Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Common Skin Rashes in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p211.html

  Because childhood rashes may be difficult to differentiate by appearance alone, it is important to consider the entire clinical presentation to help make the appropriate diagnosis. […] A fever is likely to occur with roseola, erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), and scarlet fever. […] The key feature of roseola is a rash presenting after resolution of a high fever, whereas the distinguishing features in pityriasis rosea are a herald patch and a bilateral and symmetric rash in a Christmas tree pattern. […] Roseola is most commonly caused by human herpesvirus 6 and affects infants and children younger than three years. […] It is characterized by the abrupt onset of high fever lasting one to five days. […] Once the fever resolves, an erythematous macular to maculopapular rash usually appears, starting on the trunk and spreading peripherally.

• #2 Infant and toddler health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/baby-rashes/art-20546833

  You may expect your baby’s skin to be flawless, but rashes and other skin conditions are common at this age. […] But no matter what you do, baby rashes can still show up. […] Diaper rash is often caused when a baby’s skin is in contact with urine or stool for too long. […] The rash is more likely if the diaper doesn’t fit well and rubs the baby’s skin. […] Talk to your baby’s healthcare professional if the rash doesn’t improve or gets worse. […] The common baby rashes are all part of your baby getting used to the world. […] For these reasons, a baby’s skin is more likely to react than adult skin to things such as heat, skin products or chemicals in clothing.

• #2 Common Skin Rashes in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p211.html

  Approximately 80% of patients with pityriasis rosea present with a single oval-shaped, rose-colored patch, usually on the trunk. […] The herald patch may be misdiagnosed as tinea corporis because of the annular lesion with raised edges, fine scale, and central clearing. […] The rash of pityriasis rosea is usually bilateral and symmetric, distributed parallel to the Langer lines in a Christmas tree pattern. […] Scarlet fever is diagnosed in 10% of children presenting with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. […] It is caused by certain strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci that release a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin). […] Impetigo is a primary or secondary bacterial infection of the epidermis of the skin. […] Erythema infectiosum, or fifth disease, is caused by parvovirus B19.

• #3 Rashes

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/rashes/

  Rashes are very common in children and babies. Most rashes are caused by common viral infections, and are nothing to be worried about. Usually, rashes are harmless and will go away on their own. […] Sometimes different viruses can cause rashes that look the same, while some viruses cause rashes that look quite unique. […] Measles is a virus that causes a distinctive rash. Measles is very contagious and can be serious. If you think your child has measles, see your GP. […] Rashes can have many different appearances: red, flat areas; raised bumps; blisters; welts; or any combination of these. It can be common for the rash to spread to most or all of the body before it goes away. The rash may last for days to weeks. […] Most rashes are mild and do not cause your child any distress, although some rashes can cause a lot of itching.

• #3 Baby Rash: Causes, Types, Treatments, Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-spot-and-take-care-of-your-babys-rash

  There are many types of rashes that affect various parts of a babys body. […] These rashes are typically very treatable. While they may be uncomfortable, they arent cause for alarm. Rashes are rarely an emergency. […] Sometimes, infant rashes can indicate a more serious illness. […] Babies have very new skin and developing immune systems. Their skin is sensitive and susceptible to many sources of irritation or infection. Causes of rashes in babies include: […] Viral and bacterial infections can also cause rashes. […] Depending on the cause of the rash, almost any part of your babys body can be affected. […] Eczema is another very common childhood rash. If you have a family history of eczema or sensitive skin, your baby is likely to be more prone to eczema. […] It may be caused by allergies or skin sensitivities to food, laundry detergent, types of fabric, or other irritants.

