Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Heat stroke is defined as a body temperature higher than 40C (104F) associated with neurologic dysfunction. […] The etiology of heat stroke may involve any of the following: Increased heat production, Decreased heat loss, Reduced ability to acclimatize, Reduced behavioral responsiveness. […] Increased metabolism can result from infections, sepsis, encephalitis, stimulant drugs, thyroid storm, and drug withdrawal. […] Strenuous exercise and status epilepticus can increase heat production 10-fold and, when uninterrupted, can overwhelm the body’s heat-dissipating mechanisms, leading to dangerous rises in body temperature. […] Reduced sweating can result from dermatologic diseases, drugs, and burns. […] Reduced ability to acclimatize may affect persons at the extremes of age (ie, toddlers and young children, the elderly) who may be less able to generate adequate physiologic responses to heat stress. […] Infants, patients who are bedridden, and patients who are chronically ill are at risk for heat stroke because they are unable to control their environment and water intake.

• #2 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  Heatstroke is a severe heat-related illness involving an elevation in body temperature, typically but not always greater than 40 C. The patient has clinical signs of central nervous system dysfunction that may include confusion, ataxia, delirium, or seizures brought on after strenuous physical exertion or exposure to hot weather. […] Heat-related illness is a spectrum of conditions progressing from heat exhaustion and heat injury to life-threatening heat stroke. Heat stroke is a clinical constellation of symptoms that include a severe elevation in body temperature, typically, but not always, greater than 40C. […] It is important to differentiate where the patient is on the heat illness continuum. The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion may present similarly, including cramping, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and headache. If progression to end-organ damage occurs, it then becomes heat injury. Finally, neurologic alteration distinguishes heat stroke from heat injury.

• #3 Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke – Mississippi State Department of Health

  https://msdh.ms.gov/page/42,3942,98,261.html

  Heat exhaustion is a milder form of heat-related illness that can develop after long exposure to high temperatures and inadequate water. Those most prone to heat exhaustion are elderly people, people with high blood pressure, and people working or exercising in a hot environment. […] Heat stroke occurs when the body’s temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails, and the body is unable to cool down. Body temperature may rise to 106 degrees or higher within 10 to 15 minutes. Heat stroke can cause death or permanent disability if emergency treatment is not provided.

• #4 Heat exhaustion – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-exhaustion/symptoms-causes/syc-20373250

  Heat exhaustion is a condition that happens when your body overheats. […] Causes of heat illness include exposure to high temperatures, particularly when there is also high humidity, and strenuous physical activity. Without prompt treatment, heat exhaustion can lead to heatstroke, a life-threatening condition. […] The body’s heat combined with environmental heat results in what’s called your core temperature. […] In hot weather, your body cools itself mainly by sweating. […] Besides hot weather and strenuous activity, other causes of heat exhaustion include dehydration, alcohol use, and overdressing. […] If heat exhaustion isn’t treated, it can lead to heatstroke. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition. […] There are a lot of things you can do to prevent heat exhaustion and other heat-related illnesses.

• #5 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Heat stroke is defined as a body temperature higher than 40C (104F) associated with neurologic dysfunction. […] The etiology of heat stroke may involve any of the following: Increased heat production, Decreased heat loss, Reduced ability to acclimatize, Reduced behavioral responsiveness. […] Increased metabolism can result from infections, sepsis, encephalitis, stimulant drugs, thyroid storm, and drug withdrawal. […] Strenuous exercise and status epilepticus can increase heat production 10-fold and, when uninterrupted, can overwhelm the body’s heat-dissipating mechanisms, leading to dangerous rises in body temperature. […] Reduced sweating can result from dermatologic diseases, drugs, and burns. […] Reduced ability to acclimatize may affect persons at the extremes of age (ie, toddlers and young children, the elderly) who may be less able to generate adequate physiologic responses to heat stress. […] Infants, patients who are bedridden, and patients who are chronically ill are at risk for heat stroke because they are unable to control their environment and water intake.

• #6 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  Humans are homeotherms, which means we are organisms capable of maintaining our body’s temperature in a specific range. While baseline body temperature is between 36.5 to 37.5C (97.7 to 99.5F), the body has mechanisms to address temperatures between approximately 35 to 41C (95.0 to 105.8F), after which it can no longer self-regulate and compensate for external thermal loads. The bodys core temperature is the sum of metabolic heat production, mechanical work, and heat exchange with the environment. A balance between internal and external variables (e.g., levels of metabolically active hormones, external temperature and humidity, and the amount of environmental convection) affects the body to cause either a net gain or a net loss of temperature. Heat exchange with the environment occurs through evaporative, convective, conductive, and radiative loss. As external temperature and humidity rise, radiation and conduction become ineffective, and evaporative dissipation of heat is the primary means by which the body can cool itself. […] Comorbidities, mental status changes, and medications may also play a role in limiting a person’s response to exposure to a hot environment.

• #7 Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heat-stroke-hyperthermia-a-to-z

  The human body usually can regulate its temperature. When the body gets too hot, it uses several strategies to cool down, including sweating. But if a person spends too much time in the heat without taking in enough fluids, the body’s cooling processes can’t work properly. When the body becomes dehydrated, it can no longer cool itself by sweating. When this happens, body temperature can rise high enough to make the person sick. […] The first symptoms of heat illness occur as the body temperature climbs above normal, and can include headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and fatigue. These early symptoms sometimes are called heat exhaustion. If steps are not taken to reduce body temperature, heat exhaustion can worsen and become heat stroke. […] Heat stroke is a serious, potentially life-threatening form of heat illness. The body temperature rises to 105 degrees Fahrenheit or higher and you develop neurological changes, such as mental confusion or unconsciousness. At these high temperatures, body proteins and the membranes around the cells in the body, especially in the brain, begin to be destroyed or malfunction. The extreme heat can affect internal organs, causing breakdown of the heart muscle cells and blood vessels, damage to internal organs, and death.

• #8 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  There are 2 forms of heat stroke: classic and exertional. Classic heat stroke typically affects elderly individuals with chronic medical conditions, while exertional heat stroke affects otherwise healthy people who engage in strenuous exercise in hot or humid weather. […] Patients presenting with heat stroke have high mortality depending on the etiology of the presentation. However, the death rate from exertional heat stroke is relatively low (3 to 5%) compared to classic heat stroke (10 to 65%). […] The sequelae of the insult may persist beyond the initial CNS dysfunction, involving injury to the gut, kidney, skeletal muscle, or other organ systems. Complications of heat stroke include acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute kidney injury, hepatic injury, hypoglycemia, rhabdomyolysis, and seizures.

• #9 Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heat-stroke-hyperthermia-a-to-z

  There are two main causes of heat stroke: Exertional heat stroke occurs when someone is vigorously active in a hot environment, such as playing sports on a hot summer day or participating in military training activities. It typically strikes young, otherwise healthy people, those least likely to be concerned about the effects of heat on their health. Because of the lack of concern, early symptoms may be dismissed or ignored. […] Non-exertional heat stroke tends to occur in people who have a diminished ability to regulate body temperature, such as older people, very young children or people with chronic illnesses. High heat in the surrounding environment, without vigorous activity, can be enough to cause heat stroke in these people. […] Factors that can contribute to heat stroke include: Dehydration from not drinking enough water, Wearing bulky or heavy clothing, such as firefighting gear, in the heat, Being overweight, which causes the body to generate more heat and reduces the body’s ability to cool down, Sleep deprivation, which can decrease the rate of sweating, Being unaccustomed to the heat, such as moving from a cooler climate to a warmer climate, Some medications, most commonly antihistamines (taken for allergies), diuretics (taken for high blood pressure or leg swelling), laxatives (taken to relieve constipation), calcium channel blockers (one type of blood pressure or heart medicine), medicines for Parkinson’s disease, some diarrhea treatments and tricyclic antidepressants, Being confined to a poorly ventilated or non-air-conditioned living space, Having had heat stroke in the past, Use of illicit drugs, including cocaine, heroin, amphetamines and ecstasy (MDMA).

• #10 Heat-Related Illnesses – CHEMM

  https://chemm.hhs.gov/heatstress.htm

  Heatstroke can be divided into two forms; Classic heatstroke (nonexertional) – is more commonly seen in infants, children, and the elderly. It develops over a period of days (usually coinciding with a heat wave) and typically presents with nausea, vomiting, headache, and a deteriorating mental status. […] Exertional heatstroke- usually develops rapidly in a young, vigorously exercising individual who have not acclimatized to a hot environment. A dramatic presentation is seen with central nervous system changes ranging from severe headache to seizures and collapse.

• #11 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  There are 2 forms of heat stroke: classic and exertional. Classic heat stroke typically affects elderly individuals with chronic medical conditions, while exertional heat stroke affects otherwise healthy people who engage in strenuous exercise in hot or humid weather. […] Patients presenting with heat stroke have high mortality depending on the etiology of the presentation. However, the death rate from exertional heat stroke is relatively low (3 to 5%) compared to classic heat stroke (10 to 65%). […] The sequelae of the insult may persist beyond the initial CNS dysfunction, involving injury to the gut, kidney, skeletal muscle, or other organ systems. Complications of heat stroke include acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute kidney injury, hepatic injury, hypoglycemia, rhabdomyolysis, and seizures.

