Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #2

  https://www.mercy.net/service/mood-disorders/

  A mood disorder is a mental health condition that mainly affects your emotional state. […] Mood disorders can cause long periods of sadness, anger and stress that overwhelm your life. […] No single cause is known, and there may be several factors that contribute to mood disorders. These disorders are most likely caused by an imbalance of brain chemicals, which can be related to physical illness or the use of certain medications. […] Difficult life events and trauma may also contribute to mood disorders. […] There are also some genetic risk factors for instance, women are more likely than men to develop a mood disorder. The chance of developing a mood disorder is also higher if you have a family history of mental health conditions. […] The use of drugs and alcohol can cause mood disorders as well. Depression and bipolar are some of the most common mood disorders associated with substance use because substances can change how you feel, think and act.

• #3 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Mood disorders are described by marked disruptions in emotions (severe lows called depression or highs called hypomania or mania). […] Mood disorders have been broadly categorized as bipolar disorders and depressive disorders. […] The brain areas responsible for controlling our feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Patients with mood disorders have shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging, which substantiates the certainty that abnormalities in these areas lead to mood disorders. […] Neurotransmitters that play an important function in mood disorders are serotonin and norepinephrine, which are decreased in episodes of depression. […] According to research based on twin studies, there are certain genes causing mood disorder. […] Increased HPA activity is associated with stress and depression.

• #4 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. […] Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including: […] Biological factors: The brain areas responsible for controlling your feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. People with mood disorders have been shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests. […] Genetic factors: People who have a strong family history of a mood disorder are more likely to develop mood disorders, which shows that mood disorders are likely partly genetic/inherited. […] Environmental factors: Stressful life changes, such as the death of a loved one; chronic stress; traumatic events; and childhood abuse are major risk factors for the development of a mood disorder later on in life, especially depression. Depression has also been linked to chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and heart disease.

• #5 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #6 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Mood disorders are described by marked disruptions in emotions (severe lows called depression or highs called hypomania or mania). […] Mood disorders have been broadly categorized as bipolar disorders and depressive disorders. […] The brain areas responsible for controlling our feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Patients with mood disorders have shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging, which substantiates the certainty that abnormalities in these areas lead to mood disorders. […] Neurotransmitters that play an important function in mood disorders are serotonin and norepinephrine, which are decreased in episodes of depression. […] According to research based on twin studies, there are certain genes causing mood disorder. […] Increased HPA activity is associated with stress and depression.

• #7 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. These types of psychiatric disorders affect a persons emotions and may cause severe lows, called depression, and highs, called mania or hypomania. […] Mood disorders can severely affect a persons well-being and quality of life. Having a mood disorder can also increase a persons risk of suicide. […] Researchers do not know the exact causes of mood disorders, but the following factors may increase a persons risk: […] Medical conditions that affect the production or functioning of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine may lead to mood disorders. […] Research suggests people with a family history of mood disorders are at greater risk of developing them. Family members may pass down certain genes, which could lead to the disorders.

• #8 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  As you will read in the treatment section, there is strong evidence of a biochemical deficit in depression and bipolar disorders. More specifically, low activity levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, have long been documented as contributing factors to developing depressive disorders. […] Some research has implicated hormones, particularly cortisol, a hormone released as a stress response, in the development of depression (Owens et al., 2014). […] While exact anatomy and pathways are yet to be determined, research studies implicate the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. […] The cognitive model, arguably the most conclusive model with regards to depressive disorders, focuses on the negative thoughts and perceptions of an individual. […] This study has been linked to humans through research on attributional style (Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus Seligman, 1992).

• #9 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been ranked as the third cause of the burden of disease worldwide in 2008 by WHO, which has projected that this disease will rank first by 2030. […] The etiology of Major depressive disorder is believed to be multifactorial, including biological, genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. MDD was earlier considered to be mainly due to abnormalities in neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. […] Recent theories indicate that it is associated primarily with more complex neuroregulatory systems and neural circuits, causing secondary disturbances of neurotransmitter systems. […] GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and glutamate and glycine, both of which are major excitatory neurotransmitters are found to play a role in the etiology of depression as well.

• #10

  https://www.amahahealth.com/blog/the-causes-and-risk-factors-of-mood-disorders/

  Another factor that can contribute to the development of mood disorders is changes in brain chemistry. Specifically, imbalances in the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, can have a significant impact on a person’s mood and emotional state. For example, low levels of serotonin have been linked to depression, while imbalances in dopamine levels have been associated with bipolar disorder. […] Environmental factors can also play a role in the development of mood disorders. For example, exposure to chronic stress or traumatic events can trigger the onset of depression or anxiety. Additionally, certain lifestyle factors, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, or substance abuse, can contribute to the development of these conditions as well. […] Mood disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry, and environmental factors. Additionally, certain risk factors, such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status, may increase a person’s likelihood of developing these conditions.

• #11 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  As you will read in the treatment section, there is strong evidence of a biochemical deficit in depression and bipolar disorders. More specifically, low activity levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, have long been documented as contributing factors to developing depressive disorders. […] Some research has implicated hormones, particularly cortisol, a hormone released as a stress response, in the development of depression (Owens et al., 2014). […] While exact anatomy and pathways are yet to be determined, research studies implicate the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. […] The cognitive model, arguably the most conclusive model with regards to depressive disorders, focuses on the negative thoughts and perceptions of an individual. […] This study has been linked to humans through research on attributional style (Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus Seligman, 1992).

• #12 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis. Relatives of those with major depressive disorder have double the risk of developing major depressive disorder, whereas relatives of patients with bipolar disorder have over nine times the risk (Merikangas et al., 2011). The rate of concordance for major depressive disorder is higher among identical twins than fraternal twins (50% vs. 38%, respectively), as is that of bipolar disorder (67% vs. 16%, respectively), suggesting that genetic factors play a stronger role in bipolar disorder than in major depressive disorder (Merikangas et al. 2011). […] People with mood disorders often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin (Thase, 2009). These neurotransmitters are important regulators of the bodily functions that are disrupted in mood disorders, including appetite, sex drive, sleep, arousal, and mood.

• #13 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. These types of psychiatric disorders affect a persons emotions and may cause severe lows, called depression, and highs, called mania or hypomania. […] Mood disorders can severely affect a persons well-being and quality of life. Having a mood disorder can also increase a persons risk of suicide. […] Researchers do not know the exact causes of mood disorders, but the following factors may increase a persons risk: […] Medical conditions that affect the production or functioning of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine may lead to mood disorders. […] Research suggests people with a family history of mood disorders are at greater risk of developing them. Family members may pass down certain genes, which could lead to the disorders.

• #14 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Mood disorders are not specified to a single cause. Multiple factors can combine and result in their development. Common causes are: […] Certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, play a key role in regulating mood. However, a decrease or increase in their normal levels can cause mood disorders. Serotonin deficiency in the brain is linked with depression, whereas an increase in dopamine levels may lead to bipolar disorder. […] Hormones play a key role in maintaining the body’s normal functioning. However, their imbalance can cause many physical and psychological problems. For example, a decrease in thyroid and parathyroid hormones is linked with the development of depression. Other hormones associated with mood disorders include: Estrogen and progesterone, Testosterone, Cortisol.

• #15 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been ranked as the third cause of the burden of disease worldwide in 2008 by WHO, which has projected that this disease will rank first by 2030. […] The etiology of Major depressive disorder is believed to be multifactorial, including biological, genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. MDD was earlier considered to be mainly due to abnormalities in neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. […] Recent theories indicate that it is associated primarily with more complex neuroregulatory systems and neural circuits, causing secondary disturbances of neurotransmitter systems. […] GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and glutamate and glycine, both of which are major excitatory neurotransmitters are found to play a role in the etiology of depression as well.

• #16 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. […] Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including: […] Biological factors: The brain areas responsible for controlling your feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. People with mood disorders have been shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests. […] Genetic factors: People who have a strong family history of a mood disorder are more likely to develop mood disorders, which shows that mood disorders are likely partly genetic/inherited. […] Environmental factors: Stressful life changes, such as the death of a loved one; chronic stress; traumatic events; and childhood abuse are major risk factors for the development of a mood disorder later on in life, especially depression. Depression has also been linked to chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and heart disease.

• #17 Mood Disorders: Dysthymic Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mood-disorders

  A mood disorder is a type of mental illness. When you have a mood disorder, your state of mind and how you feel is disconnected from what’s happening in your everyday life. A mood disorder causes changes in your emotions that significantly affect your life. […] The amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex are the parts of your brain that control emotions. When researchers look at brain images of people with mood disorders, they can see that the amygdala is different. […] Many things can cause these changes in your brain. Or you might have a combination of factors. […] Among the conditions that can cause mood disorders are brain tumors, syphilis, encephalitis, flu, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, thyroid problems, and cancer. […] Researchers have found that certain genes play a role in mood disorders. If someone in your family, especially a parent, has a mood disorder that increases your risk.

• #18 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Mood disorders are described by marked disruptions in emotions (severe lows called depression or highs called hypomania or mania). […] Mood disorders have been broadly categorized as bipolar disorders and depressive disorders. […] The brain areas responsible for controlling our feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Patients with mood disorders have shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging, which substantiates the certainty that abnormalities in these areas lead to mood disorders. […] Neurotransmitters that play an important function in mood disorders are serotonin and norepinephrine, which are decreased in episodes of depression. […] According to research based on twin studies, there are certain genes causing mood disorder. […] Increased HPA activity is associated with stress and depression.

• #19 What are the causes of mood disorders?RCBM

  https://www.rcbm.net/behavioral-medicine/faq/what-causes-mood-disorders/

  What are the causes of mood disorders? Several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including: Biological: The amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex are the brain areas responsible for controlling feelings and emotions. Studies have shown that people with mood disorders often have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests. […] Genetic: Individuals with a strong family history of mood disorders are more likely to develop mood disorders themselves, indicating that genetics plays a role in inheriting mood disorders. […] Environmental: Stressful life changes like the loss of a loved one, chronic stress, traumatic events, and childhood abuse are significant risk factors for developing mood disorders later in life, particularly depression. Additionally, depression has been connected to chronic illnesses such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and heart disease.

• #20 Mood Disorders: Dysthymic Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mood-disorders

  A mood disorder is a type of mental illness. When you have a mood disorder, your state of mind and how you feel is disconnected from what’s happening in your everyday life. A mood disorder causes changes in your emotions that significantly affect your life. […] The amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex are the parts of your brain that control emotions. When researchers look at brain images of people with mood disorders, they can see that the amygdala is different. […] Many things can cause these changes in your brain. Or you might have a combination of factors. […] Among the conditions that can cause mood disorders are brain tumors, syphilis, encephalitis, flu, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, thyroid problems, and cancer. […] Researchers have found that certain genes play a role in mood disorders. If someone in your family, especially a parent, has a mood disorder that increases your risk.

• #21 What are mood disorders? – Suicide Call Back Service

  https://www.suicidecallbackservice.org.au/mental-health/what-are-mood-disorders/

  A broad range of factors are thought to be mood disorder causes. From chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine (the happy hormones in the brain), to our genetics and family history, as well as experiencing traumatic or stressful life events. […] Studies also show there may be a link to the size and structure of the brain with a mood disorders causes. For example, exposure to ongoing stress can impede the growth of certain nerve cells and result in a smaller hippocampus (an important part of the brain which helps with learning, memory and navigation) which is associated with depression.

• #22 Mood Disorders Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/mood-disorders-5120944

  Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of factors, including chemical imbalances in the brain, genetics, and stressful life events. […] Several neurotransmitters are involved in mood disorders, including serotonin and norepinephrine. Lower levels of these may contribute to mood disorders. […] Brain structure is also believed to play a role in depression. Researchers have found one area in the brain, called the hippocampus, is smaller in people with MDD. They believe that extended, ongoing exposure to stress hormones hinders the growth of neurons within that brain region. […] Genetics are a significant factor involved in the susceptibility of mood disorders. Many mood disorders are known to run in families, including MDD and BPD. […] Stressful life events and changes, including starting a new job, moving, and other transitional periods, can also spark a mood disorder such as depression.

• #23 Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Genes, Biology, and Experience

  https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/bipolar-disorder-causes

  Experts also believe mitochondria may have something to do with the development of mood disorders. […] Some evidence suggests people with bipolar disorder have less gray matter in certain parts of the brain, including the temporal and frontal lobes. […] Research shows that childhood trauma is a risk factor for bipolar disorder, and is associated with more severe symptoms. […] Its important to draw a distinction between bipolar disorder causes, such as genetics and brain chemistry, and triggers. […] Other possible environmental factors might include underlying health conditions, diet, sudden, severe stress, such as a death or other loss, persistent, smaller-scale stress, such as trouble at work or family problems.

• #24 Etiology of mood disorder by swapnil agrawal | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-of-mood-disorder-by-swapnil-agrawal/14305436

  This document discusses mood disorders and depression. It covers the classification of mood disorders according to ICD-10 codes, as well as the etiology of mood disorders from biological, psychological, and social perspectives. The etiology is complex and multifactorial, involving genetics, neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, stress, and social support systems. Recurrent depression is associated with neuronal damage over time from repeated episodes. […] No single etiological factor Multifactorial etiology Muchmore data available for etiology of Depression than of Mania. Biological Psychological Family and Stressful life events genetics Personality factors Neurotransmitters Cognitive factors Neuro-endocrine Psychodynamic system Mood factors Immune system Disorder Sleep Social dysfunction Support system (social support)

• #25 Mood Disorders: Dysthymic Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mood-disorders

  Your hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a system in your body that manages how you react to stress. Studies show that a high level of activity in this system is linked to depression. Another hormone tied to mood disorders is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). High levels of TSH are linked to depression. […] Stressful things in your life can cause mood disorders. Examples include the death of someone close to you, a traumatic event, or a difficult childhood. […] Unusual changes in your immune system’s response are linked to mood disorders. […] Mood disorders can cause trouble at work, in relationships with family and friends, and in everyday life. Research suggests that the longer it takes for you to get a diagnosis and treatment, the greater your risk of self-harm or suicide. People with poorly managed mood disorders are at higher risk for substance abuse. […] Mood disorders can have many causes and many risk factors, including family history, stress, and brain chemistry.

