Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  Heatstroke is a severe heat-related illness involving an elevation in body temperature, typically but not always greater than 40 C. The patient has clinical signs of central nervous system dysfunction that may include confusion, ataxia, delirium, or seizures brought on after strenuous physical exertion or exposure to hot weather. […] Heat-related illness is a spectrum of conditions progressing from heat exhaustion and heat injury to life-threatening heat stroke. Heat stroke is a clinical constellation of symptoms that include a severe elevation in body temperature, typically, but not always, greater than 40C. Also, there must be clinical signs of central nervous system dysfunction, including ataxia, delirium, or seizures, in the setting of exposure to hot weather or strenuous physical exertion.

• #1 Management of Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0601/p2133.html

  If a patient is suffering from heat-stroke, rapid diagnosis and effective cooling are crucial, because the condition triggers a series of metabolic events that may progress to irreversible injury or death. […] The diagnosis of heatstroke rests on two critical factors: hyperthermia and central nervous system dysfunction. Heat-stroke is a medical emergency, and mortality can approach 10 percent. It is essential that clinicians recognize the signs of heatstroke and initiate cooling rapidly. When appropriate treatment is provided without delay, survival can approach 100 percent. […] Initial evaluation of a patient with suspected heatstroke should include an assessment of the airway, breathing, and circulation. […] Mental status changes often make it difficult to take a careful patient history.

• #1 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis

  Exertional heat illness (EHI) is among the leading causes of death in young athletes each year. The process of thermoregulation and the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the different types of EHI, including exertional heat stroke, are reviewed here. […] The clinical criteria for heat exhaustion generally include the following: Athlete has obvious difficulty continuing with exercise. Core body temperature is usually 101 to 104°F (38.3 to 40.0°C) at the time of collapse. No significant dysfunction of the central nervous system (eg, seizure, altered consciousness, persistent delirium) is present. This is the key difference from exertional heat stroke. […] Heat injury is defined as an EHI with evidence of both hyperthermia and end organ damage, but without any significant neurologic manifestations. The diagnosis of heat injury is primarily based upon a history of collapse during strenuous activity, a core temperature above 104 to 105°F (40 to 40.5°C), and the absence of neurologic findings. […] The two main criteria for diagnosing exertional heat stroke (EHS) are a core temperature usually above 104.9°F (40.5°C), measured immediately following collapse during strenuous activity, and CNS dysfunction.

• #1 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21812-heatstroke

  Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition in which heat overwhelms your body’s ability to manage its temperature. […] Heat stroke diagnoses usually happen in the emergency room. Providers quickly need to get a sense of what you were doing when symptoms started and what exactly you’re experiencing. They’ll check your internal (core) body temperature (typically using a rectal thermometer) and other vital signs. […] There’s no single diagnostic test for heat stroke. But providers can rule out other conditions with similar symptoms and check for heat stroke complications by doing blood tests, urine (pee) tests, electrocardiogram (EKG), and chest X-ray. […] If providers suspect heat stroke, they’ll start treatment immediately, even if they’re still ruling out other conditions. That’s because prompt treatment is vital to survival.

• #1 Management of Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0601/p2133.html

  Physical manifestations of heatstroke include hot, dry skin, as peripheral vasoconstriction often is present. Signs of central nervous system dysfunction such as irritability, ataxia, and confusion are essential to the diagnosis of heatstroke. […] The initial treatment of patients with heat exhaustion involves stabilization in a cool area. Unless the factors leading to heat exhaustion are corrected swiftly, affected patients can progress to heatstroke. […] Prompt reversal of hyperthermia is the cornerstone of heatstroke treatment. Patients who present with suspected heatstroke in a community environment should be stabilized in a cool, shady area and transferred to a care facility as soon as heatstroke becomes primary in the differential diagnosis.

• #1 Heat stroke – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_stroke

  A core body temperature (such as a rectal temperature) is the preferred method for monitoring body temperature in the diagnosis and management of heat stroke as it is more accurate than peripheral body temperatures (such as an oral or axillary temperatures). […] Other conditions which may present similarly to heat stroke include meningitis, encephalitis, epilepsy, drug toxicity, severe dehydration, and certain metabolic syndromes such as serotonin syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia and thyroid storm.

