Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical Overview of Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasmosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  There are several tests available to detect Toxoplasma. […] Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is usually made by detection of Toxoplasma-specific IgG, IgM, IgA, or IgE antibodies. […] If acute infection is suspected, the patient’s serum should be tested for IgG and IgM Toxoplasma-specific antibodies. […] However, due to the inherent difficulty in diagnosing acute toxoplasmosis, physicians are advised to seek confirmatory testing through the reference laboratory at Palo Alto Medical Foundation / Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics. […] Serologic tests are sometimes unreliable in immunosuppressed patients. […] A negative PCR does not rule out active infection. […] Diagnosis can be made by direct observation of the parasite in stained tissue sections, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or other biopsy material. […] Eye disease is diagnosed primarily by ocular examination, including appearance of the lesions in the eye, symptoms, course of disease, and often serologic testing.

• #2 Toxoplasmosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563286/

  Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan. […] Initial infections become latent and persist for life. Patients who have latent infection and then become immunocompromised due to various causes, including chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or organ transplantation, can develop reactivation of toxoplasmosis, which usually manifests as central nervous system ring-enhancing lesions. […] The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis may be challenging in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals. The diagnosis may be missed in immunocompetent people with few nonspecific symptoms due to a lack of clinical suspicion. The diagnosis can be made indirectly with serological testing for IgM and IgG.

• #3

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4451882/

  Toxoplasmosis, caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is an important zoonosis with medical and veterinary importance worldwide. […] The diagnosis and genetic characterization of T. gondii infection is crucial for the surveillance, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. […] Traditional approaches for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis include etiological, immunological and imaging techniques. […] Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis has been improved by the emergence of molecular technologies to amplify parasite nucleic acids. […] Among these, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular techniques have been useful for the genetic characterization of T. gondii. […] Serotyping methods based on polymorphic polypeptides have the potential to become the choice for typing T. gondii in humans and animals.

• #4 Laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: methods, pitfalls and new developments – Sri Lanka College of Microbiologists

  https://slmicrobiology.lk/2021/02/28/laboratory-diagnosis-of-toxoplasmosis-methods-pitfalls-and-new-developments/

  Toxoplasmosis infection is asymptomatic in a majority of immunocompetent persons while some may develop a self-limiting flu-like illness. […] Due to the non specificity of clinical signs and the wide differential diagnosis, laboratory testing plays an important role in timely diagnosis and subsequent management of toxoplasmosis. […] The diagnosis of T. gondii infection may be established by serologic tests, molecular techniques based on amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences, direct visualization of the parasite and/or its antigens or by isolation of the parasite. […] In contrast to many parasitic infections where the diagnosis is by demonstration of the presence of a parasite stage, the primary approach in toxoplasmosis is serodiagnosis. […] The serological assays to detect primarily IgM and/or IgG but also other isotypes such as IgA are available in several formats ranging from the more historical Sabin-Feldman dye test, hemagglutination, agglutination, immunoglobulin M immunosorbent agglutination (ISAGA), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), to the more recent semi automated and automated immunoassays based on technologies such as chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) and electrochemiluminescence immunoassays (ECLIAs).

• #5 CDC – DPDx – Toxoplasmosis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/toxoplasmosis/index.html

  In the human host, the parasites form tissue cysts, most commonly in skeletal muscle, myocardium, brain, and eyes; these cysts may remain throughout the life of the host. Diagnosis is usually achieved by serology, although tissue cysts may be observed in stained biopsy specimens. […] Diagnosis of congenital infections can be achieved by detecting T. gondii DNA in amniotic fluid using molecular methods such as PCR. […] The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis may be documented by: […] Serologic testing, which is the routine method of diagnosis. […] Detection of parasite genetic material by PCR, especially in detecting congenital infections in utero and toxoplasmic encephalitis in people with HIV. […] The detection of Toxoplasma-specific antibodies is the primary diagnostic method to determine infection with Toxoplasma.

• #6 CDC – DPDx – Toxoplasmosis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/toxoplasmosis/index.html

  Persons should be initially tested for the presence of Toxoplasma-specific IgG and IgM antibodies to determine their infection status. […] A positive IgG titer indicates infection with the organism at some time. […] A negative result on an IgM test essentially excludes recent infection, but a positive IgM test result is difficult to interpret because Toxoplasma-specific IgM antibodies may be detected for as long as 18 months after newly acquired infection. […] In situations where determining the timing of infection is critical, for example in pregnant women, follow up or confirmatory testing is recommended. […] Newborn infants suspected of congenital toxoplasmosis should be tested by IgG, IgM, and IgA. […] The absence of Toxoplasma-specific IgG antibodies does not rule out toxoplasmosis but makes it less likely.

• #7 Toxoplasma – Serology | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Toxoplasma-Serology

  The absence of both Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies indicates no evidence of recent or past infection. The presence of Toxoplasma IgG antibodies with the absence of IgM antibodies indicates evidence of past infection with Toxoplasma. The detection of Toxoplasma IgM antibodies with absence of IgG antibodies suggests recent infection with Toxoplasma follow-up testing 2 weeks later should be performed to confirm the development of IgG antibodies and thus recent/acute infection.