• #3 Common Skin Rashes in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p211.html

  It is a common childhood infection characterized by a prodrome of low-grade fever, malaise, sore throat, headache, and nausea followed several days later by an erythematous slapped cheek facial rash. […] Molluscum contagiosum is a skin infection caused by a poxvirus. […] This highly contagious viral infection most commonly affects children two to 11 years of age. […] Tinea is a common fungal skin infection in children that may affect the scalp (tinea capitis), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris), feet (tinea pedis), hands (tinea manus), or nails (tinea unguium). […] Atopic dermatitis is a common childhood inflammatory skin disease that affects approximately 20% of children in the United States. […] This chronic, pruritic skin disease is relapsing in nature.

• #4 Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Itching in Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8389554/

  Itching in childhood is mainly associated with skin diseases. […] Itchy skin conditions in children include eczema (particularly atopic dermatitis), rashes, infections/infestations, urticaria/mastocytosis, autoimmune disorders, and hereditary dermatoses. […] For dermatologic treatment (topical or systemic) in children, dermatologists must take into account the physiology, and pathophysiology, and also pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, which differ from those of adults. […] The high ratio of body surface to body weight determines the absorption of topically applied drugs and emollients. […] Infantile skin is also characterized by a thinner epidermis and stratum corneum, and smaller corneocytes. […] We should take these facts into account in the treatment of infants in general, particularly in those suffering from diseases with a known barrier defect such as atopic dermatitis (AD).

• #5 Atopic Dermatitis in Children: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4254569/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with both disruption of the epithelial barrier of the skin and allergic inflammation in the skin of hosts whose genetic background results in a predisposition to atopy. […] Broad environmental modifiers that are poorly characterized appear to be critical for the development of atopic dermatitis in genetically susceptible children. This section will review defects in pathways that are fundamental to AD development in humans, including barrier disruption and immune dysregulation. The focus is to reveal patterns in the early pathogenesis of AD that guide treatment strategies and that suggest targets for novel therapeutics. […] Twin concordance studies demonstrate that genetic factors are the primary determinant for the development of atopic dermatitis, with estimates for genetic contribution to disease being approximately 80%. […] Despite these findings, a common defective pathway which gives rise to the clinical phenotype of AD in the human host has not been identified. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of genetic susceptibility loci in patients with AD. Many susceptibility loci enriched within the AD population are within or near genes critical to innate immunity, Th2-mediated inflammation, and skin barrier function, highlighting the importance of these pathways in AD pathogenesis.

• #6 Atopic Dermatitis in Children: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4254569/

  Loss of skin barrier integrity appears essential for the development of AD; several genetic diseases affecting skin barrier function have been described, including Netherton syndrome and Peeling skin syndrome, type b, all of which have features of allergic inflammation. […] In concert with barrier dysfunction, virtually every lineage of immune cell has an implicated role in the immunopathogenesis of AD, with certain populations such as CD4+ T cells clearly being necessary for disease development. […] A number of proteins contribute to the structure and primary function of the skin as a barrier preventing water loss and impeding the penetration of irritants, immunogens, and pathogens, most notably Staphylococcus aureus. […] Damaging mutations in genes critical to normal barrier function of the skin have been shown to strongly segregate with early and severe forms of atopic dermatitis and icthyosis, usually associated with elevations in total serum IgE levels. Among these are mutations in filaggrin (FLG), desmoglein-1 (DSG1), corneodesmosin (CDSN) and serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5).

• #7 Atopic Dermatitis in Children: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4254569/

  Filaggrin is a polyfunctional protein, present in the epidermis, which undergoes complex proteolytic processing during normal desquamation. […] In the last decade, several loss-of-function mutations in FLG have been shown to result in deficiency of the protein, reduced levels of NMF, and severe early-onset atopic dermatitis and icthyosis, with marked elevations of total IgE levels. In addition to its effects on the structure and function of skin, FLG haploinsufficiency may contribute to AD pathogenesis in multiple additional ways including: effects on skin pH, promotion of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and unimpeded growth of Staphylocccus aureus. […] During normal desquamation, desmosomes must be processed and degraded by proteases in a regulated manner near the skin surface. […] Damaging autosomal recessive mutations in SPINK5 lead to loss of LEKTI and enhanced serine protease activity deep in the epidermis with increased desmosome destruction and increased skin permeability. This is clinically manifest as Netherton syndrome, characterized by generalized erythroderma, icthyosis, trichorrhexis invaginatum (bamboo hair), elevated IgE and atopy.

