Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563286/

  Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan. […] Through this course, participants understand the pathogenesis, evaluation, and management of toxoplasmosis, focusing on recognizing and treating acute infections and reactivations. The course emphasizes the importance of an interprofessional team in managing toxoplasmosis, as collaboration between infectious disease specialists, neurologists, ophthalmologists, and other healthcare professionals is crucial for prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. […] In immunosuppressed individuals, such as patients with HIV/AIDS and those who have received a solid organ or hematopoietic cell transplantation, toxoplasmosis can reactivate and present as an opportunistic infection.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/toxoplasmosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can lead to serious health complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women. This nursing diagnosis focuses on the assessment, interventions, and care planning for patients with toxoplasmosis. […] The nursing assessment for toxoplasmosis involves gathering comprehensive data to guide the care planning process. The following section covers key aspects of the nursing assessment for patients with toxoplasmosis. […] Nursing interventions for toxoplasmosis focus on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting the patients overall well-being. The following interventions are crucial in caring for patients with toxoplasmosis: […] Nursing care for patients with toxoplasmosis requires a comprehensive approach that addresses both the physical and educational needs of the patient. By implementing these nursing care plans, healthcare providers can ensure optimal outcomes for individuals affected by this parasitic infection.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxoplasmosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356255

  A diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based on blood tests. Laboratory tests can detect two types of antibodies. One antibody is an immune system agent that is present during a new and active infection with the parasite. The other antibody is present if you had an infection at any time in the past. Depending on the results, your health care provider may repeat a test after two weeks. […] Your health care provider may order a diagnostic blood test for you if: […] If you have an active infection, it may pass to your baby in the womb. A diagnosis is based on tests of the fluid surrounding the baby, called amniotic fluid. The sample is taken with a fine needle that goes through your skin and into the fluid-filled sac holding the baby. […] Blood tests are ordered for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a newborn baby if infection is suspected. A baby who tests positive will have many tests to detect and keep an eye on the disease.

• #1 Congenital Toxoplasmosis – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/congenital-toxoplasmosis/

  Congenital toxoplasmosis is a disease that occurs in fetuses or new-borns infected with Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite, which is transmitted from mother to fetus. […] Nursing Diagnosis for Toxoplasmosis: Hyperthermia related to parasitic infection secondary to toxoplasmosis, as evidenced by temperature of 38.5 degrees Celsius, rapid and shallow breathing, flushed skin, profuse sweating, and weak pulse. […] Nursing Diagnosis for Toxoplasmosis: Deficient Knowledge related to new diagnosis of toxoplasmosis as evidenced by patients verbalization of I want to know more about my condition, cause and treatment.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/toxoplasmosis-pregnancy/

  Toxoplasmosis infection can be passed to the fetus when the woman who is pregnant has an active infection during pregnancy. When a woman is pregnant and passes an infection to the fetus, it is called vertical transmission. Vertical transmission can happen at any time in pregnancy but is more likely to happen when a woman gets the infection close to delivery. […] If toxoplasmosis is passed to the pregnancy, the fetus has an increased chance of certain birth defects and developmental problems known as “congenital toxoplasmosis”. Some infants with congenital toxoplasmosis can have problems with the brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, blood, liver, or spleen. When the infection starts during the first trimester, the fetus has a higher chance of severe problems. […] One study suggested that toxoplasmosis might increase the chance of pregnancy-related problems such as preterm delivery (birth before week 37) or low birth weight (weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces [2500 grams] at birth). When toxoplasmosis infection starts late in pregnancy, the chance that the fetus will have severe problems is lower. However, the chance of passing the infection to the fetus is higher when infection happens later in pregnancy. An increased chance of stillbirth has been reported in women with active toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy.

• #1 Clinical Care of Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasmosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Most people with healthy immune systems recover from toxoplasmosis without treatment. […] Drugs are available for those who require treatment. […] Currently recommended treatment drugs for toxoplasmosis target the tachyzoite stage of the parasite and do not eradicate encysted parasites in the tissues. […] Pyrimethamine, considered the most effective drug against toxoplasmosis, is a standard component of therapy. […] A second drug, such as sulfadiazine or clindamycin (if the patient has a hypersensitivity reaction to sulfa drugs), should also be included. […] Treatment of immunocompetent adults with lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis is rarely indicated; this form of the disease is usually self-limited. […] If visceral disease is clinically evident or symptoms are severe or persistent, treatment may be indicated for 2 to 4 weeks.