• #26 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Mood disorders are described by marked disruptions in emotions (severe lows called depression or highs called hypomania or mania). […] Mood disorders have been broadly categorized as bipolar disorders and depressive disorders. […] The brain areas responsible for controlling our feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Patients with mood disorders have shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging, which substantiates the certainty that abnormalities in these areas lead to mood disorders. […] Neurotransmitters that play an important function in mood disorders are serotonin and norepinephrine, which are decreased in episodes of depression. […] According to research based on twin studies, there are certain genes causing mood disorder. […] Increased HPA activity is associated with stress and depression.

• #27 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Since the 1950s, researchers have noted that depressed individuals have abnormal levels of cortisol, a stress hormone released into the blood by the neuroendocrine system during times of stress (Mackin Young, 2004). […] High levels of cortisol are a risk factor for future depression (Halligan, Herbert, Goodyer, Murray, 2007), and cortisol activates activity in the amygdala while deactivating activity in the PFC (McEwen, 2005)both brain disturbances are connected to depression. Thus, high cortisol levels may have a causal effect on depression, as well as on its brain function abnormalities (van Praag, 2005). […] It has long been believed that stressful life events can trigger depression, and research has consistently supported this conclusion (Mazure, 1998). Stressful life events include significant losses, such as death of a loved one, divorce or separation, and serious health and money problems; life events such as these often precede the onset of depressive episodes (Brown Harris, 1989).

• #28 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Research shows that early-life stress, particularly childhood trauma or neglect, creates especially significant risk. […] Cognitive theories, particularly Aaron Beck’s cognitive model, highlight how specific distortions in thinking contribute to depression. […] Beck’s negative triad describes three interconnected patterns of negative thinking that characterize depression. […] Specific life events frequently trigger mood disorder episodes, even in those with no previous history. […] Social factors also play a significant role, with isolation and lack of social support consistently associated with greater risk. […] The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, our primary stress-response system, shows significant dysfunction in many individuals with mood disorders. […] Evidence suggests that early-life stress can permanently alter HPA axis functioning, creating a physiological vulnerability to depression that lasts into adulthood.

• #29 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #30 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Recent research has found a critical link between nitric oxide and mood disorders. Nitric oxide regulates various neurotransmitters in the brain, and its altered levels can lead to depression. Besides, some cytokines (proteins crucial for metabolism) like IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have also been associated with mood disorders. […] A positive family history of mood disorders is a strong risk factor. So, children whose parents are dealing with a mood disorder are more likely to be diagnosed with the condition themselves. So, it confirms the genetic predisposition and hereditary nature of these mental health problems. […] Undue stress is an important risk factor for mood disorders. Many life changes can potentiate stress, like the death of a loved one, financial difficulties, traumatic childhood, etc.

• #31

  https://toneop.com/blog/what-causes-mood-disorder

  The intricate balance of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, influences mood regulation. Disruptions in these chemical messengers have been linked to the onset of mood disorders. […] Stressful life events can act as triggers for mood disorders. Chronic stress, trauma, or major life changes may lead to the development of conditions like depression or anxiety. […] Certain hormonal fluctuations during various life stages can affect mood. Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause are phases marked by significant hormonal changes that may contribute to mood disorders. […] The connection between physical health and mental well-being is profound. Chronic illnesses or persistent pain conditions may contribute to mood disorders. […] Substance abuse can exacerbate or trigger mood disorders. The misuse of alcohol or drugs can disrupt neurotransmitter balance and impair cognitive function, leading to symptoms of depression or anxiety.

• #32 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  It is also crucial to note that astrocytes express NE transporter (NETT) and 5-HT transporter (SERT), which are the targets of some traditional antidepressants. […] A previous study suggested that the function of astrocytes can be directly regulated by SSRIs. […] The HPA axis, a component of the neuroendocrine system, is commonly associated with the stress response. […] Hyperactivity of the HPA axis is thought to be an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying depression. […] Some data suggest that HPA axis imbalance and high levels of GCs play a core role in the pathogenesis of MDD and suggest that GR may serve as an important target for treating depression. […] MDD is accompanied by changes in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and trophic factors, including BDNF, interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).

• #33 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Stressful life changes (death of significant other, parents, siblings, etc.) traumatic events and childhood abuse have been found to be major risk factors for the development of mood disorder later on in life, especially depressive disorder. […] Research shows that mood disorder leads to the altered release of neuroactive cytokines like IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. […] Recent research has found a crucial role of nitric oxide (NO) involved in causing the inflammatory process that leads to signs and symptoms of mood disorder.

• #34 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Stressful life changes (death of significant other, parents, siblings, etc.) traumatic events and childhood abuse have been found to be major risk factors for the development of mood disorder later on in life, especially depressive disorder. […] Research shows that mood disorder leads to the altered release of neuroactive cytokines like IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. […] Recent research has found a crucial role of nitric oxide (NO) involved in causing the inflammatory process that leads to signs and symptoms of mood disorder.

• #35 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  It is also crucial to note that astrocytes express NE transporter (NETT) and 5-HT transporter (SERT), which are the targets of some traditional antidepressants. […] A previous study suggested that the function of astrocytes can be directly regulated by SSRIs. […] The HPA axis, a component of the neuroendocrine system, is commonly associated with the stress response. […] Hyperactivity of the HPA axis is thought to be an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying depression. […] Some data suggest that HPA axis imbalance and high levels of GCs play a core role in the pathogenesis of MDD and suggest that GR may serve as an important target for treating depression. […] MDD is accompanied by changes in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and trophic factors, including BDNF, interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).

• #36 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Increasing data suggest that the production of certain cytokines by brain astrocytes plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of MDD. […] Higher levels of inflammation increase the chance of developing new-onset depression. […] Although depression can cause inflammation, its cause is still unclear and may be influenced and regulated by immune cells, inflammatory cytokines, and the nervous system. […] Evidence suggests that MDD is associated with the immune response, as shown by increased levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. […] The expression of neural cell marker proteins in neural cells, including Cx30/43, GFAP, AQP4, and S100B, are all decreased under MDD pathological conditions. […] The pathogenic factors of various organs at the body level and the pathological changes of glial cells at the cellular level should attract more attention to explain the pathogenesis of MDD.

• #37 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Stressful life changes (death of significant other, parents, siblings, etc.) traumatic events and childhood abuse have been found to be major risk factors for the development of mood disorder later on in life, especially depressive disorder. […] Research shows that mood disorder leads to the altered release of neuroactive cytokines like IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. […] Recent research has found a crucial role of nitric oxide (NO) involved in causing the inflammatory process that leads to signs and symptoms of mood disorder.

• #38 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Recent research has found a critical link between nitric oxide and mood disorders. Nitric oxide regulates various neurotransmitters in the brain, and its altered levels can lead to depression. Besides, some cytokines (proteins crucial for metabolism) like IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have also been associated with mood disorders. […] A positive family history of mood disorders is a strong risk factor. So, children whose parents are dealing with a mood disorder are more likely to be diagnosed with the condition themselves. So, it confirms the genetic predisposition and hereditary nature of these mental health problems. […] Undue stress is an important risk factor for mood disorders. Many life changes can potentiate stress, like the death of a loved one, financial difficulties, traumatic childhood, etc.

• #39 Mood Disorders | Noba

  https://nobaproject.com/modules/mood-disorders

  However, there is much variability in the course of BD both within a person across time and across people. […] The triggers that determine how and when this genetic vulnerability is expressed are not yet understood; however, there is evidence to suggest that psychosocial triggers may play an important role in BD risk. […] A series of studies show that environmental stressors, particularly severe stressors (e.g., loss of a significant relationship), can adversely impact the course of BD. […] Evidence from the life stress literature has also suggested that people with mood disorders may have a circadian vulnerability that renders them sensitive to stressors that disrupt their sleep or rhythms.

• #40 Mood Disorders: Definition, Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatments – Los Angeles Outpatient Center

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/mood/

  Immune system issues involve problems or dysregulation within the immune system. […] Lack of sleep has been linked to mood swings. A 2020 meta-analysis showed that sleep loss has a moderate effect on increasing negative mood states and a significant effect on decreasing positive mood, especially in younger people, according to Tomaso, C. Cet et al. s (2020) study titled The Effect of Sleep Deprivation and Restriction on Mood, Emotion, and Emotion Regulation published in the Sleep Journal.

• #41 Mood Disorders: Definition, Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatments – Los Angeles Outpatient Center

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/mood/

  Immune system issues involve problems or dysregulation within the immune system. […] Lack of sleep has been linked to mood swings. A 2020 meta-analysis showed that sleep loss has a moderate effect on increasing negative mood states and a significant effect on decreasing positive mood, especially in younger people, according to Tomaso, C. Cet et al. s (2020) study titled The Effect of Sleep Deprivation and Restriction on Mood, Emotion, and Emotion Regulation published in the Sleep Journal.

• #42 Mood Disorders | Noba

  https://nobaproject.com/modules/mood-disorders

  However, there is much variability in the course of BD both within a person across time and across people. […] The triggers that determine how and when this genetic vulnerability is expressed are not yet understood; however, there is evidence to suggest that psychosocial triggers may play an important role in BD risk. […] A series of studies show that environmental stressors, particularly severe stressors (e.g., loss of a significant relationship), can adversely impact the course of BD. […] Evidence from the life stress literature has also suggested that people with mood disorders may have a circadian vulnerability that renders them sensitive to stressors that disrupt their sleep or rhythms.

• #43 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=p00759

  Many factors help lead to mood disorders. They are likely caused by an imbalance of brain chemicals. […] Mood disorders also tend to run in families. […] Children, teens, or adults who have a parent with a mood disorder have a greater chance of also having a mood disorder. […] The risk for depression in women is nearly twice as high as it is for men. […] Once a person in the family has this diagnosis, their siblings and their children have a higher chance of the same diagnosis.

• #44 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. […] Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including: […] Biological factors: The brain areas responsible for controlling your feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. People with mood disorders have been shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests. […] Genetic factors: People who have a strong family history of a mood disorder are more likely to develop mood disorders, which shows that mood disorders are likely partly genetic/inherited. […] Environmental factors: Stressful life changes, such as the death of a loved one; chronic stress; traumatic events; and childhood abuse are major risk factors for the development of a mood disorder later on in life, especially depression. Depression has also been linked to chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and heart disease.

• #45 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life. […] In the sociocultural theory, the role of family and ones social environment play a substantial role in the development of depressive disorders. […] There are two sociocultural views: the family-social perspective and the multi-cultural perspective. […] In terms of biological explanations for depressive disorders, there is evidence that rates of depression are higher among identical twins (the same is true for bipolar disorders), that the 5-HTT gene on chromosome 17 may be involved in depressive disorders, that norepinephrine and serotonin affect depressive (both being low) and bipolar disorders (low serotonin and high norepinephrine), the hormones cortisol and melatonin affect depression, and several brain structures are implicated in depression (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala) and bipolar disorder (basal ganglia and cerebellum).

• #46 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis. Relatives of those with major depressive disorder have double the risk of developing major depressive disorder, whereas relatives of patients with bipolar disorder have over nine times the risk (Merikangas et al., 2011). The rate of concordance for major depressive disorder is higher among identical twins than fraternal twins (50% vs. 38%, respectively), as is that of bipolar disorder (67% versus 16%, respectively), suggesting that genetic factors play a stronger role in bipolar disorder than in major depressive disorder (Merikangas et al. 2011). […] People with mood disorders often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin (Thase, 2009). Specific neurotransmitters are important regulators of the bodily functions that are disrupted in mood disorders, including appetite, sex drive, sleep, arousal, and mood.

• #47 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Understanding the root causes of mood disorders is essential for both prevention and treatment. These complex conditions arise from a delicate interplay of biological predispositions and environmental influences, neither of which alone fully explains why someone develops depression or bipolar disorder. Research consistently shows that mood disorders emerge from multiple pathways rather than a single cause, with genetic vulnerability creating susceptibility that environmental factors may then trigger. […] The genetic component of mood disorders has been well-established through decades of research, though the exact mechanisms remain an active area of study. […] Family studies provide compelling evidence for the genetic basis of mood disorders. First-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) of individuals with major depression have approximately a 2-3 times higher risk of developing the condition compared to the general population. The hereditary pattern becomes even more pronounced with bipolar disorder, where first-degree relatives face a 5-10 times increased risk.

• #48 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis. Relatives of those with major depressive disorder have double the risk of developing major depressive disorder, whereas relatives of patients with bipolar disorder have over nine times the risk (Merikangas et al., 2011). The rate of concordance for major depressive disorder is higher among identical twins than fraternal twins (50% vs. 38%, respectively), as is that of bipolar disorder (67% versus 16%, respectively), suggesting that genetic factors play a stronger role in bipolar disorder than in major depressive disorder (Merikangas et al. 2011). […] People with mood disorders often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin (Thase, 2009). Specific neurotransmitters are important regulators of the bodily functions that are disrupted in mood disorders, including appetite, sex drive, sleep, arousal, and mood.