• #12 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  There are 2 forms of heat stroke: classic and exertional. Classic heat stroke typically affects elderly individuals with chronic medical conditions, while exertional heat stroke affects otherwise healthy people who engage in strenuous exercise in hot or humid weather. […] Patients presenting with heat stroke have high mortality depending on the etiology of the presentation. However, the death rate from exertional heat stroke is relatively low (3 to 5%) compared to classic heat stroke (10 to 65%). […] The sequelae of the insult may persist beyond the initial CNS dysfunction, involving injury to the gut, kidney, skeletal muscle, or other organ systems. Complications of heat stroke include acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute kidney injury, hepatic injury, hypoglycemia, rhabdomyolysis, and seizures.

• #13 Heatstroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581

  Heatstroke is a condition caused by the body overheating. This usually happens because of exposure to high temperatures or physical activity in high temperatures for too long. […] Heatstroke can happen as a result of: […] In a type of heatstroke, called nonexertional (classic) heatstroke, being in a hot environment leads to a rise in core body temperature. This type of heatstroke typically happens after exposure to hot, humid weather, especially for a long period of time. […] Exertional heatstroke is caused by an increase in core body temperature brought on by intense physical activity in hot weather. […] In either type of heatstroke, your condition can be brought on by: […] Wearing heavy clothing that prevents sweat from evaporating easily and cooling the body. […] Drinking alcohol, which can affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature. […] Becoming dehydrated by not drinking enough water to replenish fluids lost through sweating.

• #14 Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention Tips

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/heatstroke-vs-heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is a mild form of heat-related illness that typically occurs due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures combined with inadequate fluid intake. It serves as a warning that the body’s mechanisms for dealing with heat are becoming overwhelmed. […] Heatstroke, on the other hand, is a more severe and life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s temperature regulation fails, leading to a rapid rise in body temperature, often above 104F (40C). Given the seriousness, it requires immediate medical attention. […] Certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing heat-related illnesses like heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Understanding these risk factors can help in preventing these conditions and ensuring timely intervention. […] Prolonged exposure to extreme heat: Extended time spent in high temperatures, especially with high humidity, can overwhelm the body’s cooling mechanisms.

• #15 Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention Tips

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/heatstroke-vs-heat-exhaustion

  Strenuous activity in heat: Vigorous physical activity in hot weather can lead to rapid body temperature increases. […] Chronic illnesses: Conditions such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, and obesity increase the risk. […] Previous heat-related illness: Having had heat exhaustion or heat stroke before can increase susceptibility. […] By being aware of these risk factors, individuals can take preventative measures to reduce their likelihood of developing heat exhaustion or heatstroke, especially during periods of extreme heat. […] For heatstroke, seek emergency medical attention immediately if the person has a body temperature of 104F (40C) or higher, shows an altered mental state, experiences severe symptoms like rapid, shallow breathing or a racing heart rate, or stops sweating. Immediate action is crucial for severe cases to ensure prompt and effective treatment.

• #16 Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention Tips

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/heatstroke-vs-heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is a mild form of heat-related illness that typically occurs due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures combined with inadequate fluid intake. It serves as a warning that the body’s mechanisms for dealing with heat are becoming overwhelmed. […] Heatstroke, on the other hand, is a more severe and life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s temperature regulation fails, leading to a rapid rise in body temperature, often above 104F (40C). Given the seriousness, it requires immediate medical attention. […] Certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing heat-related illnesses like heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Understanding these risk factors can help in preventing these conditions and ensuring timely intervention. […] Prolonged exposure to extreme heat: Extended time spent in high temperatures, especially with high humidity, can overwhelm the body’s cooling mechanisms.

• #17 Heat exhaustion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is a heat-related illness characterized by the body’s inability to effectively cool itself, typically occurring in high ambient temperatures or during intense physical exertion. […] Climate change and increasing global temperatures have led to more frequent and intense heat waves, raising the incidence of heat exhaustion. […] Risk factors include hot and humid weather, prolonged heat exposure, intense physical exertion, limited access to water or cooling, and certain medications that can exacerbate fluid and serum electrolyte losses including diuretics, antihypertensives, anticholinergics, and antidepressants. […] Common causes of heat exhaustion and other heat-related illnesses include prolonged exposure to hot, sunny, or humid weather conditions, extended time spent in high-temperature environments without adequate cooling, engaging in strenuous activities through work, exercise, or sports, particularly in hot conditions, insufficient fluid intake leading to dehydration, overconsumption of fluids without adequate electrolyte replacement, wearing tight or non-breathable clothing that does not allow heat to escape, trapping heat close to the body, use of certain medications that impair thermoregulation, and sudden exposure to high temperatures without gradual acclimatization.

• #18 | novascotia.ca

  https://novascotia.ca/lae/healthandsafety/heatstress.asp

  Heat stress is the build up of heat in the body to the point where the body’s thermostat has difficulty maintaining normal internal body temperature. When the body is unable to cool itself through sweating, serious heat illnesses may occur. The most severe heat induced illnesses are heat exhaustion and heat stroke. If actions are not taken to treat heat exhaustion, the illness could progress to heat stroke and possible death! […] Generally speaking: High Temperature+High Humidity+Physical Work=Heat Stress. […] Some factors involved in causing heat stress are: high humidity, high temperature, low movement of air, high radiant temperature of surroundings (hot machinery), high level of physical activity, low degree of physical fitness, age, metabolism, and medical conditions and medicines.

• #19 | novascotia.ca

  https://novascotia.ca/lae/healthandsafety/heatstress.asp

  Heat stress is the build up of heat in the body to the point where the body’s thermostat has difficulty maintaining normal internal body temperature. When the body is unable to cool itself through sweating, serious heat illnesses may occur. The most severe heat induced illnesses are heat exhaustion and heat stroke. If actions are not taken to treat heat exhaustion, the illness could progress to heat stroke and possible death! […] Generally speaking: High Temperature+High Humidity+Physical Work=Heat Stress. […] Some factors involved in causing heat stress are: high humidity, high temperature, low movement of air, high radiant temperature of surroundings (hot machinery), high level of physical activity, low degree of physical fitness, age, metabolism, and medical conditions and medicines.

• #20 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21812-heatstroke

  Heat stroke happens when excess heat overwhelms your body’s built-in system for cooling itself. Excess heat can come from: Outside your body. This is environmental heat. Think of the hot, humid air that surrounds you on a summer’s day or the warm, stuffy air in an enclosed room. Inside your body. This is heat your metabolism generates during physical activity. It’s what you might call internal body heat. […] Heat stroke risk factors fall into several categories: Jobs and activities. Agricultural workers, construction workers, firefighters, military members and athletes face an increased risk of heat stroke. […] You face a higher risk of heat stroke if you’re over age 65, pregnant, dehydrated, have a viral or bacterial infection or have cardiovascular disease (which can affect your body’s ability to cool down).

• #21 Heat Exhaustion Signs and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is an illness that can happen when your body gets too hot and can’t cool itself. It’s a response to losing too much water and salt, usually because of too much sweating. […] Heat exhaustion is strongly related to the heat index, which is a measurement of how hot you feel when the effects of relative humidity and air temperature are combined. […] The risk of heat-related illness dramatically increases when the heat index climbs to 90 degrees or more. […] Other factors that can increase your risk of heat-related illness include: Age. Infants and children up to age 4, and adults older than 65, are particularly vulnerable because they adjust to heat more slowly than other people. […] Certain health conditions. These include heart, lung, or kidney disease, obesity or underweight, high blood pressure, diabetes, mental illness, sickle cell trait, alcoholism, sunburn, and any conditions that cause fever.

• #22 Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heat-stroke-hyperthermia-a-to-z

  There are two main causes of heat stroke: Exertional heat stroke occurs when someone is vigorously active in a hot environment, such as playing sports on a hot summer day or participating in military training activities. It typically strikes young, otherwise healthy people, those least likely to be concerned about the effects of heat on their health. Because of the lack of concern, early symptoms may be dismissed or ignored. […] Non-exertional heat stroke tends to occur in people who have a diminished ability to regulate body temperature, such as older people, very young children or people with chronic illnesses. High heat in the surrounding environment, without vigorous activity, can be enough to cause heat stroke in these people. […] Factors that can contribute to heat stroke include: Dehydration from not drinking enough water, Wearing bulky or heavy clothing, such as firefighting gear, in the heat, Being overweight, which causes the body to generate more heat and reduces the body’s ability to cool down, Sleep deprivation, which can decrease the rate of sweating, Being unaccustomed to the heat, such as moving from a cooler climate to a warmer climate, Some medications, most commonly antihistamines (taken for allergies), diuretics (taken for high blood pressure or leg swelling), laxatives (taken to relieve constipation), calcium channel blockers (one type of blood pressure or heart medicine), medicines for Parkinson’s disease, some diarrhea treatments and tricyclic antidepressants, Being confined to a poorly ventilated or non-air-conditioned living space, Having had heat stroke in the past, Use of illicit drugs, including cocaine, heroin, amphetamines and ecstasy (MDMA).

