Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects your emotional state. […] For a mood disorder diagnosis, symptoms must be present for several weeks or longer. […] Two of the most common mood disorders are depression and bipolar disorder. […] If you or your child are experiencing symptoms of a mood disorder, a healthcare provider may perform a physical examination to rule out physiological causes for symptoms, such as thyroid disease, other illnesses or a vitamin deficiency. […] A mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, will conduct an interview or survey, asking questions about your symptoms, sleeping and eating habits and other behaviors. They use criteria in the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to make diagnoses of mood disorders.

• #1 Mood Disorders: Dysthymic Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mood-disorders

  Mood Disorders Diagnosis […] There’s no specific test to find out whether you have a mood disorder. […] Your doctor will do a physical exam to make sure a different illness isn’t causing your symptoms. They’ll also ask about your family history, whether you’ve had these symptoms in the past, and about your drug and alcohol use. If your doctor thinks substance abuse is a factor, you may be given a urine test. […] Doctors use questionnaires and rating scales to help diagnose mood disorders. […] Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). This system involves 17 criteria and is used to diagnose depression. Your doctor will ask about depressed mood, sleep difficulties, the ability to concentrate, guilt, thoughts of suicide, and anxiety. Your answers are rated on a 3-point or 5-point scale. If your total score is higher than 20, your doctor will recommend treatment. […] Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). This is another tool to diagnose depression. It assesses sadness, tension, sleep, appetite, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide. It uses a scale of 0 to 60. If you score between 0 and 6 points, your mood is normal. Depression is diagnosed this way: 7 to 19 is mild depression; 20 to 34 is moderate depression; and a score more than 34 is severe depression. […] Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). This is used to diagnose mania. Four things are rated on a scale of 0 to 8: irritability, manner of speech, content of thoughts, and disruptive behavior. Seven things are rated on a scale of 0 to 4: elevated mood, increased physical activity or energy, sex drive, sleep, appearance, insight into your own condition, and how easily distracted you are. Scores of 13 to 25 are considered signs of moderate mania, while scores of 38 to 60 indicate severe mania.

• #1 Mood disorders – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365058

  To find out whether you have a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder, your doctor or other primary care professional may do a physical exam. This exam will look for other signs of illness. Your doctor will review your symptoms, medical and family histories, and history of alcohol or drug use. […] Your doctor will want to know about your past episodes of a mood disorder. Questions may include: […] Your doctor also will ask about other current or past mental health issues. If needed, you may be referred to a mental health professional.

• #1 Mood disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder

  A mood disorder, also known as an affective disorder, is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder where the main underlying characteristic is a disturbance in the person’s mood. […] The classification is in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD). […] Mood disorders fall into seven groups, including; abnormally elevated mood, such as mania or hypomania; depressed mood, of which the best-known and most researched is major depressive disorder (MDD) (alternatively known as clinical depression, unipolar depression, or major depression); and moods which cycle between mania and depression, known as bipolar disorder (BD) (formerly known as manic depression). […] In some cases, more than one mood disorder can be present in an individual, like bipolar disorder and depressive disorder.

• #1 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  The diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes are described in the table. Major depression is characterized by at least five of the following symptoms for at least two weeks; at least one of the symptoms is either dysphoria or anhedonia. […] The types of bipolar disorder that are described in DSM-5-TR include Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, Cyclothymic disorder, Substance/medication induced bipolar disorder, Bipolar disorder due to another medical condition, Other specified bipolar disorder, and Unspecified bipolar disorder. […] Difficulties in diagnosing bipolar disorder may lead clinicians to under diagnose or over diagnose the disorder. Misdiagnosis is due in part to the overlap between the symptoms of bipolar disorder and the symptoms of other psychiatric disorders, especially unipolar major depression.

• #1 Depressive Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/mood-disorders/depressive-disorders

  Depressive disorders are characterized by sadness severe enough or persistent enough to interfere with function and often by decreased interest or pleasure in activities. […] Diagnosis is based on history. […] The term depression is often used to refer to any of several depressive disorders. […] For diagnosis of major depressive disorder, ≥ 5 of the following must have been present nearly every day during the same 2-week period, and one of them must be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. […] For diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder, patients must have had a depressed mood for most of the day for more days than not for ≥ 2 years plus ≥ 2 of the following. […] For diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, patients must have ≥ 5 symptoms during the week before menstruation.

• #1 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Diagnosis of bipolar disorder and its subtypes begins by diagnosing the mood episodes that comprise bipolar disorders, and also requires that the clinician exclude other relevant disorders. […] Bipolar mood episodes include mania, hypomania, and major depression. […] The diagnostic criteria for manic episodes are described in the table. The core symptoms of mania are abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood plus increased activity or energy. These symptoms occur for at least one week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary), nearly every day, for most of the day. […] The diagnostic criteria for hypomanic episodes are described in the table. Hypomania is characterized by an abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood, as well as increased energy or activity, lasting at least four consecutive days, for most of the day, nearly every day.

• #1 Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis: How Doctors Diagnosis BPD

  https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-diagnosis

  Doctors have come a long way in fully understanding different moods in bipolar disorder and in making an accurate diagnosis. […] Most lab tests or imaging tests are not useful in diagnosing bipolar disorder. In fact, the most important diagnostic tool may be talking openly with the doctor about your mood swings, behaviors, and lifestyle habits. […] A bipolar disorder diagnosis is made only by taking careful note of symptoms, including their severity, length, and frequency. […] The patients symptoms are fully assessed using specific criteria from the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM-5. […] In making the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, the psychiatrist or other mental health expert will ask you questions about your personal and family history of mental illness and bipolar disorder or other mood disorders.

• #1 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  Mood disorders are described by marked disruptions in emotions (severe lows called depression or highs called hypomania or mania). […] This activity reviews the role of the interprofessional team in the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. […] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), mood disorders have been broadly categorized as bipolar disorders and depressive disorders. […] A detailed longitudinal and in-depth family history, followed by a thorough mental status examination, is crucial for early diagnosis of mood disorders. […] Mood disorders secondary to substance abuse require a urine drug test. […] Specific rating scales are also available for the evaluation of mood disorders. […] Timely diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders can decrease the associated morbidity and mortality.

• #1 Mood Disorders Caused by a General Medical Condition – Black Bear Lodge

  https://blackbearrehab.com/mental-health/mood-disorders/medical-condition/

  Mood disorders are conditions that include depressed episodes, manic episodes, or cycles of mania and depression. […] There are certain criteria that have to be met before a person receives a diagnosis of mood disorder caused by a general medical condition. […] When you are given the diagnosis of a mood disorder caused by a general medical condition, it is very important to take time to be sure that your mood disorder is actually caused by your physical ailment. […] Treating depression that is caused by a general medical condition can involve the administration of standard medications: antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. […] Treatment of a mood disorder that resulted from a general medical condition should also address the underlying medical cause.

• #1 Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) – NovoPsych

  https://novopsych.com.au/assessments/diagnosis/mood-disorder-questionnaire-mdq/

  The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a 15-item self-report screening instrument that can be used to identify clients most likely to have bipolar disorder. The MDQ assists in identifying bipolar disorder and distinguishing it from other mood disturbances in clinical populations. […] Research indicates that effective treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) differs significantly from that of other related disorders, such as unipolar depression. This underscores the importance of screening for bipolar disorder (BD) in patients who present to mental health services so that they can receive an effective intervention. […] Traditionally, a positive screen on the MDQ requires endorsement of (a) 7 or more of 13 symptom items, (b) multiple symptoms occurring at the same time, and (c) symptoms causing notable psychosocial impairment. The first thirteen questions on the MDQ are based upon bipolar symptoms and a score of 7 or more is the optimal cutoff, as it provides good sensitivity (73%) and very good specificity for a diagnosis of BD (90%). […] Carpenter et al. (2020) found that Positive Activation was uniquely associated with BD diagnosis, whereas Negative Activation was associated with a range of diagnoses.