• #8 Atopic Dermatitis in Children: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4254569/

  Innate immune cells play a major role in the immunopathogenesis of AD. […] Once a defect in the skin barrier is established, dendritic cells (DC) and denuded epithelium are exposed to exogenous irritants, danger signals, and pathogens. This leads to dendritic cell (DC) and keratinocyte activation via innate immune receptor ligation by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In the genetically susceptible host, activated epithelial cells prime DCs to promote Th2 programs through elaboration of TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25. […] Despite clear evidence that intrinsic defects in skin barrier function predispose to an early and often severe AD, additional factors appear to be necessary for AD development. […] A significant number of individuals carrying null FLG alleles fail to develop AD. Additionally, patients with pemphigus foliaceous have not been reported to have increased allergic sensitization or disease, despite their skin barrier defect.

• #9 Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911574-overview

  Clinically unaffected skin in patients with atopic dermatitis has increased numbers of T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells compared with skin in patients without atopic dermatitis. Increased levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 (Th2 cytokines) are seen in acute atopic dermatitis skin lesions, whereas chronic atopic dermatitis lesions show increased expression of IL-5 (Th2 cytokine) and IL-12 and interferon (IFN)- (Th1 cytokines). Chronic atopic dermatitis lesions also exhibit greater eosinophil infiltration compared with skin in patients without atopic dermatitis. […] IL-4 enhances differentiation of T-helper cells along the Th2 pathway, and IL-13 acts as a chemoattractant for Th2 cells to infiltrate atopic dermatitis lesions. IL-13 may also directly induce IL-5 expression and eosinophil infiltration, thereby facilitating the transition from acute lesions into chronic lesions.

• #10 Rashes in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/rashes-in-children

  Viral infections often cause rashes in young children. Rashes caused by roseola infantum and erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) are harmless and usually go away without treatment. Rashes caused by measles, rubella, and chickenpox are less common because children receive vaccines that prevent these infections, but they may occur in unvaccinated children.

• #11 Roseola infantum | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/roseola-infantum

  Roseola is one of the very common mild viral illnesses that affect children aged between six months and three years. […] The fine, raised, red skin rash and high temperature can last from a few hours to three to five days. […] Roseola develops around five to 15 days after contact and usually doesn’t cause problems for the child, although sometimes it can make the child feel unwell. […] The high temperature and fine, raised, red skin rash can last from a few hours to three to five days. […] Roseola is caused by one of the viruses in the herpes group, but this virus can’t cause other herpes infections, such as cold sores. […] It is not known how the virus is spread, although spread via saliva is suspected. […] Roseola is most infectious while the child is unwell from the start of the fever and including the time before the rash appears. […] The major problem is the possibility of febrile convulsions (fits triggered by a high fever), as the child’s temperature may rise very quickly. […] Roseola usually doesn’t cause any problems.

• #12 14 Common Rashes in Babies and Kids

  https://www.parents.com/health/rashes/rashes/

  Rashes are relatively common in babies and children, and their causes can vary widely. Sometimes a rash indicates an allergic reaction or a mild infection. Other times it points to a serious condition like measles. […] This rash is not contagious or caused by an illness. It’s unknown exactly why some people develop eczema. However, environmental and genetic factors, stress, and immune system function are all at play. […] Fifth disease is characterized by fever, headache, cough, sore throat, and rash. This viral infection tends to target young school-age kids. […] Heat rash in babies and kids which is also called miliaria, prickly heat, or sweat rash is a faint red rash with tiny red bumps or clear blisters that are most common on the neck, forehead, and shoulders. […] The rash goes away on its own and symptoms last about a week. HFMD usually comes with a fever and a sore throat.

