Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Common Skin Rashes in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p211.html

  Because childhood rashes may be difficult to differentiate by appearance alone, it is important to consider the entire clinical presentation to help make the appropriate diagnosis. […] There are more than 12 million office visits annually for rashes and other skin concerns in children and adolescents, of which 68% are made to primary care physicians. […] This article includes common infectious and noninfectious inflammatory rashes in children. […] The initial approach to a child with a rash begins with the history, which should include the duration of the rash, the initial appearance and how it has evolved, the location, and any treatments that have been used. […] A fever is likely with roseola, erythema infectiosum, and scarlet fever. […] Erythema infectiosum, or fifth disease, is caused by parvovirus B19.

• #1 Newborn Skin: Part I. Common Rashes | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0101/p47.html

  Rashes are extremely common in newborns and can be a significant source of parental concern. […] Nearly all of these skin changes are concerning to parents and may result in visits to the physician or questions during routine newborn examinations. […] Infants who appear sick and have vesiculopustular rashes should be tested for Candida, viral, and bacterial infections. […] Erythema toxicum neonatorum is the most common pustular eruption in newborns. Estimates of incidence vary between 40 and 70 percent. […] Several infections (e.g., herpes simplex, Candida, and Staphylococcus infections) also may present with vesicopustular rashes in the neonatal period; infants who appear sick or who have an atypical rash should be tested for these infections. […] Transient neonatal pustular melanosis is a vesiculopustular rash that occurs in 5 percent of black newborns, but in less than 1 percent of white newborns.

• #2 Rashes in children – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/rashes-in-children

  Rashes in children are common and may be difficult to differentiate by appearance alone; therefore, it is important to consider the entire clinical presentation in order to make the appropriate diagnosis. […] Patients aged under 15 years comprise around 20% of the average GP list and account for one in four GP consultations. […] Skin rashes in children require careful history taking, assessment and skin examination. This article describes a range of rashes in paediatric patients, according to a step-by-step approach to the classification and identification of the rash. […] The identification of the M1UK strain of Streptococcus pyogenes has been linked with a rise in scarlet fever and invasive group A streptococcal infections in the UK. […] Prompt identification and management of rashes in children is vital to ensuring optimal outcomes, as these can range from self-limiting conditions to life-threatening emergencies. A systematic approach — considering the child’s age, medical history, accompanying symptoms and the characteristics of the rash — enables accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment.

• #2 Newborn Skin: Part I. Common Rashes | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0101/p47.html

  Acne neonatorum occurs in up to 20 percent of newborns. […] Miliaria affects up to 40 percent of infants and usually appears during the first month of life. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is an extremely common rash characterized by erythema and greasy scales. […] Generalized seborrheic dermatitis accompanied by failure to thrive and diarrhea should prompt an evaluation for immunodeficiency.

• #3 Common Skin Rashes in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p211.html

  Molluscum contagiosum is a skin infection caused by a poxvirus. […] Tinea is a common fungal skin infection in children that may affect the scalp (tinea capitis), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris), feet (tinea pedis), hands (tinea manus), or nails (tinea unguium). […] Atopic dermatitis is a common childhood inflammatory skin disease that affects approximately 20% of children in the United States.

• #4 Fever with rash in a child in India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/fever-with-rash-in-a-child-in-india/

  Fever with rash is common among children and are seen by both dermatologists and pediatricians. Most of them are benign viral exanthems without much clinical significance. This article gives an overview of the infectious and noninfectious causes of fever with rash in children and how to diagnose them, with special emphasis on the Indian scenario as well. […] Viral exanthems are by far the most common cause of fever with rash in children. There are a number of viruses causing various cutaneous manifestations associated with systemic symptoms. Rubeola or measles caused by a paramyxovirus is a major public health problem with significant mortality and morbidity, especially in developing countries. […] The incidence of the disease has declined substantially in industrialized countries. Measles is transmitted by droplet infection and commonly affects children between 6 months and 3 years of age, with a trend toward higher age group in the developed countries.

• #5 Childhood Rashes – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/dermatology/dermatology/childhood-rashes/

  In these patients its important to monitor blood pressure and check urinalysis regularly to monitor kidney function (typically done by a GP). […] Highly contagious, self-limiting disease caused by primary infection by Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). Children must not attend nursery/school until all vesicles have crusted over. […] Management is typically supportive (fluids, analgesia, bed rest). Calamine lotion can be purchased over the counter to help with itching. Systemic antihistamines can also help. […] Self-limiting childhood infection caused by Morbillivirus. The MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine has made the disease less common, however, decreasing uptake of vaccination has made measles a growing concern. […] If measles is diagnosed, Public Health England should be notified to via a local Health Protection Team. The disease itself is self-limiting; patients should be advised to rest, drink adequate fluids, and take paracetamol or ibuprofen for symptom relief.