• #1 Free Bipolar Disorder Test Quiz

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-test

  The following bipolar disorder test is based on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) designed to identify mood symptoms often found in bipolar disorder. It can be a useful screening tool for adults and adolescents aged 12 and above. While no test can replace a medical diagnosis, taking this short quiz may help you decide if you should speak to a mental health professional for an accurate diagnosis. […] Making an accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be difficult even for medical professionals. In many cases, it can take numerous consultations to correctly identify bipolar disorder and decide on the best treatment plan. You cant diagnose the disorder on your own and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is just one type of screening tool. […] Therefore, its vital that you see a mental health professional to make an accurate diagnosis.

• #1 Appendix D—DSM-IV-TR Mood Disorders – Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572966/

  In substance abuse treatment settings, you are likely to encounter clients with a variety of diagnoses of depressive illnesses. Most of these diagnoses fall in the category of Mood Disorders, as specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000). […] The descriptions of depressive disorders and their primary symptoms are taken from DSM-IV-TR. Please refer to the source document for a more complete description of these disorders. […] Major Depressive Disorder requires two or more major depressive episodes. […] Diagnostic criteria: Depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in life activities for at least 2 weeks and at least five of the following symptoms that cause clinically significant impairment in social, work, or other important areas of functioning almost every day.

• #1 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  For a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder, an individual must experience a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years. […] In terms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, the DSM-5-TR states in the majority of menstrual cycles, at least five symptoms must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, being improving with a few days after menses begins, and disappear or become negligible in the week postmenses. […] Diagnosis MDD if symptoms have been experienced for at least two weeks and can be regarded as severe […] Diagnosis PDD if the symptoms have been experienced for at least two years and are not severe. […] The 12-month prevalence rate for major depressive disorder is approximately 7% within the United States. […] The 12-month prevalence of bipolar I disorder in the United States is 1.5% and did not differ statistically between men and women.

• #1 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis […] Making the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is often difficult, and following onset of symptoms, many years may elapse until the diagnosis is established. As an example, a self-administered survey in 441 bipolar patients found that 35 percent waited at least 10 years between first seeking treatment and receiving the correct diagnosis. […] This topic reviews the assessment and diagnosis of bipolar disorder in adults. The clinical features of bipolar disorder in adults are discussed separately, as are the clinical features and diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, geriatric patients, and patients with rapid cycling (ie, four or more mood episodes in a 12-month period). […] Bipolar disorder should be considered in patients who present with symptoms of major depression, mania, or hypomania, including mixed features (ie, symptoms of mood episodes of opposite polarity).

• #1 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorders are mental health conditions characterized by periodic, intense emotional states affecting a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. These periods, lasting from days to weeks, are called mood episodes. […] Bipolar disorder is a category that includes three main diagnoses: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. […] People with bipolar I disorder frequently have other mental disorders such as anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The risk of suicide is significantly higher among people with bipolar I disorder than among the general population. […] Bipolar I disorder is diagnosed when a person experiences a manic episode. […] Symptoms of a manic episode commonly require hospital care to ensure safety.

• #1 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorder symptoms commonly improve with treatment. Medication is the cornerstone of bipolar disorder treatment, though talk therapy (psychotherapy) can help many patients learn about their illness and adhere to medications, helping prevent future mood episodes. […] To diagnose bipolar II disorder in an individual, they must have at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode. […] Treatments for bipolar II are similar to those for bipolar I: medication and psychotherapy. […] Cyclothymic disorder is a milder form of bipolar disorder involving many „mood swings,” with hypomania and depressive symptoms that occur frequently. […] Treatment for cyclothymic disorder can involve medication and talk therapy.

• #1 Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels and behavior. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, your healthcare provider may use many tools, including: a physical exam, a thorough medical history, medical tests, and a mental health evaluation. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, you must have experienced at least one episode of mania or hypomania. Mental health providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to diagnose the type of bipolar disorder a person may be experiencing. […] Because of this, as well as the fact that memory is often impaired during mania so people cant remember experiencing it, it can be difficult for healthcare providers to properly diagnose people with bipolar disorder. […] People with bipolar disorder who are experiencing a severe manic episode with hallucinations may be incorrectly diagnosed with schizophrenia. Bipolar disorder can also be misdiagnosed as borderline personality disorder (BPD). […] It’s important to be honest and thorough when explaining all of your symptoms and experiences when talking with your healthcare provider.

• #1 Appendix D—DSM-IV-TR Mood Disorders – Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572966/

  Dsythymic Disorder: Diagnostic criteria: Depressed mood most of the day for more days than not, for at least 2 years, and the presence of two or more of the following symptoms that cause clinically significant impairment in social, work, or other important areas of functioning. […] Bipolar disorder is characterized by more than one bipolar episode. […] Depressive episodes are characterized by symptoms described above for Major Depressive Episode. […] Substance-Induced Mood Disorder is a common depressive illness of clients in substance abuse treatment. It is defined in DSM-IV-TR as a prominent and persistent disturbance of mood that is judged to be due to the direct physiological effects of a substance. […] It is not as common to find depression due to a general medical condition in substance-abuse treatment settings, but it is important to note that depression can be a result of a medical condition, such as hypothyroidism or Parkinson’s disease.

• #1 Precision medicine for mood disorders: objective assessment, risk prediction, pharmacogenomics, and repurposed drugs | Molecular Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-021-01061-w

  Mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorders) are prevalent and disabling. They are also highly co-morbid with other psychiatric disorders. Currently there are no objective measures, such as blood tests, used in clinical practice, and available treatments do not work in everybody. The development of blood tests, as well as matching of patients with existing and new treatments, in a precise, personalized and preventive fashion, would make a significant difference at an individual and societal level. […] Due to the lack of objective tests and the perceived presence of stigma, mood disorders are often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed (depression instead of bipolar disorder). They are also sub-optimally treated, can lead to self-medication with alcohol and drugs, and may culminate in some cases with suicide.

• #1 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  Individuals with a depressive disorder have a 17-fold increased risk for suicide over the age- and sex-adjusted general population rate. […] The lifetime risk of suicide is estimated to be 20- to 30- fold greater than in the general population and 5-6% of individuals with bipolar disorder die by suicide. […] Studies exploring depression symptoms among the general population show a substantial pattern of comorbidity between depression and other mental disorders, particularly substance use disorders. […] Those with bipolar I disorder typically have a history of three or more mental disorders. […] The cognitive model, arguably the most conclusive model with regards to depressive disorders, focuses on the negative thoughts and perceptions of an individual. […] The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life.

• #1 Getting a Diagnosis for Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-diagnosis-guide

  Diagnosis for bipolar disorder can be complex. […] Testing for bipolar disorder is not as simple as taking a multiple-choice test or sending blood to a lab. […] The diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires at least one depressive and one manic or hypomanic episode. […] The criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder in children are similar to those for adults. […] Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive evaluation, including questions about your child’s mood, sleeping patterns, and behavior. […] There are no specific blood tests or brain scans to diagnose bipolar disorder. […] A thyroid function test is a blood test that measures how well your thyroid gland functions. […] According to a 2018 study, bipolar disorder has a misdiagnosis rate as high as 76.8%. […] Bipolar disorder is often misdiagnosed as: depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, a personality disorder.

• #1 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Physicians should specifically ask patients who are depressed about symptoms of mania or hypomania. […] Patients who have bipolar disorders should be encouraged to keep a record of the medications they have used in the past, including dosages, adverse effects, and effectiveness, to assist with therapy because of the chronic, relapsing nature of the disorder. […] Monotherapy with antidepressants is contraindicated in patients with mixed features, manic episodes, or bipolar I disorder.

• #1 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders are psychiatric conditions that affect a persons emotional state. […] How are mood disorders diagnosed? […] Doctors who suspect a mood disorder will take a patients medical history and offer diagnostic tests to rule out other conditions that cause similar symptoms before referring the patient to a mental health professional for a diagnosis. […] There are no diagnostic tests for mood disorders. Doctors may offer tests to look for conditions that may cause similar symptoms, including blood tests to look at thyroid hormone levels or sleep studies to look for insomnia or sleep abnormalities. […] If, after the medical and physical exam, the doctor suspects a mood disorder, they will refer you to a mental health professional for a diagnosis.