• #8 Toxoplasmosis Serology: Test, Diagnosis, and Key Results – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/toxoplasmosis-serology-test-diagnosis-and-key-results/

  Toxoplasmosis serology detects antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, the parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis. This test measures two types of antibodies: IgG and IgM. IgG antibodies indicate past exposure, while IgM antibodies suggest a recent or active infection. […] Toxoplasmosis serology is essential for diagnosing this condition, as it detects IgG and IgM antibodies specific to the parasite. A positive IgM result indicates a recent infection, while a positive IgG result suggests past exposure. […] Toxoplasmosis serology is critical for prenatal screening. If a pregnant individual has positive IgM antibodies, further testing, such as amniocentesis or fetal ultrasound, may be necessary to confirm fetal infection. […] Toxoplasmosis serology helps confirm the diagnosis by identifying IgG and IgM antibodies in the blood. A positive IgG result supports the diagnosis, especially in individuals with characteristic retinal lesions observed during an eye exam.

• #9 Toxoplasmosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/toxoplasmosis-7098005

  If a healthcare provider suspects a toxoplasma infection, they typically order tests to look for antibodies to the parasite in the blood. […] To determine when someone acquired the infection, which can be important for pregnant people, the test can compare the levels of two types of antibodiesimmunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG)as follows: High IgM antibodies that recognize toxoplasma indicate a recent infection. High IgG antibodies that recognize toxoplasma indicate that a person has acquired the infection at some time in the past. It does not necessarily mean that they have an active infection. […] In some cases, a healthcare provider may also recommend imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan, to determine if toxoplasmosis has caused any damage to the brain or other organs. They may look into the eyes for lesions.

• #10 Toxoplasmosis Workup: Approach Considerations, Immunoglobulin Testing, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-workup

  Detection of IgG is possible within 2 weeks of infection using the ELISA test, the IgG avidity test, and the agglutination and differential agglutination tests. […] The Sabin-Feldman dye test is a sensitive and specific neutralization test for toxoplasmosis. […] The indirect fluorescent antibody test is used to measure the same antibodies as the dye test. […] The results from a double-sandwich IgM ELISA are more sensitive and specific than the results from other IgM tests. […] The results of the IgG avidity test may help to differentiate patients with acute infection from those with chronic infection better than do alternative assays, such as assays that measure IgM antibodies. […] In most immunodeficient patients with toxoplasmic encephalitis, CT scans show multiple bilateral cerebral lesions.

• #11 Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-015-0902-6

  The detection of T. gondii infection by molecular methods is appealing, due to their high sensitivity and specificity. […] The detection limit of the 529 bp repeat element-nested PCR is 640 fg of parasite DNA, while the rate for B1-nested PCR is 5.12 pg. […] The real-time PCR assay with the B1 gene is considered as the best-performing technique for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, compared with conventional PCR and nested-PCR. […] The molecular diagnostic techniques may do so. […] The IgG avidity test, first described by Hedman et al., is now widely used to differentiate between acute and chronic T. gondii infections. […] Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography (US), are not specific, but can facilitate the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and monitor the therapeutic effect.

• #12 Toxoplasmosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasmosis

  To some extent, acute toxoplasmosis infections can be differentiated from chronic infections using an IgG avidity test, which is a variation on the ELISA. […] Recommendations for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis include: prenatal diagnosis based on testing of amniotic fluid and ultrasound examinations; neonatal diagnosis based on molecular testing of placenta and cord blood and comparative mother-child serologic tests and a clinical examination at birth; and early childhood diagnosis based on neurologic and ophthalmologic examinations and a serologic survey during the first year of life. […] Even though diagnosis of toxoplasmosis heavily relies on serological detection of specific anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin, serological testing has limitations.

• #13 Pediatric Toxoplasmosis Workup: Approach Considerations, Imaging Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000028-workup

  Isolation by mouse inoculation of Toxoplasma from amniotic fluid or placental or fetal tissue is diagnostic of congenital infection. Lymphocyte transformation in response to Toxoplasma antigens indicates previous infection in adults. Detection of Toxoplasma antigens in blood or body fluids by means of enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) or PCR indicates acute infection. A skin test showing delayed hypersensitivity to Toxoplasma antigens may be a useful screening test. […] The Sabin-Feldman dye test is a sensitive and specific neutralization test. It measures IgG antibody and is the standard reference test for toxoplasmosis; however, it requires live T gondii and thus is not available in most laboratories. High titers suggest acute disease. […] The indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test measures the same antibodies as the dye test. Titers parallel dye test titers. The IgM fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect IgM antibodies within the first week of infection, but titers fall within a few months. The double-sandwich IgM ELISA test is more sensitive and specific than other IgM detection tests.

• #14 Toxoplasmosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/toxoplasmosis

  Diagnosis is by serologic tests, histopathology, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). […] Toxoplasmosis is usually diagnosed serologically using an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for IgG and IgM antibodies. […] The diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and in the fetus or neonate can be difficult, and consultation with an expert is recommended. […] If the patient is pregnant and IgG and IgM are positive, an IgG avidity test should be done. […] Detection of specific IgM antibody in neonates suggests congenital infection. […] Ocular disease is diagnosed based on the appearance of the lesions in the eye, symptoms, course of disease, and results of serologic testing.