• #23 Heat Exhaustion Signs and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is an illness that can happen when your body gets too hot and can’t cool itself. It’s a response to losing too much water and salt, usually because of too much sweating. […] Heat exhaustion is strongly related to the heat index, which is a measurement of how hot you feel when the effects of relative humidity and air temperature are combined. […] The risk of heat-related illness dramatically increases when the heat index climbs to 90 degrees or more. […] Other factors that can increase your risk of heat-related illness include: Age. Infants and children up to age 4, and adults older than 65, are particularly vulnerable because they adjust to heat more slowly than other people. […] Certain health conditions. These include heart, lung, or kidney disease, obesity or underweight, high blood pressure, diabetes, mental illness, sickle cell trait, alcoholism, sunburn, and any conditions that cause fever.

• #24 Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention Tips

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/heatstroke-vs-heat-exhaustion

  Strenuous activity in heat: Vigorous physical activity in hot weather can lead to rapid body temperature increases. […] Chronic illnesses: Conditions such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, and obesity increase the risk. […] Previous heat-related illness: Having had heat exhaustion or heat stroke before can increase susceptibility. […] By being aware of these risk factors, individuals can take preventative measures to reduce their likelihood of developing heat exhaustion or heatstroke, especially during periods of extreme heat. […] For heatstroke, seek emergency medical attention immediately if the person has a body temperature of 104F (40C) or higher, shows an altered mental state, experiences severe symptoms like rapid, shallow breathing or a racing heart rate, or stops sweating. Immediate action is crucial for severe cases to ensure prompt and effective treatment.

• #25 Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heat-stroke-hyperthermia-a-to-z

  There are two main causes of heat stroke: Exertional heat stroke occurs when someone is vigorously active in a hot environment, such as playing sports on a hot summer day or participating in military training activities. It typically strikes young, otherwise healthy people, those least likely to be concerned about the effects of heat on their health. Because of the lack of concern, early symptoms may be dismissed or ignored. […] Non-exertional heat stroke tends to occur in people who have a diminished ability to regulate body temperature, such as older people, very young children or people with chronic illnesses. High heat in the surrounding environment, without vigorous activity, can be enough to cause heat stroke in these people. […] Factors that can contribute to heat stroke include: Dehydration from not drinking enough water, Wearing bulky or heavy clothing, such as firefighting gear, in the heat, Being overweight, which causes the body to generate more heat and reduces the body’s ability to cool down, Sleep deprivation, which can decrease the rate of sweating, Being unaccustomed to the heat, such as moving from a cooler climate to a warmer climate, Some medications, most commonly antihistamines (taken for allergies), diuretics (taken for high blood pressure or leg swelling), laxatives (taken to relieve constipation), calcium channel blockers (one type of blood pressure or heart medicine), medicines for Parkinson’s disease, some diarrhea treatments and tricyclic antidepressants, Being confined to a poorly ventilated or non-air-conditioned living space, Having had heat stroke in the past, Use of illicit drugs, including cocaine, heroin, amphetamines and ecstasy (MDMA).

• #26 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21812-heatstroke

  Heat stroke happens when excess heat overwhelms your body’s built-in system for cooling itself. Excess heat can come from: Outside your body. This is environmental heat. Think of the hot, humid air that surrounds you on a summer’s day or the warm, stuffy air in an enclosed room. Inside your body. This is heat your metabolism generates during physical activity. It’s what you might call internal body heat. […] Heat stroke risk factors fall into several categories: Jobs and activities. Agricultural workers, construction workers, firefighters, military members and athletes face an increased risk of heat stroke. […] You face a higher risk of heat stroke if you’re over age 65, pregnant, dehydrated, have a viral or bacterial infection or have cardiovascular disease (which can affect your body’s ability to cool down).

• #27 Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention Tips

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/heatstroke-vs-heat-exhaustion

  Strenuous activity in heat: Vigorous physical activity in hot weather can lead to rapid body temperature increases. […] Chronic illnesses: Conditions such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, and obesity increase the risk. […] Previous heat-related illness: Having had heat exhaustion or heat stroke before can increase susceptibility. […] By being aware of these risk factors, individuals can take preventative measures to reduce their likelihood of developing heat exhaustion or heatstroke, especially during periods of extreme heat. […] For heatstroke, seek emergency medical attention immediately if the person has a body temperature of 104F (40C) or higher, shows an altered mental state, experiences severe symptoms like rapid, shallow breathing or a racing heart rate, or stops sweating. Immediate action is crucial for severe cases to ensure prompt and effective treatment.

• #28 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Heat stroke is defined as a body temperature higher than 40C (104F) associated with neurologic dysfunction. […] The etiology of heat stroke may involve any of the following: Increased heat production, Decreased heat loss, Reduced ability to acclimatize, Reduced behavioral responsiveness. […] Increased metabolism can result from infections, sepsis, encephalitis, stimulant drugs, thyroid storm, and drug withdrawal. […] Strenuous exercise and status epilepticus can increase heat production 10-fold and, when uninterrupted, can overwhelm the body’s heat-dissipating mechanisms, leading to dangerous rises in body temperature. […] Reduced sweating can result from dermatologic diseases, drugs, and burns. […] Reduced ability to acclimatize may affect persons at the extremes of age (ie, toddlers and young children, the elderly) who may be less able to generate adequate physiologic responses to heat stress. […] Infants, patients who are bedridden, and patients who are chronically ill are at risk for heat stroke because they are unable to control their environment and water intake.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-heat-stroke.aspx

  Heat stroke and other heat related conditions occur when the body is exposed to high levels of heat and is unable to cool itself. […] A severe lack of sweating may be caused by dehydration and lack of body water. […] Thus not only the environmental temperature but other factors like humid weather and physical exertion may also lead to heat strokes. […] In the elderly and those with long term health conditions the thermoregulation of the brain is not adequate. This puts these individuals at a higher risk of getting heat exhaustion and heatstroke. […] High risk groups include those with Alzheimers disease, disabled and bed ridden patients, babies and infants, those who have taken too much alcohol – since alcohol causes dehydration, those with anorexia, those with cystic fibrosis, those with epilepsy, those with diabetes insipidus, those with gastroenteritis and diarrhea, those with Parkinsons disease, those with thyroid overactivity and thyrotoxicosis, those with low potassium levels in blood etc., people who are obese, those who are unused to exertion when they undergo an unusual session of physical activity, those wearing tight fitting, non-cotton and inappropriate clothing, sleep deprived, those with a sweat gland dysfunction. […] In addition, certain drugs also raise the risk of heat related health conditions.

• #30 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Heat stroke is defined as a body temperature higher than 40C (104F) associated with neurologic dysfunction. […] The etiology of heat stroke may involve any of the following: Increased heat production, Decreased heat loss, Reduced ability to acclimatize, Reduced behavioral responsiveness. […] Increased metabolism can result from infections, sepsis, encephalitis, stimulant drugs, thyroid storm, and drug withdrawal. […] Strenuous exercise and status epilepticus can increase heat production 10-fold and, when uninterrupted, can overwhelm the body’s heat-dissipating mechanisms, leading to dangerous rises in body temperature. […] Reduced sweating can result from dermatologic diseases, drugs, and burns. […] Reduced ability to acclimatize may affect persons at the extremes of age (ie, toddlers and young children, the elderly) who may be less able to generate adequate physiologic responses to heat stress. […] Infants, patients who are bedridden, and patients who are chronically ill are at risk for heat stroke because they are unable to control their environment and water intake.

• #31 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Heat stroke is defined as a body temperature higher than 40C (104F) associated with neurologic dysfunction. […] The etiology of heat stroke may involve any of the following: Increased heat production, Decreased heat loss, Reduced ability to acclimatize, Reduced behavioral responsiveness. […] Increased metabolism can result from infections, sepsis, encephalitis, stimulant drugs, thyroid storm, and drug withdrawal. […] Strenuous exercise and status epilepticus can increase heat production 10-fold and, when uninterrupted, can overwhelm the body’s heat-dissipating mechanisms, leading to dangerous rises in body temperature. […] Reduced sweating can result from dermatologic diseases, drugs, and burns. […] Reduced ability to acclimatize may affect persons at the extremes of age (ie, toddlers and young children, the elderly) who may be less able to generate adequate physiologic responses to heat stress. […] Infants, patients who are bedridden, and patients who are chronically ill are at risk for heat stroke because they are unable to control their environment and water intake.

