Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Toxoplasmosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasmosis

  T. gondii infections occur throughout the world, although infection rates differ significantly by country. For women of childbearing age, a survey of 99 studies within 44 countries found the areas of highest prevalence are within Latin America (about 50-80%), parts of Eastern and Central Europe (about 20-60%), the Middle East (about 30-50%), parts of Southeast Asia (about 20-60%), and parts of Africa (about 20-55%). […] In the United States, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004 found 9.0% of US-born persons 12-49 years of age were seropositive for IgG antibodies against T. gondii, down from 14.1% as measured in the NHANES 1988-1994. In the 1999-2004 survey, 7.7% of US-born and 28.1% of foreign-born women 15-44 years of age were T. gondii seropositive. A trend of decreasing seroprevalence has been observed by numerous studies in the United States and many European countries. Toxoplasma gondii is considered the second leading cause of foodborne-related deaths and the fourth leading cause of foodborne-related hospitalizations in the United States.

• #2 Toxoplasmosis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-overview

  Approximately 225,000 cases of toxoplasmosis are reported each year, resulting in 5000 hospitalizations and 750 deaths, making T gondii the third most common cause of lethal foodborne disease in the United States. […] Seropositivity rates in the United States have been reported to be between 10% and 15%, although sources vary, and higher infection rates have been estimated. […] Toxoplasmosis is more common in southern states, in African Americans, and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. […] Toxoplasmic encephalitis has been reported in 1-5% of patients with AIDS. […] Within the United States, significant differences are recognized in the incidence of toxoplasmic encephalitis by geographic region and by ethnic group. […] In many populations, such as those in El Salvador and France, the seropositivity rate to T gondii is as high as 75% by the fourth decade of life.

• #3 About Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasmosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/about/index.html

  Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. […] The parasite occurs worldwide and can last for long periods of time (up to a lifetime) in human bodies (and other animals). […] Over 40 million people are infected with the parasite in the United States. […] Although anyone can become infected with toxoplasmosis, some people need to be more cautious given their health condition, including pregnant women and people who are immunocompromised (have a weakened immune system). […] People who are at risk for developing severe toxoplasmosis include infants born to mothers who are newly infected with Toxoplasma gondii during or just before pregnancy and people who are severely immunocompromised, including those with HIV, those taking certain types of chemotherapy, and those who recently received an organ transplant.

• #4 Toxoplasmosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Toxoplasmosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In United States 89% of women in the childbearing age are susceptible to have an acute infection and at risk for transmitting the parasite to the baby if the primary infection occurs during the gestational period. […] In United States the age adjusted seroprevalence rate is 22.5%. There is significant variation in the distribution with highest prevalence reported in the North-eastern states and lowest in the western states. […] In countries such as North America, Northern Europe and in Sahelian countries of Africa low seroprevalences of 10% to 30% are observed. In countries of Central and Southern Europe, tropical African countries and Latin America the seroprevalence is around 30 to 50%. This shows the variation within the countries and as well as between the countries. […] In United States, toxoplasmosis affects 1.1 million people every year.

• #5 Toxoplasmosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasmosis

  T. gondii infections occur throughout the world, although infection rates differ significantly by country. For women of childbearing age, a survey of 99 studies within 44 countries found the areas of highest prevalence are within Latin America (about 50-80%), parts of Eastern and Central Europe (about 20-60%), the Middle East (about 30-50%), parts of Southeast Asia (about 20-60%), and parts of Africa (about 20-55%). […] In the United States, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004 found 9.0% of US-born persons 12-49 years of age were seropositive for IgG antibodies against T. gondii, down from 14.1% as measured in the NHANES 1988-1994. In the 1999-2004 survey, 7.7% of US-born and 28.1% of foreign-born women 15-44 years of age were T. gondii seropositive. A trend of decreasing seroprevalence has been observed by numerous studies in the United States and many European countries. Toxoplasma gondii is considered the second leading cause of foodborne-related deaths and the fourth leading cause of foodborne-related hospitalizations in the United States.

• #6

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-019-01405-7

  Toxoplasmosis, caused by infection with the coccidian Toxoplasma gondii, is a significant public health problem worldwide. An estimated 8-22% of people in the USA are infected, and similar prevalence exists in the UK. In Central America, South America, and continental Europe, estimates of infection range from 30 to 90%. […] In the USA, where over a million people are infected each year and approximately 28-39 people develop symptomatic ocular disease annually, the cost of illness has been estimated to be nearly $3 billion and an 11,000 quality-adjusted life-year loss annually. […] Toxoplasmosis qualifies as a One Health disease because it significantly affects the health of human, domestic animals, wildlife, and ecosystems, and is perceived as a threat by those who rely on animal resources.

• #7 Toxoplasmosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Toxoplasmosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Congenital toxoplasmosis affects 500 to 4000 new borns every year. […] It is estimated that between 30% and 65% of all people worldwide are infected with Toxoplasmosis. […] However, there is large variation countries: in France, for example, around 88% of the population are carriers, probably due to a high consumption of raw and lightly cooked meat. […] Germany, the Netherlands and Brazil also have high prevalences of around 80%, over 80% and 67% respectively. In Britain, about 22% are carriers, and South Korea’s rate is only 4.3%.