• #6 Fever with rash in a child in India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/fever-with-rash-in-a-child-in-india/

  Fever with rash is common among children and are seen by both dermatologists and pediatricians. Most of them are benign viral exanthems without much clinical significance. This article gives an overview of the infectious and noninfectious causes of fever with rash in children and how to diagnose them, with special emphasis on the Indian scenario as well. […] Viral exanthems are by far the most common cause of fever with rash in children. There are a number of viruses causing various cutaneous manifestations associated with systemic symptoms. Rubeola or measles caused by a paramyxovirus is a major public health problem with significant mortality and morbidity, especially in developing countries. […] The incidence of the disease has declined substantially in industrialized countries. Measles is transmitted by droplet infection and commonly affects children between 6 months and 3 years of age, with a trend toward higher age group in the developed countries.

• #7 Common Skin Rashes in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p211.html

  Because childhood rashes may be difficult to differentiate by appearance alone, it is important to consider the entire clinical presentation to help make the appropriate diagnosis. […] There are more than 12 million office visits annually for rashes and other skin concerns in children and adolescents, of which 68% are made to primary care physicians. […] This article includes common infectious and noninfectious inflammatory rashes in children. […] The initial approach to a child with a rash begins with the history, which should include the duration of the rash, the initial appearance and how it has evolved, the location, and any treatments that have been used. […] A fever is likely with roseola, erythema infectiosum, and scarlet fever. […] Erythema infectiosum, or fifth disease, is caused by parvovirus B19.

• #8 Rash in Infants and Young Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/rash-in-infants-and-young-children

  Rash is a common symptom, particularly during infancy. Most rashes are not serious. […] Overall, the most common causes of rash in infants and young children include diaper rash (with or without candidal infection), seborrhea, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and viral exanthem. […] Numerous viral infections cause rash. Some (eg, chickenpox and measles, both of which are currently uncommon because of vaccination but should be considered in unvaccinated children; erythema infectiosum) have a fairly typical appearance and clinical manifestation; others are nonspecific. […] Uncommon but serious causes of rash include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, meningococcemia, Kawasaki disease, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. […] Well-appearing children without systemic symptoms or signs are unlikely to have a dangerous disorder.

• #9 Rash after fever in toddlers: Causes and when to see a doctor

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322690

  Toddlers can often get fevers when they are unwell. Various conditions, including roseola and scarlet fever, can cause a rash to develop after the fever passes. […] Several common childhood illnesses can cause a rash after fever. Most are not serious, but some do require medical treatment, so it is essential to discuss these symptoms with a doctor. […] Common causes of post-fever rash in toddlers include: […] Roseola infantum may cause a post-fever rash. […] The rash from scarlet fever feels rough like sandpaper. It usually appears 1-2 days after the fever starts but can present up to 7 days later. […] A child with symptoms of scarlet fever should see a doctor as soon as possible. […] Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is common in children under 5 years old. […] Fifth disease, known medically as erythema infectiosum, is a viral infection that commonly occurs in toddlers.

• #10 Childhood Rashes – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/dermatology/dermatology/childhood-rashes/

  A common skin condition caused by the molluscum contagiosum pox virus (MCV). It is highly contagious and self-limiting. Most commonly spread by direct skin contact. […] This is self-limiting (unless the patient is immunocompromised), requires no treatment and usually resolves by itself within 18 months. […] As the name suggests, this causes lesions on the hands, feet, and mouth (sometimes seen on the buttocks and genitalia). The most common cause is the Coxsackievirus A16. […] Hospital admission is required only if fever is severe, or there is marked central nervous system involvement (e.g. persistent headache, confusion, weakness, lethargy etc.). […] Caused by human parvovirus B19 (HPV-B19). Infection can be asymptomatic or cause non-specific coryzal symptoms. […] This is usually mild and self-limiting. Symptom relief is to be used as appropriate. School or nursery should be informed as pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, and those with hematological disorders may develop serious complications.

• #11 Rash after fever in toddlers: Causes and when to see a doctor

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322690

  Toddlers can often get fevers when they are unwell. Various conditions, including roseola and scarlet fever, can cause a rash to develop after the fever passes. […] Several common childhood illnesses can cause a rash after fever. Most are not serious, but some do require medical treatment, so it is essential to discuss these symptoms with a doctor. […] Common causes of post-fever rash in toddlers include: […] Roseola infantum may cause a post-fever rash. […] The rash from scarlet fever feels rough like sandpaper. It usually appears 1-2 days after the fever starts but can present up to 7 days later. […] A child with symptoms of scarlet fever should see a doctor as soon as possible. […] Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is common in children under 5 years old. […] Fifth disease, known medically as erythema infectiosum, is a viral infection that commonly occurs in toddlers.