• #15 The Laboratory Diagnosis in Toxoplasma Infection | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/55057

  The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was described initially in 1971 by Engvall and Perlman, uses antibodies conjugated to an enzyme. […] The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) consists in making a repetitive replication in vitro of specific DNA sequences. […] The real-time PCR using fluorescence probes measures the product of amplification in each cycle and can be quantified with the use of known concentration standards. […] Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a technique of DNA amplification under isothermal conditions, which combines speed, efficiency and high specificity. […] The PCR-RFLP is based on the capacity of restriction endonucleases that recognize polymorphisms of only one nucleotide (SNPs).

• #16 Laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: methods, pitfalls and new developments – Sri Lanka College of Microbiologists

  https://slmicrobiology.lk/2021/02/28/laboratory-diagnosis-of-toxoplasmosis-methods-pitfalls-and-new-developments/

  Toxoplasmosis infection is asymptomatic in a majority of immunocompetent persons while some may develop a self-limiting flu-like illness. […] Due to the non specificity of clinical signs and the wide differential diagnosis, laboratory testing plays an important role in timely diagnosis and subsequent management of toxoplasmosis. […] The diagnosis of T. gondii infection may be established by serologic tests, molecular techniques based on amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences, direct visualization of the parasite and/or its antigens or by isolation of the parasite. […] In contrast to many parasitic infections where the diagnosis is by demonstration of the presence of a parasite stage, the primary approach in toxoplasmosis is serodiagnosis. […] The serological assays to detect primarily IgM and/or IgG but also other isotypes such as IgA are available in several formats ranging from the more historical Sabin-Feldman dye test, hemagglutination, agglutination, immunoglobulin M immunosorbent agglutination (ISAGA), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), to the more recent semi automated and automated immunoassays based on technologies such as chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) and electrochemiluminescence immunoassays (ECLIAs).

• #17 Toxoplasma gondii – Toxoplasmosis | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/toxoplasma-gondii

  When congenital toxoplasmosis is suspected in neonates, IgA antibody levels should be assessed, in addition to IgM levels, because IgA antibody testing is more sensitive than IgM antibody testing in infants. […] Serologic testing is not always reliable in immunocompromised individuals; therefore, test results should be considered in the context of clinical presentation and other testing performed. […] PCR testing may also be useful in immunocompromised patients to assist in diagnosis, alongside serology and clinical presentation. […] Immunohistochemistry (IHC) may also be used to diagnose T. gondii infection, although the use of IHC is limited because it may be difficult to obtain an appropriate specimen.

• #18

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4451882/

  Clinical symptoms of T. gondii infection are non-specific and unreliable for diagnosis. […] The traditional diagnosis of T. gondii infection usually depends on bioassays and serological tests, with the limitations in detection or differentiating parasite strains. […] The detection of T. gondii infection by molecular methods is appealing, due to their high sensitivity and specificity. […] In this review, we summarize conventional non-DNA-based diagnostic methods, and the DNA-based molecular techniques for the diagnosis and genetic characterization of T. gondii. […] The first PCR method for T. gondii detection, targeting the B1 gene, was established in 1989. […] This method has widely been used in prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis and T. gondii infection in immunocompromised patients.

• #19

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4451882/

  Real-time PCR can detect low concentrations of target DNA and quantify starting copies of specific template DNA. […] The real-time PCR assay with the B1 gene is considered as the best-performing technique for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, compared with conventional PCR and nested-PCR. […] The recent development of the Mn-PCR-RFLP method makes it possible to genetically characterize or classify T. gondii from biological samples with high resolution. […] Serotyping methods based on polymorphic polypeptides have the potential to become the choice for typing T. gondii in humans and animals.

• #20 Real-time quantitative PCR in cerebral toxoplasmosis diagnosis of Brazilian human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients | Microbiology Society

  https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.016261-0

  Cerebral toxoplasmosis is the most common cerebral mass lesion in AIDS patients in Brazil, and results in high mortality and morbidity, despite free access to HAART (highly active antiretroviral treatment). Molecular diagnosis based on conventional PCR (cnPCR) or real-time quantitative PCR (qrtPCR) has been indispensable for definitive diagnosis. […] We report here the evaluation of qrtPCR with blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from AIDS patients in Brazil. This prospective study was conducted for 2 years, analysing DNA samples extracted from 149 AIDS patients (98 blood and 51 CSF samples) with confirmed clinical and radiological diagnosis. The laboratory diagnosis included cnPCR (with the B22/B23 primer set) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF). […] For qrtPCR, two primer sets were simultaneously designed based on described genes and using a 6-carboxyfluorescein dye-labelled TaqMan MGB (minor groove binder) probe. One was B1Tg, which amplified a sequence from the B1 gene. The other was the RETg, which amplified a PCR product of the 529bp sequence. The overall cnPCR and qrtPCR results were: positive results were observed in 33.6% (50) patients. The sensitivities were 98% for cnPCR (B22/B23), and 86 and 98% for qrtPCR (B1Tg and RETg, respectively). Negative reactions were observed in 66.4% patients. The specificities were 97% for cnPCR and qrtPCR (B1Tg), and 88.8% for RETg. […] qrtPCR allows for a rapid identification of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in patient samples; in a minority of cases discrepancies occur with the cnPCR.

