You can help your child build skills. […] DCD is a condition that makes it hard for kids to learn motor skills and coordination. […] Occupational therapy is a key treatment for DCD. […] Reach out to your childs doctor if youre concerned your child has DCD.
#32 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination. […] Its important to remember that no two children with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) are affected in the same way. The best way to know what to expect is to talk to healthcare providers who specialize in diagnosing and treating dyspraxia. […] Your childs care management will likely be long-term to help them better perform tasks and improve coordination. Offer support and encouragement as your child reaches new milestones for motor skills and coordination each day.
#33 Taskâoriented interventions for children with developmental coâordination disorder
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483344/
The self-esteem of children with DCD, in terms of physical competence, is diminished to a greater extent than that of children with severe physical disabilities. […] DCD may also be referred to as clumsy child syndrome, dyspraxia, or specific developmental disorder of motor function. […] The quality of the evidence was generally low, meaning we are very uncertain about the findings of this review. […] At the moment, task-oriented interventions may be useful for children with DCD in improving their performance on movement tests. We cannot be sure about benefits in other areas. Higher-quality research is needed to investigate and establish the effect of task-oriented intervention for children with DCD.
#34 Taskâoriented interventions for children with developmental coâordination disorder
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483344/
The self-esteem of children with DCD, in terms of physical competence, is diminished to a greater extent than that of children with severe physical disabilities. […] DCD may also be referred to as clumsy child syndrome, dyspraxia, or specific developmental disorder of motor function. […] The quality of the evidence was generally low, meaning we are very uncertain about the findings of this review. […] At the moment, task-oriented interventions may be useful for children with DCD in improving their performance on movement tests. We cannot be sure about benefits in other areas. Higher-quality research is needed to investigate and establish the effect of task-oriented intervention for children with DCD.
#35 Taskâoriented interventions for children with developmental coâordination disorder
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483344/
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common childhood disorder, which can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Children with DCD have difficulties in performing the essential motor tasks required for self-care, academic, social and recreational activities. […] We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. The conclusions drawn from previous reviews, which unanimously reported beneficial effects of intervention, are inconsistent with our conclusions. This review highlights the need for carefully designed and executed RCTs to investigate the effect of interventions for children with DCD. […] DCD influences children’s physical functions and health status, as well as their emotional life and social participation, not only during childhood but also throughout adolescence and adulthood.
#36 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination. […] Its important to remember that no two children with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) are affected in the same way. The best way to know what to expect is to talk to healthcare providers who specialize in diagnosing and treating dyspraxia. […] Your childs care management will likely be long-term to help them better perform tasks and improve coordination. Offer support and encouragement as your child reaches new milestones for motor skills and coordination each day.
#37 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a lifelong condition that makes it hard to learn motor skills and coordination. Kids with DCD struggle with physical tasks and activities they need to do both in and out of school. […] DCD is a condition that makes it hard to learn coordination and motor skills (including motor planning). At least 5 percent of kids have it. DCD is more common in boys than in girls. Kids dont outgrow it, but they can improve their motor skills. […] DCD can create challenges outside of school, too. Motor planning problems can make it hard to figure out the steps of self-care routines, like brushing teeth and getting dressed. […] Kids with DCD may have trouble using feedback from earlier experiences to adjust their movements. […] If youre concerned your child might have DCD, reach out to your childs doctor.
#38 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Most kids with DCD have at least one learning or thinking difference, too. ADHD is one of the most common conditions that co-occur with DCD. In fact, half of all kids with DCD also have ADHD. […] An assessment for DCD isnt the same as an evaluation for learning and thinking differences. […] Researchers dont know the cause of DCD, but there are some risk factors. […] A key treatment for DCD is occupational therapy (OT). […] There are many ways you can help at home, too. […] With intervention and practice, motor skills often improve. You can help your child build skills. […] DCD is a condition that makes it hard for kids to learn motor skills and coordination. […] Occupational therapy is a key treatment for DCD. […] Reach out to your childs doctor if youre concerned your child has DCD.
#39 Understanding developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
https://www.understood.org/en/articles/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Most kids with DCD have at least one learning or thinking difference, too. ADHD is one of the most common conditions that co-occur with DCD. In fact, half of all kids with DCD also have ADHD. […] An assessment for DCD isnt the same as an evaluation for learning and thinking differences. […] Researchers dont know the cause of DCD, but there are some risk factors. […] A key treatment for DCD is occupational therapy (OT). […] There are many ways you can help at home, too. […] With intervention and practice, motor skills often improve. You can help your child build skills. […] DCD is a condition that makes it hard for kids to learn motor skills and coordination. […] Occupational therapy is a key treatment for DCD. […] Reach out to your childs doctor if youre concerned your child has DCD.
#40 Developmental Coordination Disorder
https://canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skills disorder that affects five to six percent of all school-aged children. […] DCD occurs when a delay in the development of motor skills, or difficulty coordinating movements, results in a child being unable to perform common, everyday tasks. […] By definition, children with DCD do not have an identifiable medical or neurological condition that explains their coordination problems. […] While it was once thought that children with DCD would simply outgrow their motor difficulties, research tells us that DCD persists throughout adolescence into adulthood. […] Although there is currently no cure for DCD, early intervention and treatment may help to reduce the emotional, physical and social consequences that are often associated with this disorder.
#41 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd
Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination. […] Its important to remember that no two children with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) are affected in the same way. The best way to know what to expect is to talk to healthcare providers who specialize in diagnosing and treating dyspraxia. […] Your childs care management will likely be long-term to help them better perform tasks and improve coordination. Offer support and encouragement as your child reaches new milestones for motor skills and coordination each day.