• #12 Rashes in children – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/rashes-in-children

  Rashes in children are common and may be difficult to differentiate by appearance alone; therefore, it is important to consider the entire clinical presentation in order to make the appropriate diagnosis. […] Patients aged under 15 years comprise around 20% of the average GP list and account for one in four GP consultations. […] Skin rashes in children require careful history taking, assessment and skin examination. This article describes a range of rashes in paediatric patients, according to a step-by-step approach to the classification and identification of the rash. […] The identification of the M1UK strain of Streptococcus pyogenes has been linked with a rise in scarlet fever and invasive group A streptococcal infections in the UK. […] Prompt identification and management of rashes in children is vital to ensuring optimal outcomes, as these can range from self-limiting conditions to life-threatening emergencies. A systematic approach — considering the child’s age, medical history, accompanying symptoms and the characteristics of the rash — enables accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment.

• #13 Newborn with desquamating rash | MDedge

  https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/newborn-desquamating-rash

  A 9-day-old boy was brought to the emergency department by his mother. The infant had been doing well until his most recent diaper change when his mother noticed a rash around the umbilicus, genitalia, and anus. […] Based on the age of the patient, clinical presentation, and suspected maternal MRSA infection (with possible transmission to the infant), we diagnosed staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) in this patient. SSSS is rare, with annual incidence of 45 cases per million US infants under the age of 2. Newborns with a generalized form of SSSS commonly present with fever, poor feeding, irritability, and lethargy. This is followed by a generalized erythematous rash that initially may appear on the head and neck and spread to the rest of the body. […] Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome should be considered a pediatric emergency due to potential complications such as sepsis.

• #14 Childhood Rashes – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/dermatology/dermatology/childhood-rashes/

  Rashes in children are common and can be difficult to diagnose based on appearance alone. Assessing the full clinical picture will help you form an appropriate management plan. […] The Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) splits childhood rashes into 3 main categories: Potentially worrying (i.e. potential emergencies), Named rashes (rashes that can easily be identified by the trained eye), Everything else. […] Sometimes you may hear the word exanthems in relation to paediatric rashes. This typically refers to non-specific widespread viral rash. Older sources may refer to the six viral exanthems as First disease, Second disease etc. […] An infection in the bloodstream caused by Neisseria meningitidis. This is a medical emergency. […] General management will include keeping the patient stable and giving IV antibiotics ASAP (typically Ceftriaxone).

• #15 Skin Rashes in Children: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/skin_rashes_in_children/article_em.htm

  Skin rashes in children range from common and mild to uncommon but life-threatening. […] Most rashes caused by viruses do not harm a child and go away over time without any treatment. However, some childhood rashes have serious or even life-threatening causes. […] Rashes associated with life-threatening diseases are uncommon, and a child will usually appear quite ill. […] If one suspects that a child may have such a condition, go to a hospital’s emergency department immediately. […] Symptoms and signs […] Petechiae are flat red dots on the skin that do not fade when pressure is applied. […] The rash may start out as small bumps or raised blisters but develop into petechiae. […] Meningococcemia is a life-threatening bacterial invasion of the blood by bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis.

• #16 Common Skin Rashes in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p211.html

  Molluscum contagiosum is a skin infection caused by a poxvirus. […] Tinea is a common fungal skin infection in children that may affect the scalp (tinea capitis), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris), feet (tinea pedis), hands (tinea manus), or nails (tinea unguium). […] Atopic dermatitis is a common childhood inflammatory skin disease that affects approximately 20% of children in the United States.

• #17 Rash in Infants and Young Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/rash-in-infants-and-young-children

  Rash is a common symptom, particularly during infancy. Most rashes are not serious. […] Overall, the most common causes of rash in infants and young children include diaper rash (with or without candidal infection), seborrhea, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and viral exanthem. […] Numerous viral infections cause rash. Some (eg, chickenpox and measles, both of which are currently uncommon because of vaccination but should be considered in unvaccinated children; erythema infectiosum) have a fairly typical appearance and clinical manifestation; others are nonspecific. […] Uncommon but serious causes of rash include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, meningococcemia, Kawasaki disease, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. […] Well-appearing children without systemic symptoms or signs are unlikely to have a dangerous disorder.

• #18 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the term used to describe an irritating condition that develops on the skin that is covered by a diaper. It is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children, affecting between 7 and 35 percent of infants at some point. Diaper rash occurs most commonly in infants between ages 9 and 12 months but can occur at any time the child wears a diaper. […] In most cases, it is possible to begin treatment for diaper rash at home without seeing a health care provider. However, if you are concerned that your child’s rash is severe, worsening, or is associated with other signs or symptoms (eg, significant discomfort, bloody stool, fever, skin that appears infected), you should contact your child’s health care provider immediately. […] If a child develops a fever (temperature above 100.4°F or 38°C) or has bloody stool, a change in the pattern of wet or dirty diapers (eg, constipation, diarrhea, frequent urination, etc), or any other worrisome signs or symptoms, the parent should contact the child’s health care provider.