• #49 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Understanding the root causes of mood disorders is essential for both prevention and treatment. These complex conditions arise from a delicate interplay of biological predispositions and environmental influences, neither of which alone fully explains why someone develops depression or bipolar disorder. Research consistently shows that mood disorders emerge from multiple pathways rather than a single cause, with genetic vulnerability creating susceptibility that environmental factors may then trigger. […] The genetic component of mood disorders has been well-established through decades of research, though the exact mechanisms remain an active area of study. […] Family studies provide compelling evidence for the genetic basis of mood disorders. First-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) of individuals with major depression have approximately a 2-3 times higher risk of developing the condition compared to the general population. The hereditary pattern becomes even more pronounced with bipolar disorder, where first-degree relatives face a 5-10 times increased risk.

• #50 Mood Disorders: Definition, Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatments – Los Angeles Outpatient Center

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/mood/

  Genes contribute 31-42% to major depressive disorder (MDD), according to Suktas, A. et al. s 2024 study titled, Genetic Polymorphism Involved in Major Depressive Disorder in a Journal titled, BMC Psychiatry. […] A family history of mood disorders increases the risk of developing these conditions, suggesting a genetic component. A Swedish study found that the risk of bipolar disorder was 7.9, 3.3, and 1.6 times higher for first-, second-, and third-degree relatives, respectively, according to Coombes, B. J. et al.s 2021 study titled Genetic Contributions to Bipolar Disorder published in the Journal of Psychological Medicine. […] Certain medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, dementia, and Parkinsons disease, are associated with a higher likelihood of mood disorders. […] Traumatic events, stressful life events, and childhood abuse increase the risk of developing mood disorders.

• #51 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Twin studies offer particularly valuable insights by allowing researchers to separate genetic and environmental influences. […] For major depressive disorder, concordance rates (when both twins have the condition) range from 40-50% in identical twins compared to 15-20% in fraternal twins. This significant difference strongly suggests genetic influence. […] However, these numbers also reveal something equally important—genes aren’t destiny. Even with identical twins sharing the exact same genetic makeup, there’s not a 100% concordance rate, highlighting the crucial role environmental factors play in determining who actually develops these disorders. […] At the neurobiological level, mood disorders involve disruptions in key neurotransmitter systems—the chemical messengers that allow brain cells to communicate.

• #52 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis. Relatives of those with major depressive disorder have double the risk of developing major depressive disorder, whereas relatives of patients with bipolar disorder have over nine times the risk (Merikangas et al., 2011). The rate of concordance for major depressive disorder is higher among identical twins than fraternal twins (50% vs. 38%, respectively), as is that of bipolar disorder (67% versus 16%, respectively), suggesting that genetic factors play a stronger role in bipolar disorder than in major depressive disorder (Merikangas et al. 2011). […] People with mood disorders often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin (Thase, 2009). Specific neurotransmitters are important regulators of the bodily functions that are disrupted in mood disorders, including appetite, sex drive, sleep, arousal, and mood.

• #53 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis. Relatives of those with major depressive disorder have double the risk of developing major depressive disorder, whereas relatives of patients with bipolar disorder have over nine times the risk (Merikangas et al., 2011). The rate of concordance for major depressive disorder is higher among identical twins than fraternal twins (50% vs. 38%, respectively), as is that of bipolar disorder (67% versus 16%, respectively), suggesting that genetic factors play a stronger role in bipolar disorder than in major depressive disorder (Merikangas et al. 2011). […] People with mood disorders often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin (Thase, 2009). Specific neurotransmitters are important regulators of the bodily functions that are disrupted in mood disorders, including appetite, sex drive, sleep, arousal, and mood.

• #54 Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Genes, Biology, and Experience

  https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/bipolar-disorder-causes

  Bipolar disorder can have several causes. […] Existing evidence points to a range of possible causes rather than one specific cause. […] Experts believe bipolar disorder usually develops from a combination of the following factors: genetics, brain chemistry and biology, environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. […] According to the recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), if you have an adult relative with either bipolar I or bipolar II disorder, you have an average of 10 times the chance of developing the condition yourself. […] Researchers have linked two key genes, CACNA1 and ANK3, to bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder also has a neurological component. […] Imbalances of these brain chemicals may prompt manic, depressive, or hypomanic mood episodes.

• #55 Mood Disorder Solutions: Uncover the Secrets to Emotional Stability

  https://genepowerx.com/mood-disorder/

  Since mood disorders can be caused by multiple factors, including age and genetics, they are complex and difficult to diagnose. […] Psychologists believe emotional, environmental, genetic, and body factors contribute to the onset and course of mood disorders. These include: hereditary factors, low level of brain chemicals, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin, side effects of certain medications, traumatic or stressful life-changing events, negative thought pattern, clinical conditions. […] Scientists have recognized that many forms of mood disorder, including bipolar and major depressive disorder, have strong genetic roots shared by members of the same family. […] Genetic-wide association studies research has discovered differences in numerous genes, some with moderate impacts and others with massive effects in inducing the development of different forms of mood disorders. […] Presently, there are no genetic tests for determining your risk of having mood disorders.

• #56 Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Genes, Biology, and Experience

  https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/bipolar-disorder-causes

  Bipolar disorder can have several causes. […] Existing evidence points to a range of possible causes rather than one specific cause. […] Experts believe bipolar disorder usually develops from a combination of the following factors: genetics, brain chemistry and biology, environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. […] According to the recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), if you have an adult relative with either bipolar I or bipolar II disorder, you have an average of 10 times the chance of developing the condition yourself. […] Researchers have linked two key genes, CACNA1 and ANK3, to bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder also has a neurological component. […] Imbalances of these brain chemicals may prompt manic, depressive, or hypomanic mood episodes.

• #57 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A diathesis-stress interpretation of major depressive disorder, in which certain predispositions or vulnerability factors influence one’s reaction to stress, would seem logical. […] Caspi et al. (2003) suggested that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). […] These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010).

• #58 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A study by Caspi and others (2003) suggests that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010). […] Hopelessness theory predicts that people who exhibit this cognitive style in response to undesirable life events will view such events as having negative implications for their future and self-worth, thereby increasing the likelihood of hopelessnessthe primary cause of depression (Abramson et al., 1989).

• #59 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Twin studies offer particularly valuable insights by allowing researchers to separate genetic and environmental influences. […] For major depressive disorder, concordance rates (when both twins have the condition) range from 40-50% in identical twins compared to 15-20% in fraternal twins. This significant difference strongly suggests genetic influence. […] However, these numbers also reveal something equally important—genes aren’t destiny. Even with identical twins sharing the exact same genetic makeup, there’s not a 100% concordance rate, highlighting the crucial role environmental factors play in determining who actually develops these disorders. […] At the neurobiological level, mood disorders involve disruptions in key neurotransmitter systems—the chemical messengers that allow brain cells to communicate.

• #60 Etiology of mood disorder by swapnil agrawal | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-of-mood-disorder-by-swapnil-agrawal/14305436

  Overall genetics has a greater role in Bipolar disorders (than in unipolar) 1) FAMILY FACTOR Risk of mood disorder is increased in first degree relatives of both bipolar and unipolar probands.(bipolarunipolar) BIPOLAR DISORDER UNIPOLAR DISORDER LIFE TIME RISK About 1% 10-20% SEX RATIO 1:1 1:2 IN FIRST DEGREE RELATIVES:- LIFETIME RISK FOR BAD About 10% About 20% LIFETIME RISK FOR 20-30% 20-30% UNIPOLAR DISORDER AVERAGE AGE OF 21 yrs 27 yrs ONSET […] The concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100%. This indicates that non-heritable environmental factors also play a significant role in mood disorder. […] These studies have shown that the biological children of affected parent remain at increased risk of mood disorder even if they are reared in non affected adoptive family. […] All these facts show a strong genetic association of mood dis ( BIPOLAR UNIPOLAR)

• #61 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #62 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  The exact pathological mechanism by which social stress results in the development of MDD is still not known, mainly due to the difficulty of separating social factors from genetic factors in patients and the impracticality of exposing disease model animals to relevant environmental factors. […] It has been proved that the changes in the structure and function of neurons may occur under chronic stress and lead to the occurrence of MDD. […] The existence of various physiological and psychological comorbidities in patients with depression reveals a clear link between physical and mental health, which has given us a better understanding of MDD. […] The presence of MDD is a risk factor for a variety of complications, including neurodegenerative diseases (such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease), cardiovascular diseases (such as ischemic coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction), metabolic and endocrine diseases (such as obesity in females and diabetes in males), and some autoimmune diseases.

• #63 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #64 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #65 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #66 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #67 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #68 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. […] Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including: […] Biological factors: The brain areas responsible for controlling your feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. People with mood disorders have been shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests. […] Genetic factors: People who have a strong family history of a mood disorder are more likely to develop mood disorders, which shows that mood disorders are likely partly genetic/inherited. […] Environmental factors: Stressful life changes, such as the death of a loved one; chronic stress; traumatic events; and childhood abuse are major risk factors for the development of a mood disorder later on in life, especially depression. Depression has also been linked to chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and heart disease.

• #69 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #70 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  The exact pathological mechanism by which social stress results in the development of MDD is still not known, mainly due to the difficulty of separating social factors from genetic factors in patients and the impracticality of exposing disease model animals to relevant environmental factors. […] It has been proved that the changes in the structure and function of neurons may occur under chronic stress and lead to the occurrence of MDD. […] The existence of various physiological and psychological comorbidities in patients with depression reveals a clear link between physical and mental health, which has given us a better understanding of MDD. […] The presence of MDD is a risk factor for a variety of complications, including neurodegenerative diseases (such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease), cardiovascular diseases (such as ischemic coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction), metabolic and endocrine diseases (such as obesity in females and diabetes in males), and some autoimmune diseases.

• #71 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #72 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #73 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #74 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #75 Mood Disorders: Dysthymic Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mood-disorders

  A mood disorder is a type of mental illness. When you have a mood disorder, your state of mind and how you feel is disconnected from what’s happening in your everyday life. A mood disorder causes changes in your emotions that significantly affect your life. […] The amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex are the parts of your brain that control emotions. When researchers look at brain images of people with mood disorders, they can see that the amygdala is different. […] Many things can cause these changes in your brain. Or you might have a combination of factors. […] Among the conditions that can cause mood disorders are brain tumors, syphilis, encephalitis, flu, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, thyroid problems, and cancer. […] Researchers have found that certain genes play a role in mood disorders. If someone in your family, especially a parent, has a mood disorder that increases your risk.

• #76 Mood Disorders: Dysthymic Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mood-disorders

  A mood disorder is a type of mental illness. When you have a mood disorder, your state of mind and how you feel is disconnected from what’s happening in your everyday life. A mood disorder causes changes in your emotions that significantly affect your life. […] The amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex are the parts of your brain that control emotions. When researchers look at brain images of people with mood disorders, they can see that the amygdala is different. […] Many things can cause these changes in your brain. Or you might have a combination of factors. […] Among the conditions that can cause mood disorders are brain tumors, syphilis, encephalitis, flu, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, thyroid problems, and cancer. […] Researchers have found that certain genes play a role in mood disorders. If someone in your family, especially a parent, has a mood disorder that increases your risk.

• #77 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #78 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #79 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #80 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. […] Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including: […] Biological factors: The brain areas responsible for controlling your feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. People with mood disorders have been shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests. […] Genetic factors: People who have a strong family history of a mood disorder are more likely to develop mood disorders, which shows that mood disorders are likely partly genetic/inherited. […] Environmental factors: Stressful life changes, such as the death of a loved one; chronic stress; traumatic events; and childhood abuse are major risk factors for the development of a mood disorder later on in life, especially depression. Depression has also been linked to chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and heart disease.

• #81 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #82 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #83 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #84 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. […] Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including: […] Biological factors: The brain areas responsible for controlling your feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. People with mood disorders have been shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests. […] Genetic factors: People who have a strong family history of a mood disorder are more likely to develop mood disorders, which shows that mood disorders are likely partly genetic/inherited. […] Environmental factors: Stressful life changes, such as the death of a loved one; chronic stress; traumatic events; and childhood abuse are major risk factors for the development of a mood disorder later on in life, especially depression. Depression has also been linked to chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and heart disease.

• #85 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #86 Mood Disorders: Dysthymic Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mood-disorders

  A mood disorder is a type of mental illness. When you have a mood disorder, your state of mind and how you feel is disconnected from what’s happening in your everyday life. A mood disorder causes changes in your emotions that significantly affect your life. […] The amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex are the parts of your brain that control emotions. When researchers look at brain images of people with mood disorders, they can see that the amygdala is different. […] Many things can cause these changes in your brain. Or you might have a combination of factors. […] Among the conditions that can cause mood disorders are brain tumors, syphilis, encephalitis, flu, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, thyroid problems, and cancer. […] Researchers have found that certain genes play a role in mood disorders. If someone in your family, especially a parent, has a mood disorder that increases your risk.

• #87 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #88 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #89 Mood Disorders: Definitions, Symptoms, & List – The Berkeley Well-Being Institute

  https://www.berkeleywellbeing.com/mood-disorders.html

  Mood disorders can have varying underlying causes. Research suggests that most mood disorders may be caused by an imbalance in our brain chemistry (sometimes referred to as our happiness hormones). However, not all mood disorders are caused by our neurological structure and functioning. Other risk factors may include having a previous diagnosis of a mood disorder, a family history of mood disorders that can be passed down genetically, or a major trauma or stress-inducing life event that can significantly change ones emotional well-being (Rosenthal, 2010). […] Additional risk factors such as a comorbidity of an anxiety disorder or physical health condition (e.g., heart disease or cancer), may also further aggravate depressive mood disorders, in particular (Parker, 2014).