• #1 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  A number of reasons exist for obtaining selected laboratory studies in patients with bipolar disorder. First, an extensive range of tests is indicated because bipolar disorder encompasses both depression and mania and because a significant number of medical causes for each state exists. The basic principle remains, „Do not miss a treatable medical cause for the mental status.” […] Second, the condition necessitates use of a number of medications that require certain body systems to be working properly. For example, lithium requires an intact genitourinary (GU) system and can affect certain other systems, and certain anticonvulsants can suppress bone marrow. […] Third, because bipolar illness is a lifelong disorder, performing certain baseline studies is important to establish any long-term effects of the medications.

• #1 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  A number of infections, especially chronic infections, can produce a presentation of depression in the patient. An encephalitis can dramatically manifest as changes in mental status and, in rare situations, present with bipolar features. […] A complete blood count (CBC) with differential is used to rule out anemia as a cause of depression in bipolar disorder. Treatment, especially with certain anticonvulsants, may depress the bone marrow hence the need to check the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts for signs of bone marrow suppression. […] Lithium may cause a reversible increase in the WBC count. […] The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is determined to look for any underlying disease process such a lupus or an infection. An elevated ESR often indicates an underlying disease process.

• #1 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  In some cases, a fasting glucose level is indicated to rule out diabetes. In addition, atypical antipsychotics have been associated with weight gain and problems with blood glucose regulation in patients with diabetes, therefore, a baseline fasting glucose should be obtained. […] Serum electrolyte concentrations are measured to help diagnose electrolyte problems, especially with sodium, that are related to depression. Treatment with lithium can lead to renal problems and electrolyte problems, and low sodium levels can lead to higher lithium levels and lithium toxicity. Hence, in screening candidates for lithium therapy as well as those on lithium therapy, checking electrolytes is indicated. […] Thyroid tests are performed to rule out hyperthyroidism (mania) and hypothyroidism (depression). Treatment with lithium can cause hypothyroidism, and hypothyroidism may cause rapid cycling of mood, especially in women.

• #1 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  The total value of performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a patient with bipolar disorder remains unclear; however, a couple of reasons do exist for performing an imaging study. […] Many of the antidepressants, especially the tricyclic agents and some of the antipsychotics, can affect the heart and cause conduction problems. […] Generally, routine electroencephalography (EEG) is unnecessary in the evaluation of bipolar disorder. However, some reasons for ordering EEG in patients with bipolar illness may be appropriate and include the following: EEG provides a baseline and helps to rule out any neurologic problems; use this test to rule out a seizure disorder and brain tumor.

• #1 Precision medicine for mood disorders: objective assessment, risk prediction, pharmacogenomics, and repurposed drugs | Molecular Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-021-01061-w

  Blood biomarkers are emerging as important tools in disorders where subjective self-report of an individual or clinical impression of a healthcare professional are not always reliable, and for predicting future risk before the disorder (re-)occurs. They also open the door to precise, personalized matching with medications, and objective monitoring of response to treatment. […] We endeavored to use a similar comprehensive approach to identify more definitive biomarkers for mood disorders in general, and depression in particular. […] We also analyzed the biological pathways and networks they are involved in (Table 2). […] We tested in independent cohorts of psychiatric patients the ability of each of the top candidate biomarkers to assess state severity (mood (measured by SMS-7), depression (measured by HAMD), mania (measured by YMRS)), and predict trait risk (future hospitalizations with depression, future hospitalizations with mania).

• #1 Simple blood test can help diagnose bipolar disorder | University of Cambridge

  https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/simple-blood-test-can-help-diagnose-bipolar-disorder

  Researchers have developed a new way of improving diagnosis of bipolar disorder that uses a simple blood test to identify biomarkers associated with the condition. […] The ability to diagnose bipolar disorder with a simple blood test could ensure that patients get the right treatment the first time. […] The researchers, from the University of Cambridge, used a combination of an online psychiatric assessment and a blood test to diagnose patients with bipolar disorder, many of whom had been misdiagnosed with major depressive disorder. […] Incorporating biomarker testing could help physicians differentiate between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, which have overlapping symptoms but require different pharmacological treatments. […] Although the blood test is still a proof of concept, the researchers say it could be an effective complement to existing psychiatric diagnosis and could help researchers understand the biological origins of mental health conditions.

• #1 Digital biomarkers of mood disorders and symptom change | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0078-0

  Current approaches to psychiatric assessment are resource-intensive, requiring time-consuming evaluation by a trained clinician. […] Development of digital biomarkers holds promise for enabling scalable, time-sensitive, and cost-effective assessment of both psychiatric diagnosis and symptom change. […] Results suggest that participants diagnostic group status (i.e., mood disorder, control) can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy (predicted correctly 89% of the time, kappa=0.773), using features extracted from actigraphy data alone. […] Results also suggest that actigraphy data can be used to predict symptom change across ~2 weeks (r=0.782, p=1.04e-05). […] Use of passive digital biomarkers offers an alternative approach to assess mood disorders that is scalable, unobtrusive, time-sensitive, and cost-effective.

• #1 Nosographic classification of mood disorders: from symptoms to diagnosis and treatment | Albert | Reviews in Health Care

  https://journals.seedmedicalpublishers.com/index.php/rhc/article/view/200

  Mood disorders represent a main health concern, due to their high prevalence in the general population and because they are related to a severe worsening of quality of life and psychosocial functioning of those who are affected. […] an efficacious, targeted and precise approach is essential in everyday clinical practice. This article reviews the methods of diagnostic approach, with the aim of describing the different phases of nosographic classification of mood disorders and their meaning. […] the right differential diagnosis is important because there are great differences in the optimal management of these conditions (antidepressants vs. mood stabilizers) and diagnostic errors can potentially worsen the patient’s prognosis. […] In conclusion, the right nosographic classification allows the right therapeutic and prognostic approach.

• #1 Mood disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

  Mood disorders are divided into two major groups: depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. Each group includes several different types. […] If you’re concerned that you may have a mood disorder, see your doctor or a mental health professional as soon as you can. […] Your mood disorder is not likely to go away on its own. And it may get worse over time. Get professional help before your mood disorder becomes serious. It may be easier to treat early on.

• #1 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  In general, a mood disorder is diagnosed when sadness, elation, anger or other emotion is: overly intense and persistent, accompanied by other mood disorder symptoms, such as sleep changes or activity level changes, significantly impairs the persons capacity to function. […] Treatment for mood disorders depends on the specific condition and symptoms. Usually, treatment involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy (also called talk therapy). […] Its important to remember that mood disorders are treatable.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00759

  Mood disorders are serious illnesses. A psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, advanced practice registered nurse, or licensed clinical social worker can diagnose mood disorders after completing a complete health history and psychiatric evaluation. […] The symptoms of mood disorders may seem like other conditions or mental health problems. Always talk with a healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #1 Overview of Mood Disorders

  https://healthlibrary.bvhealthsystem.org/library/testsprocedures/85,P00759

  Mood disorders are serious illnesses. A psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, advanced practice registered nurse, or licensed clinical social worker can diagnose mood disorders after completing a complete health history and psychiatric evaluation. […] The symptoms of mood disorders may seem like other conditions or mental health problems. Always talk with a healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] When correctly diagnosed and treated, people with mood disorders can live stable, productive, healthy lives.

• #2 Mood Disorders > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders are psychiatric conditions that affect a persons emotional state. […] How are mood disorders diagnosed? […] Doctors who suspect a mood disorder will take a patients medical history and offer diagnostic tests to rule out other conditions that cause similar symptoms before referring the patient to a mental health professional for a diagnosis. […] There are no diagnostic tests for mood disorders. Doctors may offer tests to look for conditions that may cause similar symptoms, including blood tests to look at thyroid hormone levels or sleep studies to look for insomnia or sleep abnormalities. […] If, after the medical and physical exam, the doctor suspects a mood disorder, they will refer you to a mental health professional for a diagnosis.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00759

  Mood disorders are serious illnesses. A psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, advanced practice registered nurse, or licensed clinical social worker can diagnose mood disorders after completing a complete health history and psychiatric evaluation. […] The symptoms of mood disorders may seem like other conditions or mental health problems. Always talk with a healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #2 Mood Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders

  A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects your emotional state. […] For a mood disorder diagnosis, symptoms must be present for several weeks or longer. […] Two of the most common mood disorders are depression and bipolar disorder. […] If you or your child are experiencing symptoms of a mood disorder, a healthcare provider may perform a physical examination to rule out physiological causes for symptoms, such as thyroid disease, other illnesses or a vitamin deficiency. […] A mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, will conduct an interview or survey, asking questions about your symptoms, sleeping and eating habits and other behaviors. They use criteria in the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to make diagnoses of mood disorders.