• #8 Toxoplasmosis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/toxoplasmosis-pro

  T. gondii is worldwide in distribution but the disease occurs less frequently in areas where the environment is unfavourable for the oocysts, such as colder or drier regions and high altitudes. The seroprevalence of populations varies widely – for example: […] A systematic review found that in the USA 16-40% of the population were infected compared to 50-80% in South America. […] One study of women attending antenatal clinics in an ethnically diverse population in central London found seroprevalence for T. gondii was 17.32% in 2,610 samples tested. […] About 350 cases are diagnosed in the UK per year.

• #9 Toxoplasmosis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-overview

  Approximately 225,000 cases of toxoplasmosis are reported each year, resulting in 5000 hospitalizations and 750 deaths, making T gondii the third most common cause of lethal foodborne disease in the United States. […] Seropositivity rates in the United States have been reported to be between 10% and 15%, although sources vary, and higher infection rates have been estimated. […] Toxoplasmosis is more common in southern states, in African Americans, and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. […] Toxoplasmic encephalitis has been reported in 1-5% of patients with AIDS. […] Within the United States, significant differences are recognized in the incidence of toxoplasmic encephalitis by geographic region and by ethnic group. […] In many populations, such as those in El Salvador and France, the seropositivity rate to T gondii is as high as 75% by the fourth decade of life.

• #10 Toxoplasmosis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617073/all/Toxoplasmosis?q=Jaundice

  Toxoplasmosis infects about a third of the worlds population. […] Toxoplasmosis is the leading cause of death due to foodborne illness in the United States. […] T. gondii is found worldwide and can infect most warm-blooded animals. […] Vertical transmission is more common with primary infection during pregnancy or within 3 months prior to conception. Treatment of primary maternal infection can decrease fetal transmission rate by half from 5060% to 2530%. […] Congenital infection in the United States occurs in an estimated 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 10,000 live births annually. […] In the United States, overall seroprevalence is 11% but may be as high as 40% in areas with lower socioeconomic status.

• #11 A Comprehensive Review of Toxoplasmosis: Serious Threat to Human Health

  https://openpublichealthjournal.com/openurl/content.php?genre=article&volume=17&elocator=e18749445281387

  Toxoplasmosis infection has been reported in warm-blooded animals and humans, and its spread has been reported throughout the world. […] Nearly every region of the world has reported incidences of toxoplasmosis in humans, and around one-third of people are susceptible to latent infection. […] The incidence of toxoplasmosis in developing and underdeveloped countries is reported to be very high, but it has been found that the transmission rate is low in developed countries. […] Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Central Europe, Latin America, and Eastern Europe are among the regions with the highest recorded rates of toxoplasmosis. […] Toxoplasmosis rates in the US range from 15 to 22%, and the current percentage is lower than in prior years. […] Over the past 20 years, toxoplasmosis rates have decreased in many nations due to improvements in socioeconomic situations, drinking water quality, hygiene standards, consumption of frozen meat, modifications to livestock systems, and feeding autoclaved food to cats. […] The epidemiology of this parasite has been expanded by the discovery of waterborne toxoplasmosis in humans. […] The prevalence of toxoplasmosis has decreased as a result of better farming techniques and improved public knowledge of the dangers of eating undercooked meat.

• #12 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690944/

  Toxoplasma gondii is known to infect a considerable number of mammalian and avian species and a substantial proportion of the worlds human population. […] In the United States alone, the total annual incidence of toxoplasmosis was estimated to be 9,832; with ocular (n = 2,169) and cerebral (n = 1,399) toxoplasmosis being the most prevalent forms of disease. […] The economic cost of foodborne toxoplasmosis in pork was estimated to be $1.9 billion in the United States. […] The seroprevalence of T. gondii varies substantially between the geographic regions throughout the world. […] An increased risk for T. gondii infection has been associated with ingesting raw or undercooked meat, particularly pork or lamb meat, or unwashed raw vegetables or fruits. […] TE is often reported in immunosuppressed people, such as persons living with HIV (PLWH) and patients who received a hematopoietic stem cell or a solid organ transplant.

• #13 Risk factors for acute toxoplasmosis in the Netherlands | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/risk-factors-for-acute-toxoplasmosis-in-the-netherlands/99CC8EC376503898AF38F05F3C6F8A2C

  In the Netherlands, the seroprevalence of T. gondii in the general population was estimated in the PIENTER-study; serological surveys were conducted in 1996/1997 (40.5%), 2006/2007 (26.0%), and 2016/2017 (29.9%). Identified risk factors differed between surveys and included increasing age, certain regions in the Netherlands, relatively low education level, cat ownership, gardening, and consumption of raw meat, especially raw/undercooked pork. The main source of human infection remained unclear in the Netherlands: infection by consumption of meat containing bradyzoites or by oral ingestion of sporulated oocysts present in the environment. […] A meta-analysis of 187 studies worldwide revealed environmental factors such as contact with soil or cats and consumption of raw or undercooked meat, unwashed vegetables, shellfish, and raw milk are significant risk factors for toxoplasmosis. However, it is known that risk factors may differ between countries.