• #19 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  One large British study reported diaper dermatitis in 25% of children aged 1 month. […] A Nigerian study conducted in 1995-1996 identified diaper dermatitis in 7% of children. […] A study in Kuwait noted that diaper dermatitis occurs in 4% of pediatric dermatology cases. […] Atopic dermatitis and related diaper dermatitis are more common among African American patients. […] Diaper rashes can start in the neonatal period as soon as the child begins to wear diapers. The incidence peaks in those aged 7-12 months, then decreases with age. Diaper rash stops being a problem once the child is toilet trained, usually around age 2 years.

• #20 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash is the most common dermatitis found in infancy. Prevalence has been variably reported from 4-35% in the first 2 years of life. Incidence triples in babies with diarrhea. It is not unusual for every child to have at least 1 episode of diaper rash by the time he or she is toilet-trained. […] Because fewer than 10% of all diaper rashes are reported by the family, the actual incidence of this condition is likely underestimated if office visits are used as the screening site. […] The incidence is lower among breastfed infants perhaps due to the less acidic nature of their urine and stool. […] Babies wearing superabsorbent disposable diapers with a central gelling material have fewer episodes of diaper dermatitis compared with their counterparts wearing cloth diapers. […] Few investigations have been reported regarding prevalence outside of the United States. However, one study performed in Italy showed a prevalence of 15.2%, and a peak incidence of 19.4% in those aged 3-6 months.

• #21 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  One large British study reported diaper dermatitis in 25% of children aged 1 month. […] A Nigerian study conducted in 1995-1996 identified diaper dermatitis in 7% of children. […] A study in Kuwait noted that diaper dermatitis occurs in 4% of pediatric dermatology cases. […] Atopic dermatitis and related diaper dermatitis are more common among African American patients. […] Diaper rashes can start in the neonatal period as soon as the child begins to wear diapers. The incidence peaks in those aged 7-12 months, then decreases with age. Diaper rash stops being a problem once the child is toilet trained, usually around age 2 years.

• #22 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  One large British study reported diaper dermatitis in 25% of children aged 1 month. […] A Nigerian study conducted in 1995-1996 identified diaper dermatitis in 7% of children. […] A study in Kuwait noted that diaper dermatitis occurs in 4% of pediatric dermatology cases. […] Atopic dermatitis and related diaper dermatitis are more common among African American patients. […] Diaper rashes can start in the neonatal period as soon as the child begins to wear diapers. The incidence peaks in those aged 7-12 months, then decreases with age. Diaper rash stops being a problem once the child is toilet trained, usually around age 2 years.

• #23 Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911574-overview

  Atopic dermatitis occurs in approximately 10-20% of children and 2% of adults. […] Children with concurrent asthma or hayfever have a 30-50% incidence of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Prevalence rates for atopic dermatitis in children over a 1-year period ranged from around 2% in Iran and China to about 20% in Australasia, England, and Scandinavia. […] Interestingly, populations that migrate from areas of low prevalence to areas of higher prevalence have shown an increased incidence of atopic dermatitis, bolstering the idea of strong environmental influences in the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Ninety percent of patients with atopic dermatitis experience the onset of disease prior to age 5 years. […] A 2009 study concluded that the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children younger than 2 years was 18.6%.

• #24 Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911574-overview

  Atopic dermatitis occurs in approximately 10-20% of children and 2% of adults. […] Children with concurrent asthma or hayfever have a 30-50% incidence of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Prevalence rates for atopic dermatitis in children over a 1-year period ranged from around 2% in Iran and China to about 20% in Australasia, England, and Scandinavia. […] Interestingly, populations that migrate from areas of low prevalence to areas of higher prevalence have shown an increased incidence of atopic dermatitis, bolstering the idea of strong environmental influences in the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Ninety percent of patients with atopic dermatitis experience the onset of disease prior to age 5 years. […] A 2009 study concluded that the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children younger than 2 years was 18.6%.

• #25 Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911574-overview

  Atopic dermatitis occurs in approximately 10-20% of children and 2% of adults. […] Children with concurrent asthma or hayfever have a 30-50% incidence of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Prevalence rates for atopic dermatitis in children over a 1-year period ranged from around 2% in Iran and China to about 20% in Australasia, England, and Scandinavia. […] Interestingly, populations that migrate from areas of low prevalence to areas of higher prevalence have shown an increased incidence of atopic dermatitis, bolstering the idea of strong environmental influences in the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Ninety percent of patients with atopic dermatitis experience the onset of disease prior to age 5 years. […] A 2009 study concluded that the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children younger than 2 years was 18.6%.

• #26 Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911574-overview

  Atopic dermatitis occurs in approximately 10-20% of children and 2% of adults. […] Children with concurrent asthma or hayfever have a 30-50% incidence of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Prevalence rates for atopic dermatitis in children over a 1-year period ranged from around 2% in Iran and China to about 20% in Australasia, England, and Scandinavia. […] Interestingly, populations that migrate from areas of low prevalence to areas of higher prevalence have shown an increased incidence of atopic dermatitis, bolstering the idea of strong environmental influences in the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Ninety percent of patients with atopic dermatitis experience the onset of disease prior to age 5 years. […] A 2009 study concluded that the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children younger than 2 years was 18.6%.