• #2 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Several types of general medical disorders (eg, endocrine or neurologic) can cause bipolar disorder (ie, bipolar and related disorders due to another medical condition). Findings from the general medical history or physical examination that suggest a general medical condition in patients with bipolar disorder are the same findings that occur in patients without bipolar disorder. […] Although screening for bipolar disorder is often recommended and there are several available instruments, we suggest not screening because it is not known whether screening improves patient outcomes. In addition, studies in unipolar major depression indicate that screening is beneficial only in settings that can provide follow-up interviews to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. […] We suggest diagnosing bipolar mood episodes and disorders according to the criteria in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). However, a reasonable alternative is the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases-11th Revision (ICD-11). The two sets of criteria are largely the same.

• #2 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  Within mood disorders are two distinct groupsindividuals with depressive disorders and individuals with bipolar disorders. The key difference between the two mood disorder groups is episodes of mania/hypomania. […] The two most common types of depressive disorders are major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD). Persistent depressive disorder, which in the DSM-5 now includes the diagnostic categories of dysthymia and chronic major depression, is a continuous and chronic form of depression. […] According to the DSM-5-TR (APA, 2022), to meet the criteria for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, an individual must experience at least five symptoms across the four categories discussed above, and at least one of the symptoms is either 1) a depressed mood most of the day, almost every day, or 2) loss of interest or pleasure in all, or most, activities, most of the day, almost every day.

• #2 Mood Disorders – What are they?

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/mood-disorders

  Mood disorders is an umbrella term used to describe a range of depressive and bipolar disorders. […] People of all ages can experience mood disorders, though they are harder to diagnose in children. […] If you think you have a mood disorder, talk to your doctor. They will attempt to rule out other causes of your symptoms by asking you questions, performing a physical exam, and conducting lab tests. […] The doctor will then refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist if they feel you need further consultation. This is where you’ll undergo a psychiatric evaluation and a comprehensive investigation into your medical history. […] The following is a list of the symptoms required for a diagnosis of prominent mood disorders: […] Diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) requires 5 or more of the following symptoms to be present every day for a minimum of 2 weeks. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, you must have experienced one or more episodes of mania. These episodes must last at least 7 days or have resulted in hospitalization for diagnosis to occur.

• #2 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorders are mental health conditions characterized by periodic, intense emotional states affecting a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. These periods, lasting from days to weeks, are called mood episodes. […] Bipolar disorder is a category that includes three main diagnoses: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. […] People with bipolar I disorder frequently have other mental disorders such as anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The risk of suicide is significantly higher among people with bipolar I disorder than among the general population. […] Bipolar I disorder is diagnosed when a person experiences a manic episode. […] Symptoms of a manic episode commonly require hospital care to ensure safety.

• #2 Bipolar disorder: Symptoms, causes, types, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37010

  Bipolar disorder causes changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. […] This article further explains what bipolar disorder is. […] A mental health or healthcare professional can diagnose bipolar disorder using criteria set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). […] The NIMH explains that to receive a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, a person must have experienced symptoms of mania for at least 7 days, or fewer than 7 days if symptoms were severe enough to require hospitalization. […] To receive a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder, a person must have experienced at least one cycle of hypomania and depression. […] It can be challenging for a healthcare professional to diagnose bipolar disorder. […] The NIMH urges healthcare professionals to look for signs of mania in the persons history to prevent misdiagnosis. […] While a person with bipolar disorder may experience periods of neutral mood without symptoms, bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition.

• #2 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorder symptoms commonly improve with treatment. Medication is the cornerstone of bipolar disorder treatment, though talk therapy (psychotherapy) can help many patients learn about their illness and adhere to medications, helping prevent future mood episodes. […] To diagnose bipolar II disorder in an individual, they must have at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode. […] Treatments for bipolar II are similar to those for bipolar I: medication and psychotherapy. […] Cyclothymic disorder is a milder form of bipolar disorder involving many „mood swings,” with hypomania and depressive symptoms that occur frequently. […] Treatment for cyclothymic disorder can involve medication and talk therapy.

• #2 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  The diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes are described in the table. Major depression is characterized by at least five of the following symptoms for at least two weeks; at least one of the symptoms is either dysphoria or anhedonia. […] The types of bipolar disorder that are described in DSM-5-TR include Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, Cyclothymic disorder, Substance/medication induced bipolar disorder, Bipolar disorder due to another medical condition, Other specified bipolar disorder, and Unspecified bipolar disorder. […] Difficulties in diagnosing bipolar disorder may lead clinicians to under diagnose or over diagnose the disorder. Misdiagnosis is due in part to the overlap between the symptoms of bipolar disorder and the symptoms of other psychiatric disorders, especially unipolar major depression.

• #2 Mood Disorders and Rapid Screening: A Brief Review

  https://www.mentalhealthjournal.org/articles/mood-disorders-rapid-screening-brief-review.html

  Objective: The purpose of this manuscript is for readers to understand the differences between bipolar and unipolar mood disorders. Readers will be able to apply evidence-based screening tools to differentiate in the diagnosis of bipolar versus unipolar depressive disorders. The goal is to increase diagnostic accuracy of mood disorders with the opportunity to provide treatment that will lead to improved patient outcomes. […] Recommendation for the use of evidence-based screening tools are clinical best practices for screening and diagnosing bipolar affective disorders with a statistical significance of 95%. Misdiagnosis is common up to 70% and the implications of timely rapid assessments allow for prompt interventions that has shown to halt and/or prevent mental health conditions to worsen, reducing risk of emergency situations.

• #2 Depressive Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/mood-disorders/depressive-disorders

  For diagnosis of prolonged grief, the grief response lasts a year or longer and is persistent, pervasive, and exceeding cultural norms. […] Diagnosis of depressive disorders is based on identification of the symptoms and signs and the clinical criteria described above. […] Specific closed-ended questions help determine whether patients have the symptoms required by DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis of major depression. […] Severity is determined by the degree of pain and disability (physical, social, occupational) and by duration of symptoms. […] Psychosis and catatonia indicate severe depression. […] Coexisting physical conditions, substance use disorders, and anxiety disorders may add to severity. […] Depressive disorders must be distinguished from demoralization and grief. […] Several brief questionnaires are available for screening for depression. […] Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria; general medical disorders must be ruled out by clinical evaluation and selected testing.

• #2 Precision medicine for mood disorders: objective assessment, risk prediction, pharmacogenomics, and repurposed drugs | Molecular Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-021-01061-w

  Blood biomarkers are emerging as important tools in disorders where subjective self-report of an individual or clinical impression of a healthcare professional are not always reliable, and for predicting future risk before the disorder (re-)occurs. They also open the door to precise, personalized matching with medications, and objective monitoring of response to treatment. […] We endeavored to use a similar comprehensive approach to identify more definitive biomarkers for mood disorders in general, and depression in particular. […] We also analyzed the biological pathways and networks they are involved in (Table 2). […] We tested in independent cohorts of psychiatric patients the ability of each of the top candidate biomarkers to assess state severity (mood (measured by SMS-7), depression (measured by HAMD), mania (measured by YMRS)), and predict trait risk (future hospitalizations with depression, future hospitalizations with mania).

• #2 Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) – NovoPsych

  https://novopsych.com/assessments/diagnosis/mood-disorder-questionnaire-mdq/

  The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a 15-item self-report screening instrument that can be used to identify clients most likely to have bipolar disorder. The MDQ assists in identifying bipolar disorder and distinguishing it from other mood disturbances in clinical populations. […] Past research has found that MDQ total scores are associated with anxiety, trauma-related, substance use, eating, and impulse control disorders, in addition to BD. […] Research indicates that effective treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) differs significantly from that of other related disorders, such as unipolar depression. […] This underscores the importance of screening for bipolar disorder (BD) in patients who present to mental health services so that they can receive an effective intervention. […] Traditionally, a positive screen on the MDQ requires endorsement of (a) 7 or more of 13 symptom items, (b) multiple symptoms occurring at the same time, and (c) symptoms causing notable psychosocial impairment.