• #13 9 Common Skin Rashes in Children | TPMG Newport News, VA

  https://www.mytpmg.com/blog/nine-common-skin-rashes-in-children/

  Hives are characterized by wheal-and-flare lesions, which are red, raised bumps or welts on the surface of the skin that are often very itchy. Environmental allergens, food, or even medications can trigger hives. […] Another skin rash due to an allergic reaction is erythema multiforme. While not as common as hives, this rash is characterized by a bull’s-eye-shaped lesion. […] Strep rash, also known as scarlet fever or scarlatina, is a form of infectious rash caused by strep throat. This rash is characterized by very fine, red raised bumps. […] Diaper rash is characterized by red areas of skin around the diaper area and can result in peeling, flaky, or scaly skin. […] A common rash usually seen in babies and toddlers; roseola typically occurs within 24 hours of a broken fever. This rash, characterized by a red, flat rash spreading over the body, shouldn’t result in any pain or discomfort for the child.

• #14 Rash – child under 2 years Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/rash-child-under-2-years

  Baby acne is caused by exposure to the mother’s hormones. […] Eczema is a condition of the skin in which areas are dry, scaly, red (or darker than normal skin color), and itchy. […] Hives are red welts that often seem to move around on the body. […] For skin problems caused by eczema, the keys to reducing rash are to reduce scratching and keep the skin moisturized. […] While the majority of children with eczema will outgrow it, many will have sensitive skin as adults.

• #15 Why Does My Child Always Get Skin Rashes? | Pediatrics located in Irvine, Eastvale, Corona, Ontario, Upland and Tustin, CA | American Pediatrics

  https://www.americanpediatrics.com/post/why-does-my-child-always-get-skin-rashes

  Skin rashes are a common type of childhood condition. A rash causes inflammation and irritation, making skin itchy, scaly, and dry. Certain rashes can also cause bumps or pus-filled blisters that can be painful for kids. […] Children can develop rashes for several reasons, including overheating and allergies. Newborns and toddlers can also experience frequent rashes when urine irritates the delicate skin beneath the diaper. […] While many rashes aren’t dangerous to your child’s health, they can develop rash symptoms from more serious conditions like chickenpox. Children may sometimes be prone to chronic rashes due to underlying medical issues. […] Contact dermatitis causes a rash when your child comes into contact with a skin irritant. […] Allergic dermatitis occurs when an allergen touches your child’s skin.

• #16 Contact Dermatitis Could Be the Reason for Your Child’s Rash | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/kids-zone/all/2023/06/contact-dermatitis-could-be-reason-your-childs-rash

  Allergic contact dermatitis is very easy for your child’s pediatrician to recognize if they have it. […] The most common reasons for allergic skin rashes are due to something your body comes in contact with that triggers the reaction. […] Different fabrics, like any with animal hair, detergents with scents, anything that has latex, including some Band-Aids, and any metal that contains nickel are the most common triggers for contact allergic dermatitis. […] So what does the rash look like? Well, it can look like eczema, or it can look like hives. […] Just like any other allergic reaction, it’s treated with oral antihistamines and topical steroid creams until the allergic reaction resolves. […] If it’s serious and causing breathing issues, you will need to have your child see a doctor right away to see if oral steroids are needed to quickly shut down their immune system’s allergic response and keep their airway open. […] Next, you will need to keep your child away from whatever it was that triggered the reaction. […] Your child’s pediatrician can help with tips specific to your child if needed.

• #17 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Diaper rash is a form of dermatitis that looks like patches of inflamed skin on the buttocks, thighs and genitals. It can be caused by wet or soiled diapers that aren’t changed often enough. Or it may be due to skin sensitivity and chafing. The condition is common in babies, though anyone who wears a diaper regularly can develop it. […] Diaper rash may be caused by: […] Leaving on wet or soiled diapers too long. Skin can develop a rash if wet or soiled diapers are left on too long. Babies may be more prone to diaper rash if they’re having many stools or diarrhea. […] Developing a bacterial or yeast infection. What begins as a simple infection may spread to the surrounding skin. The area covered by a diaper is at risk because it’s warm and moist, making a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and yeast. These rashes can be found within the creases of the skin.