• #32 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Heat stroke is defined as a body temperature higher than 40C (104F) associated with neurologic dysfunction. […] The etiology of heat stroke may involve any of the following: Increased heat production, Decreased heat loss, Reduced ability to acclimatize, Reduced behavioral responsiveness. […] Increased metabolism can result from infections, sepsis, encephalitis, stimulant drugs, thyroid storm, and drug withdrawal. […] Strenuous exercise and status epilepticus can increase heat production 10-fold and, when uninterrupted, can overwhelm the body’s heat-dissipating mechanisms, leading to dangerous rises in body temperature. […] Reduced sweating can result from dermatologic diseases, drugs, and burns. […] Reduced ability to acclimatize may affect persons at the extremes of age (ie, toddlers and young children, the elderly) who may be less able to generate adequate physiologic responses to heat stress. […] Infants, patients who are bedridden, and patients who are chronically ill are at risk for heat stroke because they are unable to control their environment and water intake.

• #33 Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heat-stroke-hyperthermia-a-to-z

  There are two main causes of heat stroke: Exertional heat stroke occurs when someone is vigorously active in a hot environment, such as playing sports on a hot summer day or participating in military training activities. It typically strikes young, otherwise healthy people, those least likely to be concerned about the effects of heat on their health. Because of the lack of concern, early symptoms may be dismissed or ignored. […] Non-exertional heat stroke tends to occur in people who have a diminished ability to regulate body temperature, such as older people, very young children or people with chronic illnesses. High heat in the surrounding environment, without vigorous activity, can be enough to cause heat stroke in these people. […] Factors that can contribute to heat stroke include: Dehydration from not drinking enough water, Wearing bulky or heavy clothing, such as firefighting gear, in the heat, Being overweight, which causes the body to generate more heat and reduces the body’s ability to cool down, Sleep deprivation, which can decrease the rate of sweating, Being unaccustomed to the heat, such as moving from a cooler climate to a warmer climate, Some medications, most commonly antihistamines (taken for allergies), diuretics (taken for high blood pressure or leg swelling), laxatives (taken to relieve constipation), calcium channel blockers (one type of blood pressure or heart medicine), medicines for Parkinson’s disease, some diarrhea treatments and tricyclic antidepressants, Being confined to a poorly ventilated or non-air-conditioned living space, Having had heat stroke in the past, Use of illicit drugs, including cocaine, heroin, amphetamines and ecstasy (MDMA).

• #34 Heat Exhaustion Signs and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/heat-exhaustion

  Alcohol use. Alcohol makes you pee more than other fluids and can negatively affect how your body balances fluids. That can contribute to heat exhaustion. […] Heat exhaustion usually goes away with rest and fluids. You should feel better within an hour. […] If you have symptoms of heat exhaustion, it’s essential to immediately get out of the heat and rest, ideally in an air-conditioned room. […] If you don’t feel better within an hour, seek medical help, because untreated heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke.

• #35 Heatstroke: Causes, symptoms and treatment | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/heat-stroke/

  Drinking alcohol can make it hard to regulate body temperature and maintain fluid balance during the summer season. […] Heat stroke symptoms include high body temperature, changes in behaviour, hot or dry skin, sweating, rapid and strong pulse, throbbing headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and unconsciousness in some cases. […] Immediate medical attention is crucial if a child shows these signs and symptoms of heat stroke. […] Heat stroke is a severe, life-threatening condition that occurs when your body fails to regulate its temperature. […] It causes your body temperature to rise above 104F (40C). […] Immediate diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications and organ damage.

• #36 Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heat-stroke-hyperthermia-a-to-z

  There are two main causes of heat stroke: Exertional heat stroke occurs when someone is vigorously active in a hot environment, such as playing sports on a hot summer day or participating in military training activities. It typically strikes young, otherwise healthy people, those least likely to be concerned about the effects of heat on their health. Because of the lack of concern, early symptoms may be dismissed or ignored. […] Non-exertional heat stroke tends to occur in people who have a diminished ability to regulate body temperature, such as older people, very young children or people with chronic illnesses. High heat in the surrounding environment, without vigorous activity, can be enough to cause heat stroke in these people. […] Factors that can contribute to heat stroke include: Dehydration from not drinking enough water, Wearing bulky or heavy clothing, such as firefighting gear, in the heat, Being overweight, which causes the body to generate more heat and reduces the body’s ability to cool down, Sleep deprivation, which can decrease the rate of sweating, Being unaccustomed to the heat, such as moving from a cooler climate to a warmer climate, Some medications, most commonly antihistamines (taken for allergies), diuretics (taken for high blood pressure or leg swelling), laxatives (taken to relieve constipation), calcium channel blockers (one type of blood pressure or heart medicine), medicines for Parkinson’s disease, some diarrhea treatments and tricyclic antidepressants, Being confined to a poorly ventilated or non-air-conditioned living space, Having had heat stroke in the past, Use of illicit drugs, including cocaine, heroin, amphetamines and ecstasy (MDMA).

• #37 Heatstroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581

  Heatstroke is a condition caused by the body overheating. This usually happens because of exposure to high temperatures or physical activity in high temperatures for too long. […] Heatstroke can happen as a result of: […] In a type of heatstroke, called nonexertional (classic) heatstroke, being in a hot environment leads to a rise in core body temperature. This type of heatstroke typically happens after exposure to hot, humid weather, especially for a long period of time. […] Exertional heatstroke is caused by an increase in core body temperature brought on by intense physical activity in hot weather. […] In either type of heatstroke, your condition can be brought on by: […] Wearing heavy clothing that prevents sweat from evaporating easily and cooling the body. […] Drinking alcohol, which can affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature. […] Becoming dehydrated by not drinking enough water to replenish fluids lost through sweating.

• #38 Heat stroke – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_stroke

  Heat stroke occurs because of high external temperatures and/or physical exertion. […] Heat stroke results in more than 600 deaths a year in the United States. […] Purely exercise-induced heat stroke, though a medical emergency, tends to be self-limiting (the patient stops exercising from cramp or exhaustion) and fewer than 5% of cases are fatal. Non-exertional heatstroke is a much greater danger: even the healthiest person, if left in a heatstroke-inducing environment without medical attention, will continue to deteriorate to the point of death, and 65% of the most severe cases are fatal even with treatment. […] Heat stroke occurs when thermoregulation is overwhelmed by a combination of excessive metabolic production of heat (exertion), excessive heat in the physical environment, and insufficient or impaired heat loss, resulting in an abnormally high body temperature.

• #39 Heat Illness: Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688398/all/Heat_Illness:_Heat_Exhaustion_and_Heat_Stroke

  A continuum of increasingly severe illness caused by dehydration, electrolyte losses, and failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms when exposed to elevated environmental temperatures. […] Heat exhaustion is a mild to moderate form of heat illness displaying dehydration-type symptoms with a normal to elevated temperature. […] Heat stroke is characterized by an elevated core temperature 104F with central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities and is a true medical emergency. […] Excess heat has direct cellular toxicity. Excess heat also leads to an imbalance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, vascular endothelial damage, and end-organ dysfunction. […] Interplay between failure of heat-dissipating mechanisms, an overwhelming heat stress, and an exaggerated acute-phase inflammatory response.

• #40 Heat stroke in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/heat-stroke-in-children

  The highest rates of death from heat-related illness are in the older adult population and in adult patients with comorbid disease. However, infants and young children are also at risk. […] Among teenage athletes, heat illness is the third major cause of death behind traumatic and cardiac causes. […] The critical thermal maximum (CTM) is defined as the degree of elevated body temperature and duration of heat exposure that can be tolerated before cell damage occurs. Children sustain serious heat-related injury when the CTM is exceeded. […] Physiologic heat stress causes cell injury through several proposed mechanisms: Production of acute-phase reactants that initiate an inflammatory cascade; Direct injury to cells with denaturation of proteins; Direct injury to the vascular endothelium resulting in impaired microcirculation and disseminated intravascular coagulation; Intestinal ischemia and increased permeability followed by endotoxemia.

• #41 Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heat-stroke-hyperthermia-a-to-z

  The human body usually can regulate its temperature. When the body gets too hot, it uses several strategies to cool down, including sweating. But if a person spends too much time in the heat without taking in enough fluids, the body’s cooling processes can’t work properly. When the body becomes dehydrated, it can no longer cool itself by sweating. When this happens, body temperature can rise high enough to make the person sick. […] The first symptoms of heat illness occur as the body temperature climbs above normal, and can include headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and fatigue. These early symptoms sometimes are called heat exhaustion. If steps are not taken to reduce body temperature, heat exhaustion can worsen and become heat stroke. […] Heat stroke is a serious, potentially life-threatening form of heat illness. The body temperature rises to 105 degrees Fahrenheit or higher and you develop neurological changes, such as mental confusion or unconsciousness. At these high temperatures, body proteins and the membranes around the cells in the body, especially in the brain, begin to be destroyed or malfunction. The extreme heat can affect internal organs, causing breakdown of the heart muscle cells and blood vessels, damage to internal organs, and death.