• #2 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Bipolar II disorder is often under-recognized in primary care practices unless physicians specifically look for it. […] The most commonly used tool for screening is the age-appropriate Patient Health Questionnaire. […] Office-based tools, including the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, can be useful in excluding bipolar disorders, but they are not sufficient to confirm a diagnosis. […] The use of mobile apps cannot currently be recommended as a stand-alone intervention for bipolar disorders or other mental health disorders because of a lack of evidence. […] Patients typically present for treatment with depression or anxiety or with mixed features, which include concurrent mania and depression. […] Diagnosis may be delayed because a series of depressive episodes may occur before a mixed features, manic, or hypomanic episode manifests.

• #2 The diagnosis of mood disorders (Chapter 2) – Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/clinical-handbook-for-the-management-of-mood-disorders/diagnosis-of-mood-disorders/7EE60A67210198C7FA55CB56B31C5548

  This chapter deals with the diagnosis of mood disorders. […] A diagnosis of a major depressive episode (MDE) is made by recognizing the characteristic syndrome of symptoms that cluster together during the same period of time. […] Major depressive disorder is characterized by one or more major depressive episodes.

• #2 Mood Disorders Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/mood-disorders-5120944

  Mood disorders are a category of conditions listed in the „Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” (DSM-5). […] This article describes the two major categories of mood disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and treatments. It also explains how mood disorders are diagnosed and ways to cope if you are among 21.4% of adults in the United States living with a mood disorder at some point in their lives. […] There is no single test used to diagnose a mood disorder. Rather, a healthcare provider will conduct a psychiatric evaluation based on criteria outlined in the DSM-5. To meet the criteria, you must not have certain symptoms, but the symptoms must persist or recur for a certain period. […] To be diagnosed with MDD, you must experience five symptoms of depression outlined in the DSM-5 for at least two weeks.

• #2 Appendix D—DSM-IV-TR Mood Disorders – Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572966/

  In substance abuse treatment settings, you are likely to encounter clients with a variety of diagnoses of depressive illnesses. Most of these diagnoses fall in the category of Mood Disorders, as specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000). […] The descriptions of depressive disorders and their primary symptoms are taken from DSM-IV-TR. Please refer to the source document for a more complete description of these disorders. […] Major Depressive Disorder requires two or more major depressive episodes. […] Diagnostic criteria: Depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in life activities for at least 2 weeks and at least five of the following symptoms that cause clinically significant impairment in social, work, or other important areas of functioning almost every day.

• #2 Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels and behavior. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, your healthcare provider may use many tools, including: a physical exam, a thorough medical history, medical tests, and a mental health evaluation. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, you must have experienced at least one episode of mania or hypomania. Mental health providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to diagnose the type of bipolar disorder a person may be experiencing. […] Because of this, as well as the fact that memory is often impaired during mania so people cant remember experiencing it, it can be difficult for healthcare providers to properly diagnose people with bipolar disorder. […] People with bipolar disorder who are experiencing a severe manic episode with hallucinations may be incorrectly diagnosed with schizophrenia. Bipolar disorder can also be misdiagnosed as borderline personality disorder (BPD). […] It’s important to be honest and thorough when explaining all of your symptoms and experiences when talking with your healthcare provider.

• #2 Mood Disorders | AMBOSS Rotation Prep

  https://resident360.amboss.com/pediatrics/pediatric-mental-health/mood-disorders/mood-disorders.html

  The diagnosis of a primary mood disorder is clinical, based on history and examination. […] A major depressive episode is defined as the presence of A, B, and C: Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. […] For a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, it is necessary to meet criteria for a manic episode. […] For a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder, criteria must be met for a hypomanic and major depressive episode. […] DMDD was added to the DSM-5-TR to provide developmentally appropriate diagnostic criteria for severe irritability in children and adolescents. […] The diagnosis of DMDD cannot be made before age 6 or after 18 years of age.

• #2 Diagnosis in the Mood Spectrum – Psych Education

  https://psycheducation.org/diagnosis-in-the-mood-spectrum/

  If your depressions are complicated; if you have mood swings, but not mania, you can still be bipolar enough to need a treatment thats more like the treatments we use in more easily recognized Bipolar Disorder. […] Psychiatry has a diagnostic rule book that lists the symptoms people must have in order to meet the definition of a particular disorder, called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. […] Technically Bipolar II describes a pattern in which patients experience hypomania (to be discussed in detail below), alternating with episodes of severe depression. […] The clinical reality of manic-depressive illness is far more lethal and infinitely more complex than the current psychiatric nomenclature, bipolar disorder, would suggest. […] Making a diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be pretty tricky sometimes!

• #2 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Bipolar disorders are common, recurrent mental health conditions of variable severity that are difficult to diagnose. […] New diagnostic criteria and specifiers with attention on mixed features and anxious distress aid the physician in recognizing episode severity and prognosis. […] Physicians should consider bipolar disorder in any patient presenting with depression. […] Monotherapy with antidepressants is contraindicated during episodes with mixed features, manic episodes, and in bipolar I disorder. […] The nature and prognosis of the current episode and the likelihood of future ones can be described with specific attributes. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for depressive disorders for patients 12 years and older, including all pregnant patients in the perinatal period, in outpatient settings provided that systems are in place to support accurate diagnosis, psychotherapy, and follow-up.

• #2 Mood Disorders Caused by a General Medical Condition – Black Bear Lodge

  https://blackbearrehab.com/mental-health/mood-disorders/medical-condition/

  Mood disorders are conditions that include depressed episodes, manic episodes, or cycles of mania and depression. […] There are certain criteria that have to be met before a person receives a diagnosis of mood disorder caused by a general medical condition. […] When you are given the diagnosis of a mood disorder caused by a general medical condition, it is very important to take time to be sure that your mood disorder is actually caused by your physical ailment. […] Treating depression that is caused by a general medical condition can involve the administration of standard medications: antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. […] Treatment of a mood disorder that resulted from a general medical condition should also address the underlying medical cause.

• #2 JMIR Mental Health – Identification of Predictors of Mood Disorder Misdiagnosis and Subsequent Help-Seeking Behavior in Individuals With Depressive Symptoms: Gradient-Boosted Tree Machine Learning Approach

  https://mental.jmir.org/2024/1/e50738

  Misdiagnosis and delayed help-seeking cause significant burden for individuals with mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Misdiagnosis can lead to inappropriate treatment, while delayed help-seeking can result in more severe symptoms, functional impairment, and poor treatment response. […] The most predictive features with respect to misdiagnosis were high severity of depressed mood, instability of self-image, the involvement of a psychiatrist in diagnosing depression, higher age at depression diagnosis, and reckless spending. […] The strongest predictor of misdiagnosis was the severity of depressed mood, with more severe depressive symptoms being associated with a greater risk of being misdiagnosed. […] The second most predictive feature of misdiagnosis identified in this study was unstable self-image.

• #2 Mood Disorders and Rapid Screening: A Brief Review

  https://www.mentalhealthjournal.org/articles/mood-disorders-rapid-screening-brief-review.html

  Practitioners should use evidence-based screening and diagnostic tools in the journey to diagnose accurately between the differences of BD and MDD. […] According to research, clients with bipolar disorder are treated for at least 5 to 10 years under the diagnosis of MDD until the person experiences a first manic break or presents with a suicide attempt before an accurate BD diagnosis is made. […] The RMS is not considered a diagnostic tool alone, the practitioner should have personal training, education and use clinical judgment to determine if bipolar disorder is the accurate mood disorder diagnosis per the DSM-5-TR. […] Understanding the research about evidence-based screening tools used for accurate diagnosis is key to rapidly identifying between unipolar depression and bipolar disorders. […] In summary, rapid screening and accurate diagnosis will lead to enhanced daily functioning, family or social functioning and ultimately improve the quality of life.