• #21 Toxoplasmosis Workup: Approach Considerations, Immunoglobulin Testing, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-workup

  Results from basic laboratory studies such as complete blood cell count (CBC), chemistries, and liver function tests (LFTs) typically are normal, although lymphocytosis may be present. […] The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is confirmed with the demonstration of T gondii organisms in blood, body fluids, or tissue. T gondii may be isolated from the blood via either inoculation of human cell lines or mouse inoculation. […] Molecular diagnostic methods of diagnosing toxoplasmosis include techniques such as conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, and real-time PCR for detection of T gondii DNA in clinical samples. […] According to recent studies, the repetitive element of 529 bp in length has shown a sensitivity that is 10-times that of the sensitivity using the B1 gene. Real-time PCR detection of T gondii DNA based on the 529 bp repetitive element is the most frequently used molecular diagnostic approach for toxoplasmosis.

• #22 Toxoplasmosis Workup: Approach Considerations, Immunoglobulin Testing, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-workup

  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay testing on body fluids, including CSF, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and blood, may be useful in the diagnosis. […] Detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is possible within 2 weeks of infection using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, the IgG avidity test, and the agglutination and differential agglutination tests. […] The following diagnostic procedures may be performed for toxoplasmosis: Lumbar puncture – After imaging to identify evidence of increased intracranial pressure, Brain biopsy, Lymph node biopsy, Amniocentesis – Perform amniocentesis at 20-24 weeks’ gestation if congenital disease is suggested, Bronchoalveolar lavage. […] Antibody titers do not correlate with ophthalmic disease. […] Acute systemic toxoplasmosis traditionally has been diagnosed by seroconversion.

• #23 How to Diagnose & Treat Ocular Toxoplasmosis

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/how-to-diagnose-treat-ocular-toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasmosis is one of the most frequently identifiable causes of uveitis worldwide. […] The diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is made mainly by clinical observation of a focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis. […] In atypical cases, serologic tests such as serum anti-Toxoplasma titers of IgM and IgG may be helpful to support the diagnosis. […] In cases where the diagnosis is uncertain, demonstration of anti-Toxoplasma antibody titers in the aqueous humor or vitreous can be helpful. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of aqueous and vitreous samples is another tool with high sensitivity and specificity. […] Autofluorescence imaging can be used to monitor the effect of medical therapy, since it better demonstrates resolution of active retinal edema. […] The most common treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis is so-called classic therapy, which consists of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine plus corticosteroids.

• #24 Toxoplasmosis Testing – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/tests/toxoplasmosis-testing/

  If the molecular test is positive for T. gondii DNA, then the person tested has an active toxoplasmosis infection. A negative test result means that it is less likely that the person has toxoplasmosis but does not rule out infection – Toxoplasma may not be present in sufficient numbers in the blood or fluid sample to be detected.

• #25 Toxoplasmosis Workup: Approach Considerations, Immunoglobulin Testing, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-workup

  CT scans in patients with AIDS who have toxoplasmic encephalitis reveal multiple ring-enhancing lesions in 70-80% of cases. […] MRI has superior sensitivity (particularly if gadolinium is used for contrast) to CT scanning, and MRI scans often demonstrate a single or multiple lesion(s) or more extensive disease not apparent on CT scans. […] Ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in a fetus is available at 20-24 weeks’ gestation. […] Pathologic findings usually are obtained from lymph node biopsy specimens in these patients.

• #26 Toxoplasma gondii Encephalitis: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/toxoplasmosis

  Definitive diagnosis of TE requires a compatible clinical syndrome, identification of one or more mass lesions by CT or MRI, and detection of the organism in a clinical sample. A presumptive diagnosis is based on a consistent clinical and radiographic presentation, presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies, and response to anti-Toxoplasma therapy, but without detection of the organism. Most diagnoses are made either presumptively or based on a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) toxoplasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR). […] On imaging studies, toxoplasmosis presents as contrast-enhancing lesions (typically ring-enhancing), with a predilection for the basal ganglia. MRI has sensitivity superior to that of CT and should be obtained in patients with equivocal or negative CT studies. […] For TE, detection of the organism requires either a brain biopsy, most commonly stereotactic, or a positive CSF PCR test. Hematoxylin and eosin stains can be used for detection of T. gondii in biopsies, but sensitivity is significantly increased if immunoperoxidase staining is used and if experienced laboratories process the specimens.

• #27 Toxoplasmosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/557

  Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan parasite that spreads through food or water contaminated with oocysts, infected meat, or contact with oocysts from feline feces. […] Symptomatic disease can be seen in patients who are immunocompromised with reactivation of latent infection or with acquisition of new infection. […] Symptomatic eye disease can be seen in both patients who are immunocompromised and patients who are immunocompetent. […] Primary infection during pregnancy is often asymptomatic in the mother but can result in congenital disease in the fetus. […] Key diagnostic factors include chorioretinitis and focal neurologic deficit. […] Other diagnostic factors include blurry vision, slurred speech, headache, unsteady gait, confusion, fever, lymphadenopathy, fetal microcephaly, fetal intracranial calcification, fetal hydrocephalus, fetal intrauterine growth restriction, seizure, malaise, hepatitis, pneumonitis, and myocarditis.

• #28 CDC – Toxoplasmosis – Diagnosis

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/diagnosis.html

  The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is typically made by serologic testing. A test that measures immunoglobulin G (IgG) is used to determine if a person has been infected. If it is necessary to try to estimate the time of infection, which is of particular importance for pregnant women, a test which measures immunoglobulin M (IgM) is also used along with other tests such as an avidity test. […] Diagnosis can be made by direct observation of the parasite in stained tissue sections, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or other biopsy material. These techniques are used less frequently because of the difficulty of obtaining these specimens. […] Molecular techniques that can detect the parasite’s DNA in the amniotic fluid can be useful in cases of possible mother-to-child (congenital) transmission. […] Ocular disease is diagnosed based on the appearance of the lesions in the eye, symptoms, course of disease, and often serologic testing.