• #27 Newborn Skin: Part I. Common Rashes | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0101/p47.html

  Acne neonatorum occurs in up to 20 percent of newborns. […] Miliaria affects up to 40 percent of infants and usually appears during the first month of life. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is an extremely common rash characterized by erythema and greasy scales. […] Generalized seborrheic dermatitis accompanied by failure to thrive and diarrhea should prompt an evaluation for immunodeficiency.

• #28 Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911574-overview

  Atopic dermatitis occurs in approximately 10-20% of children and 2% of adults. […] Children with concurrent asthma or hayfever have a 30-50% incidence of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Prevalence rates for atopic dermatitis in children over a 1-year period ranged from around 2% in Iran and China to about 20% in Australasia, England, and Scandinavia. […] Interestingly, populations that migrate from areas of low prevalence to areas of higher prevalence have shown an increased incidence of atopic dermatitis, bolstering the idea of strong environmental influences in the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Ninety percent of patients with atopic dermatitis experience the onset of disease prior to age 5 years. […] A 2009 study concluded that the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children younger than 2 years was 18.6%.

• #29 Fever with rash in a child in India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/fever-with-rash-in-a-child-in-india/

  In India, epidemics occur in winter and early spring. The number of cases have decreased (i.e., 40,840 cases and 44 deaths in 2009) in the country since the implementation of Universal Immunization Programme. […] Another life-threatening exanthematous fever in children which deserves special mention is dengue fever. The arbovirus transmitted by Aedes egypti mosquito causes explosive epidemics in the monsoon season in India. There has been an increasing trend over the years with 15,509 cases, having a case fatality rate of 0.57 in 2009. […] Another dengue-like illness is chikungunya fever, which is also transmitted by the same vector and in the same season. Its incidence is also on the rise in India with a massive epidemic occurring in 2006 affecting nearly 1.39 million cases spread over 213 districts in 15 states.

• #30 Fever with rash in a child in India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/fever-with-rash-in-a-child-in-india/

  In India, epidemics occur in winter and early spring. The number of cases have decreased (i.e., 40,840 cases and 44 deaths in 2009) in the country since the implementation of Universal Immunization Programme. […] Another life-threatening exanthematous fever in children which deserves special mention is dengue fever. The arbovirus transmitted by Aedes egypti mosquito causes explosive epidemics in the monsoon season in India. There has been an increasing trend over the years with 15,509 cases, having a case fatality rate of 0.57 in 2009. […] Another dengue-like illness is chikungunya fever, which is also transmitted by the same vector and in the same season. Its incidence is also on the rise in India with a massive epidemic occurring in 2006 affecting nearly 1.39 million cases spread over 213 districts in 15 states.

• #31 Fever with rash in a child in India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/fever-with-rash-in-a-child-in-india/

  In India, epidemics occur in winter and early spring. The number of cases have decreased (i.e., 40,840 cases and 44 deaths in 2009) in the country since the implementation of Universal Immunization Programme. […] Another life-threatening exanthematous fever in children which deserves special mention is dengue fever. The arbovirus transmitted by Aedes egypti mosquito causes explosive epidemics in the monsoon season in India. There has been an increasing trend over the years with 15,509 cases, having a case fatality rate of 0.57 in 2009. […] Another dengue-like illness is chikungunya fever, which is also transmitted by the same vector and in the same season. Its incidence is also on the rise in India with a massive epidemic occurring in 2006 affecting nearly 1.39 million cases spread over 213 districts in 15 states.

• #32 Evaluation of rash in children – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/857

  Rash in children is common. The differential diagnoses are extensive, ranging from self-limiting conditions (e.g., roseola) to life-threatening illnesses such as meningococcal disease. […] Rash may be the first indication of a potentially serious multiorgan disease or sepsis and should be carefully evaluated (see Urgent considerations). […] Generally, rash in the absence of fever or systemic symptoms is not urgent.

• #33 Childhood rashes – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/symptoms/childhood-rashes/

  Childhood rashes are a common problem, but determining the cause is not always easy. […] Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that causes rash and fever in both children and adults. […] Measles is a notifiable disease, meaning that doctors, hospitals, childcare centres and schools are legally obliged to notify the public health unit of suspected cases so they can monitor any potential outbreaks. […] Rubella is a contagious illness that can cause a rash and mild symptoms such as fever, runny nose, headache and joint pain. […] Fifth disease is a contagious viral illness that usually affects children and causes a distinctive rash.

• #34 Childhood Rashes – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/dermatology/dermatology/childhood-rashes/

  In these patients its important to monitor blood pressure and check urinalysis regularly to monitor kidney function (typically done by a GP). […] Highly contagious, self-limiting disease caused by primary infection by Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). Children must not attend nursery/school until all vesicles have crusted over. […] Management is typically supportive (fluids, analgesia, bed rest). Calamine lotion can be purchased over the counter to help with itching. Systemic antihistamines can also help. […] Self-limiting childhood infection caused by Morbillivirus. The MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine has made the disease less common, however, decreasing uptake of vaccination has made measles a growing concern. […] If measles is diagnosed, Public Health England should be notified to via a local Health Protection Team. The disease itself is self-limiting; patients should be advised to rest, drink adequate fluids, and take paracetamol or ibuprofen for symptom relief.