• #14 Toxoplasmosis in Germany: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, and Treatment

  https://edoc.rki.de/handle/176904/6574?locale-attribute=en

  Toxoplasmosis in Germany: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, and Treatment […] Current data indicate a high rate of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Germany, ranging from 20% to 77% depending on age (95% confidence interval for 18- to 29-year-olds [17.0; 23.1]; for 70- to 79-year-olds [72.7; 80.5]). […] Male sex, caring for a cat, and a body mass index of 30 or more are independent risk factors for seroconversion. […] Postnatally acquired (food-related) infection is predominant, but maternal-to-fetal transmission still plays an important role. […] Toxoplasma gondii infection of the retina is the most common cause of infectious uveitis in Germany.

• #15 Toxoplasmosis in Germany: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, and Treatment

  https://edoc.rki.de/handle/176904/6574

  Toxoplasmosis in Germany: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, and Treatment […] Current data indicate a high rate of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Germany, ranging from 20% to 77% depending on age […] Male sex, caring for a cat, and a body mass index of 30 or more are independent risk factors for seroconversion […] Postnatally acquired (food-related) infection is predominant, but maternal-to-fetal transmission still plays an important role […] Toxoplasma gondii infection of the retina is the most common cause of infectious uveitis in Germany.

• #16 About Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasmosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/about/index.html

  You can become infected with Toxoplasma through foodborne transmission, animal to human transmission, mother-to-child (congenital) transmission, and other modes of transmission. […] Follow these steps to reduce your risk of becoming infected with Toxoplasma gondii. […] If you think you may have toxoplasmosis, talk to your healthcare provider. […] Cats play a key role in the spread of toxoplasmosis.

• #17 CDC – Toxoplasmosis – Epidemiology & Risk Factors

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/epi.html

  Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In the United States it is estimated that 11% of the population 6 years and older have been infected with Toxoplasma. In various places throughout the world, it has been shown that up to 95% of some populations have been infected with Toxoplasma. Infection is often highest in areas of the world that have hot, humid climates and lower altitudes. […] Toxoplasmosis is not passed from person-to-person, except in instances of mother-to-child (congenital) transmission and blood transfusion or organ transplantation. People typically become infected by three principal routes of transmission. […] A woman who is newly infected with Toxoplasma during pregnancy can pass the infection to her unborn child (congenital infection). The woman may not have symptoms, but there can be severe consequences for the unborn child, such as diseases of the nervous system and eyes. […] Organ transplant recipients can become infected by receiving an organ from a Toxoplasma-positive donor. Rarely, people can also become infected by receiving infected blood via transfusion. Laboratory workers who handle infected blood can also acquire infection through accidental inoculation.

• #18 Toxoplasma gondii Encephalitis: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan that can commonly cause asymptomatic infection, a mononucleosis-like syndrome, retinochoroiditis, or congenital infection in immunocompetent individuals, but it presents most often as toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) in people with HIV who are severely immunocompromised. Toxoplasmosis in people with HIV appears to occur mainly due to reactivation of latent tissue cysts from a prior infection; primary infection is occasionally associated with acute cerebral or disseminated disease. […] Primary infection occurs most commonly after consumption of undercooked meat, unwashed fruits or vegetables, water, or unpasteurized milk containing viable organisms, or ingesting oocysts that have been shed in cat feces and sporulated in the environment, a process that takes at least 24 hours. In up to 50% of individuals, primary infection can occur in the absence of conventional risk factors. Infection can also be transmitted congenitally, or rarely following organ transplant or blood transfusion. The organism is not transmitted through direct person-to-person contact.

• #19 CDC – Toxoplasmosis – Epidemiology & Risk Factors

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/epi.html

  Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In the United States it is estimated that 11% of the population 6 years and older have been infected with Toxoplasma. In various places throughout the world, it has been shown that up to 95% of some populations have been infected with Toxoplasma. Infection is often highest in areas of the world that have hot, humid climates and lower altitudes. […] Toxoplasmosis is not passed from person-to-person, except in instances of mother-to-child (congenital) transmission and blood transfusion or organ transplantation. People typically become infected by three principal routes of transmission. […] A woman who is newly infected with Toxoplasma during pregnancy can pass the infection to her unborn child (congenital infection). The woman may not have symptoms, but there can be severe consequences for the unborn child, such as diseases of the nervous system and eyes. […] Organ transplant recipients can become infected by receiving an organ from a Toxoplasma-positive donor. Rarely, people can also become infected by receiving infected blood via transfusion. Laboratory workers who handle infected blood can also acquire infection through accidental inoculation.