• #1 Clinical Care of Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasmosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Pyrimethamine, folinic acid (leucovorin), and sulfadiazine are standards of therapy for immunodeficient patients. […] Pyrimethamine is a pregnancy category C drug. […] Pyrimethamine is commonly used in combination with sulfadiazine and folinic acid for treatment of fetal toxoplasmosis during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. […] Sulfadiazine is a pregnancy category C drug. […] Sulfadiazine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. […] Clindamycin is a pregnancy category B drug. […] Clindamycin may be used during pregnancy in those patients who will clearly benefit from the drug. […] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMPSMX) is a pregnancy category C drug. […] TMPSMX should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Deterrence and Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-treatment

  Treatment usually is unnecessary in asymptomatic hosts, except in children younger than 5 years. Symptomatic patients should be treated until immunity is ensured. […] Outpatient care is sufficient for acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent hosts and for persons with ocular toxoplasmosis. Inpatient care is appropriate initially for persons with CNS toxoplasmosis and for acute toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised hosts. […] Patients with AIDS who have a CD4 count of less than 100 cells/L should be commenced on suppressive therapy for T gondii until they undergo immune reconstitution. […] Follow-up visits should be scheduled every 2 weeks until the patient is stable, and then monthly during therapy. A CBC should be performed weekly for the first month, and then every 2 weeks. Renal and liver function tests should be performed monthly.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zc1579

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] To prevent toxoplasmosis: Do not clean a cat’s litter box while you are pregnant. Have someone else clean it. If no one else can do it, wear gloves and clean the litter box daily. Wash your hands well with soap and warm water afterward. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you may have toxoplasmosis or have been exposed to it.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxoplasmosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356249

  Most infections don’t need treatment. Drug treatment is used for people with more-serious cases, pregnant people, newborns and people with weakened immune systems. […] Talk to your health care provider about a test if you are worried about exposure to the parasite. If you are planning a pregnancy or are pregnant, see your provider if you suspect exposure. […] The symptoms of severe toxoplasmosis include blurred vision, confusion and loss of coordination. These need immediate medical care, particularly if you have a weakened immune system. […] Certain precautions can help prevent toxoplasmosis: Wear gloves when you garden or handle soil. […] Don’t eat raw or undercooked meat. […] Wash kitchen utensils thoroughly. […] Wash all fruits and vegetables. […] Don’t drink unpasteurized goat milk. […] Don’t drink untreated water. […] Cover children’s sandboxes. […] If you’re pregnant or otherwise at risk of toxoplasmosis, take these steps to protect yourself: Help your cat stay healthy. […] Have someone else clean the litter box.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.toxoplasmosis-care-instructions.zc1579

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you think you may have toxoplasmosis or have been exposed to it.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563286/

  The main goal of treatment is to limit parasite multiplication during active infection. Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole can prevent acute infection in those who are immunosuppressed and should be considered in patients who need it according to local or international guidelines. […] In patients who have received HSCT and SOT, toxoplasmosis is associated with high mortality. […] Early diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and initiation of empiric treatment, as well as antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV/AIDS, improves outcomes in immunosuppressed individuals. […] Prophylactic treatment is indicated in all patients with HIV/AIDS with CD4 lymphocyte counts less than 100 cells/L with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. […] Infection with T gondii is very high in some parts of the world. Although primary infections can be self-limiting, there is a risk for more severe disease with reactivation of latent infection. Patients can reduce their risk of being infected by: Cooking food to safe temperatures or freezing meats for several days at sub-zero temperatures before cooking, Thoroughly washing or peeling all fruits and vegetables, Thoroughly washing surfaces that have come in contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, and unwashed fruits or vegetables, Avoiding unpasteurized goat milk, Wearing gloves and performing appropriate hand hygiene after touching cat litter boxes or any sand or soil that may have been in contact with cat feces. […] An interprofessional team approach in evaluating patients for toxoplasmosis can aid in early diagnosis and treatment.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/toxoplasmosis