• #90 Mood Disorders: The Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.theedgetreatment.com/mental-disorders/mood-disorders/

  Abusing alcohol, recreational, or prescription drugs can both cause and worsen mood disorders. Some people with untreated conditions self-medicate this way. Breaking these habits is critical for a full recovery. […] In some cases, underlying illnesses contribute to mood disorders. Conditions like thyroid disease, chronic pain, Alzheimer’s, dementia, Cushing’s disease, and more are linked to increased risk for depression and mood problems. Treating the medical issue can help.

• #91 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #92 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #93 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #94 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #95 Mood Disorders: The Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.theedgetreatment.com/mental-disorders/mood-disorders/

  Abusing alcohol, recreational, or prescription drugs can both cause and worsen mood disorders. Some people with untreated conditions self-medicate this way. Breaking these habits is critical for a full recovery. […] In some cases, underlying illnesses contribute to mood disorders. Conditions like thyroid disease, chronic pain, Alzheimer’s, dementia, Cushing’s disease, and more are linked to increased risk for depression and mood problems. Treating the medical issue can help.

• #96 Mood Disorders Caused by a General Medical Condition – Black Bear Lodge

  https://blackbearrehab.com/mental-health/mood-disorders/medical-condition/

  Mood disorders are conditions that include depressed episodes, manic episodes, or cycles of mania and depression. If you have a medical condition that causes depression, severe anxiety, or mania, then you might receive a diagnosis of “mood disorder caused by a general medical condition.” As the name suggests, this is when various physical diseases or conditions create some form of mental health issue. […] Almost any severe medical condition can trigger a mood disorder under the right circumstances. […] Some well-known illnesses that can lead to a diagnosis of mood disorder caused by a general medical condition can include: neurological disorders (Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease), heart attacks, pancreatic diseases, thyroid problems, cancer, infections, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s colitis and ulcerative colitis).

• #97 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #98 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #99 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #100 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #101 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #102 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #103 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term that refers to different psychiatric conditions that cause changes to a persons emotional state, leading to long periods of joy, elation, mania, sadness, and/or depression. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of mood disorders. They may be caused by brain changes, a chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic factors, certain medical conditions, use of psychoactive substances or other factors. […] People may also experience mood disorders if brain chemicals, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, are out of balance. […] These medical conditions are linked with mood disorders: Brain tumors, Encephalitis, Syphilis, Multiple sclerosis, Heart disease, Chronic kidney disease, Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), AIDS, Influenza (the flu), Cancer, Q fever, which spreads from animals to people, Metabolic changes linked to hemodialysis, Certain genetic diseases such as Wilson disease.

• #104 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #105

  https://www.mercy.net/service/mood-disorders/

  A mood disorder is a mental health condition that mainly affects your emotional state. […] Mood disorders can cause long periods of sadness, anger and stress that overwhelm your life. […] No single cause is known, and there may be several factors that contribute to mood disorders. These disorders are most likely caused by an imbalance of brain chemicals, which can be related to physical illness or the use of certain medications. […] Difficult life events and trauma may also contribute to mood disorders. […] There are also some genetic risk factors for instance, women are more likely than men to develop a mood disorder. The chance of developing a mood disorder is also higher if you have a family history of mental health conditions. […] The use of drugs and alcohol can cause mood disorders as well. Depression and bipolar are some of the most common mood disorders associated with substance use because substances can change how you feel, think and act.

• #106 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  People who experience traumatic events, stressful life events, and childhood abuse may have a higher risk of developing mood disorders, especially depression. […] People who use certain substances, such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, may have an increased risk of mood disorder symptoms. […] Certain prescription medications may also increase a persons risk, including: opioids, epilepsy medication, corticosteroids. […] The areas of the brain that control emotions are the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala. In people with mood disorders, these areas may be enlarged, which could affect the way the brain functions.

• #107 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #108 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #109 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  People who experience traumatic events, stressful life events, and childhood abuse may have a higher risk of developing mood disorders, especially depression. […] People who use certain substances, such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, may have an increased risk of mood disorder symptoms. […] Certain prescription medications may also increase a persons risk, including: opioids, epilepsy medication, corticosteroids. […] The areas of the brain that control emotions are the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala. In people with mood disorders, these areas may be enlarged, which could affect the way the brain functions.

• #110 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #111 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #112 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  People who experience traumatic events, stressful life events, and childhood abuse may have a higher risk of developing mood disorders, especially depression. […] People who use certain substances, such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, may have an increased risk of mood disorder symptoms. […] Certain prescription medications may also increase a persons risk, including: opioids, epilepsy medication, corticosteroids. […] The areas of the brain that control emotions are the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala. In people with mood disorders, these areas may be enlarged, which could affect the way the brain functions.

• #113 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  People who experience traumatic events, stressful life events, and childhood abuse may have a higher risk of developing mood disorders, especially depression. […] People who use certain substances, such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, may have an increased risk of mood disorder symptoms. […] Certain prescription medications may also increase a persons risk, including: opioids, epilepsy medication, corticosteroids. […] The areas of the brain that control emotions are the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala. In people with mood disorders, these areas may be enlarged, which could affect the way the brain functions.

• #114 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #115 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #116 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #117 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #118 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #119

  https://www.mercy.net/service/mood-disorders/

  A mood disorder is a mental health condition that mainly affects your emotional state. […] Mood disorders can cause long periods of sadness, anger and stress that overwhelm your life. […] No single cause is known, and there may be several factors that contribute to mood disorders. These disorders are most likely caused by an imbalance of brain chemicals, which can be related to physical illness or the use of certain medications. […] Difficult life events and trauma may also contribute to mood disorders. […] There are also some genetic risk factors for instance, women are more likely than men to develop a mood disorder. The chance of developing a mood disorder is also higher if you have a family history of mental health conditions. […] The use of drugs and alcohol can cause mood disorders as well. Depression and bipolar are some of the most common mood disorders associated with substance use because substances can change how you feel, think and act.

• #120 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  People who experience traumatic events, stressful life events, and childhood abuse may have a higher risk of developing mood disorders, especially depression. […] People who use certain substances, such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, may have an increased risk of mood disorder symptoms. […] Certain prescription medications may also increase a persons risk, including: opioids, epilepsy medication, corticosteroids. […] The areas of the brain that control emotions are the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala. In people with mood disorders, these areas may be enlarged, which could affect the way the brain functions.

• #121 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  Mood disorders are a category of illnesses that describe a serious change in mood. Illness under mood disorders include: major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (mania – euphoric, hyperactive, over inflated ego, unrealistic optimism), persistent depressive disorder (long lasting low grade depression), cyclothymia (a mild form of bipolar disorder), and SAD (seasonal affective disorder). […] Depression is a common feature of mental illness, whatever its nature and origin. A person with a history of any serious psychiatric disorder has almost as high a chance of developing major depression as someone who has had major depression itself in the past. […] Alcoholism and other forms of drug dependence are also related to depression. Dual diagnosis – substance abuse and another psychiatric disorder, usually a mood disorder – is an increasingly serious psychiatric concern. Whether drug abuse causes depression, depression leads to drug abuse, or both have a common cause, a vicious spiral ensues when addicts use the drugs to relieve symptoms the drugs have caused.

• #122

  https://www.mercy.net/service/mood-disorders/

  A mood disorder is a mental health condition that mainly affects your emotional state. […] Mood disorders can cause long periods of sadness, anger and stress that overwhelm your life. […] No single cause is known, and there may be several factors that contribute to mood disorders. These disorders are most likely caused by an imbalance of brain chemicals, which can be related to physical illness or the use of certain medications. […] Difficult life events and trauma may also contribute to mood disorders. […] There are also some genetic risk factors for instance, women are more likely than men to develop a mood disorder. The chance of developing a mood disorder is also higher if you have a family history of mental health conditions. […] The use of drugs and alcohol can cause mood disorders as well. Depression and bipolar are some of the most common mood disorders associated with substance use because substances can change how you feel, think and act.

• #123 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #124 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  People who experience traumatic events, stressful life events, and childhood abuse may have a higher risk of developing mood disorders, especially depression. […] People who use certain substances, such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, may have an increased risk of mood disorder symptoms. […] Certain prescription medications may also increase a persons risk, including: opioids, epilepsy medication, corticosteroids. […] The areas of the brain that control emotions are the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala. In people with mood disorders, these areas may be enlarged, which could affect the way the brain functions.

• #125 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  People who experience traumatic events, stressful life events, and childhood abuse may have a higher risk of developing mood disorders, especially depression. […] People who use certain substances, such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, may have an increased risk of mood disorder symptoms. […] Certain prescription medications may also increase a persons risk, including: opioids, epilepsy medication, corticosteroids. […] The areas of the brain that control emotions are the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala. In people with mood disorders, these areas may be enlarged, which could affect the way the brain functions.

• #126 Bipolar disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/

  It’s not known exactly what causes bipolar disorder. […] You’re more likely to have it if you have a parent, brother or sister who has bipolar disorder. […] There are some things that can increase your chances of having it, including: childhood trauma or abuse, a stressful event such as relationship problems, abuse, the death of someone close to you or money problems, recreational drugs such as cannabis or cocaine, a parasite called toxoplasma gondii (which causes toxoplasmosis).

• #127 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  Mood disorders are a category of illnesses that describe a serious change in mood. Illness under mood disorders include: major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (mania – euphoric, hyperactive, over inflated ego, unrealistic optimism), persistent depressive disorder (long lasting low grade depression), cyclothymia (a mild form of bipolar disorder), and SAD (seasonal affective disorder). […] Depression is a common feature of mental illness, whatever its nature and origin. A person with a history of any serious psychiatric disorder has almost as high a chance of developing major depression as someone who has had major depression itself in the past. […] Alcoholism and other forms of drug dependence are also related to depression. Dual diagnosis – substance abuse and another psychiatric disorder, usually a mood disorder – is an increasingly serious psychiatric concern. Whether drug abuse causes depression, depression leads to drug abuse, or both have a common cause, a vicious spiral ensues when addicts use the drugs to relieve symptoms the drugs have caused.

• #128 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorders are mental health conditions characterized by periodic, intense emotional states affecting a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. […] Bipolar disorder commonly runs in families: 80 to 90 percent of individuals with bipolar disorder have a relative with bipolar disorder or depression. Environmental factors such as stress, sleep disruption, and drugs and alcohol may trigger mood episodes in vulnerable people. Though the specific causes of bipolar disorder are unclear, there are both biological factors, including a family history of mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance misuse, and environmental factors that increase the risk for bipolar disorder. […] People with bipolar II disorder frequently have other mental illnesses such as an anxiety disorder or substance use disorder, the latter of which can exacerbate symptoms of depression or hypomania.

• #129 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  As you will read in the treatment section, there is strong evidence of a biochemical deficit in depression and bipolar disorders. More specifically, low activity levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, have long been documented as contributing factors to developing depressive disorders. […] Some research has implicated hormones, particularly cortisol, a hormone released as a stress response, in the development of depression (Owens et al., 2014). […] While exact anatomy and pathways are yet to be determined, research studies implicate the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. […] The cognitive model, arguably the most conclusive model with regards to depressive disorders, focuses on the negative thoughts and perceptions of an individual. […] This study has been linked to humans through research on attributional style (Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus Seligman, 1992).

• #130 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A diathesis-stress interpretation of major depressive disorder, in which certain predispositions or vulnerability factors influence one’s reaction to stress, would seem logical. […] Caspi et al. (2003) suggested that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). […] These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010).

• #131 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  As you will read in the treatment section, there is strong evidence of a biochemical deficit in depression and bipolar disorders. More specifically, low activity levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, have long been documented as contributing factors to developing depressive disorders. […] Some research has implicated hormones, particularly cortisol, a hormone released as a stress response, in the development of depression (Owens et al., 2014). […] While exact anatomy and pathways are yet to be determined, research studies implicate the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. […] The cognitive model, arguably the most conclusive model with regards to depressive disorders, focuses on the negative thoughts and perceptions of an individual. […] This study has been linked to humans through research on attributional style (Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus Seligman, 1992).

• #132 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Beck theorized that depression-prone people possess depressive schemas, or mental predispositions to think about most things in a negative way (Beck, 1976). […] A third cognitive theory of depression focuses on how people’s thoughts about their distressed moodsdepressed symptoms in particularcan increase the risk and duration of depression.

• #133 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Beck theorized that depression-prone people possess depressive schemas, or mental predispositions to think about most things in a negative way (Beck, 1976). […] A third cognitive theory of depression focuses on how people’s thoughts about their distressed moodsdepressed symptoms in particularcan increase the risk and duration of depression.

• #134 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Research shows that early-life stress, particularly childhood trauma or neglect, creates especially significant risk. […] Cognitive theories, particularly Aaron Beck’s cognitive model, highlight how specific distortions in thinking contribute to depression. […] Beck’s negative triad describes three interconnected patterns of negative thinking that characterize depression. […] Specific life events frequently trigger mood disorder episodes, even in those with no previous history. […] Social factors also play a significant role, with isolation and lack of social support consistently associated with greater risk. […] The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, our primary stress-response system, shows significant dysfunction in many individuals with mood disorders. […] Evidence suggests that early-life stress can permanently alter HPA axis functioning, creating a physiological vulnerability to depression that lasts into adulthood.