• #18 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is a general term describing any of a number of inflammatory skin conditions that can occur in the diaper area. These disorders can be conceptually divided into 3 categories: […] Rashes that are directly or indirectly caused by the wearing of diapers: This category includes dermatoses, such as irritant contact dermatitis, miliaria, intertrigo, candidal diaper dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum. […] The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. […] The main irritants in this situation are fecal proteases and lipases, whose activity is increased greatly by elevated pH. […] Prolonged wetness leads to maceration (softening) of the stratum corneum, the outer, protective layer of the skin, which is associated with extensive disruption of intercellular lipid lamellae.

• #19 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  The normal pH of the skin is between 4.5 and 5.5. When urea from the urine and stool mix, urease breaks down the urine, decreasing the hydrogen ion concentration (increasing pH). Elevated pH levels increase the hydration of the skin and make the skin more permeable. […] Irritant contact dermatitis is most likely made up of some combination of intertrigo and miliaria. In addition, it has been shown to result from the irritating effects of mixing urine with feces. […] Once the skin is compromised, secondary infection by Candida albicans is common. […] A series of studies has shown that the pH of cleansing products can change the microbiological spectrum of the skin. […] Granuloma gluteale infantum is a rare disorder. It is not very well understood, but it probably represents an unusual inflammatory response to long-standing irritation, candidiasis, or fluorinated corticosteroids.

• #20 Atopic Dermatitis in Children: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4254569/

  Pruritus is the most common feature of atopic dermatitis and the most detrimental for quality of life. […] Scratching perpetuates cutaneous inflammation through release of TSLP and other mediators, feeding the cycle of continued inflammation and pruritus. As already discussed, the pruritus in atopic dermatitis results from a number of mediators, including neuropeptides and cytokines, namely IL-31.

• #21 Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911574-overview

  In addition, patients with atopic dermatitis appear to have significantly decreased levels of skin barrier molecules compared with normal controls. Ceramide lipids in the stratum corneum, which are responsible for water retention and permeability functions, and skin barrier proteins such as filaggrin are expressed at significantly lower levels in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis compared with the skin of patients without atopic dermatitis. […] Significant evidence favors the hygiene hypothesis for the development of atopic dermatitis. An inverse relationship is recognized between helminth infections and atopic dermatitis but no other pathogens. […] Positive association was shown between maternal exposure to increased concentrations of particulate matter and atopic dermatitis.

• #22 Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Itching in Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8389554/

  Itching is prevalent in children with skin disorders and associated with effects on their mood, quality of life, and social functioning. […] The aim of this article is to explore the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and treatment for itch (pruritus) in the pediatric population (from infancy to adolescence). […] Atopic dermatitis was shown to be the most common cause of itching, especially during infancy and through preschool. […] Not only skin disorders but also systemic diseases, drugs, and postburn states can predispose an individual to itching in childhood. […] There are many areas to be elucidated regarding the prevalence and objective assessment of pruritus in pediatric patients. […] Moreover, the safety profiles of medications in the pediatric population need to be better understood.

• #23 Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Itching in Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8389554/

  Itching in childhood is mainly associated with skin diseases. […] Itchy skin conditions in children include eczema (particularly atopic dermatitis), rashes, infections/infestations, urticaria/mastocytosis, autoimmune disorders, and hereditary dermatoses. […] For dermatologic treatment (topical or systemic) in children, dermatologists must take into account the physiology, and pathophysiology, and also pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, which differ from those of adults. […] The high ratio of body surface to body weight determines the absorption of topically applied drugs and emollients. […] Infantile skin is also characterized by a thinner epidermis and stratum corneum, and smaller corneocytes. […] We should take these facts into account in the treatment of infants in general, particularly in those suffering from diseases with a known barrier defect such as atopic dermatitis (AD).