  A healthy person does not usually require treatment for toxoplasmosis, as symptoms are mild and usually disappear within a few weeks. […] Pregnant women and people who have compromised immune systems should take precautions against toxoplasmosis. […] A pregnant woman is advised to avoid contact with cats, as her unborn child is at increased risk of birth defects if parasites cross the placenta. […] Pregnant women and people who have compromised immune systems should take precautions against toxoplasmosis. If a woman is infected before she becomes pregnant, then her immune system will attack the parasite and make it harmless. Problems only occur if a woman becomes infected for the first time while pregnant. […] A pregnant woman and people with compromised immune systems can take simple precautions to reduce the risk of infection with the parasite. These include: Wash hands after handling raw meat. Cook meat (including kangaroo meat) thoroughly until the juices run clear. Do not eat rare or medium-rare meat dishes. Wash vegetables to remove any traces of soil. Wash hands thoroughly before eating. Immediately wash cutting boards, knives and any other implements that have come into contact with raw meat. Wear gloves while gardening. Avoid contact with cats. Get someone else to handle litter trays. Make sure litter trays are cleaned and disinfected daily practicing good hygiene (gloves and hand washing), as it takes at least 24 hours for the oocysts passed in cat faeces to become infective.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasmosis can cause problems during pregnancy, including miscarriage, preterm birth or stillbirth. […] If you get toxoplasmosis just before or during pregnancy, you may pass the infection to your baby even if you don’t have any symptoms. The risk of passing the infection to your baby depends on how far along in your pregnancy you were when you were infected. […] If you have toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, there are several ways your health care provider can check to see if your baby is infected: Amniocentesis, Ultrasound, Blood test. […] Most babies born with toxoplasmosis have no symptoms. But about 1 in 10 babies (10 percent) with the infection are born with problems, including: Eye infections or eye inflammation, Swollen liver and spleen, Jaundice, Seizures or convulsions, Fluid on the brain, Swollen lymph nodes, Large head size or smaller-than-normal head size, Feeding problems, Low birthweight, Skin rash or bruising.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Prospective evalution of pregnant women with suspected acute toxoplasmosis treated in a reference prenatal care clinic at a university teaching hospital in Southern Brazil Prospective evalution of pregnant women with suspected acute toxop

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rimtsp/a/Rq6h7yBmSVWjCPQBbksz76S/?lang=en

  In the high-risk prenatal care outpatient clinic of the HUM/UEM, all the pregnant women with positive IgM and IgG anti- T.gondii and low avidity or with positive IgM and IgG anti- T.gondii in the last two trimesters were treated. Spiramycin is initially prescribed when maternal infection is diagnosed in the first trimester (positive IgM and IgG anti- T.gondii with low IgG avidity) and after 34 weeks of gestation. From 16 to 34 weeks of gestation, the women were treated with the triple combination of SPFA. […] Although there is no definitive gold standard treatment for T. gondii infection and the medications available are not fully effective, numerous reports in the literature suggest that the treatment of acute toxoplasmosis during pregnancy reduces the risk of foetal infection and sequelae.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis and Breastfeeding | Breastfeeding special circumstances | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/hcp/illnesses-conditions/toxoplasmosis.html

  A breastfeeding mother with toxoplasmosis can continue to breastfeed her infant. However, she should be cautious if her nipples are cracked or bleeding. […] If a breastfeeding woman has cracked and bleeding nipples or her breasts are inflamed, she might have blood in her breast milk. Although it has never been documented, Toxoplasma could be in that blood and infect the infant through her breast milk. However, the likelihood of human milk transmission is minimal. […] Pregnant women should avoid changing cat litter if possible. If no one else can perform the task, wear disposable gloves and wash your hands with soap and water afterwards.

• #1 Congenital Toxoplasmosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/congenital-toxoplasmosis

  Childrens clinicians treat babies born with congenital toxoplasmosis with anti-toxoplasmosis medications, usually for 1 year after birth. […] One of our experts will determine which combination of medications is best suited for your baby. […] If your child is treated early, there should be no serious consequences of toxoplasmosis. However, if treatment is delayed, your child may suffer some serious health problems as a result of the infection. […] If detected early, antiparasitic treatments can eliminate toxoplasmosis before the parasite harms the fetus. […] Boston Children’s treats babies born with congenital toxoplasmosis with anti-toxoplasmosis medications, usually for 1 year after birth. […] One of our experts will determine which combination of medications is best suited for your baby.