• #29 The Laboratory Diagnosis in Toxoplasma Infection | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/55057

  The presence of tachyzoites in the peritoneal fluid of the mice is analysed by phase contrast microscopy from 6 to 10 days after inoculation. […] Diagnosis by cellular cultures has also been utilized in ocular toxoplasmosis. […] The detection of tachyzoites in histological sections from suspicious biopsies indicates an acute infection; on the contrary, the detection of tissue cysts that contain bradyzoites in histological samples only confirms a chronic toxoplasmosis infection. […] The Sabin and Feldman reaction, also known as the dye test, is considered as golden standard by detection of Toxoplasma-specific antibodies. […] The hemagglutination assay was first described by Jacobs L. in 1957. […] The modified agglutination test (MAT) detects IgG antibodies, without limitation of host species, but false negative results could occur during early stages of acute infection.

• #30 Toxoplasmosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxoplasmosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356255

  A diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based on blood tests. Laboratory tests can detect two types of antibodies. One antibody is an immune system agent that is present during a new and active infection with the parasite. The other antibody is present if you had an infection at any time in the past. Depending on the results, your health care provider may repeat a test after two weeks. […] More diagnostic tests are used depending on other symptoms, your health and other factors. […] Your health care provider may order a diagnostic blood test for you if: Your symptoms might be from an active toxoplasma infection. Ultrasound images of your baby show irregular features linked to toxoplasmosis. […] A diagnosis is based on tests of the fluid surrounding the baby, called amniotic fluid. The sample is taken with a fine needle that goes through your skin and into the fluid-filled sac holding the baby. […] Blood tests are ordered for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a newborn baby if infection is suspected. A baby who tests positive will have many tests to detect and keep an eye on the disease.

• #31 Maternal and Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations of a French Multidisciplinary Working Group

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/8/1/24

  The care offered for an infection requires different treatments whose indications would eventually depend on the amniocentesis results when performed. […] The most effective method to detect toxoplasmosis is serological screening. […] If the maternal serology is negative, women must be informed about measures to prevent infection with T. gondii, and sequential serological follow-up should be performed. […] In case of the presence of both IgG and IgM, further testing is required to estimate the timing of infection with respect to the date of conception. […] Prenatal diagnosis should be offered with an amniocentesis to perform a PCR assay for toxoplasmosis DNA in the amniotic fluid. […] The sensitivity and the specificity of current PCR testing are 92% and 100%, respectively. […] The decision to treat is made in light of the results of the prenatal and neonatal examinations.

• #32 Toxoplasma gondii | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540558/all/Toxoplasma_gondii

  Diagnosis of primary or acute infection based on serology, histopathology, or DNA PCR. […] Serologic studies that support diagnosis are seroconversion, or 4-fold rising titers confirm new infection. […] A single IgM measurement cannot reliably diagnose acute infection, as IgM can remain positive for 2 years. […] Histopathology may demonstrate organisms in tissue biopsies from infected organs. […] Special Population–pregnancy in immunocompetent individual […] Serology of toxoplasma IgG positive and IgM negative in the first or second trimester indicates a high likelihood that maternal infection is remote and without risk to the fetus. […] Positive IgM +/- IgG should prompt further testing at commercial or reference lab, e.g., Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics to run toxoplasma panels: Sabin-Feldman dye test (IgG), IgM, IgE, and IgA ELISA, differential agglutination, and IgG avidity tests.

• #33 Toxoplasmosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9756-toxoplasmosis

  If your healthcare provider suspects that you have toxoplasmosis in your brain or spinal cord, they may perform a lumbar puncture. In this procedure, your provider uses a needle to draw cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from your lower back. It will be sent to a lab to look for signs of T. gondii. […] If you’re pregnant and have been diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, your healthcare provider may recommend an amniocentesis. Your provider uses a small needle to collect cells from the fluid surrounding the fetus. It will be sent to a lab to look for signs of T. gondii. […] If you’re pregnant and have been diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, your healthcare provider may recommend an ultrasound. During an ultrasound, your provider passes a hand-held device over your abdomen to get images of the fetus. This can’t diagnose toxoplasmosis on its own, but it can show changes to in the fetus’s brain that could indicate an infection.

• #34 Understanding Toxoplasmosis: Symptoms, Causes and Diagnosis and Treatment Options | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/understanding-toxoplasmosis-symptoms-causes-and-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. […] Typically, doctors run a blood test to look for antibodies for this parasite. Antibodies are types of proteins our immune system produces when it is threatened by a harmful substance. If your test comes back positive, it simply means you have had this infection at some point in your life. It does not indicate the presence of an active infection. […] Some additional imaging tests such as a CT or MRI can be done to detect changes in the brain, eyes, and ears. […] If you are pregnant, the doctor will test your amniotic fluid. An ultrasound can additionally help determine if the unborn child is infected. While a detailed ultrasound cannot diagnose toxoplasmosis, it can, nonetheless, show whether the baby has certain signs like hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain). But, a negative ultrasound does not rule out the possibility of this infection. For that reason, the newborn may need an examination as well as follow-up blood tests during the first year of life.