• #35 Skin Rashes in Children: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/skin_rashes_in_children/article_em.htm

  Meningococcemia is spread from the nose and mouth of other people. […] A child with the symptoms of meningococcemia should be brought to a hospital’s emergency department immediately. […] The prognosis is dependent upon the cause of the rash. The outcome can vary from (1) excellent (for example, milia), (2) good (for example, chickenpox), (3) concerning (for example, Kawasaki disease), and (4) life-threatening (for example, toxic shock syndrome).

• #36

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5108a1.htm

  Fourteen states (Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia) have reported investigations of multiple schoolchildren who have developed rashes. This report summarizes the investigation by state and local health departments of these rashes, which have occurred during October 2001 through February 2002, and provides examples for four states. Preliminary findings indicate that further investigation is needed to determine whether a common etiology for these rashes exists. […] Rashes have been reported primarily from elementary schools but also among students in a few middle and high schools. The number of affected students in each state ranges from 10 to approximately 600. […] The rashes lasted from a few hours to 2 weeks and appeared to be self-limiting.

• #37

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5108a1.htm

  Fourteen states (Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia) have reported investigations of multiple schoolchildren who have developed rashes. This report summarizes the investigation by state and local health departments of these rashes, which have occurred during October 2001 through February 2002, and provides examples for four states. Preliminary findings indicate that further investigation is needed to determine whether a common etiology for these rashes exists. […] Rashes have been reported primarily from elementary schools but also among students in a few middle and high schools. The number of affected students in each state ranges from 10 to approximately 600. […] The rashes lasted from a few hours to 2 weeks and appeared to be self-limiting.

• #38

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5108a1.htm

  Diagnoses by clinicians who have examined children have included viral exanthem, contact or atopic dermatitis, eczema, chemical exposure, impetigo, and poison ivy. […] Environmental assessments have not identified environmental causes. […] To date, approximately 575 cases of rashes have been reported to the Pennsylvania Department of Health; 58 schools and child-care centers have reported cases (range: one–168 cases per facility). […] Environmental investigations at five schools have not yet identified an environmental source of the rashes. […] Public health response to rashes of unknown etiology involves an epidemiologic investigation that includes consultation with facilities and maintenance staff familiar with the physical plant, examination of the rash by a dermatologist, and, when appropriate, collection and analysis of biologic specimens. […] State and local health departments, in collaboration with CDC, continue to investigate these and other reports of rashes among groups of schoolchildren.

• #39

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5108a1.htm

  Diagnoses by clinicians who have examined children have included viral exanthem, contact or atopic dermatitis, eczema, chemical exposure, impetigo, and poison ivy. […] Environmental assessments have not identified environmental causes. […] To date, approximately 575 cases of rashes have been reported to the Pennsylvania Department of Health; 58 schools and child-care centers have reported cases (range: one–168 cases per facility). […] Environmental investigations at five schools have not yet identified an environmental source of the rashes. […] Public health response to rashes of unknown etiology involves an epidemiologic investigation that includes consultation with facilities and maintenance staff familiar with the physical plant, examination of the rash by a dermatologist, and, when appropriate, collection and analysis of biologic specimens. […] State and local health departments, in collaboration with CDC, continue to investigate these and other reports of rashes among groups of schoolchildren.

• #40 Rash in Infants and Young Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/rash-in-infants-and-young-children

  Rash is a common symptom, particularly during infancy. Most rashes are not serious. […] Overall, the most common causes of rash in infants and young children include diaper rash (with or without candidal infection), seborrhea, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and viral exanthem. […] Numerous viral infections cause rash. Some (eg, chickenpox and measles, both of which are currently uncommon because of vaccination but should be considered in unvaccinated children; erythema infectiosum) have a fairly typical appearance and clinical manifestation; others are nonspecific. […] Uncommon but serious causes of rash include staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, meningococcemia, Kawasaki disease, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. […] Well-appearing children without systemic symptoms or signs are unlikely to have a dangerous disorder.

• #41 Serious childhood rashes | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/serious-childhood-rashes

  Rashes in babies and children are quite common and usually harmless. Most rashes are caused by common viral infections. […] Some rashes are cause for concern and need medical treatment. […] If your child has a rash, do not go to the clinic as you dont want to infect other people in the waiting room. Instead, call your doctor and they will tell you the safest way to see them. […] You can protect your child against some infectious diseases with routine childhood vaccinations. This includes measles, chickenpox and some types of meningococcal disease.