• #20 Public Health Surveillance and Reporting for Human Toxoplasmosis – Six States, 2021 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35834417/

  Toxoplasmosis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, and currently no national public health surveillance data are available; however, it is reportable in eight states. […] To better understand how surveillance data are collected and used, reviews of state-level toxoplasmosis surveillance were conducted during June-July 2021 using semistructured interviews with health officials in six states (Arkansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin) where toxoplasmosis is currently reportable. […] Case definitions varied considerably in terms of clinical description, laboratory criteria, and case classification (i.e., confirmed, probable, or suspect), limiting disease estimates and comparisons among states. […] Implementation of a standardized case definition would help ensure that cases are counted consistently, enabling better use of surveillance data to characterize disease.

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-019-01405-7

  New research on the impacts of toxoplasmosis increases the need for greater institutional awareness of the pathways of infection and comprehensive and transdisciplinary actions to control transmission using the One Health approach. […] In the USA, toxoplasmosis is not a nationally reportable disease and, thus, its true magnitude is unknown. […] Current patterns of human-driven environmental change and globalization of travel and trade can enhance the spillover and spillback of Toxoplasma and parasites of animal origin into human populations, introduce pathogens into critically endangered animal populations, and further facilitate propagation locally, regionally, and globally. […] A better understanding of the environmental abundance of oocysts is critical to holistic determinations of health risks. Studies indicate that large regions of terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments may be contaminated.

• #22 Public Health Surveillance and Reporting for Human Toxoplasmosis – Six States, 2021 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35834417/

  Toxoplasmosis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, and currently no national public health surveillance data are available; however, it is reportable in eight states. […] To better understand how surveillance data are collected and used, reviews of state-level toxoplasmosis surveillance were conducted during June-July 2021 using semistructured interviews with health officials in six states (Arkansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin) where toxoplasmosis is currently reportable. […] Case definitions varied considerably in terms of clinical description, laboratory criteria, and case classification (i.e., confirmed, probable, or suspect), limiting disease estimates and comparisons among states. […] Implementation of a standardized case definition would help ensure that cases are counted consistently, enabling better use of surveillance data to characterize disease.

• #23 Toxoplasmosis | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/disease/toxoplasmosis.htm

  Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. […] This is a Wisconsin disease surveillance category II disease: […] Report to the patient’s local public health department electronically, through the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System (WEDSS), by mail or fax using an Acute and Communicable Disease case report, F-44151 (Word) or by other means within 72 hours upon recognition of a case.

• #24 Eurosurveillance | Congenital toxoplasmosis in France in 2007: first results from a national surveillance system

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.15.25.19600-en

  When immunocompetent people become infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the disease is generally asymptomatic. […] France has had a national programme to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis since 1978. […] In 2006, the French National Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Institut de Veille Sanitaire) and the National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis recommended that a national laboratory-based surveillance system be used for the surveillance of the disease. […] In 2007, 31 laboratories reported at least one congenital case through the surveillance system, giving a total of 272 cases. […] As there were 818,700 births in France and French overseas departments in 2007, the overall prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis observed that year was 3.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9 to 3.7) per 10,000 live births and the incidence rate of the disease at birth was 2.9 (95% CI: 2.5 to 3.2) per 10,000 live births; the estimated incidence rate of symptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.2 to 0.5) cases per 10,000 live births.

• #25 Eurosurveillance | Congenital toxoplasmosis in France in 2007: first results from a national surveillance system

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.15.25.19600-en

  When immunocompetent people become infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the disease is generally asymptomatic. […] France has had a national programme to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis since 1978. […] In 2006, the French National Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Institut de Veille Sanitaire) and the National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis recommended that a national laboratory-based surveillance system be used for the surveillance of the disease. […] In 2007, 31 laboratories reported at least one congenital case through the surveillance system, giving a total of 272 cases. […] As there were 818,700 births in France and French overseas departments in 2007, the overall prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis observed that year was 3.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9 to 3.7) per 10,000 live births and the incidence rate of the disease at birth was 2.9 (95% CI: 2.5 to 3.2) per 10,000 live births; the estimated incidence rate of symptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.2 to 0.5) cases per 10,000 live births.

• #26 Pediatric Toxoplasmosis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000028-overview

  It is estimated that about 1 billion individuals worldwide are infected with T gondii. The highest rates of toxoplasmosis are in Europe, Central America, Brazil, and Central Africa. […] The frequency of congenital toxoplasmosis depends on the incidence of primary infection in women of childbearing age. The earlier a woman acquires a primary infection, the less likely she is to transmit the parasite to her offspring. Prevalence increases with age. In New York, antibody prevalence was 16% in women aged 15-19 years, 27% in women aged 20-24 years, 33% in women aged 25-29 years, 40% in women aged 30-34 years, and 50% in women older than 35 years. […] The prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis ranges from 1 case per 1000 live births to 1 case per 10,000 live births, and this prevalence can be indirectly estimated from the incidence rate of primary infection during pregnancy by multiplying the number of mothers who acquire infection during pregnancy by the transmission rate of the parasite to the fetus.