• #35 Congenital Toxoplasmosis – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/congenital-toxoplasmosis

  Diagnosis is by serologic or polymerase chain reaction testing. […] Serial serum IgG measurement (for maternal infection) […] Amniotic fluid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing (for fetal infection) […] Serologic testing, brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, ophthalmologic evaluation (for neonatal infection), and PCR testing of various body fluids or tissues […] Maternal infection should be suspected if women have one or more of the following: A mononucleosis-like syndrome and negative tests for Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, and cytomegalovirus (antibody or PCR) […] Ultrasound findings can suggest congenital toxoplasmosis but are nonspecific. For fetal infection, PCR analysis of amniotic fluid is emerging as the diagnostic method of choice. […] For infants with suspected congenital toxoplasmosis, serologic tests, MRI or CT imaging of the brain, CSF analysis, complete blood count, liver enzymes, brain stem auditory evoked responses, and a thorough eye examination by an ophthalmologist should be performed.

• #36 Pediatric Toxoplasmosis Workup: Approach Considerations, Imaging Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000028-workup

  The IgG avidity test may be able to discriminate acute from chronic infection better than alternative assays, such as assays that measure IgM antibodies, can. As is true for IgM antibody tests, the avidity test is most useful when performed early in gestation, because a chronic pattern occurring late in pregnancy does not rule out the possibility that the acute infection may have occurred during the first months of gestation. A 2-fold rise in serum IgG obtained at 3-week intervals is diagnostic. […] IgA and IgE ELISA should be determined when the infants IgM titers are negative or equivocal. Determination of Toxoplasma-specific IgA or IgE is more sensitive (but not specific) than detection of IgM for congenital toxoplasmosis (approximately 90% vs 75-80%). Repeating the test at least 10 days after delivery can assist in making the diagnosis.

• #37 Toxoplasmosis in Newborns – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/infections-in-newborns/toxoplasmosis-in-newborns

  Blood tests and tests of other fluids can be done to detect the infection in the fetus, newborn, or mother. […] For a pregnant person: Blood tests […] For a fetus: Testing of the amniotic fluid […] For a newborn: Testing of blood and other fluids, brain imaging, spinal tap, and eye examinations. […] The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a pregnant person is usually based on blood tests that detect antibodies against the parasite. […] To determine whether a fetus has been infected, a doctor can take a sample of the fluid around the fetus (amniotic fluid) and test it for antibodies to the parasite and for the parasite’s genetic material (DNA). […] If doctors suspect a newborn is infected, they test the blood and the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord (spinal fluid). […] Doctors do imaging tests, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), of the brain to look for abnormalities typical of toxoplasmosis.

• #38 Toxoplasmosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563286/

  Biopsy of the affected organ provides a definite diagnosis, but this may not always be possible. […] Although a biopsy of the affected organ provides a definitive diagnosis, toxoplasmosis can also be diagnosed using noninvasive testing, including labs and imaging. […] The main goal of treatment is to limit parasite multiplication during active infection. Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole can prevent acute infection in those who are immunosuppressed and should be considered in patients who need it according to local or international guidelines. […] In immunosuppressed individuals, it is essential to ascertain which patients need prophylactic medication to avoid reactivation of toxoplasmosis. Reactivation of latent cysts is the primary mechanism of toxoplasmosis following HSCT and SOT and when patients with HIV/AIDS have a CD4 lymphocyte count of less than 100 cells/L.

• #39 Toxoplasma gondii Encephalitis: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan that can commonly cause asymptomatic infection, a mononucleosis-like syndrome, retinochoroiditis, or congenital infection in immunocompetent individuals, but it presents most often as toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) in people with HIV who are severely immunocompromised. Toxoplasmosis in people with HIV appears to occur mainly due to reactivation of latent tissue cysts from a prior infection; primary infection is occasionally associated with acute cerebral or disseminated disease. […] People with HIV and concomitant TE are usually seropositive for anti-toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The absence of IgG antibody makes a diagnosis of toxoplasmosis unlikely but not impossible. Anti-toxoplasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are usually absent and should not be requested unless primary infection is suspected. Quantitative antibody titers are not useful for diagnosis.

• #40 Toxoplasma gondii | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540558/all/Toxoplasma_gondii

  Amniocentesis for fluid by T. gondii PCR. […] Secondary or reactivation diagnosis may rely on the patients response to therapy, including improved CNS lesions, IgG-positive serology, and classic appearance on CNS imaging. […] Almost all individuals with HIV and toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) have CNS lesions and are blood IgG positive. […] Imaging for TE is contrast-enhanced CT or MRI that shows multiple ring-enhancing lesions with surrounding edema in the gray matter of the cortex or basal ganglia. […] Lack of radiologic improvement after 2 weeks of therapy is an indication to consider an alternative diagnosis. […] Histopathology directly detects the parasite by microscopy. […] PCR of CSF for T. gondii has high specificity (96%–100%) and low sensitivity (50%).

• #41 Toxoplasma gondii Encephalitis: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/toxoplasmosis

  Given the risks associated with a brain biopsy, and the difficulty in obtaining one at many centers, a presumptive diagnosis of TE is established based on an objective response to empiric therapy. Brain biopsy is then reserved for patients who fail to respond to specific therapy, although earlier biopsy should be strongly considered if results from imaging, serology, or CSF PCR do not confirm toxoplasmosis or suggest an etiology other than toxoplasmosis.