• #42 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  Humans are homeotherms, which means we are organisms capable of maintaining our body’s temperature in a specific range. While baseline body temperature is between 36.5 to 37.5C (97.7 to 99.5F), the body has mechanisms to address temperatures between approximately 35 to 41C (95.0 to 105.8F), after which it can no longer self-regulate and compensate for external thermal loads. The bodys core temperature is the sum of metabolic heat production, mechanical work, and heat exchange with the environment. A balance between internal and external variables (e.g., levels of metabolically active hormones, external temperature and humidity, and the amount of environmental convection) affects the body to cause either a net gain or a net loss of temperature. Heat exchange with the environment occurs through evaporative, convective, conductive, and radiative loss. As external temperature and humidity rise, radiation and conduction become ineffective, and evaporative dissipation of heat is the primary means by which the body can cool itself. […] Comorbidities, mental status changes, and medications may also play a role in limiting a person’s response to exposure to a hot environment.

• #43 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  Humans are homeotherms, which means we are organisms capable of maintaining our body’s temperature in a specific range. While baseline body temperature is between 36.5 to 37.5C (97.7 to 99.5F), the body has mechanisms to address temperatures between approximately 35 to 41C (95.0 to 105.8F), after which it can no longer self-regulate and compensate for external thermal loads. The bodys core temperature is the sum of metabolic heat production, mechanical work, and heat exchange with the environment. A balance between internal and external variables (e.g., levels of metabolically active hormones, external temperature and humidity, and the amount of environmental convection) affects the body to cause either a net gain or a net loss of temperature. Heat exchange with the environment occurs through evaporative, convective, conductive, and radiative loss. As external temperature and humidity rise, radiation and conduction become ineffective, and evaporative dissipation of heat is the primary means by which the body can cool itself. […] Comorbidities, mental status changes, and medications may also play a role in limiting a person’s response to exposure to a hot environment.

• #44

  https://journals.lww.com/cmii/fulltext/2018/16010/heat_stroke_and_heat_exhaustion__an_update.2.aspx

  Even in healthy individuals, dehydration or the use of common medications (e.g., antihistamines with anticholinergic side effects) may precipitate heat stroke. […] The two important principles in management of heat stroke are lowering of core temperature immediately to 38.9C and supporting organ systems injured by heat, hypotension, inflammation and coagulopathy. […] Heat stroke is a medical emergency and if not treated immediately can result in complications and death. […] Treatment initiated in the first golden hour after the onset of heat stroke can be extremely effective. […] Heat stroke and heat exhaustion occur when these thermoregulatory mechanisms are inadequate or overwhelmed.

• #45 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21812-heatstroke

  Heat stroke is the most severe form of heat-related illness (hyperthermia). It occurs when your body overheats and can’t cool down. It can develop if you’re in a very warm space, like a home without air conditioning, or if you’re doing intense physical activity that generates lots of body heat. Heat stroke causes your body temperature to soar to dangerous levels, typically above 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius). […] Untreated heat exhaustion (a moderate form of heat-related illness) can lead to heat stroke. But heat stroke can also develop without warning. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke share similar symptoms like dizziness, nausea and weakness. But a key difference is that heat stroke causes brain dysfunction (encephalopathy). This means you experience changes to your thinking and behavior like confusion, agitation and aggression.

• #46 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  Heatstroke is a severe heat-related illness involving an elevation in body temperature, typically but not always greater than 40 C. The patient has clinical signs of central nervous system dysfunction that may include confusion, ataxia, delirium, or seizures brought on after strenuous physical exertion or exposure to hot weather. […] Heat-related illness is a spectrum of conditions progressing from heat exhaustion and heat injury to life-threatening heat stroke. Heat stroke is a clinical constellation of symptoms that include a severe elevation in body temperature, typically, but not always, greater than 40C. […] It is important to differentiate where the patient is on the heat illness continuum. The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion may present similarly, including cramping, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and headache. If progression to end-organ damage occurs, it then becomes heat injury. Finally, neurologic alteration distinguishes heat stroke from heat injury.

• #47 How do heat exhaustion and heat stroke differ?

  https://www.australiawidefirstaid.com.au/resources/heat-exhaustion-vs-heat-stroke

  Heat exhaustion is a heat-related illness that is associated with body temperatures of 37°C–40°C and often accompanied by dehydration. […] A person who is unable to cool down by sweating is vulnerable to heat exhaustion. […] This loss of body fluids and salts caused by decreased blood pressure and blood volume after prolonged exposure to high heat leads to fatigue — one of the major signs of heat exhaustion. […] Heat cramps may also present. […] Heat stroke, also known as sun stroke, is associated with body temperatures over 40°C. […] Immediate medical intervention is necessary to avoid brain damage and damage to the heart, kidneys, muscles, as well as possible coma and death. […] At core temperatures above 40°C, the body’s temperature regulation centre in the brain ceases to function properly.

• #48 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-heat-stroke.aspx

  Heat stroke and other heat related conditions occur when the body is exposed to high levels of heat and is unable to cool itself. […] A severe lack of sweating may be caused by dehydration and lack of body water. […] Thus not only the environmental temperature but other factors like humid weather and physical exertion may also lead to heat strokes. […] In the elderly and those with long term health conditions the thermoregulation of the brain is not adequate. This puts these individuals at a higher risk of getting heat exhaustion and heatstroke. […] High risk groups include those with Alzheimers disease, disabled and bed ridden patients, babies and infants, those who have taken too much alcohol – since alcohol causes dehydration, those with anorexia, those with cystic fibrosis, those with epilepsy, those with diabetes insipidus, those with gastroenteritis and diarrhea, those with Parkinsons disease, those with thyroid overactivity and thyrotoxicosis, those with low potassium levels in blood etc., people who are obese, those who are unused to exertion when they undergo an unusual session of physical activity, those wearing tight fitting, non-cotton and inappropriate clothing, sleep deprived, those with a sweat gland dysfunction. […] In addition, certain drugs also raise the risk of heat related health conditions.

• #49 Heat Stroke Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-clinical

  Classic heat stroke most commonly occurs during episodes of prolonged elevations in ambient temperatures. It affects people who are unable to control their environment and water intake (eg, infants, elderly persons, individuals who are chronically ill), people with reduced cardiovascular reserve (eg, elderly persons, patients with chronic cardiovascular illnesses), and people with impaired sweating (eg, from skin disease or ingestion of anticholinergic or psychiatric drugs). In addition, infants have an immature thermoregulatory system, and elderly persons have impaired perception of changes in body and ambient temperatures and a decreased capacity to sweat.

• #50 Heat stroke – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_stroke

  Substances that inhibit cooling and cause dehydration such as alcohol, stimulants, medications, and age-related physiological changes predispose to so-called „classic” or non-exertional heat stroke (NEHS), most often in elderly and infirm individuals in summer situations with insufficient ventilation. […] Young children have age specific physiologic differences that make them more susceptible to heat stroke including an increased surface area to mass ratio (leading to increased environmental heat absorption), an underdeveloped thermoregulatory system, a decreased sweating rate and a decreased blood volume to body size ratio (leading to decreased compensatory heat dissipation by redirecting blood to the skin). […] Exertional heat stroke (EHS) can happen in young people without health problems or medications most often in athletes, outdoor laborers, or military personnel engaged in strenuous hot-weather activity or in first responders wearing heavy personal protective equipment.

• #51 Heat Illness (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/heat.html

  In heatstroke, the body cannot regulate its own temperature. Body temperature can soar to 106F (41.1C) or even higher, and can lead to brain damage or even death if it isn’t treated right away. Quick medical care is needed to bring the body temperature under control. […] Kids are at risk for heatstroke if they overdress or do intense physical activity in hot weather without drinking enough liquids.

• #52 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21812-heatstroke

  Heat stroke happens when excess heat overwhelms your body’s built-in system for cooling itself. Excess heat can come from: Outside your body. This is environmental heat. Think of the hot, humid air that surrounds you on a summer’s day or the warm, stuffy air in an enclosed room. Inside your body. This is heat your metabolism generates during physical activity. It’s what you might call internal body heat. […] Heat stroke risk factors fall into several categories: Jobs and activities. Agricultural workers, construction workers, firefighters, military members and athletes face an increased risk of heat stroke. […] You face a higher risk of heat stroke if you’re over age 65, pregnant, dehydrated, have a viral or bacterial infection or have cardiovascular disease (which can affect your body’s ability to cool down).

• #53 Heat – Overview: Working in Outdoor and Indoor Heat Environments | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure

  Millions of U.S. workers are exposed to heat in their workplaces. Although illness from exposure to heat is preventable, every year, thousands become sick from occupational heat exposure, and some cases are fatal. Most outdoor fatalities, 50% to 70%, occur in the first few days of working in warm or hot environments because the body needs to build a tolerance to the heat gradually over time. The process of building tolerance is called heat acclimatization. Lack of acclimatization represents a major risk factor for fatal outcomes. […] Occupational risk factors for heat illness include heavy physical activity, warm or hot environmental conditions, lack of acclimatization, and wearing clothing that holds in body heat. […] If heat dissipation does not happen quickly enough, the internal body temperature keeps rising and the worker may experience symptoms that include thirst, irritability, a rash, cramping, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke.