• #27 Pediatric Toxoplasmosis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000028-overview

  On the basis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1989-1994, the incidence of primary infection for seronegative pregnant women was 0.27%. This indicates that, with 4 million births per year and an overall transmission rate of 33%, approximately 3500 infected children are born in the United States every year. […] Direct estimates of congenital infection may be derived by measuring anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) in newborn sera. However, this may underestimate the true incidence, because infants with toxoplasmosis may not have demonstrable IgM in up to 20% of cases. […] Worldwide, the reported incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis is decreasing. The prevalence of positive antibody titers among pregnant women is often higher outside the United States.

• #28 Pediatric Toxoplasmosis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000028-overview

  The estimated incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis is 6 per 1000 births in France, 2 per 1000 births in Poland, 7-10 per 1000 births in Colombia, and 3 per 1000 births in Slovenia. […] Incidence of T gondii antibodies increases with increasing age. The seroconversion rate in women of childbearing age is 0.8% per year. The risk of transplacental transmission is greatest during the third trimester of pregnancy.

• #29 Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Toxoplasmosis%20in%20Pregnancy/item/187

  In the United States, the incidence of acute maternal toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy is estimated at 0.2% to 1.0%.7 Congenital fetal toxoplasmosis in the United States ranges from 1 to 2 per 10,000 live births.2 Within the United States, a large variation occurs in the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibody among pregnant women, ranging from a seropositivity prevalence of 3.3% among women in Denver to 30% among women in Los Angeles and Birmingham.3 […] There is debate about the need for universal serologic screening of T. gondii during pregnancy in the United States, as in France. In France, the rate of primary infection during pregnancy is much higher (1.2 to 16/1000) than in the United States, which of course relates to a higher rate of congenital toxoplasmosis (1.9 to 3.2/1000) in France than in the United States.3 Universal serologic screening for antibody to T. gondii begins at the first prenatal visit in France, and seronegative women are retested monthly until delivery. If seroconversion occurs during pregnancy, women are promptly treated with antiparasitic medications.

• #30 About Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasmosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/about/index.html

  Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. […] The parasite occurs worldwide and can last for long periods of time (up to a lifetime) in human bodies (and other animals). […] Over 40 million people are infected with the parasite in the United States. […] Although anyone can become infected with toxoplasmosis, some people need to be more cautious given their health condition, including pregnant women and people who are immunocompromised (have a weakened immune system). […] People who are at risk for developing severe toxoplasmosis include infants born to mothers who are newly infected with Toxoplasma gondii during or just before pregnancy and people who are severely immunocompromised, including those with HIV, those taking certain types of chemotherapy, and those who recently received an organ transplant.

• #31 Toxoplasmosis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-overview

  Approximately 225,000 cases of toxoplasmosis are reported each year, resulting in 5000 hospitalizations and 750 deaths, making T gondii the third most common cause of lethal foodborne disease in the United States. […] Seropositivity rates in the United States have been reported to be between 10% and 15%, although sources vary, and higher infection rates have been estimated. […] Toxoplasmosis is more common in southern states, in African Americans, and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. […] Toxoplasmic encephalitis has been reported in 1-5% of patients with AIDS. […] Within the United States, significant differences are recognized in the incidence of toxoplasmic encephalitis by geographic region and by ethnic group. […] In many populations, such as those in El Salvador and France, the seropositivity rate to T gondii is as high as 75% by the fourth decade of life.

• #32 Toxoplasmosis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-overview

  The prevalence of immunocompromised patients is higher in some nations as a function of HIV/AIDS infection and also organ transplantation and immunomodulatory medication prescribing. […] Toxoplasmic encephalitis is the AIDS-defining diagnosis in 16% of patients with AIDS. […] With the exception of T gondii retinochoroiditis, older individuals are more likely to manifest clinically evident reactivation of T gondii infection.

• #33 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690944/

  In Tanzania, most deaths attributed to toxoplasmosis were highly associated with HIV/AIDS, and TE was responsible for 15.4% of toxoplasmosis deaths. […] The findings of a comprehensive review of 72 studies revealed a higher T. gondii infection rate in immunocompromised patients versus that in the control group (35.9 versus 24.7%; P0.001). […] Emerging epidemiologic evidence based on meta-analysis of 74 studies regarding concurrent infections by T. gondii and HIV from 34 countries revealed a worldwide pooled seroprevalence of 35.8%. […] The particularly high burden (87.1%) in sub-Saharan Africa was attributed to the lack of resources, poor dietary and sanitary conditions, poor health literacy, limited health care capacities, and limited access to safe water, all of which may have increased odds of infection.

• #34 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690944/

  The use of appropriate testing, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), and antimicrobial drugs to prevent opportunistic infection by T. gondii and Pneumocystis jirovecii has significantly helped to reduce the incidence of reactivation of latent infection and toxoplasmosis-associated deaths in PLWH.