• #24 Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Itching in Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8389554/

  The classic lichenifications in the folds of the extremities, which are associated with permanent scratching, appear in later childhood. […] AD begins within the first 5 years of life in 90% of patients, usually presenting with a characteristic age-dependent distribution with facial, scalp, and extensor involvement in infants and young children, and predominant flexural involvement in older children and adults. […] Pruritus xerosis is a common feature in children with AD. […] There are many known factors that cause atopic dermatitis. […] The objectives of atopic dermatitis management are to improve patients quality of life and prevent infectious complications, while minimizing potential drug side effects. […] The best way to control all aspects of AD morbidity including pruritus is through skin hydration, recovery of the skin barrier function, and control of skin inflammation.

• #25 When to Worry About a Rash on a Child

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/when-to-worry-about-a-rash

  A roseola rash is caused by a virus. […] Fifths disease rash is caused by a virus. […] A herpes rash can be transmitted to a newborn during childbirth or pregnancy if the mother has an active herpes infection when she delivers. […] A purpura or petechiae rash is caused by bleeding under the skin due to several factors. […] Lupus is a rare cause of a rash in children. […] Hives are a type of rash. […] Most rashes in children are mild, don’t require treatment and resolve on their own. […] Your child should be seen by a doctor if they have any of the following symptoms with their rash: A rash with a fever, chills or other symptoms, Rashes with pain, swelling or tenderness, Rashes with other symptoms, like trouble breathing or swallowing, A rash that spreads quickly or covers a large area on the body, Rashes that show no improvement without treatment, A rash in a newborn or infant that has little blisters filled with clear or yellow fluid, Rashes that look unusual, such as appearing purple.

• #26 When to Worry About a Rash on a Child

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/when-to-worry-about-a-rash

  Rashes pop up on kids frequently. […] In children, there’s a variety of skin rash causes from infections, irritations, heat, medications and more. […] Skin irritation, or contact dermatitis, is a very common cause of rashes in children of all ages. […] Eczema is another name for atopic dermatitis, a rash caused by inflammation of the skin. […] A diaper rash is extremely common in children and is caused by irritation of the skin due to moisture. […] Rashes from medications can be due to a side effect or allergic reaction. […] Heat rash is caused by irritated sweat glands in hot and humid environments. […] Strep can cause a rash due to a bacterial infection. […] Chlorine rash is a type of contact dermatitis caused by exposure to chlorine, like what’s in a swimming pool or hot tub.

• #27

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2024/05000/fever_with_rash_in_a_child__revisited.19.aspx

  Rash and fever are some of the most common chief complaints present in paediatric dermatology emergencies. The spectrum of differential diagnosis is broad, including many different infectious and some non-infectious agents. A systematic approach involving detailed history taking, careful clinical examination along with particular attention to epidemiological features are the most important factors to make a diagnosis. This article reviews the morphological patterns of various causes of fever with rash in children, including infectious as well as non-infectious causes, with special emphasis on the Indian scenario. We intend to highlight the clinical characteristics of each cause, which will not only help make a clinical diagnosis but also distinguish benign versus life-threatening causes of skin rash in febrile paediatric patients and provide early medical intervention.

• #27

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2024/05000/fever_with_rash_in_a_child__revisited.19.aspx

  Fever with rash is perhaps one of the commonest presenting complaints in routine and emergency paediatric dermatology setup. A wide range of both infectious and non-infectious aetiologies may be implicated. Aetiological agents of fever with rash can also be grouped into agents causing scarlatiniform rash and morbiliform rash. While some conditions are benign and self-limiting, others may progress to systemic involvement and thus warrant hospital admission. Morphology of rash is important, as it will help us narrow down the list of our differentials and aid in making the correct clinical diagnosis. […] Thus, it is extremely important for a dermatologist to be able to diagnose the underlying cause for these febrile eruptions with confidence, as is it will not only allay parental anxiety but also decrease the associated morbidity. This review will delineate the key features of the most commonly encountered causes of fever with a rash on the basis of the morphology of the rash.