• #135 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Research shows that early-life stress, particularly childhood trauma or neglect, creates especially significant risk. […] Cognitive theories, particularly Aaron Beck’s cognitive model, highlight how specific distortions in thinking contribute to depression. […] Beck’s negative triad describes three interconnected patterns of negative thinking that characterize depression. […] Specific life events frequently trigger mood disorder episodes, even in those with no previous history. […] Social factors also play a significant role, with isolation and lack of social support consistently associated with greater risk. […] The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, our primary stress-response system, shows significant dysfunction in many individuals with mood disorders. […] Evidence suggests that early-life stress can permanently alter HPA axis functioning, creating a physiological vulnerability to depression that lasts into adulthood.

• #136 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life. […] In the sociocultural theory, the role of family and ones social environment play a substantial role in the development of depressive disorders. […] There are two sociocultural views: the family-social perspective and the multi-cultural perspective. […] In terms of biological explanations for depressive disorders, there is evidence that rates of depression are higher among identical twins (the same is true for bipolar disorders), that the 5-HTT gene on chromosome 17 may be involved in depressive disorders, that norepinephrine and serotonin affect depressive (both being low) and bipolar disorders (low serotonin and high norepinephrine), the hormones cortisol and melatonin affect depression, and several brain structures are implicated in depression (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala) and bipolar disorder (basal ganglia and cerebellum).

• #137 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  In terms of cognitive explanations, learned helplessness, attributional style, and maladaptive attitudes to include the cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts, help to explain depressive disorders. […] Sociocultural explanations include the family-social perspective and multi-cultural perspective. […] Women are twice as likely to experience depression and this could be due to women being more likely to be diagnosed than men (called the artifact theory), variations in hormone levels in women (hormone theory), women being more likely to experience chronic stressors (life stress theory), the fostering of an interdependent functioning in women (gender roles theory), and that women are more likely to intently focus on their symptoms (rumination theory).

• #138 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Family, adoption, and twin studies have indicated the role of genes in the susceptibility of depression. […] The learned helplessness theory has associated the occurrence of depression with the experience of uncontrollable events. […] Per cognitive theory, depression occurs as a result of cognitive distortions in persons who are susceptible to depression.

• #139 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  As you will read in the treatment section, there is strong evidence of a biochemical deficit in depression and bipolar disorders. More specifically, low activity levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, have long been documented as contributing factors to developing depressive disorders. […] Some research has implicated hormones, particularly cortisol, a hormone released as a stress response, in the development of depression (Owens et al., 2014). […] While exact anatomy and pathways are yet to be determined, research studies implicate the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. […] The cognitive model, arguably the most conclusive model with regards to depressive disorders, focuses on the negative thoughts and perceptions of an individual. […] This study has been linked to humans through research on attributional style (Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus Seligman, 1992).

• #140 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Family, adoption, and twin studies have indicated the role of genes in the susceptibility of depression. […] The learned helplessness theory has associated the occurrence of depression with the experience of uncontrollable events. […] Per cognitive theory, depression occurs as a result of cognitive distortions in persons who are susceptible to depression.

• #141 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  As you will read in the treatment section, there is strong evidence of a biochemical deficit in depression and bipolar disorders. More specifically, low activity levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, have long been documented as contributing factors to developing depressive disorders. […] Some research has implicated hormones, particularly cortisol, a hormone released as a stress response, in the development of depression (Owens et al., 2014). […] While exact anatomy and pathways are yet to be determined, research studies implicate the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. […] The cognitive model, arguably the most conclusive model with regards to depressive disorders, focuses on the negative thoughts and perceptions of an individual. […] This study has been linked to humans through research on attributional style (Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus Seligman, 1992).

• #142 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A diathesis-stress interpretation of major depressive disorder, in which certain predispositions or vulnerability factors influence one’s reaction to stress, would seem logical. […] Caspi et al. (2003) suggested that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). […] These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010).

• #143 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life. […] In the sociocultural theory, the role of family and ones social environment play a substantial role in the development of depressive disorders. […] The family-social perspective of depression suggests that depression is related to the unavailability of social support. […] While many theories try to explain the gender discrepancy in depressive episodes, no single theory has produced enough evidence to fully explain why women experience depression more than men.

• #144 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life. […] In the sociocultural theory, the role of family and ones social environment play a substantial role in the development of depressive disorders. […] There are two sociocultural views: the family-social perspective and the multi-cultural perspective. […] In terms of biological explanations for depressive disorders, there is evidence that rates of depression are higher among identical twins (the same is true for bipolar disorders), that the 5-HTT gene on chromosome 17 may be involved in depressive disorders, that norepinephrine and serotonin affect depressive (both being low) and bipolar disorders (low serotonin and high norepinephrine), the hormones cortisol and melatonin affect depression, and several brain structures are implicated in depression (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala) and bipolar disorder (basal ganglia and cerebellum).

• #145 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life. […] In the sociocultural theory, the role of family and ones social environment play a substantial role in the development of depressive disorders. […] The family-social perspective of depression suggests that depression is related to the unavailability of social support. […] While many theories try to explain the gender discrepancy in depressive episodes, no single theory has produced enough evidence to fully explain why women experience depression more than men.

• #146

  https://npistanbul.com/en/what-is-a-mood-disorder

  Environmental Factors Stressful life events, traumas or losses can be triggers for mood disorders. Stressful situations, traumatic experiences or environmental pressures can negatively affect mental health. Furthermore, lack of social support can make it difficult for individuals to cope with these challenging processes and negatively affect emotional well-being. […] Psychological Factors A person’s mindset, beliefs and coping mechanisms can play a role in the development of mood disorders. Negative thought patterns can negatively affect a person’s mood. Individuals who are unable to cope with emotional difficulties are at risk of developing mood disorders. In particular, conditions such as persistent anxiety and low self-esteem can negatively affect emotional health.

• #147 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #148

  https://toneop.com/blog/what-causes-mood-disorder

  Certain personality traits can increase vulnerability to mood disorders. For instance, individuals with perfectionistic tendencies or chronically low self-esteem may be more prone to conditions like depression. […] Advanced neuroimaging techniques have revealed insights into how the brain’s structure and function contribute to mood disorders. Structural abnormalities, such as changes in grey matter volume, and functional alterations in connectivity between brain regions involved in mood regulation are active research areas. […] Mood disorders can be intricately linked to various medical illnesses. Conditions such as cancer, injuries, infections, and chronic illnesses may trigger symptoms of depression. […] Symptoms of depression can arise due to the effects of substances like medications, drug abuse, alcoholism, exposure to toxins, or other forms of treatment.

• #149 Mood disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder

  Bipolar disorder is also considered a mood disorder and it is hypothesized that it might be caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. […] Meta-analyses show that high scores on the personality domain neuroticism are a strong predictor for the development of mood disorders. […] A low or depressed mood can increase an individual’s ability to cope with situations in which the effort to pursue a major goal could result in danger, loss, or wasted effort.

• #150 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #151

  https://toneop.com/blog/what-causes-mood-disorder

  Certain personality traits can increase vulnerability to mood disorders. For instance, individuals with perfectionistic tendencies or chronically low self-esteem may be more prone to conditions like depression. […] Advanced neuroimaging techniques have revealed insights into how the brain’s structure and function contribute to mood disorders. Structural abnormalities, such as changes in grey matter volume, and functional alterations in connectivity between brain regions involved in mood regulation are active research areas. […] Mood disorders can be intricately linked to various medical illnesses. Conditions such as cancer, injuries, infections, and chronic illnesses may trigger symptoms of depression. […] Symptoms of depression can arise due to the effects of substances like medications, drug abuse, alcoholism, exposure to toxins, or other forms of treatment.

• #152

  https://toneop.com/blog/what-causes-mood-disorder

  Certain personality traits can increase vulnerability to mood disorders. For instance, individuals with perfectionistic tendencies or chronically low self-esteem may be more prone to conditions like depression. […] Advanced neuroimaging techniques have revealed insights into how the brain’s structure and function contribute to mood disorders. Structural abnormalities, such as changes in grey matter volume, and functional alterations in connectivity between brain regions involved in mood regulation are active research areas. […] Mood disorders can be intricately linked to various medical illnesses. Conditions such as cancer, injuries, infections, and chronic illnesses may trigger symptoms of depression. […] Symptoms of depression can arise due to the effects of substances like medications, drug abuse, alcoholism, exposure to toxins, or other forms of treatment.

• #153 Mood Disorders | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/

  People are more easily demoralized by depression and slower to recover if they are withdrawn and unreasonably self-critical or irritable, impulsive, and hypersensitive to loss. […] Depression is associated with physical illness as well. Some 25% of hospitalized medical patients have noticeable depressive symptoms and about 5% are suffering from major depression. Chronic medical conditions associated with depression include heart disease, cancer, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, hepatitis, and malaria.

• #154 Mood Disorders: Comprehensive Review | Types, Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/mood-disorders-types-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Certain personality features are more closely linked to mood disorders. For example, individuals dealing with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) and borderline personality disorder are more likely to suffer from emotional highs and lows. […] People with certain medical conditions are prone to mood disorders. Commonly linked ones include: Multiple sclerosis, Cancer, AIDS, Hypothyroidism, Q fever, Influenza, Brain disorders like tumors, encephalitis, CNS syphilis, etc. […] Some medications and illicit drugs also increase the likelihood of a mood disorder. These include: Steroids, Procarbazine, Indomethacin, Levodopa, Oral contraceptives, Physostigmine, Sulphonamide, Cocaine, Amphetamines.

• #155 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are caused by traits passed down to you, as well as environmental factors and life events. Environmental factors can include, for example, childhood experiences and stressful life events. Some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids and medicines for Parkinson’s disease, and street drugs also can cause mood disorders. […] Risk factors include life experiences and stressful life events that increase the risk of certain types of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders may occur along with neurological disorders. These are conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. For example, depression is common among people with multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke and epilepsy. Depression also often occurs in people who have movements disorders like Parkinson’s disease and those who have other long-term health conditions.

• #156 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. […] Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including: […] Biological factors: The brain areas responsible for controlling your feelings and emotions are the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. People with mood disorders have been shown to have an enlarged amygdala on brain imaging tests. […] Genetic factors: People who have a strong family history of a mood disorder are more likely to develop mood disorders, which shows that mood disorders are likely partly genetic/inherited. […] Environmental factors: Stressful life changes, such as the death of a loved one; chronic stress; traumatic events; and childhood abuse are major risk factors for the development of a mood disorder later on in life, especially depression. Depression has also been linked to chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and heart disease.

• #157 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Stressful life changes (death of significant other, parents, siblings, etc.) traumatic events and childhood abuse have been found to be major risk factors for the development of mood disorder later on in life, especially depressive disorder. […] Research shows that mood disorder leads to the altered release of neuroactive cytokines like IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. […] Recent research has found a crucial role of nitric oxide (NO) involved in causing the inflammatory process that leads to signs and symptoms of mood disorder.

• #158 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Since the 1950s, researchers have noted that depressed individuals have abnormal levels of cortisol, a stress hormone released into the blood by the neuroendocrine system during times of stress (Mackin Young, 2004). […] High levels of cortisol are a risk factor for future depression (Halligan, Herbert, Goodyer, Murray, 2007), and cortisol activates activity in the amygdala while deactivating activity in the PFC (McEwen, 2005)both brain disturbances are connected to depression. Thus, high cortisol levels may have a causal effect on depression, as well as on its brain function abnormalities (van Praag, 2005). […] It has long been believed that stressful life events can trigger depression, and research has consistently supported this conclusion (Mazure, 1998). Stressful life events include significant losses, such as death of a loved one, divorce or separation, and serious health and money problems; life events such as these often precede the onset of depressive episodes (Brown Harris, 1989).

• #159 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Stressful life changes (death of significant other, parents, siblings, etc.) traumatic events and childhood abuse have been found to be major risk factors for the development of mood disorder later on in life, especially depressive disorder. […] Research shows that mood disorder leads to the altered release of neuroactive cytokines like IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. […] Recent research has found a crucial role of nitric oxide (NO) involved in causing the inflammatory process that leads to signs and symptoms of mood disorder.

• #160 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Since the 1950s, researchers have noted that depressed individuals have abnormal levels of cortisol, a stress hormone released into the blood by the neuroendocrine system during times of stress (Mackin Young, 2004). […] High levels of cortisol are a risk factor for future depression (Halligan, Herbert, Goodyer, Murray, 2007), and cortisol activates activity in the amygdala while deactivating activity in the PFC (McEwen, 2005)both brain disturbances are connected to depression. Thus, high cortisol levels may have a causal effect on depression, as well as on its brain function abnormalities (van Praag, 2005). […] It has long been believed that stressful life events can trigger depression, and research has consistently supported this conclusion (Mazure, 1998). Stressful life events include significant losses, such as death of a loved one, divorce or separation, and serious health and money problems; life events such as these often precede the onset of depressive episodes (Brown Harris, 1989).

• #161 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Since the 1950s, researchers have noted that depressed individuals have abnormal levels of cortisol, a stress hormone released into the blood by the neuroendocrine system during times of stress (Mackin Young, 2004). […] High levels of cortisol are a risk factor for future depression (Halligan, Herbert, Goodyer, Murray, 2007), and cortisol activates activity in the amygdala while deactivating activity in the PFC (McEwen, 2005)both brain disturbances are connected to depression. Thus, high cortisol levels may have a causal effect on depression, as well as on its brain function abnormalities (van Praag, 2005). […] It has long been believed that stressful life events can trigger depression, and research has consistently supported this conclusion (Mazure, 1998). Stressful life events include significant losses, such as death of a loved one, divorce or separation, and serious health and money problems; life events such as these often precede the onset of depressive episodes (Brown Harris, 1989).