• #35 Toxoplasmosis Epidemiology | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/toxoplasmosis-epidemiology/66682908

  The prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis has been estimated to vary between 1:1000 and 1:10,000. The Disease is Bilateral in 65-85% of cases and involves the macula in 58%. Toxoplasmic infection in consecutive siblings is rare, but congenital ocular toxoplasmosis has been described in siblings. […] Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of infectious retinochoroiditis in both adults and children. […] Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy In 1st Trimester May lead to still birth Major central nervous system anomalies In 2nd Trimester Less severe complications Birth Anomalies still common Clinical manifestations in fetus may be delayed until long after birth.

• #36 Toxoplasmosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Toxoplasmosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In United States 89% of women in the childbearing age are susceptible to have an acute infection and at risk for transmitting the parasite to the baby if the primary infection occurs during the gestational period. […] In United States the age adjusted seroprevalence rate is 22.5%. There is significant variation in the distribution with highest prevalence reported in the North-eastern states and lowest in the western states. […] In countries such as North America, Northern Europe and in Sahelian countries of Africa low seroprevalences of 10% to 30% are observed. In countries of Central and Southern Europe, tropical African countries and Latin America the seroprevalence is around 30 to 50%. This shows the variation within the countries and as well as between the countries. […] In United States, toxoplasmosis affects 1.1 million people every year.

• #37 Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Toxoplasmosis%20in%20Pregnancy/item/187

  In the United States, the incidence of acute maternal toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy is estimated at 0.2% to 1.0%.7 Congenital fetal toxoplasmosis in the United States ranges from 1 to 2 per 10,000 live births.2 Within the United States, a large variation occurs in the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibody among pregnant women, ranging from a seropositivity prevalence of 3.3% among women in Denver to 30% among women in Los Angeles and Birmingham.3 […] There is debate about the need for universal serologic screening of T. gondii during pregnancy in the United States, as in France. In France, the rate of primary infection during pregnancy is much higher (1.2 to 16/1000) than in the United States, which of course relates to a higher rate of congenital toxoplasmosis (1.9 to 3.2/1000) in France than in the United States.3 Universal serologic screening for antibody to T. gondii begins at the first prenatal visit in France, and seronegative women are retested monthly until delivery. If seroconversion occurs during pregnancy, women are promptly treated with antiparasitic medications.

• #38 Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-04769-4

  Approximately 30% of humanity is infected with T. gondii, but clinical toxoplasmosis is relatively infrequent. […] In most persons, symptoms (when present) are mild and mimic other ailments such as flu, Lyme disease, Q fever, hematological alterations, and mumps. […] The ingestion of infected meat or food and water contaminated with oocysts are the two main modes of postnatal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. […] Whether the high frequency of outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in humans in Brazil is related to environmental contamination, poor hygiene, socioeconomic conditions, or to genotypes of T. gondii needs investigation. […] Data collected from outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans, where many persons become ill at the same time, can provide useful information concerning the infectious stage (oocyst versus tissue cysts), incubation period, and clinical spectrum.

• #39 Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-04769-4

  For the past five decades, many outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans have been reported. […] A geographic distribution of outbreaks was provided. […] An epidemiological investigation suggested that patrons acquired T. gondii from oocysts perhaps aerosolized during the riding activity. […] Epidemiological investigation indicated that the source of outbreak was the water supplied from the relatively small Humpback Reservoir that received water from two watersheds and another reservoir; these were open, with access to cats. […] The environment is heavily contaminated with oocysts, and the control of domestic and wild populations of cats is not occurring. […] This is the largest oocyst-associated outbreak. […] Drinking water from a well was considered the source of oocysts for the outbreak.

• #40 Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-04769-4

  For the past five decades, many outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans have been reported. […] A geographic distribution of outbreaks was provided. […] An epidemiological investigation suggested that patrons acquired T. gondii from oocysts perhaps aerosolized during the riding activity. […] Epidemiological investigation indicated that the source of outbreak was the water supplied from the relatively small Humpback Reservoir that received water from two watersheds and another reservoir; these were open, with access to cats. […] The environment is heavily contaminated with oocysts, and the control of domestic and wild populations of cats is not occurring. […] This is the largest oocyst-associated outbreak. […] Drinking water from a well was considered the source of oocysts for the outbreak.

• #41 Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-04769-4

  The ingestion of salads served at a restaurant on-site was considered the probable cause. […] Contamination of cheese or milk with water contaminated with oocysts was considered the source of the outbreak. […] The outbreak was linked to drinking water from this source although the water had been treated with iodine tablets. […] The outbreak occurred in 2004 in the village of Patam, located near the French Guiana border, and surrounded by Amazonian forest. […] Heavy rains and warm weather probably contributed to the outbreak.

• #42 Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-04769-4

  Approximately 30% of humanity is infected with T. gondii, but clinical toxoplasmosis is relatively infrequent. […] In most persons, symptoms (when present) are mild and mimic other ailments such as flu, Lyme disease, Q fever, hematological alterations, and mumps. […] The ingestion of infected meat or food and water contaminated with oocysts are the two main modes of postnatal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. […] Whether the high frequency of outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in humans in Brazil is related to environmental contamination, poor hygiene, socioeconomic conditions, or to genotypes of T. gondii needs investigation. […] Data collected from outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans, where many persons become ill at the same time, can provide useful information concerning the infectious stage (oocyst versus tissue cysts), incubation period, and clinical spectrum.