• #1 Heat exhaustion – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-exhaustion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373253

  If you need medical attention due to heat exhaustion, the medical staff that may take your rectal temperature to confirm the diagnosis and rule out heatstroke. […] If your health care team suspects your heat exhaustion may have progressed to heatstroke, you could need further tests, including: […] A blood test, to check for low blood sodium or potassium and the content of gases in your blood. […] A urine test, to check the concentration and makeup of your urine. This test can also check your kidney function, which can be affected by heatstroke. […] Muscle function tests, to check for rhabdomyolysis serious damage to your muscle tissue. […] X-rays and other imaging, to check for damage to your inner organs.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-and-treatment-of-heat-stroke.aspx

  Early diagnosis of heat exhaustion and heat stroke is of vital importance as these conditions may progress to fatal complications. […] In most cases diagnosis is made clinically. This involves taking the temperature and assessing the symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat stroke. […] Steps to diagnosis of the condition include assessment of core body temperature, blood tests and so forth. […] A temperature of 40C (104F) or above is often a major sign of heatstroke. […] Heatstroke however can be diagnosed at lower temperatures and these temperatures are not always indicative of heat stroke as they may be reached by athletes during physical exercise. […] A routine blood test is done. This detects other problems like anemia, diabetes and presence of infections. […] The blood electrolytes like Sodium, Potassium and bicarbonates are disturbed in heat related health conditions. These are assessed on blood tests.

• #1 Heatstroke – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353587

  Healthcare professionals can often diagnose heatstroke without testing. However, laboratory tests can confirm the diagnosis, rule out other causes for symptoms and find out if there is any organ damage. These tests include: […] A blood test to check blood sodium and potassium and the content of gases in blood to see if there’s been damage to the central nervous system. […] A urine test to check the color of urine because it’s usually darker if someone has a heat-related condition. A urine test also checks kidney function, which can be affected by heatstroke. […] Muscle damage tests to check for serious damage to the muscle tissue, known as rhabdomyolysis. […] X-rays and other imaging tests to check for damage to the internal organs.

• #1 Heat stroke – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/849

  Heat stroke is generally associated with core temperatures 104F (40C). […] Diagnosis rests on the observation of profound central nervous system dysfunction in the presence of hyperthermia. […] This topic covers the management of both heat stroke and heat exhaustion in adults. […] Heat stroke is defined as central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction in the setting of hyperthermia. […] Key diagnostic factors include profound central nervous system disturbance and hyperthermia. […] Diagnostic tests include core temperature measurement, serum electrolytes, CBC, LFTs, metabolic profile, renal function tests, creatine kinase, prothrombin time, activated PPT, and INR, lactic acid, urinalysis, chest x-ray, arterial blood gas, medication/toxicology screen, thyroid function tests, and plasma glucose.

• #1 EM@3AM: Heat Stroke – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/em3am-heat-stroke/

  Exertional heat stroke occurs in otherwise healthy individuals who undergo strenuous activity in hot weather with high humidity, such as athletes and military trainees. […] No single diagnostic test definitively confirms or excludes heat stroke; it is a clinical diagnosis that requires a high index of suspicion. […] It is important to note that some thermometers have a maximum reading below the temperatures sometimes reached by patients suffering from heat stroke, thus a thermometer (rectal or esophageal) that is accurate at high temperatures must be used when assessing heat stroke patients. […] Core temperature continuous monitoring is ideal (e.g. with bladder temperature monitor). […] While heat stroke is a clinical diagnosis, laboratory testing should be performed to assess for end-organ damage and should include lactate, CBC, creatine kinase (to evaluate for rhabdomyolysis), glucose, BUN, creatinine, liver function tests, prothrombin time (PT), and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) because of the risk of heat-induced liver damage and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