• #1 Clinical Care of Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasmosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Treatment for ocular diseases should be based on a complete ophthalmologic evaluation. […] Management of ocular toxoplasmosis may vary depending on the treatment center, but usually consists of an anti-parasitic drug with corticosteroids as needed to control inflammation. […] Therapy should be given for 4 to 6 weeks, followed by reevaluation of the patients condition. […] Management of maternal and fetal infection varies depending on the treatment center. […] Congenitally infected newborns are generally treated with pyrimethamine, a sulfonamide, and leucovorin for 12 months. […] Toxoplasmosis in immunodeficient patients is often fatal if not treated. […] Treatment is recommended for at least 4 to 6 weeks beyond resolution of all clinical signs and symptoms but may be required for 6 months or longer.

• #1 Congenital Toxoplasmosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/congenital-toxoplasmosis

  Youre likely to be confused and overwhelmed not to mention scared if your infant has been diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis. But you can play an active role in helping him get better. Developing a basic understanding of the condition is a great first step as you partner with your childs health care team to form a treatment plan. […] If your baby has been infected with the toxoplasma gondii parasite, treatment should begin right away to ensure that the condition has a minimal effect on her health. […] Physicians in the Division of Infectious Diseases care for children and adolescents with a variety of infections. In addition to treating children, we also are dedicated to researching better ways to diagnose, treat and prevent infectious diseases. […] If the condition is detected early through a blood test, antiparasitic treatments can eliminate toxoplasmosis before the parasite harms the fetus.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxoplasmosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356255

  Medication is used to treat active infections. How much and how long you take medicine depends on different factors. These include how seriously ill you are, your immune system health and where the infection is located. Your stage of pregnancy is also a factor. […] Drug treatment for infants may last 1 to 2 years. Regular and frequent follow-up appointments are needed to watch for side effects, vision problems, and physical, intellectual and overall development. […] In addition to the regular drug treatment, eye disease also may be treated with anti-inflammatory steroids called glucocorticosteroids.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Deterrence and Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-treatment

  Infants with confirmed congenital toxoplasmosis should be followed for evidence of developmental delay and should receive ophthalmologic consultation and follow-up. […] Care of the patient in the emergency department should be specific to the presenting manifestations of the disease. Adequate airway, breathing, and circulation must be assessed and treated accordingly. Adequate fluid resuscitation, pain control, and fever control must be ensured. […] Neuroimaging should be considered for any immunocompromised patient with a new neurologic deficit, cranial nerve abnormality, severe headache, or altered mental status. […] Because the symptoms associated with acute toxoplasmosis are nonspecific and dependent on the tissues involved, emergency providers must be vigilant and include other infectious and noninfectious etiologies in their differential diagnoses. As such, broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy is often necessary early in the course of illness, prior to the performance of definitive testing and while the diagnosis still may be uncertain. Emergency consultation with relevant subspecialties may be required for assistance in empiric treatment and the diagnostic workup. […] Everyone, including immunocompetent patients, should be educated about toxoplasmosis risk factors and ways to minimize the risks. Preventing toxoplasmosis is particularly important in seronegative immunocompromised patients and in pregnant women.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/toxoplasmosis

  Treatment of toxoplasmosis is often unnecessary. The infection is diagnosed with a simple blood test that checks for the presence of specific antibodies. A healthy person who is not pregnant and becomes infected does not require treatment. Symptoms, if any, are usually mild and disappear after a few weeks. […] For pregnant women and those with compromised immune systems, such as those in the later stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), medications including antibiotics may be prescribed.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – International Association of Providers of AIDS Care