• #42 Childhood Rashes – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/dermatology/dermatology/childhood-rashes/

  In these patients its important to monitor blood pressure and check urinalysis regularly to monitor kidney function (typically done by a GP). […] Highly contagious, self-limiting disease caused by primary infection by Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). Children must not attend nursery/school until all vesicles have crusted over. […] Management is typically supportive (fluids, analgesia, bed rest). Calamine lotion can be purchased over the counter to help with itching. Systemic antihistamines can also help. […] Self-limiting childhood infection caused by Morbillivirus. The MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine has made the disease less common, however, decreasing uptake of vaccination has made measles a growing concern. […] If measles is diagnosed, Public Health England should be notified to via a local Health Protection Team. The disease itself is self-limiting; patients should be advised to rest, drink adequate fluids, and take paracetamol or ibuprofen for symptom relief.

• #43 Fever with Rash is One of the First Presentations of COVID-19 in Child | IMCRJ

  https://www.dovepress.com/fever-with-rash-is-one-of-the-first-presentations-of-covid-19-in-child-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ

  Dermatologic manifestations of the novel coronavirus infection are not rare during the illness. This is the first report of the simultaneous presentation of fever and rash as the initial presentation of SARS-CoV-2 in children. […] Fever and rash were the first presenting symptoms in our case. Although information about the cutaneous manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 and its timing from the onset of the disease are clear in children, some studies conducted on adults reported the cutaneous manifestation as the first presentation of the COVID-19. […] During the hospitalization, the child was complicated with generalized edema and hypoalbuminemia, which both are among the rare manifestations of coronavirus infection and their incidence is rarely reported in children. […] Pleural effusion is a rare manifestation of SARS-CoV-2, particularly in children.

• #44 Newborn with desquamating rash | MDedge

  https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/newborn-desquamating-rash

  A 9-day-old boy was brought to the emergency department by his mother. The infant had been doing well until his most recent diaper change when his mother noticed a rash around the umbilicus, genitalia, and anus. […] Based on the age of the patient, clinical presentation, and suspected maternal MRSA infection (with possible transmission to the infant), we diagnosed staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) in this patient. SSSS is rare, with annual incidence of 45 cases per million US infants under the age of 2. Newborns with a generalized form of SSSS commonly present with fever, poor feeding, irritability, and lethargy. This is followed by a generalized erythematous rash that initially may appear on the head and neck and spread to the rest of the body. […] Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome should be considered a pediatric emergency due to potential complications such as sepsis.

• #45 Fever with rash in a child in India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/fever-with-rash-in-a-child-in-india/

  A discussion on infectious causes of fever with rash is incomplete without mentioning the myriad of rickettsial diseases, which are largely underdiagnosed, but are an important cause of febrile rash in children in India. […] Noninfectious causes of febrile rash include drug eruptions and collagen vascular diseases (CVD). Adverse cutaneous drug eruptions occur in approximately 2-3% of hospitalized patients. […] Most of them are mild and self-limited, resolving with the withdrawal of the offending drug. Severe and potentially life-threatening eruptions occur in approximately 1 in 1000 hospitalized patients. […] The clinical manifestations of the different CVDs have been summarized.

• #46 Pediatric Rash With Fever: Presentation, Causes, and Management in the ED

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/infectious-disease/pediatric-rash-fever

  Rash and fever are some of the most common chief complaints presenting to the emergency department. The evaluation of rashes in the febrile pediatric patient includes a broad differential diagnosis and use of the history and physical examination to identify red flags, such as hemodynamic instability, erythroderma, desquamation, petechiae/purpura, mucous membrane involvement, and severe pain, that should increase suspicion for worrisome disease. This issue reviews characteristics of common rashes as well as rarer, potentially life-threatening rashes, to guide management and treatment and improve patient outcomes. […] According to a 2015 United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, the single most common chief complaint for children aged 15 years was fever, and the fifth most common was skin rash. When paired, fever and rash may create a diagnostic dilemma for the emergency clinician. Although many relatively benign conditions present with these symptoms, some life-threatening disease states will also present as a rash in a febrile patient. […] This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice reviews various disease states, from benign to life-threatening, that can present as a fever with rash in a child. Workup, treatment, and disposition recommendations are provided based on key features of the history and physical examination.

• #47 Rashes in children – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/rashes-in-children

  Rashes in children are common and may be difficult to differentiate by appearance alone; therefore, it is important to consider the entire clinical presentation in order to make the appropriate diagnosis. […] Patients aged under 15 years comprise around 20% of the average GP list and account for one in four GP consultations. […] Skin rashes in children require careful history taking, assessment and skin examination. This article describes a range of rashes in paediatric patients, according to a step-by-step approach to the classification and identification of the rash. […] The identification of the M1UK strain of Streptococcus pyogenes has been linked with a rise in scarlet fever and invasive group A streptococcal infections in the UK. […] Prompt identification and management of rashes in children is vital to ensuring optimal outcomes, as these can range from self-limiting conditions to life-threatening emergencies. A systematic approach — considering the child’s age, medical history, accompanying symptoms and the characteristics of the rash — enables accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment.