• #162 What Causes Mood Disorders? – Edelica Health in Milwaukee WI

  https://edelicahealth.com/what-causes-mood-disorders/

  What Causes Mood Disorders? […] Many factors contribute to mood disorders. A chemical imbalance probably causes them in the brain, but they also can be triggered by accumulated stress and may have a genetic or inherited component. Anyone with a biological relative who had a mood disorder can be at greater risk of also being affected by a mood disorder. […] Specific things which may cause depression include employment issues, a failed marriage or relationship, personal loss, and financial setbacks. […] Risk factors may include: You have a family history of depression, mood disorders, or another mental illness. You received a prior diagnosis of a mood disorder. Ongoing trauma or anxiety. Depression risk may be greater based on a physical illness you might have or the use of certain medications. It’s linked to major illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, Parkinson’s, and heart disease. People who are depressed often show differences in brain structure and function, especially in the case of bipolar disorder.

• #163 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Since the 1950s, researchers have noted that depressed individuals have abnormal levels of cortisol, a stress hormone released into the blood by the neuroendocrine system during times of stress (Mackin Young, 2004). […] High levels of cortisol are a risk factor for future depression (Halligan, Herbert, Goodyer, Murray, 2007), and cortisol activates activity in the amygdala while deactivating activity in the PFC (McEwen, 2005)both brain disturbances are connected to depression. Thus, high cortisol levels may have a causal effect on depression, as well as on its brain function abnormalities (van Praag, 2005). […] It has long been believed that stressful life events can trigger depression, and research has consistently supported this conclusion (Mazure, 1998). Stressful life events include significant losses, such as death of a loved one, divorce or separation, and serious health and money problems; life events such as these often precede the onset of depressive episodes (Brown Harris, 1989).

• #164 What Causes Mood Disorders? – Edelica Health in Milwaukee WI

  https://edelicahealth.com/what-causes-mood-disorders/

  What Causes Mood Disorders? […] Many factors contribute to mood disorders. A chemical imbalance probably causes them in the brain, but they also can be triggered by accumulated stress and may have a genetic or inherited component. Anyone with a biological relative who had a mood disorder can be at greater risk of also being affected by a mood disorder. […] Specific things which may cause depression include employment issues, a failed marriage or relationship, personal loss, and financial setbacks. […] Risk factors may include: You have a family history of depression, mood disorders, or another mental illness. You received a prior diagnosis of a mood disorder. Ongoing trauma or anxiety. Depression risk may be greater based on a physical illness you might have or the use of certain medications. It’s linked to major illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, Parkinson’s, and heart disease. People who are depressed often show differences in brain structure and function, especially in the case of bipolar disorder.

• #165 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Since the 1950s, researchers have noted that depressed individuals have abnormal levels of cortisol, a stress hormone released into the blood by the neuroendocrine system during times of stress (Mackin Young, 2004). […] High levels of cortisol are a risk factor for future depression (Halligan, Herbert, Goodyer, Murray, 2007), and cortisol activates activity in the amygdala while deactivating activity in the PFC (McEwen, 2005)both brain disturbances are connected to depression. Thus, high cortisol levels may have a causal effect on depression, as well as on its brain function abnormalities (van Praag, 2005). […] It has long been believed that stressful life events can trigger depression, and research has consistently supported this conclusion (Mazure, 1998). Stressful life events include significant losses, such as death of a loved one, divorce or separation, and serious health and money problems; life events such as these often precede the onset of depressive episodes (Brown Harris, 1989).

• #166 Mood Disorders Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/mood-disorders-5120944

  Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of factors, including chemical imbalances in the brain, genetics, and stressful life events. […] Several neurotransmitters are involved in mood disorders, including serotonin and norepinephrine. Lower levels of these may contribute to mood disorders. […] Brain structure is also believed to play a role in depression. Researchers have found one area in the brain, called the hippocampus, is smaller in people with MDD. They believe that extended, ongoing exposure to stress hormones hinders the growth of neurons within that brain region. […] Genetics are a significant factor involved in the susceptibility of mood disorders. Many mood disorders are known to run in families, including MDD and BPD. […] Stressful life events and changes, including starting a new job, moving, and other transitional periods, can also spark a mood disorder such as depression.

• #167 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A diathesis-stress interpretation of major depressive disorder, in which certain predispositions or vulnerability factors influence one’s reaction to stress, would seem logical. […] Caspi et al. (2003) suggested that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). […] These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010).

• #168 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A study by Caspi and others (2003) suggests that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010). […] Hopelessness theory predicts that people who exhibit this cognitive style in response to undesirable life events will view such events as having negative implications for their future and self-worth, thereby increasing the likelihood of hopelessnessthe primary cause of depression (Abramson et al., 1989).

• #169 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Stressful life changes (death of significant other, parents, siblings, etc.) traumatic events and childhood abuse have been found to be major risk factors for the development of mood disorder later on in life, especially depressive disorder. […] Research shows that mood disorder leads to the altered release of neuroactive cytokines like IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. […] Recent research has found a crucial role of nitric oxide (NO) involved in causing the inflammatory process that leads to signs and symptoms of mood disorder.

• #170 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A study by Caspi and others (2003) suggests that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010). […] Hopelessness theory predicts that people who exhibit this cognitive style in response to undesirable life events will view such events as having negative implications for their future and self-worth, thereby increasing the likelihood of hopelessnessthe primary cause of depression (Abramson et al., 1989).

• #171 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A study by Caspi and others (2003) suggests that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010). […] Hopelessness theory predicts that people who exhibit this cognitive style in response to undesirable life events will view such events as having negative implications for their future and self-worth, thereby increasing the likelihood of hopelessnessthe primary cause of depression (Abramson et al., 1989).

• #172 Mood Disorders: Definition, Types of Mood Disorders and Treatment Options

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/mood-disorders/

  Mood disorders are changes or abnormalities in mood that interfere with a persons ability to live their everyday life. […] Several general factors may contribute to the development of a mood disorder. Some causes of mood disorders include: childhood trauma, abuse or neglect, genetic predisposition, changes in brain chemicals, life circumstances (experiencing a divorce, inconsistent care received as a child, etc.), physical conditions such as chronic pain or terminal illness, and substance use. […] Because mood disorders tend to be genetic, having family members with any mood disorder increases a persons likelihood of developing a mood disorder. Other risk factors for mood disorders include experiencing trauma, abuse or neglect, as well as engaging in substance misuse or experiencing a major negative life change.

• #173 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A study by Caspi and others (2003) suggests that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010). […] Hopelessness theory predicts that people who exhibit this cognitive style in response to undesirable life events will view such events as having negative implications for their future and self-worth, thereby increasing the likelihood of hopelessnessthe primary cause of depression (Abramson et al., 1989).

• #174 Etiology of mood disorder by swapnil agrawal | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-of-mood-disorder-by-swapnil-agrawal/14305436

  Stressful events strongly linked to onset of mood disorders. Context and meaning of the stressor more important than the exact nature of event(i.e. a stressor which has more negative impact on pts own self esteem is more likely to produce depression) […] Depression rooted in an early defect in the attachment relationship with the caregiver(eg. Disturbance in the infant-mother relationship during the oral phase increases vulnerability to depression). […] According to cognitive theory, depression results from specific cognitive distortions(illogical ways of thinking) present in persons prone to depression. […] High levels of social support are linked to a decreased occurrence of mood disorders and also an increase in the speed of recovery […] Depression has a Multifactorial etiology Interactions b/w multiple factors. HPA axis disbalance may have a central role in making a person vulnerable to depression Strong genetic predisposition specially in case of Bipolar disorders Neurotransmitters play central role in development of depression that too the Trimonoaminergic NTs (NE, 5HT, DA)

• #175 Etiology of mood disorder by swapnil agrawal | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-of-mood-disorder-by-swapnil-agrawal/14305436

  Stressful events strongly linked to onset of mood disorders. Context and meaning of the stressor more important than the exact nature of event(i.e. a stressor which has more negative impact on pts own self esteem is more likely to produce depression) […] Depression rooted in an early defect in the attachment relationship with the caregiver(eg. Disturbance in the infant-mother relationship during the oral phase increases vulnerability to depression). […] According to cognitive theory, depression results from specific cognitive distortions(illogical ways of thinking) present in persons prone to depression. […] High levels of social support are linked to a decreased occurrence of mood disorders and also an increase in the speed of recovery […] Depression has a Multifactorial etiology Interactions b/w multiple factors. HPA axis disbalance may have a central role in making a person vulnerable to depression Strong genetic predisposition specially in case of Bipolar disorders Neurotransmitters play central role in development of depression that too the Trimonoaminergic NTs (NE, 5HT, DA)

• #176 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A study by Caspi and others (2003) suggests that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010). […] Hopelessness theory predicts that people who exhibit this cognitive style in response to undesirable life events will view such events as having negative implications for their future and self-worth, thereby increasing the likelihood of hopelessnessthe primary cause of depression (Abramson et al., 1989).

• #177 Mood disorders in children – Children’s Health General Psychiatry

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/mood-disorders-mental-health

  What causes mood disorders in children? […] It isnt clear exactly what causes mood disorders. We do know that several things can increase the risk of a mood disorder. […] They can include: […] A family history of mood disorders […] Peer pressure […] Chronic illness […] Family changes (such as a divorce), a death of a loved one or other loss. […] […] […] Mood disorders is a broad term for a variety of mental health problems. Ranging from ongoing sadness or depression to moving between intense depression and happiness, mood disorders are feelings or states of mind that negatively affect your child. With a mood disorder, every negative feeling your child has is amplified. This can leave your child feeling sad and alone. […] […] […] Depression – A medical illness, depression can negatively affect how your child acts, thinks and feels. The symptoms they experience social withdrawal, irritability and long-term sadness can negatively affect their relationships with family, friends and teachers. Left untreated, depression can significantly affect your childs appetite, sleeping patterns and physical activity.

• #178 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life. […] In the sociocultural theory, the role of family and ones social environment play a substantial role in the development of depressive disorders. […] The family-social perspective of depression suggests that depression is related to the unavailability of social support. […] While many theories try to explain the gender discrepancy in depressive episodes, no single theory has produced enough evidence to fully explain why women experience depression more than men.

• #179 Etiology of mood disorder by swapnil agrawal | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-of-mood-disorder-by-swapnil-agrawal/14305436

  Stressful events strongly linked to onset of mood disorders. Context and meaning of the stressor more important than the exact nature of event(i.e. a stressor which has more negative impact on pts own self esteem is more likely to produce depression) […] Depression rooted in an early defect in the attachment relationship with the caregiver(eg. Disturbance in the infant-mother relationship during the oral phase increases vulnerability to depression). […] According to cognitive theory, depression results from specific cognitive distortions(illogical ways of thinking) present in persons prone to depression. […] High levels of social support are linked to a decreased occurrence of mood disorders and also an increase in the speed of recovery […] Depression has a Multifactorial etiology Interactions b/w multiple factors. HPA axis disbalance may have a central role in making a person vulnerable to depression Strong genetic predisposition specially in case of Bipolar disorders Neurotransmitters play central role in development of depression that too the Trimonoaminergic NTs (NE, 5HT, DA)

• #180 4.5: Mood Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.05%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Etiology

  The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life. […] In the sociocultural theory, the role of family and ones social environment play a substantial role in the development of depressive disorders. […] The family-social perspective of depression suggests that depression is related to the unavailability of social support. […] While many theories try to explain the gender discrepancy in depressive episodes, no single theory has produced enough evidence to fully explain why women experience depression more than men.

• #181 Etiology of mood disorder by swapnil agrawal | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-of-mood-disorder-by-swapnil-agrawal/14305436

  Stressful events strongly linked to onset of mood disorders. Context and meaning of the stressor more important than the exact nature of event(i.e. a stressor which has more negative impact on pts own self esteem is more likely to produce depression) […] Depression rooted in an early defect in the attachment relationship with the caregiver(eg. Disturbance in the infant-mother relationship during the oral phase increases vulnerability to depression). […] According to cognitive theory, depression results from specific cognitive distortions(illogical ways of thinking) present in persons prone to depression. […] High levels of social support are linked to a decreased occurrence of mood disorders and also an increase in the speed of recovery […] Depression has a Multifactorial etiology Interactions b/w multiple factors. HPA axis disbalance may have a central role in making a person vulnerable to depression Strong genetic predisposition specially in case of Bipolar disorders Neurotransmitters play central role in development of depression that too the Trimonoaminergic NTs (NE, 5HT, DA)

• #182 Mood Disorders – BrightQuest Treatment Centers

  https://www.brightquest.com/mood-disorders/

  In addition to genetics as a risk factor, mood disorders can sometimes be triggered by major life stressors and traumatic events, or by substance abuse. Health problems and physical illness or injury can also be risk factors for depression and other mood disorders. Isolation is also considered a risk factor for both mood disorders and substance abuse disorders — people experiencing difficult mood changes and emotions may be inclined to isolate and try to self-treat their symptoms, which may only exacerbate them.

• #183 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Research shows that early-life stress, particularly childhood trauma or neglect, creates especially significant risk. […] Cognitive theories, particularly Aaron Beck’s cognitive model, highlight how specific distortions in thinking contribute to depression. […] Beck’s negative triad describes three interconnected patterns of negative thinking that characterize depression. […] Specific life events frequently trigger mood disorder episodes, even in those with no previous history. […] Social factors also play a significant role, with isolation and lack of social support consistently associated with greater risk. […] The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, our primary stress-response system, shows significant dysfunction in many individuals with mood disorders. […] Evidence suggests that early-life stress can permanently alter HPA axis functioning, creating a physiological vulnerability to depression that lasts into adulthood.