• #43 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690944/

  Toxoplasma gondii is known to infect a considerable number of mammalian and avian species and a substantial proportion of the worlds human population. […] In the United States alone, the total annual incidence of toxoplasmosis was estimated to be 9,832; with ocular (n = 2,169) and cerebral (n = 1,399) toxoplasmosis being the most prevalent forms of disease. […] The economic cost of foodborne toxoplasmosis in pork was estimated to be $1.9 billion in the United States. […] The seroprevalence of T. gondii varies substantially between the geographic regions throughout the world. […] An increased risk for T. gondii infection has been associated with ingesting raw or undercooked meat, particularly pork or lamb meat, or unwashed raw vegetables or fruits. […] TE is often reported in immunosuppressed people, such as persons living with HIV (PLWH) and patients who received a hematopoietic stem cell or a solid organ transplant.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-019-01405-7

  Toxoplasmosis, caused by infection with the coccidian Toxoplasma gondii, is a significant public health problem worldwide. An estimated 8-22% of people in the USA are infected, and similar prevalence exists in the UK. In Central America, South America, and continental Europe, estimates of infection range from 30 to 90%. […] In the USA, where over a million people are infected each year and approximately 28-39 people develop symptomatic ocular disease annually, the cost of illness has been estimated to be nearly $3 billion and an 11,000 quality-adjusted life-year loss annually. […] Toxoplasmosis qualifies as a One Health disease because it significantly affects the health of human, domestic animals, wildlife, and ecosystems, and is perceived as a threat by those who rely on animal resources.

• #45 Toxoplasmosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasmosis

  T. gondii infections occur throughout the world, although infection rates differ significantly by country. For women of childbearing age, a survey of 99 studies within 44 countries found the areas of highest prevalence are within Latin America (about 50-80%), parts of Eastern and Central Europe (about 20-60%), the Middle East (about 30-50%), parts of Southeast Asia (about 20-60%), and parts of Africa (about 20-55%). […] In the United States, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004 found 9.0% of US-born persons 12-49 years of age were seropositive for IgG antibodies against T. gondii, down from 14.1% as measured in the NHANES 1988-1994. In the 1999-2004 survey, 7.7% of US-born and 28.1% of foreign-born women 15-44 years of age were T. gondii seropositive. A trend of decreasing seroprevalence has been observed by numerous studies in the United States and many European countries. Toxoplasma gondii is considered the second leading cause of foodborne-related deaths and the fourth leading cause of foodborne-related hospitalizations in the United States.

• #46 Toxoplasmosis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-overview

  Approximately 225,000 cases of toxoplasmosis are reported each year, resulting in 5000 hospitalizations and 750 deaths, making T gondii the third most common cause of lethal foodborne disease in the United States. […] Seropositivity rates in the United States have been reported to be between 10% and 15%, although sources vary, and higher infection rates have been estimated. […] Toxoplasmosis is more common in southern states, in African Americans, and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. […] Toxoplasmic encephalitis has been reported in 1-5% of patients with AIDS. […] Within the United States, significant differences are recognized in the incidence of toxoplasmic encephalitis by geographic region and by ethnic group. […] In many populations, such as those in El Salvador and France, the seropositivity rate to T gondii is as high as 75% by the fourth decade of life.

• #47 Toxoplasmosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of infectious retinochroiditis in humans. […] T. gondiis presence in nature is widespread, but human infections are not equally distributed around the world. It has been estimated that 1 billion people are infected worldwide. Rates of infection are highest in tropical areas and relatively low in dry, arid areas and cold areas. This likely reflects the environment which are most amenable to the organism’s proliferation in the environment. In the United States approximately 22.5% are IgG positive for toxoplasmosis and up to 70% in some studies. Ocular disease secondary to toxoplasmosis is estimated to be around 2% in the United States, 17.7% in Brazil, and up to 43% in Africa.

• #48 Toxoplasmosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Toxoplasmosis

  Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of infectious retinochroiditis in humans. […] T. gondiis presence in nature is widespread, but human infections are not equally distributed around the world. It has been estimated that 1 billion people are infected worldwide. Rates of infection are highest in tropical areas and relatively low in dry, arid areas and cold areas. This likely reflects the environment which are most amenable to the organism’s proliferation in the environment. In the United States approximately 22.5% are IgG positive for toxoplasmosis and up to 70% in some studies. Ocular disease secondary to toxoplasmosis is estimated to be around 2% in the United States, 17.7% in Brazil, and up to 43% in Africa.