  https://www.iapac.org/fact-sheet/toxoplasmosis/

  Toxo is treated with a combination of pyrimethamine (Daraprim) and sulfadiazine. Both drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier. […] This combination of drugs is very effective against toxo. Over 80% of people show improvement within 2-3 weeks. […] People who have had toxo should keep taking the anti-toxo drugs at a lower maintenance dose. […] If you are diagnosed with toxo, your healthcare provider will probably prescribe pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. […] People who cannot tolerate sulfa drugs can use clindamycin (Cleocin) instead of sulfadiazine in the combination. […] The best way to prevent toxo is to take strong antiretroviral medications (ARVs). […] If your CD4 cell count is less than 100 cells/mm3, you should take medication to prevent toxo. […] If you develop headaches, disorientation, seizures, or other possible signs of toxo, see your healthcare provider immediately. With early diagnosis, toxo can be treated effectively. If you do develop toxo, you should continue to take the anti-toxo drugs to prevent another episode.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis: Symptoms, Pregnancy Risks, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasmosis doesn’t cause problems for most people, so you probably won’t need treatment for it if your immune system is healthy. If you are HIV-positive or have AIDS, your doctor may recommend the antibiotic sulfadiazine, along with a medication usually used to treat malaria called pyrimethamine (Daraprim). […] For a pregnant woman whose baby hasn’t been affected, the doctor might prescribe an antibiotic called spiramycin. It’s used to treat toxoplasmosis in Europe but is still being tested in the United States. […] If your baby is also infected or is likely to be, the doctor may recommend sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, but only after the 16th week of pregnancy. Your doctor will watch the baby closely for signs of problems. […] If your immune system is normal, toxoplasmosis is likely to not cause any complications. You’re at greater risk for serious health problems from toxoplasmosis infection if:

• #1 Toxoplasmosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/toxoplasmosis.html

  Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a tiny parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. This one-celled parasite is most common in cats, but humans and other animals also can get infected. […] Treatment for toxoplasmosis varies based on a child’s age and general health. Otherwise healthy kids don’t usually need medicine, since toxoplasmosis goes away on its own in a few weeks or months. Babies with congenital toxoplasmosis and kids with weakened immune systems will need to take anti-parasite medicine. […] To help prevent toxoplasmosis in your family: Cook meats thoroughly to kill germs. Cook whole meat to at least 145F. There should be no pink areas and juices should be clear. Cook ground meat to at least 160F, and poultry to at least 165F. Wash your hands with soap and water after handling raw meat or unwashed vegetables, or gardening outside. Wash all fruits and vegetables before serving. You may also want to peel them. Wash all utensils well with soap and warm water. Don’t drink untreated water or unpasteurized milk. Teach children the importance of washing hands well and often to prevent infection. Close outdoor sandboxes, especially overnight, to prevent wandering cats from using it as a litterbox.

• #1 Companion Animal Parasite Council | Toxoplasma gondii

  https://capcvet.org/guidelines/toxoplasma-gondii/

  Cats who test positive for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii should be considered unlikely to shed infectious oocysts; most infected cats will also remain asymptomatic. […] Eliminate cat feces on a daily basis; T. gondii oocysts require 1-5 days after being passed in the feces to become infectious. […] Keep cats indoors and prevent them from hunting and consuming undercooked meat. […] Particular care should be taken by pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals to avoid infection. People can become infected by ingesting infective oocysts or undercooked meat that contains encysted stages. […] Toxoplasmosis is a multisystemic infection characterized by granulomatous inflammation associated with tachyzoite proliferation in the tissues. […] In small animal practice, the disease is most commonly seen in immunocompromised cats and, occasionally, dogs.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/toxoplasmosis-pregnancy/

  This sheet is about exposure to toxoplasmosis in pregnancy and while breastfeeding. This information is based on available research studies. It should not take the place of medical care and advice from your healthcare provider. […] Blood tests can be used to diagnose toxoplasmosis infections. Talk with your healthcare provider about your risk for toxoplasmosis and available screening, testing, and treatment options. […] If you had toxoplasmosis in the past, you are likely immune. In general, increased risks to a pregnancy are not expected when a woman is infected with toxoplasmosis more than 6 months before getting pregnant. […] Miscarriage is common and can occur in any pregnancy for many different reasons. An increased chance of miscarriage has been reported with active toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000637.htm