• #1 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Heat stroke is defined as hyperthermia exceeding 40C (104F) associated with an altered sensorium. […] A high index of suspicion is needed to avoid delays in diagnosis and treatment. […] Computerized tomography scans may be helpful in ruling out CNS injury in patients with altered mental status. […] Chest radiographs may show atelectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, or pulmonary edema. […] On electrocardiography, sinus tachycardia of 130-140 beats per minute and nonspecific and ischemic ST-T wave abnormalities are common. […] In addition, a number of conduction abnormalities (eg, right bundle branch block, prolonged QT interval) may be noted.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-and-treatment-of-heat-stroke.aspx

  Other tests performed to diagnose heat stroke include: Urine is tested to detect indications of muscle damage by rhabdomyolysis or damage to the kidney due to heat stroke complications. […] ECG is performed to see the activity of the heart. […] Chest X ray is prescribed to check for aspiration of fluids and lung edema etc. […] MRI and CT scan is advised to detect major abnormalities in the large organs. […] Other conditions that must be ruled out in diagnosis as they mimic heat stroke include: blood poisoning or sepsis, malaria, cancers that may manifest with malignant hyperpyrexia or fever etc. […] There may be a history of intake of antipsychotics leading to side effects like neuroleptic malignant syndrome or antidepressants leading to serotonin syndrome. Both manifest with features like heat stroke. […] Heat stroke like features is also seen in drug abusers who use amphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy etc.

• #1 Management of Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0601/p2133.html

  Heat exhaustion and heatstroke are part of a continuum of heat-related illness. Both are common and preventable conditions affecting diverse patients. Recent research has identified a cascade of inflammatory pathologic events that begins with mild heat exhaustion and, if uninterrupted, can lead eventually to multiorgan failure and death. Heat exhaustion is characterized by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, headache, and nausea. Treatment involves monitoring the patient in a cool, shady environment and ensuring adequate hydration. Untreated heat exhaustion can progress to heatstroke, a much more serious illness involving central nervous system dysfunction such as delirium and coma. Other systemic effects, including rhabdomyolysis, hepatic failure, arrhythmias, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and even death, are not uncommon. Prompt recognition and immediate cooling through evaporation or full-body ice-water immersion are crucial. Physicians also must monitor electrolyte abnormalities, be alert to signs of renal or hepatic failure, and replace fluids in patients with heatstroke. Most experts believe that physicians and public health officials should focus greater attention on prevention. Programs involving identification of vulnerable individuals, dissemination of information about dangerous heat waves, and use of heat shelters may help prevent heat-related illness. These preventive measures, when paired with astute recognition of the early signs of heat-related illness, can allow physicians in the ambulatory setting to avert much of the morbidity and mortality associated with heat exhaustion and heatstroke.

• #1 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis/print

  Exertional heat illness (EHI) is among the leading causes of death in young athletes each year. […] The process of thermoregulation and the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the different types of EHI, including exertional heat stroke, are reviewed here. […] Heat exhaustion is characterized by the inability to maintain adequate cardiac output due to strenuous physical exercise and environmental heat stress. […] The clinical criteria for heat exhaustion generally include the following: Athlete has obvious difficulty continuing with exercise. Core body temperature is usually 101 to 104°F (38.3 to 40.0°C) at the time of collapse. No significant dysfunction of the central nervous system (eg, seizure, altered consciousness, persistent delirium) is present. This is the key difference from exertional heat stroke.

• #1 Heat Exhaustion – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/heat-illness/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is a nonlife-threatening clinical syndrome of weakness, malaise, nausea, syncope, and other nonspecific symptoms caused by heat exposure. […] Diagnosis of heat exhaustion is clinical and requires exclusion of other possible causes of a patient’s symptoms (eg, hypoglycemia, acute coronary syndrome, various infections). […] In heat exhaustion, symptoms tend to be nonspecific, temperature is usually 40 C, and CNS function is not impaired. […] Diagnose heat exhaustion clinically, testing as indicated to exclude other clinically suspected disorders. […] Have patients rest in a cool environment and try oral rehydration, transporting patients to an emergency department if these measures are unsuccessful.