• #2

  https://www.rula.com/blog/mood-disorder-diagnosis/

  Generally, the provider will ask you questions about your symptoms and compare them to the diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which is the text used to make mental health diagnosis and treatment decisions. […] Unfortunately, even when you receive a diagnostic assessment from a qualified professional, misdiagnosis can happen. […] If you have any concerns about the diagnosis youve been given, talk to your healthcare provider. […] If youre looking to receive a diagnosis for a possible mood disorder, following these steps can help you get started. […] During your appointment, your provider may ask you questions about your symptoms and your medical history. […] The healthcare provider might make a diagnosis right away. […] Its important to follow up with any treatment recommendations given to you by your healthcare provider. […] Receiving a mood disorder diagnosis can result in a variety of emotions from relief to uncertainty.

• #2 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  A number of reasons exist for obtaining selected laboratory studies in patients with bipolar disorder. First, an extensive range of tests is indicated because bipolar disorder encompasses both depression and mania and because a significant number of medical causes for each state exists. The basic principle remains, „Do not miss a treatable medical cause for the mental status.” […] Second, the condition necessitates use of a number of medications that require certain body systems to be working properly. For example, lithium requires an intact genitourinary (GU) system and can affect certain other systems, and certain anticonvulsants can suppress bone marrow. […] Third, because bipolar illness is a lifelong disorder, performing certain baseline studies is important to establish any long-term effects of the medications.

• #2 Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder tends to run in families, and research suggests that certain genes may increase the risk. […] A correct diagnosis is essential to the appropriate management of bipolar disorder. Medications to ease symptoms of unipolar depression can actually trigger manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, a doctor performs a physical exam, asks about your symptoms, and recommends blood testing to determine if another condition, such as hypothyroidism, is causing your symptoms. […] If the doctor does not find an underlying cause of your symptoms, he or she performs a psychological evaluation. […] During a psychological evaluation, a specialist asks if you have a family history of bipolar disorder, depression, or anxiety disorders. […] After the specialist assesses your symptoms and family history, he or she conducts a feedback session, during which you discuss the diagnosis and most appropriate treatment options.

• #2 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  The initial clinical evaluation of patients with a possible diagnosis of bipolar disorder includes a psychiatric and general medical history, mental status and physical examination, and a basic set of laboratory tests (eg, thyroid stimulating hormone, complete blood count, chemistries, and urine toxicology to screen for illicit substances). […] The psychiatric history and mental status examination should assess patients for major depression, mania, hypomania, impulsive or risk-taking behaviors, suicidal thoughts and behavior, risk factors for suicide attempts and deaths, psychotic features (eg, delusions or hallucinations), and comorbid psychiatric and general medical disorders. […] In addition to current symptoms, it is important to ascertain the number, frequency, intensity, and duration of past mood episodes.

• #2 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  In a study to assess the relationship between bipolar disorder and thyroid dysfunction, Krishna et al found that elevated T3 hormone had a statistically significantly association with bipolar disorder. […] Kidney failure can present as depression. Treatment with lithium can affect urinary clearances, and serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels can increase; however, other signs and symptoms of kidney failure will appear first. […] Alcohol abuse and abuse of a wide variety of drugs can present as either mania or depression. […] A number of patients with bipolar disorder, or manic-depressive illness (MDI), also have a drug or alcohol addiction; that is, they have dual diagnoses. […] Performing a substance screen helps to make this dual diagnosis. If the patient has a dual diagnosis, addiction-focused treatment should be coordinated with the treatment of bipolar disorder.

• #2 Simple blood test can help diagnose bipolar disorder | University of Cambridge

  https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/simple-blood-test-can-help-diagnose-bipolar-disorder

  Researchers have developed a new way of improving diagnosis of bipolar disorder that uses a simple blood test to identify biomarkers associated with the condition. […] The ability to diagnose bipolar disorder with a simple blood test could ensure that patients get the right treatment the first time. […] The researchers, from the University of Cambridge, used a combination of an online psychiatric assessment and a blood test to diagnose patients with bipolar disorder, many of whom had been misdiagnosed with major depressive disorder. […] Incorporating biomarker testing could help physicians differentiate between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, which have overlapping symptoms but require different pharmacological treatments. […] Although the blood test is still a proof of concept, the researchers say it could be an effective complement to existing psychiatric diagnosis and could help researchers understand the biological origins of mental health conditions.

• #2 Simple blood test can help diagnose bipolar disorder | University of Cambridge

  https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/simple-blood-test-can-help-diagnose-bipolar-disorder

  The most effective way to get an accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorder is a full psychiatric assessment. However, patients often face long waits to get these assessments, and they take time to carry out. […] Psychiatric assessments are highly effective, but the ability to diagnose bipolar disorder with a simple blood test could ensure that patients get the right treatment the first time and alleviate some of the pressures on medical professionals. […] Analysis of the data showed a significant biomarker signal for bipolar disorder, even after accounting for confounding factors such as medication. […] The researchers found that the combination of patient-reported information and the biomarker test significantly improved diagnostic outcomes for people with bipolar disorder, especially in those where the diagnosis was not obvious. […] In addition to the diagnostic capabilities of biomarkers, they could also be used to identify potential drug targets for mood disorders, which could lead to better treatments.

• #2 Digital biomarkers of mood disorders and symptom change | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0078-0

  A small base of research has explored using actigraphy data for mood disorder diagnosis. […] Developing unobtrusive, timely methods to detect symptom change has potential to enable just-in-time interventions to prevent clinical deterioration as a next step. […] The present study aimed to identify digital biomarkers of MDD and bipolar disorder. […] Results suggest that unobtrusive, passive actigraphy data hold potential to supplement traditional diagnostic assessments of MDD and bipolar disorder. […] Results also showed that actigraphy data predicted the majority of variation in patients depression severity over ~2 weeks. […] Although chances of overfitting are reduced using LOOCV and boosting models, current results are preliminary and require replication by independent research groups, in larger samples. […] If replicated, results suggest that passive digital assessment show promise for reducing the burden of MDD and bipolar disorder.

• #2 Mood disorders: Types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-mood-disorders

  Mood disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. […] Treatment, including medications and therapy, may help individuals with mood disorders manage their conditions and improve their symptoms. […] A healthcare professional may perform a physical examination and various medical tests to rule out other possible causes. They may conduct a mental health evaluation or refer someone to a mental health professional for diagnosis. […] A mental health professional may diagnose someone based on the following factors: symptoms, family history, mental health history and status, experiences, substance use. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of a mood disorder can improve a persons outcome. […] Anyone with symptoms of a mood disorder can contact a doctor or mental health professional to discuss a diagnosis. […] If symptoms affect a persons daily life or emotional well-being, contribute to substance misuse, or cause thoughts of self-harm or suicide, a person should seek treatment.

• #2 Mood Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/

  The first step towards choosing an optimal treatment is a thorough assessment of the patient’s safety and level of functioning. […] Educating the patients regarding the symptoms and timely treatment is mandatory for recovery from mood disorders. […] The optimal treatment of patients with mood disorders requires the involvement of various health care professionals comprising of family physicians, nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers with the strong cooperation of family and support groups.

• #2 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  Individuals with a depressive disorder have a 17-fold increased risk for suicide over the age- and sex-adjusted general population rate. […] The lifetime risk of suicide is estimated to be 20- to 30- fold greater than in the general population and 5-6% of individuals with bipolar disorder die by suicide. […] Studies exploring depression symptoms among the general population show a substantial pattern of comorbidity between depression and other mental disorders, particularly substance use disorders. […] Those with bipolar I disorder typically have a history of three or more mental disorders. […] The cognitive model, arguably the most conclusive model with regards to depressive disorders, focuses on the negative thoughts and perceptions of an individual. […] The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life.

• #2 Overview of Mood Disorders

  https://healthlibrary.bvhealthsystem.org/library/testsprocedures/85,P00759

  Mood disorders are serious illnesses. A psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, advanced practice registered nurse, or licensed clinical social worker can diagnose mood disorders after completing a complete health history and psychiatric evaluation. […] The symptoms of mood disorders may seem like other conditions or mental health problems. Always talk with a healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] When correctly diagnosed and treated, people with mood disorders can live stable, productive, healthy lives.