  Toxoplasmosis is an infection due to the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. […] Toxoplasmosis also affects people who have weakened immune systems. These people are more likely to have symptoms. […] People without symptoms usually do not need treatment. […] Medicines to treat the infection include a specific antimalarial medicine and antibiotics. People with AIDS should continue treatment for as long as their immune system is weak, to prevent the disease from reactivating. […] Contact your provider for an appointment if you develop symptoms of toxoplasmosis. Medical care is needed right away if symptoms occur in: Infants or babies, Someone with a weakened immune system due to certain medicines or disease. […] Pregnant women and those with weakened immune systems should take the following precautions: Do not clean cat litter boxes. Do not touch anything that may contain cat feces. Do not touch anything that could be contaminated by insects, such as cockroaches and flies that may be exposed to cat feces. […] Pregnant women and those with HIV/AIDS should be screened for toxoplasmosis. A blood test can be done.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – MotherToBaby

  https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/toxoplasmosis-pregnancy/

  Infants with congenital toxoplasmosis (up to 90%) can develop problems over time, such as vision loss, seizures, hearing loss, or developmental delays. These symptoms can occur months or years after birth. Infants with congenital toxoplasmosis should be treated for infection during the first year of life and then should be checked regularly for problems. Your healthcare team can talk with you about what screenings, tests, and treatments are right for your baby. […] Toxoplasma gondii passes into breast milk. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that women with an active toxoplasmosis infection continue to breastfeed unless they have broken skin or bleeding in the nipple area. If you suspect the baby has any symptoms (fever or flu-like symptoms), contact the child’s healthcare provider. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about all your breastfeeding questions.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Nursing infant with acquired toxoplasmosis in the first months of life – a case report Nursing infant with acquired toxoplasmosis in the first months of life – a case report

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rimtsp/a/5xdpHXyzwV8XW3PqV5FS6WC/?lang=en

  Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii and the probability of this infection occurring in the first months of life is usually low because its transmission is related to eating habits. […] This report emphasizes the importance of serological surveys of toxoplasmosis in nursing infants presenting with fever and lymphadenitis, in view of the possible acquisition of toxoplasmosis in the first months of life. […] The nursing infant was sent to the Department of Pediatric Infectology at the UFG Clinical Hospital, where he was prescribed sulfadiazine (100 mg/kg/day, every 12 hours), pyrimethamine (1 mg/kg/day, once daily) and folinic acid (10 mg/day, every 3 days). The treatment was prescribed to last for one year. The child will undergo clinical follow-ups throughout his early childhood.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Nursing infant with acquired toxoplasmosis in the first months of life – a case report Nursing infant with acquired toxoplasmosis in the first months of life – a case report

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rimtsp/a/5xdpHXyzwV8XW3PqV5FS6WC/?lang=en

  Infected infants should be monitored for a period of at least one year by means of periodic eye examinations and serology assays, as well as by the prescription of pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and folinic acid. […] Health education preventive measures are needed to inform pregnant women and mothers on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding in nursing infants, given the lack of knowledge on the mode of transmission of toxoplasmosis and other foodborne infections that are risk factors for the child. It is important to carefully assess epidemiological information provided by patients and to carry out serological analyses to confirm toxoplasmosis in nursing infants, especially in cases presenting lymphadenitis accompanied by fever.

• #1 Toxoplasmosis Center – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/ophthalmology/toxoplasmosis-center

  The University of Chicago Medicine has developed a unique center to help babies, children and adults affected by toxoplasmosis. […] For patients with toxoplasmosis, we offer the latest treatment options to improve their quality of life. […] At UChicago Medicine, our multidisciplinary team is dedicated to providing comprehensive care for patients with toxoplasmosis. […] We also specialize in caring for pregnant women and their fetuses affected by toxoplasmosis, as well as infants and children with congenital toxoplasmosis. […] We provide access to the latest advancements in toxoplasmosis treatment to offer our patients the best possible care. […] Treatment can prevent transmission of the parasite from mother to child. When diagnosed and treated early, treatment can also prevent the infection’s adverse effects for a baby or for older persons with brain or eye disease. […] However, there is promise for both improved medicines and a vaccine.