• #1 Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21480-heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion can occur when you exert yourself, especially in hot weather. Symptoms include heavy sweating, headache, dizziness, nausea and fast heart rate. Immediately stop what you’re doing and move to a cooler area. Cool your body and seek medical care. Untreated heat exhaustion can progress to life-threatening heat stroke. […] Without treatment, heat exhaustion can turn into the most severe form of heat-related illness: heat stroke. A key difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke is that with heat stroke, you have signs of brain dysfunction (encephalopathy). These include persistent confusion, changes in behavior (like aggression or agitation) and slurred speech. You’ll also have a dangerously high body temperature, typically above 104 degrees F. […] Treating heat exhaustion is essential for preventing its progression to life-threatening heat stroke.

• #1 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  The sequelae of the insult may persist beyond the initial CNS dysfunction, involving injury to the gut, kidney, skeletal muscle, or other organ systems. Complications of heat stroke include acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute kidney injury, hepatic injury, hypoglycemia, rhabdomyolysis, and seizures.

• #2 Management of Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0601/p2133.html

  If a patient is suffering from heat-stroke, rapid diagnosis and effective cooling are crucial, because the condition triggers a series of metabolic events that may progress to irreversible injury or death. […] The diagnosis of heatstroke rests on two critical factors: hyperthermia and central nervous system dysfunction. Heat-stroke is a medical emergency, and mortality can approach 10 percent. It is essential that clinicians recognize the signs of heatstroke and initiate cooling rapidly. When appropriate treatment is provided without delay, survival can approach 100 percent. […] Initial evaluation of a patient with suspected heatstroke should include an assessment of the airway, breathing, and circulation. […] Mental status changes often make it difficult to take a careful patient history.

• #2 Heat stroke – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/849

  Heat stroke is generally associated with core temperatures 104F (40C). […] Diagnosis rests on the observation of profound central nervous system dysfunction in the presence of hyperthermia. […] This topic covers the management of both heat stroke and heat exhaustion in adults. […] Heat stroke is defined as central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction in the setting of hyperthermia. […] Key diagnostic factors include profound central nervous system disturbance and hyperthermia. […] Diagnostic tests include core temperature measurement, serum electrolytes, CBC, LFTs, metabolic profile, renal function tests, creatine kinase, prothrombin time, activated PPT, and INR, lactic acid, urinalysis, chest x-ray, arterial blood gas, medication/toxicology screen, thyroid function tests, and plasma glucose.

• #2 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis/print

  Exertional heat illness (EHI) is among the leading causes of death in young athletes each year. […] The process of thermoregulation and the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the different types of EHI, including exertional heat stroke, are reviewed here. […] Heat exhaustion is characterized by the inability to maintain adequate cardiac output due to strenuous physical exercise and environmental heat stress. […] The clinical criteria for heat exhaustion generally include the following: Athlete has obvious difficulty continuing with exercise. Core body temperature is usually 101 to 104°F (38.3 to 40.0°C) at the time of collapse. No significant dysfunction of the central nervous system (eg, seizure, altered consciousness, persistent delirium) is present. This is the key difference from exertional heat stroke.

• #2 Heat stroke – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Heat_stroke

  Severe end of heat-related illness spectrum characterized by severe hyperthermia and neurologic dysfunction. […] True emergency – universally fatal if left untreated. […] Clinical diagnosis. […] Exposure to hot environment and high index of suspicion. […] Rapid cooling – mainstay of treatment. […] Reduces morbidity/mortality, should be started in prehospital setting if no other life-threats exist. […] All patients require admission.

• #2 Heat exhaustion – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-exhaustion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373253

  If you need medical attention due to heat exhaustion, the medical staff that may take your rectal temperature to confirm the diagnosis and rule out heatstroke. […] If your health care team suspects your heat exhaustion may have progressed to heatstroke, you could need further tests, including: […] A blood test, to check for low blood sodium or potassium and the content of gases in your blood. […] A urine test, to check the concentration and makeup of your urine. This test can also check your kidney function, which can be affected by heatstroke. […] Muscle function tests, to check for rhabdomyolysis serious damage to your muscle tissue. […] X-rays and other imaging, to check for damage to your inner organs.