• #2 Mood Disorders | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/mental-behavioral/mood-disorders

  Ohio State offers expert care and various treatment options for mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and difficult-to-treat depression. […] If you or a loved one is struggling with mental health issues that might be related to mood changes, you can feel safe asking for help here. Well get you an accurate diagnosis and walk you through every step of treatment that is personalized to you. […] People with mood disorders can make a full recovery if they have the right treatment and work with well-trained and experienced mental health professionals, like the ones at the Ohio State Wexner Medical Center. […] Typically, were able to improve your condition with expert management of medications, including antidepressants and mood stabilizers, and different types of psychotherapy (talk therapy). However, if those arent successful or you have a treatment-resistant mood disorder, we also provide advanced treatments.

• #3 Mood disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder

  A mood disorder, also known as an affective disorder, is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder where the main underlying characteristic is a disturbance in the person’s mood. […] The classification is in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD). […] Mood disorders fall into seven groups, including; abnormally elevated mood, such as mania or hypomania; depressed mood, of which the best-known and most researched is major depressive disorder (MDD) (alternatively known as clinical depression, unipolar depression, or major depression); and moods which cycle between mania and depression, known as bipolar disorder (BD) (formerly known as manic depression). […] In some cases, more than one mood disorder can be present in an individual, like bipolar disorder and depressive disorder.

• #3 Affective Disorders: Types, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/affective-disorders

  A psychiatrist or other trained mental health professional can diagnose an affective disorder. This is done with a psychiatric evaluation. […] There are no medical tests to diagnose affective disorders. […] To make a diagnosis, a mental health professional can give you a psychiatric evaluation. They will follow set guidelines.

• #3 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  The initial clinical evaluation of patients with a possible diagnosis of bipolar disorder includes a psychiatric and general medical history, mental status and physical examination, and a basic set of laboratory tests (eg, thyroid stimulating hormone, complete blood count, chemistries, and urine toxicology to screen for illicit substances). […] The psychiatric history and mental status examination should assess patients for major depression, mania, hypomania, impulsive or risk-taking behaviors, suicidal thoughts and behavior, risk factors for suicide attempts and deaths, psychotic features (eg, delusions or hallucinations), and comorbid psychiatric and general medical disorders. […] In addition to current symptoms, it is important to ascertain the number, frequency, intensity, and duration of past mood episodes.

• #3 Mood Disorders: Definition, Types, and Symptoms

  https://psychcentral.com/health/all-about-mood-disorders

  The phrase mood disorder is used to describe mental health conditions that impact your emotional state. […] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), a reference handbook by the American Psychiatric Association, mood disorders fall under one of two categories: bipolar disorders and depressive disorders. […] There are a few diagnoses that fall under the umbrella of mood disorders. Each has its own diagnostic criteria and range of severity. […] If youre concerned about symptoms of mood disorders, your primary care doctor can be a good place to start for learning more. […] An overall medical evaluation can help rule out other conditions that could explain your symptoms. […] You may be referred to a licensed mental healthcare professional if you present specific symptoms that cannot be explained physiologically. […] If mood episodes are interfering with your daily life, however, it may be time to speak with your healthcare team.

• #3 Appendix D—DSM-IV-TR Mood Disorders – Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572966/

  In substance abuse treatment settings, you are likely to encounter clients with a variety of diagnoses of depressive illnesses. Most of these diagnoses fall in the category of Mood Disorders, as specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000). […] The descriptions of depressive disorders and their primary symptoms are taken from DSM-IV-TR. Please refer to the source document for a more complete description of these disorders. […] Major Depressive Disorder requires two or more major depressive episodes. […] Diagnostic criteria: Depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in life activities for at least 2 weeks and at least five of the following symptoms that cause clinically significant impairment in social, work, or other important areas of functioning almost every day.

• #3 Precision medicine for mood disorders: objective assessment, risk prediction, pharmacogenomics, and repurposed drugs | Molecular Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-021-01061-w

  Mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorders) are prevalent and disabling. They are also highly co-morbid with other psychiatric disorders. Currently there are no objective measures, such as blood tests, used in clinical practice, and available treatments do not work in everybody. The development of blood tests, as well as matching of patients with existing and new treatments, in a precise, personalized and preventive fashion, would make a significant difference at an individual and societal level. […] Due to the lack of objective tests and the perceived presence of stigma, mood disorders are often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed (depression instead of bipolar disorder). They are also sub-optimally treated, can lead to self-medication with alcohol and drugs, and may culminate in some cases with suicide.

• #3 Appendix D—DSM-IV-TR Mood Disorders – Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572966/

  Adjustment disorder is a psychological reaction to overwhelming emotional or psychological stress, resulting in depression or other symptoms. […] The symptoms of an adjustment disorder normally do not reach the proportions of a Major Depressive Disorder, nor do they last as long as a Dysthymic Disorder. […] Sometimes depression is symptomatic of another mental disorder. […] While, in this context, the depression is a symptom, it is still important to recognize its impact on the person and his or her ability to respond to substance abuse treatment.

• #3 Mania: Screening and Assessment | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/mania/mania—screening-and-assessment

  There is typically a long delay between symptom onset and correct diagnosis and treatment. […] Consider routine screening for bipolar disorder in all patients who present with affective symptoms (Das et al., 2005). […] Using a screening tool such as the Mood Disorder Questionnaire is an efficient way to probe for bipolar symptoms. […] Explore a positive screen further to confirm or rule out a bipolar diagnosis (Hirschfeld et al., 2000). […] The PHQ can be used for diagnosis, assessing severity and monitoring treatment response. […] The MDQ screens for Bipolar Spectrum Disorder (print version).

• #3 Free Bipolar Disorder Test Quiz

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-test

  The following bipolar disorder test is based on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) designed to identify mood symptoms often found in bipolar disorder. It can be a useful screening tool for adults and adolescents aged 12 and above. While no test can replace a medical diagnosis, taking this short quiz may help you decide if you should speak to a mental health professional for an accurate diagnosis. […] Making an accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be difficult even for medical professionals. In many cases, it can take numerous consultations to correctly identify bipolar disorder and decide on the best treatment plan. You cant diagnose the disorder on your own and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is just one type of screening tool. […] Therefore, its vital that you see a mental health professional to make an accurate diagnosis.

• #3 Depressive Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/mood-disorders/depressive-disorders

  Depressive disorders are characterized by sadness severe enough or persistent enough to interfere with function and often by decreased interest or pleasure in activities. […] Diagnosis is based on history. […] The term depression is often used to refer to any of several depressive disorders. […] For diagnosis of major depressive disorder, ≥ 5 of the following must have been present nearly every day during the same 2-week period, and one of them must be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. […] For diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder, patients must have had a depressed mood for most of the day for more days than not for ≥ 2 years plus ≥ 2 of the following. […] For diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, patients must have ≥ 5 symptoms during the week before menstruation.

• #3 Module 4: Mood Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-4-mood-disorders/

  Individuals with a depressive disorder have a 17-fold increased risk for suicide over the age- and sex-adjusted general population rate. […] The lifetime risk of suicide is estimated to be 20- to 30- fold greater than in the general population and 5-6% of individuals with bipolar disorder die by suicide. […] Studies exploring depression symptoms among the general population show a substantial pattern of comorbidity between depression and other mental disorders, particularly substance use disorders. […] Those with bipolar I disorder typically have a history of three or more mental disorders. […] The cognitive model, arguably the most conclusive model with regards to depressive disorders, focuses on the negative thoughts and perceptions of an individual. […] The behavioral model explains depression as a result of a change in the number of rewards and punishments one receives throughout their life.

• #3 Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder tends to run in families, and research suggests that certain genes may increase the risk. […] A correct diagnosis is essential to the appropriate management of bipolar disorder. Medications to ease symptoms of unipolar depression can actually trigger manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, a doctor performs a physical exam, asks about your symptoms, and recommends blood testing to determine if another condition, such as hypothyroidism, is causing your symptoms. […] If the doctor does not find an underlying cause of your symptoms, he or she performs a psychological evaluation. […] During a psychological evaluation, a specialist asks if you have a family history of bipolar disorder, depression, or anxiety disorders. […] After the specialist assesses your symptoms and family history, he or she conducts a feedback session, during which you discuss the diagnosis and most appropriate treatment options.