• #1 Reliable blood test can help prevent toxoplasmosis – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/biological-sciences-articles/2018/august/reliable-point-of-care-blood-test-can-help-prevent-toxoplasmosis

  A positive result from the Toxoplasma ICT IgG-IgM point-of-care test, performed with a drop of a pregnant woman’s blood, can rapidly inform an obstetrician about the need for prompt treatment of toxoplasmosis. Timely intervention before birth can prevent the disease, which can cause death, severe brain damage and loss of sight in an infected fetus. […] This well-studied, inexpensive test opens the door to life, sight and cognition-saving treatments for children exposed to the parasite in utero, said McLeod. By spotting the infection early with monthly testing and alerting physicians to the need for urgent treatment, it markedly improves outcomes for infants infected in utero, she said. […] Although the test does not distinguish between acute and chronic infections, it provides valuable information that can guide decisions in outpatient settings at very low cost, enabling rapid diagnosis and treatment for infections acquired just before or during pregnancy. […] Testing of pregnant women for this infection has already changed how this parasite affects babies in France, Austria, Germany and Colombia, McLeod said. This test should facilitate similar improvements in patient care and well-being in the U.S. and many other developed and developing countries.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240528/New-point-of-care-test-revolutionizes-toxoplasmosis-screening.aspx

  An inexpensive, accurate test that detects infections with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii can provide results within 30 minutes from a finger-prick in a doctor’s office or within an hour from a small blood sample tested in a local medical laboratory. […] By using this approach and test to monitor pregnant women monthly for Toxoplasma infections, beginning before or very early in pregnancy, we can help prevent infections of their babies. […] Early detection of T. gondii in previously uninfected pregnant women is key to limiting the damage of toxoplasmosis in unborn babies. […] „Without proper diagnosis and medications, acute toxoplasmosis in the fetus can be lethal or lead to premature birth,” said co-corresponding author Martine Wallon, MD, of the Institut des agents infectieux and Hpital de la Croix-Rousse in France.

• #2 Toxoplasmosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxoplasmosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356249

  Most infections don’t need treatment. Drug treatment is used for people with more-serious cases, pregnant people, newborns and people with weakened immune systems. […] Talk to your health care provider about a test if you are worried about exposure to the parasite. If you are planning a pregnancy or are pregnant, see your provider if you suspect exposure. […] The symptoms of severe toxoplasmosis include blurred vision, confusion and loss of coordination. These need immediate medical care, particularly if you have a weakened immune system. […] Certain precautions can help prevent toxoplasmosis: Wear gloves when you garden or handle soil. […] Don’t eat raw or undercooked meat. […] Wash kitchen utensils thoroughly. […] Wash all fruits and vegetables. […] Don’t drink unpasteurized goat milk. […] Don’t drink untreated water. […] Cover children’s sandboxes. […] If you’re pregnant or otherwise at risk of toxoplasmosis, take these steps to protect yourself: Help your cat stay healthy. […] Have someone else clean the litter box.

• #2 Pediatric Toxoplasmosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Complications, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000028-treatment

  Outpatient care is sufficient for acquired toxoplasmosis in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis and hosts who are immunocompetent. […] Initial inpatient care is appropriate for patients with CNS toxoplasmosis and immunocompromised hosts with acute disease. […] Usually, no treatment is necessary for asymptomatic hosts, except in those younger than 5 years. Symptomatic patients should be treated until immunity is assured. Suppressive therapy must continue for patients who are HIV positive with active infection and a CD4+ count less than 200. […] Limitation of activity in patients with toxoplasmosis depends on the severity of disease and the organ systems involved. […] Follow-up visits should occur every 2 weeks until the patient is stable, then monthly during therapy. Obtain a complete blood count (CBC) weekly for the first month, then every 2 weeks. Perform renal and liver function tests monthly.

• #2 Toxoplasmosis | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasmosis can cause problems during pregnancy, including miscarriage, preterm birth or stillbirth. […] If you get toxoplasmosis just before or during pregnancy, you may pass the infection to your baby even if you don’t have any symptoms. The risk of passing the infection to your baby depends on how far along in your pregnancy you were when you were infected. […] If you have toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, there are several ways your health care provider can check to see if your baby is infected: Amniocentesis, Ultrasound, Blood test. […] Most babies born with toxoplasmosis have no symptoms. But about 1 in 10 babies (10 percent) with the infection are born with problems, including: Eye infections or eye inflammation, Swollen liver and spleen, Jaundice, Seizures or convulsions, Fluid on the brain, Swollen lymph nodes, Large head size or smaller-than-normal head size, Feeding problems, Low birthweight, Skin rash or bruising.

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