• #2 EM@3AM: Heat Stroke – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/em3am-heat-stroke/

  Exertional heat stroke occurs in otherwise healthy individuals who undergo strenuous activity in hot weather with high humidity, such as athletes and military trainees. […] No single diagnostic test definitively confirms or excludes heat stroke; it is a clinical diagnosis that requires a high index of suspicion. […] It is important to note that some thermometers have a maximum reading below the temperatures sometimes reached by patients suffering from heat stroke, thus a thermometer (rectal or esophageal) that is accurate at high temperatures must be used when assessing heat stroke patients. […] Core temperature continuous monitoring is ideal (e.g. with bladder temperature monitor). […] While heat stroke is a clinical diagnosis, laboratory testing should be performed to assess for end-organ damage and should include lactate, CBC, creatine kinase (to evaluate for rhabdomyolysis), glucose, BUN, creatinine, liver function tests, prothrombin time (PT), and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) because of the risk of heat-induced liver damage and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-and-treatment-of-heat-stroke.aspx

  Other tests performed to diagnose heat stroke include: Urine is tested to detect indications of muscle damage by rhabdomyolysis or damage to the kidney due to heat stroke complications. […] ECG is performed to see the activity of the heart. […] Chest X ray is prescribed to check for aspiration of fluids and lung edema etc. […] MRI and CT scan is advised to detect major abnormalities in the large organs. […] Other conditions that must be ruled out in diagnosis as they mimic heat stroke include: blood poisoning or sepsis, malaria, cancers that may manifest with malignant hyperpyrexia or fever etc. […] There may be a history of intake of antipsychotics leading to side effects like neuroleptic malignant syndrome or antidepressants leading to serotonin syndrome. Both manifest with features like heat stroke. […] Heat stroke like features is also seen in drug abusers who use amphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy etc.

• #2 Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21480-heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion can occur when you exert yourself, especially in hot weather. Symptoms include heavy sweating, headache, dizziness, nausea and fast heart rate. Immediately stop what you’re doing and move to a cooler area. Cool your body and seek medical care. Untreated heat exhaustion can progress to life-threatening heat stroke. […] Without treatment, heat exhaustion can turn into the most severe form of heat-related illness: heat stroke. A key difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke is that with heat stroke, you have signs of brain dysfunction (encephalopathy). These include persistent confusion, changes in behavior (like aggression or agitation) and slurred speech. You’ll also have a dangerously high body temperature, typically above 104 degrees F. […] Treating heat exhaustion is essential for preventing its progression to life-threatening heat stroke.

• #2 Heat stroke in adults – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/849

  Heat exhaustion is a mild to moderate heat illness. The patient presents with a normal or slightly elevated core temperature (37C to 40C), mild neurological symptoms (e.g., intense thirst, weakness, anxiety, dizziness, syncope), and an intact mental status. […] If untreated, heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke. Heat stroke, however, can occur without preceding heat exhaustion. […] Key diagnostic factors include history of exposure to severe environmental heat or strenuous physical exercise, central nervous system dysfunction, hyperthermia (40C), and hot skin (dry or wet). […] Other diagnostic factors include intense thirst, weakness, anxiety, dizziness, syncope, headache, nausea/vomiting, sinus tachycardia, tachypnoea, jaundice, muscle tenderness, hypotension, and bruising and skin bleeding. […] 1st investigations to order include rectal temperature, FBC, liver function tests, renal function tests, glucose, electrolytes, arterial blood gases, creatine kinase, clotting profile, urinalysis, and ECG.

• #2 Heat Exhaustion – Injuries and Poisoning – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/heat-disorders/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion usually is diagnosed on the basis of the symptoms and occurrence after exposure to heat. […] Laboratory tests may be needed if doctors suspect a diagnosis other than heat exhaustion, or sometimes to measure the levels of sodium in the blood of people who may have drunk too much plain water.