• #28 Evaluation of rash in children – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/857

  Rash in children is common. The differential diagnoses are extensive, ranging from self-limiting conditions (e.g., roseola) to life-threatening illnesses such as meningococcal disease. […] Rash may be the first indication of a potentially serious multiorgan disease or sepsis and should be carefully evaluated. […] Rash may be categorized as maculopapular, pustular, vesiculobullous, diffuse/erythematous, or petechial/purpuric in nature. In many etiologies these forms may coexist or evolve from one form to another. […] Initial considerations in evaluating a rash in children include the morphology, duration, and distribution. Age, sex, family history, medications, known allergies, and exposures are also of primary importance. […] Generally, rash in the absence of fever or systemic symptoms is not urgent.

• #29 Does my child need treatment for their rash

  https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/does-my-child-need-treatment-for-their-rash

  Rashes are common throughout childhood. They look painful and often itch, and they can develop because of allergies, a viral infection, fungal infection, or even serious medical conditions. […] Many childhood rashes look dangerous, but a good percentage will go away on their own or with minimal treatment. […] If the rash doesn’t disappear or turn white and has dark purple or red blotches (non-blanching), it could be serious. […] A quick and easy test will help you determine if a rash needs immediate medical treatment. This test will tell you if the rash blanches, or goes away with pressure. […] Rashes that blanch when touched aren’t usually serious. Most rashes are blanching rashes, including virus rashes and allergic reactions. […] If that’s the case, you should contact your healthcare provider immediately to rule out more serious medical conditions.

• #30 Serious childhood rashes | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/serious-childhood-rashes

  Rashes in babies and children are quite common and usually harmless. Most rashes are caused by common viral infections. […] Some rashes are cause for concern and need medical treatment. […] Rashes can have many different appearances. They can be: red, flat, bumpy, have blisters. […] If your child has a rash, do not go to the clinic as you dont want to infect other people in the waiting room. Instead, call your doctor and they will tell you the safest way to see them. […] Hives, or urticaria, is a skin rash which can be caused by an allergic reaction. This can happen when your childs immune system responds to an allergen such as a certain food. […] Meningococcal disease can cause several symptoms, including a rash. The rash appears as tiny red or purple pinpricks that spread into blotches. The rash is a non-blanching rash. […] Psoriasis is a long-term condition that causes inflammation of the skin. […] Scarlet fever is a contagious infection that is often caused by group A streptococcus infection of the throat.

• #31 Rashes in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/rashes-in-children

  Rashes in infants and young children are not usually serious and can have various causes. Irritating substances, medications, allergic reactions, and disorders that cause inflammation can cause a rash. […] Atopic dermatitis tends to run in families and in many cases is thought to be due to a gene variation that affects the skin’s ability to retain moisture and provide protection against bacteria, irritants, allergens, and environmental factors. This weak skin barrier function likely also triggers the immune response that leads to the inflamed skin and itch. […] Treatment of atopic dermatitis includes use of skin moisturizers, gentle soaps, humidified air, corticosteroid creams, and anti-itch medications (such as diphenhydramine, cetirizine, and loratadine). Avoiding triggers of a child’s allergies may help alleviate the condition.

• #32 Rashes

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/rashes/

  Often the viral infection causing the rash will also cause your child to have a fever. The fever often happens at the start of the illness, before the rash appears. When the rash appears, it means your child is getting better. However, if your child has a fever with their rash, take them to see your GP. […] In nearly all cases, it is not important to know which virus is causing the rash. Most rashes will get better on their own. Antibiotics do not work on viruses and are not given to children with rashes caused by viral infections. […] Rashes caused by viruses are very common in children and babies. […] Most viral rashes are harmless and will go away on their own. […] If your child has a fever and a rash that does not turn white (blanch) when pressed or they are very unwell, seek emergency medical care.

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