• #184 What Causes a Mood Disorder? | Mood Disorder Treatment | FL

  https://www.honeylake.clinic/blog/what-causes-a-mood-disorder/

  Environmental factors can also have an influence on mood disorders. Stressful life events such as the death of a loved one, marriage or divorce, job loss, or other major changes can trigger a mood disorder in some people. Other environmental factors that can increase the risk of a mood disorder include poverty, abuse or neglect, and living in difficult home environments. […] Certain psychological factors may also be linked to the development of a mood disorder. People who have low self-esteem, negative thought patterns, and difficulty managing stress or emotions may be more likely to develop a mood disorder. Additionally, people who have experienced traumatic events in their lives may also be at an increased risk for developing a mood disorder.

• #185 What Causes a Mood Disorder? | Mood Disorder Treatment | FL

  https://www.honeylake.clinic/blog/what-causes-a-mood-disorder/

  Environmental factors can also have an influence on mood disorders. Stressful life events such as the death of a loved one, marriage or divorce, job loss, or other major changes can trigger a mood disorder in some people. Other environmental factors that can increase the risk of a mood disorder include poverty, abuse or neglect, and living in difficult home environments. […] Certain psychological factors may also be linked to the development of a mood disorder. People who have low self-esteem, negative thought patterns, and difficulty managing stress or emotions may be more likely to develop a mood disorder. Additionally, people who have experienced traumatic events in their lives may also be at an increased risk for developing a mood disorder.

• #186 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  The serotonin hypothesis has dominated depression research for decades, suggesting that insufficient serotonin activity contributes to depressive symptoms. […] Similarly, dopamine dysregulation appears crucial in mood disorders, particularly in aspects related to motivation, pleasure, and reward processing. […] While genetic factors create vulnerability, environmental triggers often determine whether this vulnerability manifests as an actual disorder. […] Stress represents perhaps the most well-documented environmental trigger for mood disorders. […] Chronic stress can dysregulate the body’s stress-response system, leading to sustained elevations in stress hormones like cortisol that may damage brain regions involved in mood regulation. […] The diathesis-stress model provides a framework for understanding this relationship—genetic vulnerability (diathesis) remains dormant until activated by sufficient environmental stress.

• #187

  https://toneop.com/blog/what-causes-mood-disorder

  The intricate balance of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, influences mood regulation. Disruptions in these chemical messengers have been linked to the onset of mood disorders. […] Stressful life events can act as triggers for mood disorders. Chronic stress, trauma, or major life changes may lead to the development of conditions like depression or anxiety. […] Certain hormonal fluctuations during various life stages can affect mood. Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause are phases marked by significant hormonal changes that may contribute to mood disorders. […] The connection between physical health and mental well-being is profound. Chronic illnesses or persistent pain conditions may contribute to mood disorders. […] Substance abuse can exacerbate or trigger mood disorders. The misuse of alcohol or drugs can disrupt neurotransmitter balance and impair cognitive function, leading to symptoms of depression or anxiety.

• #188 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  The serotonin hypothesis has dominated depression research for decades, suggesting that insufficient serotonin activity contributes to depressive symptoms. […] Similarly, dopamine dysregulation appears crucial in mood disorders, particularly in aspects related to motivation, pleasure, and reward processing. […] While genetic factors create vulnerability, environmental triggers often determine whether this vulnerability manifests as an actual disorder. […] Stress represents perhaps the most well-documented environmental trigger for mood disorders. […] Chronic stress can dysregulate the body’s stress-response system, leading to sustained elevations in stress hormones like cortisol that may damage brain regions involved in mood regulation. […] The diathesis-stress model provides a framework for understanding this relationship—genetic vulnerability (diathesis) remains dormant until activated by sufficient environmental stress.

• #189 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  The serotonin hypothesis has dominated depression research for decades, suggesting that insufficient serotonin activity contributes to depressive symptoms. […] Similarly, dopamine dysregulation appears crucial in mood disorders, particularly in aspects related to motivation, pleasure, and reward processing. […] While genetic factors create vulnerability, environmental triggers often determine whether this vulnerability manifests as an actual disorder. […] Stress represents perhaps the most well-documented environmental trigger for mood disorders. […] Chronic stress can dysregulate the body’s stress-response system, leading to sustained elevations in stress hormones like cortisol that may damage brain regions involved in mood regulation. […] The diathesis-stress model provides a framework for understanding this relationship—genetic vulnerability (diathesis) remains dormant until activated by sufficient environmental stress.

• #190 Understanding Mood Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, and Effective Treatment Options – NeuroPsych Wellness Center

  https://www.neuropsych4u.com/understanding-mood-disorders-symptoms-causes-and-effective-treatment-options/

  Mood disorders affect millions of people worldwide, disrupting daily life and relationships with unpredictable and often severe shifts in mood. […] It is important to understand their symptoms, causes, and treatment options. […] Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics: If a first-degree family member has a mood disorder, then chances are more with those people. Many studies have documented that, especially in bipolar disorder and major depression, there is an almost definitive genetic causality. […] Chemical Imbalance: Neurotransmitters in the brain are serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The balance between these chemicals tends to regulate one’s moods. An imbalance results in mood disorder. […] Environmental Stressors: Mood disorders can trigger in high-pressure settings, during traumatic events, and even from chronic stress. Triggers may be losing a loved one, the outcome of financial meltdown, or their systems undergo significant change. […] Hormonal Changes: Mood disorders are associated with life stages that involve changing hormones, like puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. Conditions generated by hormones such as postpartum depression also suggest that these changes might affect the mental region.

• #191 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A diathesis-stress interpretation of major depressive disorder, in which certain predispositions or vulnerability factors influence one’s reaction to stress, would seem logical. […] Caspi et al. (2003) suggested that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). […] These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010).

• #192 The Causes of Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-378711

  Mood episodes in bipolar disorder can both be set off by a stressful event or circumstances, but can and frequently do occur spontaneously. […] Stressful life events can lead to the onset of symptoms in those susceptible to bipolar disorder. However, once the disorder is triggered it may progress. Once the cycle begins, psychological and/or biological processes may take over and keep the illness active. […] The word diathesis, in simplified terms, refers to a physical condition that makes a person more susceptible than usual to certain diseases. Thus the Diathesis-Stress Model says that each person inherits certain physical vulnerabilities to problems that may or may not appear depending on what stresses occur in their life. […] So the bottom line is that if you have bipolar disorder, you were likely born with the possibility of developing this disorder and something in your life triggered it.

• #193 The Causes of Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-378711

  Mood episodes in bipolar disorder can both be set off by a stressful event or circumstances, but can and frequently do occur spontaneously. […] Stressful life events can lead to the onset of symptoms in those susceptible to bipolar disorder. However, once the disorder is triggered it may progress. Once the cycle begins, psychological and/or biological processes may take over and keep the illness active. […] The word diathesis, in simplified terms, refers to a physical condition that makes a person more susceptible than usual to certain diseases. Thus the Diathesis-Stress Model says that each person inherits certain physical vulnerabilities to problems that may or may not appear depending on what stresses occur in their life. […] So the bottom line is that if you have bipolar disorder, you were likely born with the possibility of developing this disorder and something in your life triggered it.

• #194 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  The serotonin hypothesis has dominated depression research for decades, suggesting that insufficient serotonin activity contributes to depressive symptoms. […] Similarly, dopamine dysregulation appears crucial in mood disorders, particularly in aspects related to motivation, pleasure, and reward processing. […] While genetic factors create vulnerability, environmental triggers often determine whether this vulnerability manifests as an actual disorder. […] Stress represents perhaps the most well-documented environmental trigger for mood disorders. […] Chronic stress can dysregulate the body’s stress-response system, leading to sustained elevations in stress hormones like cortisol that may damage brain regions involved in mood regulation. […] The diathesis-stress model provides a framework for understanding this relationship—genetic vulnerability (diathesis) remains dormant until activated by sufficient environmental stress.

• #195 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  The serotonin hypothesis has dominated depression research for decades, suggesting that insufficient serotonin activity contributes to depressive symptoms. […] Similarly, dopamine dysregulation appears crucial in mood disorders, particularly in aspects related to motivation, pleasure, and reward processing. […] While genetic factors create vulnerability, environmental triggers often determine whether this vulnerability manifests as an actual disorder. […] Stress represents perhaps the most well-documented environmental trigger for mood disorders. […] Chronic stress can dysregulate the body’s stress-response system, leading to sustained elevations in stress hormones like cortisol that may damage brain regions involved in mood regulation. […] The diathesis-stress model provides a framework for understanding this relationship—genetic vulnerability (diathesis) remains dormant until activated by sufficient environmental stress.

• #196 Psychological Perspectives on Mood Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/psychological-perspectives-on-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A diathesis-stress interpretation of major depressive disorder, in which certain predispositions or vulnerability factors influence one’s reaction to stress, would seem logical. […] Caspi et al. (2003) suggested that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). […] These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010).

• #197 The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/the-biological-basis-of-mood-disorders/

  Individuals who are exposed to traumatic stress during childhoodsuch as separation from a parent, family turmoil, and maltreatment (physical or sexual abuse)are at a heightened risk of developing depression at any point in their lives (Kessler, 1997). […] A study by Caspi and others (2003) suggests that an alteration in a specific gene that regulates serotonin (the 5-HTTLPR gene) might be one culprit. […] Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations (Joormann, 2009). These diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events (Gotlib Joormann, 2010). […] Hopelessness theory predicts that people who exhibit this cognitive style in response to undesirable life events will view such events as having negative implications for their future and self-worth, thereby increasing the likelihood of hopelessnessthe primary cause of depression (Abramson et al., 1989).

• #198 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Understanding the root causes of mood disorders is essential for both prevention and treatment. These complex conditions arise from a delicate interplay of biological predispositions and environmental influences, neither of which alone fully explains why someone develops depression or bipolar disorder. Research consistently shows that mood disorders emerge from multiple pathways rather than a single cause, with genetic vulnerability creating susceptibility that environmental factors may then trigger. […] The genetic component of mood disorders has been well-established through decades of research, though the exact mechanisms remain an active area of study. […] Family studies provide compelling evidence for the genetic basis of mood disorders. First-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) of individuals with major depression have approximately a 2-3 times higher risk of developing the condition compared to the general population. The hereditary pattern becomes even more pronounced with bipolar disorder, where first-degree relatives face a 5-10 times increased risk.

• #199 Overview of Mood Disorders | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/o/overview-of-mood-disorders.html

  Many factors help lead to mood disorders. They are likely caused by an imbalance of brain chemicals. Life events (such as stressful life changes) may also help lead to a depressed mood. Mood disorders also tend to run in families. […] The risk for depression in women is nearly twice as high as it is for men. Once a person in the family has this diagnosis, their siblings and their children have a higher chance of the same diagnosis.

• #200 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  In terms of cognitive explanations, learned helplessness, attributional style, and maladaptive attitudes to include the cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts, help to explain depressive disorders. […] Sociocultural explanations include the family-social perspective and multi-cultural perspective. […] Women are twice as likely to experience depression and this could be due to women being more likely to be diagnosed than men (called the artifact theory), variations in hormone levels in women (hormone theory), women being more likely to experience chronic stressors (life stress theory), the fostering of an interdependent functioning in women (gender roles theory), and that women are more likely to intently focus on their symptoms (rumination theory).

• #201 Overview of Mood Disorders | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/o/overview-of-mood-disorders.html

  Many factors help lead to mood disorders. They are likely caused by an imbalance of brain chemicals. Life events (such as stressful life changes) may also help lead to a depressed mood. Mood disorders also tend to run in families. […] The risk for depression in women is nearly twice as high as it is for men. Once a person in the family has this diagnosis, their siblings and their children have a higher chance of the same diagnosis.

• #202 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=p00759

  Many factors help lead to mood disorders. They are likely caused by an imbalance of brain chemicals. […] Mood disorders also tend to run in families. […] Children, teens, or adults who have a parent with a mood disorder have a greater chance of also having a mood disorder. […] The risk for depression in women is nearly twice as high as it is for men. […] Once a person in the family has this diagnosis, their siblings and their children have a higher chance of the same diagnosis.

• #203 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  In terms of cognitive explanations, learned helplessness, attributional style, and maladaptive attitudes to include the cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts, help to explain depressive disorders. […] Sociocultural explanations include the family-social perspective and multi-cultural perspective. […] Women are twice as likely to experience depression and this could be due to women being more likely to be diagnosed than men (called the artifact theory), variations in hormone levels in women (hormone theory), women being more likely to experience chronic stressors (life stress theory), the fostering of an interdependent functioning in women (gender roles theory), and that women are more likely to intently focus on their symptoms (rumination theory).

• #204 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  In terms of cognitive explanations, learned helplessness, attributional style, and maladaptive attitudes to include the cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts, help to explain depressive disorders. […] Sociocultural explanations include the family-social perspective and multi-cultural perspective. […] Women are twice as likely to experience depression and this could be due to women being more likely to be diagnosed than men (called the artifact theory), variations in hormone levels in women (hormone theory), women being more likely to experience chronic stressors (life stress theory), the fostering of an interdependent functioning in women (gender roles theory), and that women are more likely to intently focus on their symptoms (rumination theory).

• #205 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  In terms of cognitive explanations, learned helplessness, attributional style, and maladaptive attitudes to include the cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts, help to explain depressive disorders. […] Sociocultural explanations include the family-social perspective and multi-cultural perspective. […] Women are twice as likely to experience depression and this could be due to women being more likely to be diagnosed than men (called the artifact theory), variations in hormone levels in women (hormone theory), women being more likely to experience chronic stressors (life stress theory), the fostering of an interdependent functioning in women (gender roles theory), and that women are more likely to intently focus on their symptoms (rumination theory).