• #54 Heat – Overview: Working in Outdoor and Indoor Heat Environments | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure

  Millions of U.S. workers are exposed to heat in their workplaces. Although illness from exposure to heat is preventable, every year, thousands become sick from occupational heat exposure, and some cases are fatal. Most outdoor fatalities, 50% to 70%, occur in the first few days of working in warm or hot environments because the body needs to build a tolerance to the heat gradually over time. The process of building tolerance is called heat acclimatization. Lack of acclimatization represents a major risk factor for fatal outcomes. […] Occupational risk factors for heat illness include heavy physical activity, warm or hot environmental conditions, lack of acclimatization, and wearing clothing that holds in body heat. […] If heat dissipation does not happen quickly enough, the internal body temperature keeps rising and the worker may experience symptoms that include thirst, irritability, a rash, cramping, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke.

• #55 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-heat-stroke.aspx

  Heat stroke and other heat related conditions occur when the body is exposed to high levels of heat and is unable to cool itself. […] A severe lack of sweating may be caused by dehydration and lack of body water. […] Thus not only the environmental temperature but other factors like humid weather and physical exertion may also lead to heat strokes. […] In the elderly and those with long term health conditions the thermoregulation of the brain is not adequate. This puts these individuals at a higher risk of getting heat exhaustion and heatstroke. […] High risk groups include those with Alzheimers disease, disabled and bed ridden patients, babies and infants, those who have taken too much alcohol – since alcohol causes dehydration, those with anorexia, those with cystic fibrosis, those with epilepsy, those with diabetes insipidus, those with gastroenteritis and diarrhea, those with Parkinsons disease, those with thyroid overactivity and thyrotoxicosis, those with low potassium levels in blood etc., people who are obese, those who are unused to exertion when they undergo an unusual session of physical activity, those wearing tight fitting, non-cotton and inappropriate clothing, sleep deprived, those with a sweat gland dysfunction. […] In addition, certain drugs also raise the risk of heat related health conditions.

• #56 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis/print

  Congenital disorders associated with increased risk include ectodermal dysplasia and anhidrosis, which impair the ability to sweat, thereby limiting thermotolerance. Other genetic disorders that may increase the risk for EHI include malignant hyperthermia and sickle cell trait (SCT). […] In addition to the risk factors listed above, a number of acquired factors, including infection, certain medications, and dietary supplements predispose to EHI. Infection not only impairs function through fever, but may increase risk through systemic activation of cytokines, which appears to impair thermotolerance. […] Consecutive days in the heat has been demonstrated in both military and civilian populations to compromise exercise heat tolerance and increase the risk for EHI. […] Drugs and dietary supplements may increase the risk for EHI through a number of mechanisms, including impaired sweating, cardiovascular disturbances, increased heat production, disturbances in water and electrolyte balance, and decreased perception of fatigue, which might hinder the voluntary termination of exercise.

• #57 Heat – Overview: Working in Outdoor and Indoor Heat Environments | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure

  Heat stroke is the most severe heat-related illness. Workers suffering from heat stroke experience mental dysfunction such as unconsciousness, confusion, disorientation, or slurred speech. […] During heat waves, workers may experience a combination of two kinds of heat-related illness. „Exertional heat illness” results primarily from exertion (metabolic heat generated by muscle activity in the body). On the other hand, „environmental heat illness,” is attributed primarily to ambient conditions, including heat and relative humidity, and is related to heat waves and death in the elderly, urban heat islands, and hot motor vehicles. […] Heat-related illness is preventable, especially with management commitment to providing the most effective controls. […] Workers who have not spent time recently in warm or hot environments and/or being physically active will need time to build tolerance (acclimatize or, less frequently used, acclimate) to the heat.

• #58 Heat – Overview: Working in Outdoor and Indoor Heat Environments | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure

  Heat stroke is the most severe heat-related illness. Workers suffering from heat stroke experience mental dysfunction such as unconsciousness, confusion, disorientation, or slurred speech. […] During heat waves, workers may experience a combination of two kinds of heat-related illness. „Exertional heat illness” results primarily from exertion (metabolic heat generated by muscle activity in the body). On the other hand, „environmental heat illness,” is attributed primarily to ambient conditions, including heat and relative humidity, and is related to heat waves and death in the elderly, urban heat islands, and hot motor vehicles. […] Heat-related illness is preventable, especially with management commitment to providing the most effective controls. […] Workers who have not spent time recently in warm or hot environments and/or being physically active will need time to build tolerance (acclimatize or, less frequently used, acclimate) to the heat.

• #59 Heat Stroke Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-clinical

  Clinically, 2 forms of heat stroke are differentiated: classic, or nonexertional, heat stroke (NEHS) and exertional heat stroke (EHS). NEHS, which occurs during environmental heat waves, is more common in the very young and the elderly and should be suspected in children, elderly persons, and chronically ill individuals who present with an altered sensorium. NEHS occurs because of failure of the body’s heat dissipating mechanisms. […] On the other hand, EHS affects young, healthy individuals who engage in strenuous physical activity, and EHS should be suspected in all such individuals who exhibit bizarre, irrational behavior or experience syncope. EHS results from increased heat production, which overwhelms the body’s ability to dissipate heat. […] Risk factors that increase the likelihood of heat-related illnesses include a preceding viral infection, dehydration, fatigue, obesity, lack of sleep, poor physical fitness, and lack of acclimatization. Although lack of acclimatization is a risk factor for heat stroke, EHS also can occur in acclimatized individuals who are subjected to moderately intense exercise. EHS also may occur because of increased motor activity due to drug use, such as cocaine and amphetamines, and as a complication of status epilepticus.

• #60 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Heat stroke is defined as a body temperature higher than 40C (104F) associated with neurologic dysfunction. […] The etiology of heat stroke may involve any of the following: Increased heat production, Decreased heat loss, Reduced ability to acclimatize, Reduced behavioral responsiveness. […] Increased metabolism can result from infections, sepsis, encephalitis, stimulant drugs, thyroid storm, and drug withdrawal. […] Strenuous exercise and status epilepticus can increase heat production 10-fold and, when uninterrupted, can overwhelm the body’s heat-dissipating mechanisms, leading to dangerous rises in body temperature. […] Reduced sweating can result from dermatologic diseases, drugs, and burns. […] Reduced ability to acclimatize may affect persons at the extremes of age (ie, toddlers and young children, the elderly) who may be less able to generate adequate physiologic responses to heat stress. […] Infants, patients who are bedridden, and patients who are chronically ill are at risk for heat stroke because they are unable to control their environment and water intake.

• #61 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis/print

  A comprehensive study of fatal episodes of EHS among military personnel provides further insight into important risk factors. According to this study, the absence of appropriate medical triage and physical effort beyond the fitness capacities of the victims were found in all deaths. Training in extreme heat was also common. High motivation among military personnel to achieve at demanding physical tasks is another important risk factor for exertional illness. […] Other studies emphasize the importance of adverse environmental conditions in heat illness. Data from large-scale endurance events, such as marathons, show a strong correlation between the severity of environmental conditions and the incidence of heat illness, especially EHS. […] Common risk factors for all types of EHI include strenuous exercise in high ambient temperature and humidity, lack of acclimatization, poor physical fitness, obesity, dehydration, acute illness, external load, including clothing, equipment, and protective gear, and high motivation to excel at demanding physical tasks.

• #62 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis/print

  Congenital disorders associated with increased risk include ectodermal dysplasia and anhidrosis, which impair the ability to sweat, thereby limiting thermotolerance. Other genetic disorders that may increase the risk for EHI include malignant hyperthermia and sickle cell trait (SCT). […] In addition to the risk factors listed above, a number of acquired factors, including infection, certain medications, and dietary supplements predispose to EHI. Infection not only impairs function through fever, but may increase risk through systemic activation of cytokines, which appears to impair thermotolerance. […] Consecutive days in the heat has been demonstrated in both military and civilian populations to compromise exercise heat tolerance and increase the risk for EHI. […] Drugs and dietary supplements may increase the risk for EHI through a number of mechanisms, including impaired sweating, cardiovascular disturbances, increased heat production, disturbances in water and electrolyte balance, and decreased perception of fatigue, which might hinder the voluntary termination of exercise.

• #63 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis/print

  Congenital disorders associated with increased risk include ectodermal dysplasia and anhidrosis, which impair the ability to sweat, thereby limiting thermotolerance. Other genetic disorders that may increase the risk for EHI include malignant hyperthermia and sickle cell trait (SCT). […] In addition to the risk factors listed above, a number of acquired factors, including infection, certain medications, and dietary supplements predispose to EHI. Infection not only impairs function through fever, but may increase risk through systemic activation of cytokines, which appears to impair thermotolerance. […] Consecutive days in the heat has been demonstrated in both military and civilian populations to compromise exercise heat tolerance and increase the risk for EHI. […] Drugs and dietary supplements may increase the risk for EHI through a number of mechanisms, including impaired sweating, cardiovascular disturbances, increased heat production, disturbances in water and electrolyte balance, and decreased perception of fatigue, which might hinder the voluntary termination of exercise.