• #48 10 Common Skin Rashes in Children | The CK Birla Hospital

  https://www.ckbhospital.com/blogs/common-skin-rashes-in-children/

  Nearly 23.7% of children under the age of 3 years in India visit a healthcare provider for skin conditions. […] The prevalence of common skin rashes in children is considerably high. Little kids have sensitive skin that can be easily affected by irritants.

• #49 Newborn Skin: Part I. Common Rashes | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0101/p47.html

  Rashes are extremely common in newborns and can be a significant source of parental concern. […] Nearly all of these skin changes are concerning to parents and may result in visits to the physician or questions during routine newborn examinations. […] Infants who appear sick and have vesiculopustular rashes should be tested for Candida, viral, and bacterial infections. […] Erythema toxicum neonatorum is the most common pustular eruption in newborns. Estimates of incidence vary between 40 and 70 percent. […] Several infections (e.g., herpes simplex, Candida, and Staphylococcus infections) also may present with vesicopustular rashes in the neonatal period; infants who appear sick or who have an atypical rash should be tested for these infections. […] Transient neonatal pustular melanosis is a vesiculopustular rash that occurs in 5 percent of black newborns, but in less than 1 percent of white newborns.

• #50 9 Common Skin Rashes in Children | TPMG Newport News, VA

  https://www.mytpmg.com/blog/nine-common-skin-rashes-in-children/

  When your child develops an itchy, red, or strange-looking rash, your initial reaction may be to consult a friend, family member, or even turn to the internet for answers. […] Eczema is a common skin condition in babies and kids. […] Hives are characterized by wheal-and-flare lesions, which are red, raised bumps or welts on the surface of the skin that are often very itchy. […] Another skin rash due to an allergic reaction is erythema multiforme. […] Strep rash, also known as scarlet fever or scarlatina, is a form of infectious rash caused by strep throat. […] Diaper rash is characterized by red areas of skin around the diaper area and can result in peeling, flaky, or scaly skin. […] A common rash usually seen in babies and toddlers; roseola typically occurs within 24 hours of a broken fever.

• #51 Viral Rashes in Babies: Types, Pictures, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/viral-rash-in-babies

  Viral rashes in young children are common. A viral rash, also called a viral exanthem, is a rash that’s caused by an infection with a virus. […] The diseases mentioned above are spread through mucus and saliva. Some can also be spread by touching the blister fluid. These conditions are highly contagious and can easily spread among babies and young children. […] If your child develops a viral rash, treatment usually involves managing symptoms and keeping your child comfortable until the infection runs its course. The conditions that cause viral rashes are contagious, so it’s also important to keep your child home from childcare facilities or other activities where they’ll be around other kids until they’ve made a full recovery.

• #52 Rashes in children – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/rashes-in-children

  Rashes in children are common and may be difficult to differentiate by appearance alone; therefore, it is important to consider the entire clinical presentation in order to make the appropriate diagnosis. […] Patients aged under 15 years comprise around 20% of the average GP list and account for one in four GP consultations. […] Skin rashes in children require careful history taking, assessment and skin examination. This article describes a range of rashes in paediatric patients, according to a step-by-step approach to the classification and identification of the rash. […] The identification of the M1UK strain of Streptococcus pyogenes has been linked with a rise in scarlet fever and invasive group A streptococcal infections in the UK. […] Prompt identification and management of rashes in children is vital to ensuring optimal outcomes, as these can range from self-limiting conditions to life-threatening emergencies. A systematic approach — considering the child’s age, medical history, accompanying symptoms and the characteristics of the rash — enables accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment.

• #53 Childhood Rashes – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/dermatology/dermatology/childhood-rashes/

  In these patients its important to monitor blood pressure and check urinalysis regularly to monitor kidney function (typically done by a GP). […] Highly contagious, self-limiting disease caused by primary infection by Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). Children must not attend nursery/school until all vesicles have crusted over. […] Management is typically supportive (fluids, analgesia, bed rest). Calamine lotion can be purchased over the counter to help with itching. Systemic antihistamines can also help. […] Self-limiting childhood infection caused by Morbillivirus. The MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine has made the disease less common, however, decreasing uptake of vaccination has made measles a growing concern. […] If measles is diagnosed, Public Health England should be notified to via a local Health Protection Team. The disease itself is self-limiting; patients should be advised to rest, drink adequate fluids, and take paracetamol or ibuprofen for symptom relief.

• #54 Serious childhood rashes | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/serious-childhood-rashes

  Rashes in babies and children are quite common and usually harmless. Most rashes are caused by common viral infections. […] Some rashes are cause for concern and need medical treatment. […] If your child has a rash, do not go to the clinic as you dont want to infect other people in the waiting room. Instead, call your doctor and they will tell you the safest way to see them. […] You can protect your child against some infectious diseases with routine childhood vaccinations. This includes measles, chickenpox and some types of meningococcal disease.

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