• #3 Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels and behavior. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, your healthcare provider may use many tools, including: a physical exam, a thorough medical history, medical tests, and a mental health evaluation. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, you must have experienced at least one episode of mania or hypomania. Mental health providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to diagnose the type of bipolar disorder a person may be experiencing. […] Because of this, as well as the fact that memory is often impaired during mania so people cant remember experiencing it, it can be difficult for healthcare providers to properly diagnose people with bipolar disorder. […] People with bipolar disorder who are experiencing a severe manic episode with hallucinations may be incorrectly diagnosed with schizophrenia. Bipolar disorder can also be misdiagnosed as borderline personality disorder (BPD). […] It’s important to be honest and thorough when explaining all of your symptoms and experiences when talking with your healthcare provider.

• #3 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  In diagnosing bipolar I disorder, clinicians can specify whether the course of illness is characterized by rapid cycling or a seasonal pattern, and whether the mood episodes are marked by psychotic features, catatonia, anxious distress, mixed features, melancholic features, atypical features, or peripartum onset. […] Bipolar II disorder is diagnosed in patients with a history of at least one episode of hypomania, at least one episode of major depression, and no history of mania. In addition, the mood episodes in bipolar II disorder are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. […] The differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder includes unipolar major depression, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and borderline personality disorder.

• #3 Getting a Diagnosis for Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-diagnosis-guide

  Diagnosis for bipolar disorder can be complex. […] Testing for bipolar disorder is not as simple as taking a multiple-choice test or sending blood to a lab. […] The diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires at least one depressive and one manic or hypomanic episode. […] The criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder in children are similar to those for adults. […] Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive evaluation, including questions about your child’s mood, sleeping patterns, and behavior. […] There are no specific blood tests or brain scans to diagnose bipolar disorder. […] A thyroid function test is a blood test that measures how well your thyroid gland functions. […] According to a 2018 study, bipolar disorder has a misdiagnosis rate as high as 76.8%. […] Bipolar disorder is often misdiagnosed as: depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, a personality disorder.

• #3 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Bipolar II disorder is often under-recognized in primary care practices unless physicians specifically look for it. […] The most commonly used tool for screening is the age-appropriate Patient Health Questionnaire. […] Office-based tools, including the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, can be useful in excluding bipolar disorders, but they are not sufficient to confirm a diagnosis. […] The use of mobile apps cannot currently be recommended as a stand-alone intervention for bipolar disorders or other mental health disorders because of a lack of evidence. […] Patients typically present for treatment with depression or anxiety or with mixed features, which include concurrent mania and depression. […] Diagnosis may be delayed because a series of depressive episodes may occur before a mixed features, manic, or hypomanic episode manifests.

• #3 DSM-5 and Psychotic and Mood Disorders | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/42/2/182

  Mood disorders are less frequent than psychotic disorders in criminal forensic evaluations, but may be pertinent to competence-to-stand-trial and insanity evaluations. […] The DSM-IV section on Mood Disorders has been replaced in DSM-5 with separate sections for the Bipolar Disorders and the Depressive Disorders. […] Three new depressive disorders are included in DSM-5: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. […] The presence of new and more detailed descriptive specifiers for the bipolar and depressive disorders may have some impact on forensic psychiatry. […] The specifier of with anxious distress is the only entirely new one. […] The addition of peri-partum onset will thus have forensic implications, both for the management of bipolar and depressive disorders in pregnancy and for the review of cases of infanticide.

• #3 Mood Disorders | AMBOSS Rotation Prep

  https://resident360.amboss.com/pediatrics/pediatric-mental-health/mood-disorders/mood-disorders.html

  Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is characterized by marked mood lability, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety that occur cyclically in association with the premenstrual phase of menses for the majority of cycles over the course of a year. […] Major depressive disorder is a familial disorder related to the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder also has a strong genetic component. […] Clinicians should screen for suicidal and homicidal ideation in all children and adolescents with mood disorders. […] A depressive episode can last several months. […] Bipolar disorder typically is a lifelong illness. […] A diagnosis of DMDD does not replace the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in pediatric populations but rather reflects a distinct mood disorder.

• #3 Diagnostics | Special Issue : Early Diagnosis of Mood Disorders: Focus on Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics/special_issues/mood_disord

  Early diagnosis in psychiatry may represent a challenge for clinicians, although clear diagnostic criteria have been identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). […] Nevertheless, misdiagnosis is very frequent in psychiatry, occurring in at least 30–50% of cases (e.g. psychotic bipolar disorder is often initially diagnosed as delusional disorder or major depressive disorder). […] Notably, an early diagnosis may favour the choice of a proper treatment, helping to improve the long-term outcome of psychiatric patients. […] This Special Issue on “Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders” will cover all aspects of the diagnostic process in psychiatry, with particular focus on potential biological markers of mental disorders (especially those easily accessible in clinical practice) and on factors that could contribute to better defining symptoms dimensions and outcome of psychiatric disorders.

• #3 Nosographic classification of mood disorders: from symptoms to diagnosis and treatment | Albert | Reviews in Health Care

  https://journals.seedmedicalpublishers.com/index.php/rhc/article/view/200

  Mood disorders represent a main health concern, due to their high prevalence in the general population and because they are related to a severe worsening of quality of life and psychosocial functioning of those who are affected. […] an efficacious, targeted and precise approach is essential in everyday clinical practice. This article reviews the methods of diagnostic approach, with the aim of describing the different phases of nosographic classification of mood disorders and their meaning. […] the right differential diagnosis is important because there are great differences in the optimal management of these conditions (antidepressants vs. mood stabilizers) and diagnostic errors can potentially worsen the patient’s prognosis. […] In conclusion, the right nosographic classification allows the right therapeutic and prognostic approach.

• #3 Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/mood-disorders-children-and-adolescents

  Mental health problems ranging from depression to bipolar disorder are known as mood disorders, or affective disorders. […] Today, clinicians and researchers believe that mood disorders in children remain one of the most underdiagnosed health problems. […] An accurate diagnosis of the mood disorder, as well as any other conditions, is a crucial first step in managing the disorder effectively. […] The evaluation may assess: Your child’s overall health and medical history, Your child’s symptoms, Your child’s behavior at home, at school, and with peers, Environmental factors that might be stressors in your child’s life, Input from teachers or guidance counselor about issues at school, Your child’s past experiences with specific medications or therapies, Your opinion or preference for treatment options. […] The right treatment then determines how effectively the mood disorder is managed and how well your child flourishes in every domain: home, school, and among peers.

• #3 Mood disorders — Zencare

  https://zencare.co/mental-health/mood-disorders

  The important thing is to ask for help if any symptoms are impacting your daily life. This is especially important if the symptoms have been present for most of the day, and nearly every day, for two weeks or more. […] Many professionals treat mood disorders through a combination of medication and psychotherapy. […] If you’re concerned that you might have a mood disorder, consider a combination of the following treatment options: […] Mood disorder early diagnosis has been seen in young children and teens, most common mood disorders present as depression and bipolar disorder in the early 20s. If you suspect you have a mood disorder, seek help. […] Look for a therapist who has experience and specialized training in mood disorders (specifically, look for “depression” or “bipolar disorder” depending on the symptoms you are experiencing) and the particular therapy type that resonates with you.

• #3 Mood Disorders – Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/services/behavioral-health/conditions-we-treat/mood-disorders

  It is important to contact your healthcare provider if you are experiencing symptoms of a mood disorder. Your healthcare provider will take a thorough medical history, conduct a physical exam, and may order lab work to rule out any medical condition that may be contributing to symptoms. Additionally, your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional. Your mental health provider will conduct an intake session, gathering information on your medical history, family history of mental illness, and presenting symptoms. Typically, after a thorough evaluation (usually done in 1-3 sessions, sometimes more) your mental health provider will be able to make a diagnosis.

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