• #64 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis/print

  Congenital disorders associated with increased risk include ectodermal dysplasia and anhidrosis, which impair the ability to sweat, thereby limiting thermotolerance. Other genetic disorders that may increase the risk for EHI include malignant hyperthermia and sickle cell trait (SCT). […] In addition to the risk factors listed above, a number of acquired factors, including infection, certain medications, and dietary supplements predispose to EHI. Infection not only impairs function through fever, but may increase risk through systemic activation of cytokines, which appears to impair thermotolerance. […] Consecutive days in the heat has been demonstrated in both military and civilian populations to compromise exercise heat tolerance and increase the risk for EHI. […] Drugs and dietary supplements may increase the risk for EHI through a number of mechanisms, including impaired sweating, cardiovascular disturbances, increased heat production, disturbances in water and electrolyte balance, and decreased perception of fatigue, which might hinder the voluntary termination of exercise.

• #65 Heat Stroke: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/59236-heat-stroke-facts.html

  It’s important to take preventive measures to avoid heat stroke. „Those most at risk for heat stroke are children, the elderly who may live alone, those with chronic medical issues, and those who participate in strenuous activity outdoors,” said Polan. […] Being informed about what medications and substances can contribute to heat stroke is also useful. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, these include: Alcohol, Amphetamines, Anticholinergics, Antihistamines, Benzodiazepines, Beta blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Cocaine, Diuretics, Laxatives, Neuroleptics, Phenothiazines, Thyroid agonists, Tricyclic antidepressants.

• #66 Heat Exhaustion Signs and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/heat-exhaustion

  Alcohol use. Alcohol makes you pee more than other fluids and can negatively affect how your body balances fluids. That can contribute to heat exhaustion. […] Heat exhaustion usually goes away with rest and fluids. You should feel better within an hour. […] If you have symptoms of heat exhaustion, it’s essential to immediately get out of the heat and rest, ideally in an air-conditioned room. […] If you don’t feel better within an hour, seek medical help, because untreated heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke.

• #67 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21812-heatstroke

  Serious complications that can occur with heat stroke include: Disruption to your brain activity (coma). Muscle breakdown, which sends toxins into your blood (rhabdomyolysis). Reduced flow of blood and oxygen to your organs (hypovolemic shock). Severe damage to major organs like your lungs (acute respiratory distress syndrome), kidneys (kidney failure), heart (heart failure) or liver (liver failure). […] Heat stroke treatment involves quickly cooling down your body and monitoring for complications. This requires care in an emergency room.

• #68 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21812-heatstroke

  Serious complications that can occur with heat stroke include: Disruption to your brain activity (coma). Muscle breakdown, which sends toxins into your blood (rhabdomyolysis). Reduced flow of blood and oxygen to your organs (hypovolemic shock). Severe damage to major organs like your lungs (acute respiratory distress syndrome), kidneys (kidney failure), heart (heart failure) or liver (liver failure). […] Heat stroke treatment involves quickly cooling down your body and monitoring for complications. This requires care in an emergency room.

• #69 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  There are 2 forms of heat stroke: classic and exertional. Classic heat stroke typically affects elderly individuals with chronic medical conditions, while exertional heat stroke affects otherwise healthy people who engage in strenuous exercise in hot or humid weather. […] Patients presenting with heat stroke have high mortality depending on the etiology of the presentation. However, the death rate from exertional heat stroke is relatively low (3 to 5%) compared to classic heat stroke (10 to 65%). […] The sequelae of the insult may persist beyond the initial CNS dysfunction, involving injury to the gut, kidney, skeletal muscle, or other organ systems. Complications of heat stroke include acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute kidney injury, hepatic injury, hypoglycemia, rhabdomyolysis, and seizures.

• #70 Heat Stroke: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/59236-heat-stroke-facts.html

  According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, heat cramps usually muscle cramps in the leg or abdomen are the first sign of heat stroke. Other symptoms include fainting, dizziness, confusion, lightheadedness, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness and unusual behavior such as aggression. […] „As a neurosurgeon, I feel passionate about raising awareness of EHS, as this condition can cause long-term damage to the brain,” said Dr. Julian Bailes Jr., director of the department of neurosurgery and co-director of the NorthShore University HealthSystem Neurological Institute. „I’ve found that too often, people ignore the warning signs of overheating and their condition turns into a potentially life-threatening medical emergency EHS which can threaten organ function or life itself.”

• #71 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis/print

  Heat exhaustion is characterized by the inability to maintain adequate cardiac output due to strenuous physical exercise and environmental heat stress. Acute dehydration may be present, but is not required for the diagnosis. […] The clinical criteria for heat exhaustion generally include the following: athlete has obvious difficulty continuing with exercise; core body temperature is usually 101 to 104°F (38.3 to 40.0°C) at the time of collapse; no significant dysfunction of the central nervous system is present. […] Heat injury is defined as an EHI with evidence of both hyperthermia and end organ damage, but without any significant neurologic manifestations. The absence of neurologic findings distinguishes the diagnosis from exertional heat stroke. […] Exertional heat stroke is a multisystem illness characterized by CNS dysfunction and additional organ and tissue damage in association with high body temperatures. The two main criteria for diagnosing exertional heat stroke are a core temperature usually above 104.9°F (40.5°C) and CNS dysfunction. […] The morbidity and mortality due to EHS are a direct result of ischemia and oxidative and nitrosative stress; the prognosis is worse when cooling is delayed and the core temperature is allowed to remain above the critical threshold of 40.5 to 41.0°C (105 to 106°F) for any period of time.

• #72 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  There are 2 forms of heat stroke: classic and exertional. Classic heat stroke typically affects elderly individuals with chronic medical conditions, while exertional heat stroke affects otherwise healthy people who engage in strenuous exercise in hot or humid weather. […] Patients presenting with heat stroke have high mortality depending on the etiology of the presentation. However, the death rate from exertional heat stroke is relatively low (3 to 5%) compared to classic heat stroke (10 to 65%). […] The sequelae of the insult may persist beyond the initial CNS dysfunction, involving injury to the gut, kidney, skeletal muscle, or other organ systems. Complications of heat stroke include acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute kidney injury, hepatic injury, hypoglycemia, rhabdomyolysis, and seizures.

• #73 Heatstroke in Dogs: Signs, Treatment, and Prevention | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/systemic/heatstroke-dogs

  Heatstroke is the result of a dog’s inability to cool their body down. […] Dogs are more susceptible to the effects of heat-related illnesses than humans because they are not able to cool themselves by sweating. […] Heatstroke occurs when a dog’s body cannot cool down. […] There are two main causes of heatstroke in dogs: A dog is left in the car, even on a relatively cool day. […] A dog exercising on a hot, humid day. […] Dogs are more susceptible to the effects of heat-related illnesses than humans because they are not able to cool themselves by sweating. […] Heatstroke in dogs is becoming increasingly more dangerous due to climate change and extreme weather patterns. […] Heatstroke in dogs is often a diagnosis based on history of heat exposure (being left in the car, exercising), symptoms, and body temperature greater than 104 F. […] Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of heatstroke in dogs are important for a pets survival and recovery. […] Major damage can occur when the bodys temperature reaches higher than 109 F. […] A dog’s prognosis is considered poor if multiple organ failure occurs.

• #74 Heat stroke – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_stroke

  Heat stroke occurs because of high external temperatures and/or physical exertion. […] Heat stroke results in more than 600 deaths a year in the United States. […] Purely exercise-induced heat stroke, though a medical emergency, tends to be self-limiting (the patient stops exercising from cramp or exhaustion) and fewer than 5% of cases are fatal. Non-exertional heatstroke is a much greater danger: even the healthiest person, if left in a heatstroke-inducing environment without medical attention, will continue to deteriorate to the point of death, and 65% of the most severe cases are fatal even with treatment. […] Heat stroke occurs when thermoregulation is overwhelmed by a combination of excessive metabolic production of heat (exertion), excessive heat in the physical environment, and insufficient or impaired heat loss, resulting in an abnormally high body temperature.

• #75 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239

  Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. Exertional heat stroke is characterised by central nervous system dysfunction in people with hyperthermia during physical activity and can be influenced by environmental factors such as heatwaves, which extend the incidence of exertional heat stroke beyond athletics only. […] The pathophysiology of exertional heat stroke involves thermoregulatory and cardiovascular overload, resulting in severe hyperthermia and subsequent multiorgan injury due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and coagulopathy. Research about risk factors for exertional heat stroke remains limited, but dehydration, sex differences, ageing, body composition, and previous illness are thought to increase risk.