• #42 Toxoplasmosis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/toxoplasmosis-pro

  Investigations […] Various tests are available, depending on the type of case (eg, immunocompetent, HIV/AIDS, congenital, organ transplant, ocular infection). They include: Reference serology test – IgG and IgM (Sabin-Feldman Dye Test – DT). IgM EIA. IgM/IgA Immunosorbent Agglutination Assay (ISAGA). Molecular Diagnosis (PCR). Enhanced Immunohisto-staining. Toxoplasma IgG/IgM Immunoblot. […] MRI or CT scanning for brain lesions. Typical CNS findings are multiple ring-enhancing lesions. MRI is more sensitive. […] Empirical anti-toxoplasmosis treatment is accepted practice for immunocompromised patients with multiple ring-enhancing brain lesions; patients usually improve within 7-10 days. […] Most infections caused by Toxoplasma gondii are self-limiting, and treatment is not necessary. Exceptions are patients with eye involvement (toxoplasma choroidoretinitis), and those who are immunosuppressed.

• #43 Toxoplasmosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of infectious retinochroiditis in humans. […] Clinical evaluation and diagnosis is the most important part of diagnosing toxoplasmosis retinitis. […] Because of the high prevalence of positive toxoplasma titers in many populations, the use of serology in the diagnosis is mainly limited to reassuring the clinician that toxoplasmosis should remain in the differential. If the IgG titers for toxoplasmosis are completely negative, down to a 1:1 dilution, then toxoplasmosis is completely ruled out in an immunocompetent person. It is possible that an immunosuppressed patient could have a completely negative immunoglobulin titers and have active ocular toxoplasmosis infection. […] The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been very helpful for the diagnosis of atypical or difficult cases. Detection of T gondii DNA by PCR in both aqueous humor and vitreous fluid is both sensitive and specific.

• #44 When biology supports clinical diagnosis: review of techniques to diagnose ocular toxoplasmosis | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/103/7/1008

  Toxoplasmosis is a common infection whose worldwide prevalence is estimated at 30%, with large disparities across the world. […] To date, there is no consensus yet on how to diagnose OT, which is often based only on clinical presentation. Nevertheless, OT-associated symptoms are often atypical and misleading. […] Over the last 20 years, tremendous progress has been made in biological tools, enabling parasitologists to confirm the diagnosis in most suspected cases of OT. Using anterior chamber puncture, a safe and fast procedure, ophthalmologists sample aqueous humour for analysis using multiple techniques in order to reach high specificity and sensitivity in OT diagnosis. In this article, we present the different techniques available for the biological diagnosis of OT, along with their characteristics, and propose a diagnostic algorithm designed to select the best of these techniques if clinical examination is not sufficient to ascertain the diagnosis.

• #45 Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-015-0902-6

  The recent development of the Mn-PCR-RFLP method makes it possible to genetically characterize or classify T. gondii from biological samples with high resolution. […] Serotyping methods based on polymorphic polypeptides have the potential to become the choice for typing T. gondii in humans and animals.

• #46 Toxoplasmosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/557

  1st tests to order include anti-Toxoplasma IgG (serum), anti-Toxoplasma IgM (serum), CT of brain (with intravenous contrast), and MRI of brain (with intravenous contrast). […] Tests to consider include anti-Toxoplasma IgA (serum), Toxoplasma-specific IgG avidity index (serum), differential agglutination test (AC/HS), polymerase chain reaction (body fluids and tissue), and biopsy. […] Emerging tests include IgG or IgM Immunoblot (serum), enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay, and interferon-gamma release assay.

• #47 New test rapidly diagnoses Toxoplasma infections and reduces false positives | Biological Sciences Division | The University of Chicago

  https://biologicalsciences.uchicago.edu/news/new-test-rapidly-diagnoses-toxoplasma-infections

  Early detection of T. gondii in previously uninfected pregnant women is key to limiting the damage of toxoplasmosis in unborn babies. […] „Without proper diagnosis and medications, acute toxoplasmosis in the fetus can be lethal or lead to premature birth,” said co-corresponding author Martine Wallon, MD, of the Institut des agents infectieux and Hpital de la Croix-Rousse in France. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment can also eliminate brain damage, according to co-author Jorge Gmez-Marn of the University of Quindio in Colombia. […] The Toxoplasma ICT IgG-IgM point-of-care diagnostic test provides rapid results on immuno-chromatographic paper, similar to the color-changing tests used in Covid tests. […] They also sought to use the ICT as a back-up diagnostic tool to detect false positive tests in standard commercial tests for IgM antibodies.