• #2 Heat stroke in adults – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/849

  Heat stroke is a medical emergency. Clinical features include a core body temperature 40C and central nervous system dysfunction (e.g., altered level of consciousness ranging from confusion to coma [encephalopathy], seizures) in the context of passive exposure to severe environmental heat (classic heat stroke) or strenuous exercise (exertional heat stroke). […] Use a rectal thermometer to measure core body temperature and monitor continuously. In practice, consider using an oesophageal probe in intubated patients. […] Start rapid active cooling immediately, based on clinical suspicion regardless of degree of hyperthermia and measuring technique. Aim to achieve a target temperature of no less than 39C. Stop cooling once this temperature is reached. […] Heat stroke is defined as a core temperature 40C with central nervous system dysfunction (e.g., altered level of consciousness ranging from confusion to coma [encephalopathy], seizures).

• #2 Heat Stroke vs. Heat Exhaustion: What’s the Difference?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heat-stroke-vs-heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion occurs when your body loses excess amounts of water and salt, typically from sweating. On the other hand, heat stroke is a serious medical emergency that occurs when your body is unable to control its internal temperature. […] If you’re experiencing any symptoms of a heat-related illness, you should take your temperature. A temperature above 100F (38C) may indicate heat exhaustion while a temperature above 104F (40C) is a sign of heat stroke. […] Your doctor will likely be able to diagnose heat exhaustion or heat stroke based on your symptoms, but they may decide to run tests to confirm the diagnosis or check for complications: A blood test may be used to check your sodium or potassium levels to help determine if you’re dehydrated. […] A heat stroke is considered a medical emergency. Call your local emergency services immediately if you suspect that you’re having a heat stroke.

• #2 Heat Exhaustion Signs and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/heat-exhaustion

  How Is Heat Exhaustion Diagnosed? […] If you have symptoms of heat exhaustion or see someone who does, get a temperature reading to rule out heat stroke. If you are at a sporting event or other location with a medical professional on hand, they might take your temperature rectally to confirm the diagnosis. They’ll also ask about your activity — such as whether you’ve been exercising outside, working in a hot building, or sitting in a hot car. […] If your temperature is high enough to suggest you might be developing heat stroke — 104 F or higher — you might get other tests, such as: […] A blood test for sodium, potassium, and blood gases […] A urine test to look for kidney effects […] Muscle tests to look for muscle damage […] Imaging tests to look for organ damage.

• #2 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion may present similarly, including cramping, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and headache. If progression to end-organ damage occurs, it then becomes heat injury. Finally, neurologic alteration distinguishes heat stroke from heat injury. […] The workup of patients presenting with possible heat stroke should include frequent monitoring of vital signs and rectal temperature and laboratory studies of CBC, CMP, PT/PTT, blood gasses, serum CPK, and urine myoglobin. […] Management of heat stroke includes ensuring adequate airway protection, breathing, and circulation. After ABCs, rapid cooling becomes the mainstay of treatment with ancillary management in response to other end-organ damage. […] Patients presenting with heat stroke have high mortality depending on the etiology of the presentation. However, the death rate from exertional heat stroke is relatively low (3 to 5%) compared to classic heat stroke (10 to 65%).

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-and-treatment-of-heat-stroke.aspx

  Other tests performed to diagnose heat stroke include: Urine is tested to detect indications of muscle damage by rhabdomyolysis or damage to the kidney due to heat stroke complications. […] ECG is performed to see the activity of the heart. […] Chest X ray is prescribed to check for aspiration of fluids and lung edema etc. […] MRI and CT scan is advised to detect major abnormalities in the large organs. […] Other conditions that must be ruled out in diagnosis as they mimic heat stroke include: blood poisoning or sepsis, malaria, cancers that may manifest with malignant hyperpyrexia or fever etc. […] There may be a history of intake of antipsychotics leading to side effects like neuroleptic malignant syndrome or antidepressants leading to serotonin syndrome. Both manifest with features like heat stroke. […] Heat stroke like features is also seen in drug abusers who use amphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy etc.

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