• #76 Heat exhaustion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is a heat-related illness characterized by the body’s inability to effectively cool itself, typically occurring in high ambient temperatures or during intense physical exertion. […] Climate change and increasing global temperatures have led to more frequent and intense heat waves, raising the incidence of heat exhaustion. […] Risk factors include hot and humid weather, prolonged heat exposure, intense physical exertion, limited access to water or cooling, and certain medications that can exacerbate fluid and serum electrolyte losses including diuretics, antihypertensives, anticholinergics, and antidepressants. […] Common causes of heat exhaustion and other heat-related illnesses include prolonged exposure to hot, sunny, or humid weather conditions, extended time spent in high-temperature environments without adequate cooling, engaging in strenuous activities through work, exercise, or sports, particularly in hot conditions, insufficient fluid intake leading to dehydration, overconsumption of fluids without adequate electrolyte replacement, wearing tight or non-breathable clothing that does not allow heat to escape, trapping heat close to the body, use of certain medications that impair thermoregulation, and sudden exposure to high temperatures without gradual acclimatization.

• #77 Heat exhaustion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exhaustion

  There is increasing evidence linking higher temperatures to a variety of diseases and disorders as well as elevated mortality and morbidity rates. […] The electrolyte depletion theory proposes that increased sweating during intense physical exertion in high ambient temperatures results in a depletion of serum electrolytes that causes sustained involuntary muscle contractions, or heat cramps. […] However, the contribution of intense physical exertion and high ambient temperatures to serum electrolyte depletion in the absence of significant dehydration has been contested by more recent research, which proposes an alternative theory. […] In heat syncope, or exercise-associated collapse, there is an increased dilation of blood vessels near the skin’s surface and a pooling of blood in the lower extremities due to a decrease in vasomotor tone, which is the extent of control over the constriction and dilation of blood vessels. […] Heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke, a severe form of heat-related illness characterized by complete failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms.

• #78

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-heat-and-health

  Heat stress is the leading cause of weather-related deaths and can exacerbate underlying illnesses including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health, asthma, and can increase the risk of accidents and transmission of some infectious diseases. Heatstroke is a medical emergency with a high-case fatality rate. […] The bodys inability to regulate internal temperature and eliminate heat gain in such conditions increases the risk of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. […] The strain put on the body as it tries to cool itself also stresses the heart and kidneys. As a result, heat extremes can worsen health risks from chronic conditions (cardiovascular, mental, respiratory and diabetes related conditions) and cause acute kidney injury. […] Deaths and hospitalizations triggered by extreme hot weather occur rapidly (same day and following days), which means interventions also need to be rapid when a heat alert is issued.

• #79 Heatstroke in Dogs: Signs, Treatment, and Prevention | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/systemic/heatstroke-dogs

  Heatstroke is the result of a dog’s inability to cool their body down. […] Dogs are more susceptible to the effects of heat-related illnesses than humans because they are not able to cool themselves by sweating. […] Heatstroke occurs when a dog’s body cannot cool down. […] There are two main causes of heatstroke in dogs: A dog is left in the car, even on a relatively cool day. […] A dog exercising on a hot, humid day. […] Dogs are more susceptible to the effects of heat-related illnesses than humans because they are not able to cool themselves by sweating. […] Heatstroke in dogs is becoming increasingly more dangerous due to climate change and extreme weather patterns. […] Heatstroke in dogs is often a diagnosis based on history of heat exposure (being left in the car, exercising), symptoms, and body temperature greater than 104 F. […] Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of heatstroke in dogs are important for a pets survival and recovery. […] Major damage can occur when the bodys temperature reaches higher than 109 F. […] A dog’s prognosis is considered poor if multiple organ failure occurs.

• #80 Heat Exhaustion Signs and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is an illness that can happen when your body gets too hot and can’t cool itself. It’s a response to losing too much water and salt, usually because of too much sweating. […] Heat exhaustion is strongly related to the heat index, which is a measurement of how hot you feel when the effects of relative humidity and air temperature are combined. […] The risk of heat-related illness dramatically increases when the heat index climbs to 90 degrees or more. […] Other factors that can increase your risk of heat-related illness include: Age. Infants and children up to age 4, and adults older than 65, are particularly vulnerable because they adjust to heat more slowly than other people. […] Certain health conditions. These include heart, lung, or kidney disease, obesity or underweight, high blood pressure, diabetes, mental illness, sickle cell trait, alcoholism, sunburn, and any conditions that cause fever.

• #81

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-heat-and-health

  Heat stress is the leading cause of weather-related deaths and can exacerbate underlying illnesses including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health, asthma, and can increase the risk of accidents and transmission of some infectious diseases. Heatstroke is a medical emergency with a high-case fatality rate. […] The bodys inability to regulate internal temperature and eliminate heat gain in such conditions increases the risk of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. […] The strain put on the body as it tries to cool itself also stresses the heart and kidneys. As a result, heat extremes can worsen health risks from chronic conditions (cardiovascular, mental, respiratory and diabetes related conditions) and cause acute kidney injury. […] Deaths and hospitalizations triggered by extreme hot weather occur rapidly (same day and following days), which means interventions also need to be rapid when a heat alert is issued.

• #82 Heat exhaustion and heatstroke

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/heat-exhaustion-heatstroke/

  Heat exhaustion is not usually serious if you can cool down within 30 minutes. If it turns into heatstroke, it needs to be treated as an emergency. […] Anyone can get heatstroke or heat exhaustion. But keep an eye on children, the elderly and people with long-term health conditions like heart problems or diabetes. They’re more at risk of heat exhaustion or heat stroke. […] Heatstroke can be very serious if not treated quickly. […] There’s a high risk of heat exhaustion or heatstroke during hot weather or exercise.

• #83 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  Heatstroke is a severe heat-related illness involving an elevation in body temperature, typically but not always greater than 40 C. The patient has clinical signs of central nervous system dysfunction that may include confusion, ataxia, delirium, or seizures brought on after strenuous physical exertion or exposure to hot weather. […] Heat-related illness is a spectrum of conditions progressing from heat exhaustion and heat injury to life-threatening heat stroke. Heat stroke is a clinical constellation of symptoms that include a severe elevation in body temperature, typically, but not always, greater than 40C. […] It is important to differentiate where the patient is on the heat illness continuum. The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion may present similarly, including cramping, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and headache. If progression to end-organ damage occurs, it then becomes heat injury. Finally, neurologic alteration distinguishes heat stroke from heat injury.

• #84 Heat stroke – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_stroke

  Heat stroke occurs because of high external temperatures and/or physical exertion. […] Heat stroke results in more than 600 deaths a year in the United States. […] Purely exercise-induced heat stroke, though a medical emergency, tends to be self-limiting (the patient stops exercising from cramp or exhaustion) and fewer than 5% of cases are fatal. Non-exertional heatstroke is a much greater danger: even the healthiest person, if left in a heatstroke-inducing environment without medical attention, will continue to deteriorate to the point of death, and 65% of the most severe cases are fatal even with treatment. […] Heat stroke occurs when thermoregulation is overwhelmed by a combination of excessive metabolic production of heat (exertion), excessive heat in the physical environment, and insufficient or impaired heat loss, resulting in an abnormally high body temperature.

• #85 Heatstroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581

  Heatstroke is a condition caused by the body overheating. This usually happens because of exposure to high temperatures or physical activity in high temperatures for too long. […] Heatstroke can happen as a result of: […] In a type of heatstroke, called nonexertional (classic) heatstroke, being in a hot environment leads to a rise in core body temperature. This type of heatstroke typically happens after exposure to hot, humid weather, especially for a long period of time. […] Exertional heatstroke is caused by an increase in core body temperature brought on by intense physical activity in hot weather. […] In either type of heatstroke, your condition can be brought on by: […] Wearing heavy clothing that prevents sweat from evaporating easily and cooling the body. […] Drinking alcohol, which can affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature. […] Becoming dehydrated by not drinking enough water to replenish fluids lost through sweating.

• #86 Heat exhaustion and heatstroke

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/heat-exhaustion-heatstroke/

  Heat exhaustion is not usually serious if you can cool down within 30 minutes. If it turns into heatstroke, it needs to be treated as an emergency. […] Anyone can get heatstroke or heat exhaustion. But keep an eye on children, the elderly and people with long-term health conditions like heart problems or diabetes. They’re more at risk of heat exhaustion or heat stroke. […] Heatstroke can be very serious if not treated quickly. […] There’s a high risk of heat exhaustion or heatstroke during hot weather or exercise.

• #87 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21812-heatstroke

  Serious complications that can occur with heat stroke include: Disruption to your brain activity (coma). Muscle breakdown, which sends toxins into your blood (rhabdomyolysis). Reduced flow of blood and oxygen to your organs (hypovolemic shock). Severe damage to major organs like your lungs (acute respiratory distress syndrome), kidneys (kidney failure), heart (heart failure) or liver (liver failure). […] Heat stroke treatment involves quickly cooling down your body and monitoring for complications. This requires care in an emergency room.

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