• #206

  https://toneop.com/blog/what-causes-mood-disorder

  The intricate balance of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, influences mood regulation. Disruptions in these chemical messengers have been linked to the onset of mood disorders. […] Stressful life events can act as triggers for mood disorders. Chronic stress, trauma, or major life changes may lead to the development of conditions like depression or anxiety. […] Certain hormonal fluctuations during various life stages can affect mood. Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause are phases marked by significant hormonal changes that may contribute to mood disorders. […] The connection between physical health and mental well-being is profound. Chronic illnesses or persistent pain conditions may contribute to mood disorders. […] Substance abuse can exacerbate or trigger mood disorders. The misuse of alcohol or drugs can disrupt neurotransmitter balance and impair cognitive function, leading to symptoms of depression or anxiety.

• #207 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  In terms of cognitive explanations, learned helplessness, attributional style, and maladaptive attitudes to include the cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts, help to explain depressive disorders. […] Sociocultural explanations include the family-social perspective and multi-cultural perspective. […] Women are twice as likely to experience depression and this could be due to women being more likely to be diagnosed than men (called the artifact theory), variations in hormone levels in women (hormone theory), women being more likely to experience chronic stressors (life stress theory), the fostering of an interdependent functioning in women (gender roles theory), and that women are more likely to intently focus on their symptoms (rumination theory).

• #208 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  In terms of cognitive explanations, learned helplessness, attributional style, and maladaptive attitudes to include the cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts, help to explain depressive disorders. […] Sociocultural explanations include the family-social perspective and multi-cultural perspective. […] Women are twice as likely to experience depression and this could be due to women being more likely to be diagnosed than men (called the artifact theory), variations in hormone levels in women (hormone theory), women being more likely to experience chronic stressors (life stress theory), the fostering of an interdependent functioning in women (gender roles theory), and that women are more likely to intently focus on their symptoms (rumination theory).

• #209 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  In terms of cognitive explanations, learned helplessness, attributional style, and maladaptive attitudes to include the cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts, help to explain depressive disorders. […] Sociocultural explanations include the family-social perspective and multi-cultural perspective. […] Women are twice as likely to experience depression and this could be due to women being more likely to be diagnosed than men (called the artifact theory), variations in hormone levels in women (hormone theory), women being more likely to experience chronic stressors (life stress theory), the fostering of an interdependent functioning in women (gender roles theory), and that women are more likely to intently focus on their symptoms (rumination theory).

• #210 Mood Disorders | UCI Health | Orange County, CA

  https://www.ucihealth.org/medical-services/psychiatry/adolescent-psychiatry/mood-disorder

  Mood disorders may be caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, or a chemical imbalance combined with environmental factors, such as chronic stress or unexpected life changes. […] Mood disorders can run in families, though the factors that lead to the condition are often both environmental and genetic, involving a combination of genes from both parents. […] If a mother passes a mood disorder trait to her children, a daughter is more likely to have the disorder. If a father passes a mood disorder trait to his children, a son is more likely to have the disorder. […] Once a person in the family has this diagnosis, the chance for his or her siblings or children to have the same diagnosis is increased. In addition, relatives of people with depression are also at increased risk for bipolar disorder. […] Once a person in the family has this diagnosis, the chance for his or her siblings or children to have the same diagnosis is increased. In addition, relatives of people with bipolar disorder are also at increased risk for other forms of depression.

• #211 13.3 Mood Disorders: Emotions as Illness – Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition

  https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/12-3-mood-disorders-emotions-as-illness/

  Mood (or affective) disorders are psychological disorders in which the persons mood negatively influences his or her physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes. […] Mood disorders are known to be at least in part genetic, because they are heritable. […] Neurotransmitters also play an important role in mood disorders. Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all known to influence mood, and drugs that influence the actions of these chemicals are often used to treat mood disorders. […] The brains of those with mood disorders may in some cases show structural differences from those without them. […] But psychological and social determinants are also important in creating mood disorders and depression. […] Mood disorders are caused by the interplay among biological, psychological, and social variables.

• #212 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Thyroid function shows a bidirectional relationship with mood disorders, with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism linked to mood symptoms. […] Modern neuroimaging has revealed structural and functional brain differences in individuals with mood disorders. […] Current research focuses on neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to form new connections and adapt—as both a vulnerability factor and treatment target. […] Modern understanding of mood disorder etiology has moved toward integrated models that recognize the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors. […] Understanding one’s own risk factors can empower individuals to take preventive steps, such as prioritizing stress management if family history suggests genetic vulnerability.

• #213 Mood Disorders Caused by a General Medical Condition – Black Bear Lodge

  https://blackbearrehab.com/mental-health/mood-disorders/medical-condition/

  Sometimes, a physical illness begins at the same time a mood disorder happens to also begin. Other times, a severe physical illness may trigger a mental health disorder that was already about to begin. […] When you are given the diagnosis of a mood disorder caused by a general medical condition, it is very important to take time to be sure that your mood disorder is actually caused by your physical ailment. This will allow you to treat your condition in the best and fastest way possible. […] Treatment of a mood disorder that resulted from a general medical condition should also address the underlying medical cause.

• #214 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  The relationship between the onset of MDD and several diseases is complex and potentially bidirectional in nature. […] The impact of depression on society and the economy is increased by the existence of comorbidities. […] Specifically, in 2018, comorbid disorders rather than MDD itself were responsible for 63% of all costs related to MDD in the United States. […] The traditional monoamine theory contends that in addition to common pathogenic factors, deficiencies in monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), are the root cause of clinical depression. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of antidepressants that have been proven to successfully treat clinical depression, were developed in response to this hypothesis, which was derived primarily on the basis of the pharmacological mechanism of drug that were accidentally discovered to act as antidepressants.

• #215

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ad1612

  Mood disorders are medical problems that affect how you feel. They can impact your moods, thoughts, and actions. […] Mood disorders can be treated with counselling or medicines, or a combination of both. […] Medicines for depression and SAD may include antidepressants. […] Medicines for bipolar disorder may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. […] Light therapy is the main treatment for SAD. This therapy uses a special kind of lamp. You let the lamp shine on you at certain times, usually in the morning. This may help your symptoms during the months when there is less sunlight.

• #216

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ad1612

  Mood disorders are medical problems that affect how you feel. They can impact your moods, thoughts, and actions. […] Mood disorders can be treated with counselling or medicines, or a combination of both. […] Medicines for depression and SAD may include antidepressants. […] Medicines for bipolar disorder may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. […] Light therapy is the main treatment for SAD. This therapy uses a special kind of lamp. You let the lamp shine on you at certain times, usually in the morning. This may help your symptoms during the months when there is less sunlight.

• #217 Mood Disorders Caused by a General Medical Condition – Black Bear Lodge

  https://blackbearrehab.com/mental-health/mood-disorders/medical-condition/

  Sometimes, a physical illness begins at the same time a mood disorder happens to also begin. Other times, a severe physical illness may trigger a mental health disorder that was already about to begin. […] When you are given the diagnosis of a mood disorder caused by a general medical condition, it is very important to take time to be sure that your mood disorder is actually caused by your physical ailment. This will allow you to treat your condition in the best and fastest way possible. […] Treatment of a mood disorder that resulted from a general medical condition should also address the underlying medical cause.

• #218

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ad1612

  Mood disorders are medical problems that affect how you feel. They can impact your moods, thoughts, and actions. […] Mood disorders can be treated with counselling or medicines, or a combination of both. […] Medicines for depression and SAD may include antidepressants. […] Medicines for bipolar disorder may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. […] Light therapy is the main treatment for SAD. This therapy uses a special kind of lamp. You let the lamp shine on you at certain times, usually in the morning. This may help your symptoms during the months when there is less sunlight.

• #219 Bipolar disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955

  Left untreated, bipolar disorder can lead to serious problems that affect every area of your life, including: Problems related to drug and alcohol misuse. Suicide or suicide attempts. Legal or financial problems. Trouble getting along with others. Poor work or school performance. […] There’s no sure way to prevent bipolar disorder. But getting treated as soon as you notice a mental health disorder can help stop bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions from getting worse.

• #220 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Thyroid function shows a bidirectional relationship with mood disorders, with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism linked to mood symptoms. […] Modern neuroimaging has revealed structural and functional brain differences in individuals with mood disorders. […] Current research focuses on neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to form new connections and adapt—as both a vulnerability factor and treatment target. […] Modern understanding of mood disorder etiology has moved toward integrated models that recognize the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors. […] Understanding one’s own risk factors can empower individuals to take preventive steps, such as prioritizing stress management if family history suggests genetic vulnerability.

• #221 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Thyroid function shows a bidirectional relationship with mood disorders, with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism linked to mood symptoms. […] Modern neuroimaging has revealed structural and functional brain differences in individuals with mood disorders. […] Current research focuses on neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to form new connections and adapt—as both a vulnerability factor and treatment target. […] Modern understanding of mood disorder etiology has moved toward integrated models that recognize the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors. […] Understanding one’s own risk factors can empower individuals to take preventive steps, such as prioritizing stress management if family history suggests genetic vulnerability.

• #222 Mood Disorders: The Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.theedgetreatment.com/mental-disorders/mood-disorders/

  Mood disorders do not have a single cause. Usually, a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors contributes to their development. Common factors include: […] Brain chemistry regulates mood and emotions. The key chemicals involved are serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and GABA. For those with mood disorders, these neurotransmitters are often out of balance. Medications can help restore optimal levels. […] Many mood disorders have genetic components and run in families. You are more likely to develop depression, bipolar disorder, or anxiety if you have a family history. But genes alone do not determine your destiny. Environmental triggers and learned behavior also play a significant role. […] High stress levels, traumatic experiences, and severe life events can impact brain chemistry and trigger mood episodes or disorders. Things like childhood abuse or neglect, the death of a loved one, divorce, job loss, and other challenges can impact mood. Developing healthy coping skills is essential.

• #223 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  The relationship between the onset of MDD and several diseases is complex and potentially bidirectional in nature. […] The impact of depression on society and the economy is increased by the existence of comorbidities. […] Specifically, in 2018, comorbid disorders rather than MDD itself were responsible for 63% of all costs related to MDD in the United States. […] The traditional monoamine theory contends that in addition to common pathogenic factors, deficiencies in monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), are the root cause of clinical depression. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of antidepressants that have been proven to successfully treat clinical depression, were developed in response to this hypothesis, which was derived primarily on the basis of the pharmacological mechanism of drug that were accidentally discovered to act as antidepressants.

• #224 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Thyroid function shows a bidirectional relationship with mood disorders, with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism linked to mood symptoms. […] Modern neuroimaging has revealed structural and functional brain differences in individuals with mood disorders. […] Current research focuses on neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to form new connections and adapt—as both a vulnerability factor and treatment target. […] Modern understanding of mood disorder etiology has moved toward integrated models that recognize the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors. […] Understanding one’s own risk factors can empower individuals to take preventive steps, such as prioritizing stress management if family history suggests genetic vulnerability.

• #225 13.3 Mood Disorders: Emotions as Illness – Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition

  https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/12-3-mood-disorders-emotions-as-illness/

  Mood (or affective) disorders are psychological disorders in which the persons mood negatively influences his or her physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes. […] Mood disorders are known to be at least in part genetic, because they are heritable. […] Neurotransmitters also play an important role in mood disorders. Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all known to influence mood, and drugs that influence the actions of these chemicals are often used to treat mood disorders. […] The brains of those with mood disorders may in some cases show structural differences from those without them. […] But psychological and social determinants are also important in creating mood disorders and depression. […] Mood disorders are caused by the interplay among biological, psychological, and social variables.

• #226 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  The relationship between the onset of MDD and several diseases is complex and potentially bidirectional in nature. […] The impact of depression on society and the economy is increased by the existence of comorbidities. […] Specifically, in 2018, comorbid disorders rather than MDD itself were responsible for 63% of all costs related to MDD in the United States. […] The traditional monoamine theory contends that in addition to common pathogenic factors, deficiencies in monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), are the root cause of clinical depression. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of antidepressants that have been proven to successfully treat clinical depression, were developed in response to this hypothesis, which was derived primarily on the basis of the pharmacological mechanism of drug that were accidentally discovered to act as antidepressants.

• #227 Causes of Mood Disorders: Genetics and Environment • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/causes-mood-disorders-genetics-environment/

  Thyroid function shows a bidirectional relationship with mood disorders, with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism linked to mood symptoms. […] Modern neuroimaging has revealed structural and functional brain differences in individuals with mood disorders. […] Current research focuses on neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to form new connections and adapt—as both a vulnerability factor and treatment target. […] Modern understanding of mood disorder etiology has moved toward integrated models that recognize the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors. […] Understanding one’s own risk factors can empower individuals to take preventive steps, such as prioritizing stress management if family history suggests genetic vulnerability.

• #228 13.3 Mood Disorders: Emotions as Illness – Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition

  https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/12-3-mood-disorders-emotions-as-illness/

  Mood (or affective) disorders are psychological disorders in which the persons mood negatively influences his or her physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes. […] Mood disorders are known to be at least in part genetic, because they are heritable. […] Neurotransmitters also play an important role in mood disorders. Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all known to influence mood, and drugs that influence the actions of these chemicals are often used to treat mood disorders. […] The brains of those with mood disorders may in some cases show structural differences from those without them. […] But psychological and social determinants are also important in creating mood disorders and depression. […] Mood disorders are caused by the interplay among biological, psychological, and social variables.

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