• #48 Putative biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of congenital ocular toxoplasmosis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73265-z

  In the present study we have evaluated the performance of several immunological biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Our results showed that ex vivo serum levels of CXCL9, and the frequencies of circulating CD4+CD25+ T-cells and T. gondii-specific IFN-+CD4+ T-cells measured 30-45 days after birth presented high accuracy to distinguish T. gondii-infected infants from healthy age-matched controls (Global Accuracy/AUC=0.9; 0.9 and 0.8, respectively). Of note was the enhanced performance (Accuracy=96%) achieved by using a combined stepwise analysis of CD4+CD25+ T-cells and CXCL9. In addition, high global accuracy (AUC=0.9) with elevated sensitivity (Se=98%) was also reached by using the total frequency of in vitro IFN–producing T. gondii-specific T-cells (IFN-+ CD4+ CD8+) as a biomarker of congenital toxoplasmosis. Furthermore, the analysis of in vitro T. gondii-specific IL5+CD4+ T-cells and IFN-+NK-cells displayed a high accuracy for early prognosis of ocular lesion in infant with congenital toxoplasmosis (Global Accuracy/AUC=0.8 and 0.9, respectively). Together, these findings support the relevance of employing the elements of the cell-mediated immune response as biomarkers with potential to endorse early diagnosis and prognosis of congenital ocular toxoplasmosis to contribute for a precise clinical management and effective therapeutic intervention.

• #49 Putative biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of congenital ocular toxoplasmosis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73265-z

  Our data demonstrated that CXCL9 and CXCL10 have good performance to discriminate T. gondii-infected infants from age matched non-infected controls. Moreover, we have also observed that the combined analysis of CXCL9 and CXCL10 improves the accuracy of these biomarkers to diagnose toxoplasmosis. We have previously shown increased levels of serum CXCL9 and CXCL10 in T. gondii-infected infants early after birth. High levels of chemokines have been also described in the aqueous humor from patients with primary or recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis as compared to disease-free controls. […] Taken together, our findings reinforce the importance of evaluating elements of the immune response as biomarkers to define an early diagnosis and prognosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. This study screened a range of immunological assays to measure ex vivo and post stimulation T. gondii-specific parameters defining biomarkers with high accuracy for the diagnosis and prognosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. We propose the levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10, the frequencies of CD4+CD25+ T-cells and the frequency of T. gondii-specific IFN- producing CD4+ T-cells presented as biomarkers able to distinguish with high accuracy infants with congenital toxoplasmosis from uninfected healthy controls. Combined analyses of CD4+CD25+ T-cells and CXCL9, and IFN- production by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells have even higher accuracy as biomarkers of congenital toxoplasmosis. As for early prognosis T. gondii-specific IL5+CD4+ T-cells and IFN- produced by NK-cells displayed high accuracy to define respectively ocular involvement and acute/chronic phase of ocular toxoplasmosis in infants with congenital disease. Together, these findings support the relevance of employing the elements of the cell-mediated immune response as biomarkers with potential to endorse early diagnosis and prognosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.

• #50 SciELO Brazil – Molecular and serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis Molecular and serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rimtsp/a/zdcNJ7VvDbBvZz4r4mzdPTv/

  There is a need to assess the results in an integrated way and according to each form of clinical manifestation, respecting the likely time of infection and the limits of each of the techniques used. […] The sensitivity and specificity values of the diagnostic methods and their markers were extracted from each study and are described on Table 2. It was observed that the flow cytometry, lateral flow immunoassay and qPCR techniques had 100% sensitivity, whereas ELISA, western blotting, quantitative real-time (qPCR) and RE-LAMP techniques achieved 100% specificity. […] The confirmation of toxoplasmosis is mainly based on the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies. However, the investigation of IgA is also performed, especially when there is a need to determine the stage of infection. […] In the meta-analysis, it was found that the ISAGA technique had low sensitivity, being used for the identification of T. gondii in the amniotic fluid.

• #51 Toxoplasmosis a Gondii Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies: Curren

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/toxoplasmosis-a-gondii-diagnosis-and-treatment-strategies-current-trends-and-future-prospects-103119.html

  Timely diagnosis and management can prevent severe complications and improve patient outcomes. […] The Study provides a comprehensive overview of the current approaches and future perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis. […] It underscores the importance of early and accurate diagnosis, tailored treatment strategies, and preventive measures to mitigate the impact of this parasitic infection.

• #52 Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics at Sutter Health

  https://www.sutterhealth.org/patient-resources/remington-laboratory

  The Remington Lab has been dedicated solely to the laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis for over 50 years. […] If your doctor suspects you may be infected with toxoplasmosis, they may send a sample to the Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, formerly known as the Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory, for testing. The lab runs a number of proprietary tests to diagnose toxoplasmosis in patients referred by their healthcare provider. […] Doctors at the laboratory also offer interpretation of test results and consult with clinicians worldwide on treatment and patient management. […] The labs tests on the blood of pregnant women with positive IgM antibodies a sign of Toxoplasmosis reported by other laboratories has helped rule out false positives and reduced medically unnecessary abortions by 50%.

• #53 Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics at Sutter Health

  https://www.sutterhealth.org/patient-resources/remington-laboratory

  This facility serves as the reference laboratory for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and have worked with these agencies to disseminate information to medical professionals and the public about toxoplasmosis and its diagnosis. […] Our comprehensive guide provides in-depth information on laboratory tests and the latest diagnostic techniques. Learn about serological tests, PCR and histological methods. Our team at the Remington Lab offers confirmatory testing and consultation to help you make informed decisions. […] The Toxoplasma Serology Lab Test Menu and Information is provided for physicians and medical professionals to read about the current guidelines for the tests listed. […] Toxoplasma PCR: Specimens received by 12:00 pm (Pacific Time) on Tuesday will have verbal results available Wednesday by 3:00 pm (Pacific Time). Specimens received by 12:00 pm (Pacific Time) on Friday will have verbal results available Monday by 3:00 pm (Pacific Time).

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