• #49 Frequency and visual outcomes of ocular toxoplasmosis in an adult Brazilian population | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83051-0

  Ocular toxoplasmosis is a leading cause of posterior uveitis worldwide, and a leading cause of childhood blindness in Brazil. […] In Latin America, the disease is known to be not only the most frequent cause of posterior uveitis but the leading cause of uveitis itself, contributing to one out of four uveitis cases seen in tertiary services. […] There is scarce information about the real-life frequency of ocular lesions, visual outcomes, and risk factors for poor prognosis of OT. […] The frequency of OT in community-based studies varies widely, ranging from 1.0% to up to 17.7%, and local risk-factors and different study designs could explain the differences found. […] Ocular toxoplasmosis was found in 5.8% of the subjects (6.7% in those with positive T. gondii serology). […] The presence of ocular lesions was associated with lower social stratum, and no association between the presence of OT in eyes and subjects and visual impairment was found.

• #50 Frequency and visual outcomes of ocular toxoplasmosis in an adult Brazilian population | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83051-0

  Ocular toxoplasmosis is a leading cause of posterior uveitis worldwide, and a leading cause of childhood blindness in Brazil. […] In Latin America, the disease is known to be not only the most frequent cause of posterior uveitis but the leading cause of uveitis itself, contributing to one out of four uveitis cases seen in tertiary services. […] There is scarce information about the real-life frequency of ocular lesions, visual outcomes, and risk factors for poor prognosis of OT. […] The frequency of OT in community-based studies varies widely, ranging from 1.0% to up to 17.7%, and local risk-factors and different study designs could explain the differences found. […] Ocular toxoplasmosis was found in 5.8% of the subjects (6.7% in those with positive T. gondii serology). […] The presence of ocular lesions was associated with lower social stratum, and no association between the presence of OT in eyes and subjects and visual impairment was found.

• #51 Frequency and visual outcomes of ocular toxoplasmosis in an adult Brazilian population | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83051-0

  Lower social stratum was identified as a risk factor for ocular toxoplasmosis, a similar result obtained in the city of Natal, Northeast Brazil. […] In our study, we found 5.8% with the sample with OT, and 6.7% considering only those with positive T. gondii serology, in agreement with most Brazilian community-based studies. […] The lack of significant correlation observed between the OT lesions, and visual impairment should not be interpreted as a reduced disease burden. […] Further studies are still needed to understand the real-life frequency of ocular lesions, visual outcomes, and risk factors for poor prognosis of OT and make it possible to implement public policies aimed at prophylaxis of contamination and manifestation of ocular disease by the parasite.

• #52

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-019-01405-7

  Toxoplasmosis, caused by infection with the coccidian Toxoplasma gondii, is a significant public health problem worldwide. An estimated 8-22% of people in the USA are infected, and similar prevalence exists in the UK. In Central America, South America, and continental Europe, estimates of infection range from 30 to 90%. […] In the USA, where over a million people are infected each year and approximately 28-39 people develop symptomatic ocular disease annually, the cost of illness has been estimated to be nearly $3 billion and an 11,000 quality-adjusted life-year loss annually. […] Toxoplasmosis qualifies as a One Health disease because it significantly affects the health of human, domestic animals, wildlife, and ecosystems, and is perceived as a threat by those who rely on animal resources.

• #53 Frontiers | Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in a One Health Context

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/69115/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-toxoplasma-gondii-infection-in-a-one-health-contextundefined

  Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed protozoan that infects nearly all warm-blooded hosts, including humans. Understanding its epidemiology and phylogeny is essential for infection management and outbreak reduction. […] The One Health approach highlights the interactions between the parasite, host, and environment, offering insights to enhance animal health and mitigate economic losses in agriculture. […] Insights gained from elucidating the parasitic, host, and environmental factors influencing T. gondii behavior can inform new strategies for monitoring and preventing infections in susceptible animal populations, as well as enhance management practices in production systems. […] Specific Themes to Explore:- Investigation of the epidemiology and phylogeny of T. gondii in animal hosts, the environment, and water/food. […] Strategies to reduce the zoonotic transmission route of T. gondii in the animal-human interface. […] Relationship between climate change and the spread of T. gondii. […] Integrated predictive models to predict the future spread of T. gondii.

• #54 The global serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in felids during the last five decades (1967–2017): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-020-3954-1

  Felids (domestic and wild cats) are important in the epidemiology of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii because they are the only hosts that can excrete the environmentally resistant oocysts. […] We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of T. gondii in species of the family Felidae. […] The pooled global T. gondii seroprevalence was estimated to be 35% (95% CI: 32-38%) and 59% (95% CI: 56-63%) in domestic cats and wild felids, respectively, using random effects model. […] The seroprevalence was higher in Australia and Africa where the T. gondii seropositivity in domestic cats was 52% (95% CI: 15-89%) and 51% (95% CI: 20-81%), respectively. […] The lowest seroprevalence was estimated in Asia 27% (95% CI: 24-30%). […] Our study provides the global prevalence of T. gondii in species of the family Felidae and is a source of information to aid public health workers in developing prevention plans.

• #55 The global serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in felids during the last five decades (1967–2017): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-020-3954-1

  The only definitive hosts of T. gondii, the members of the family Felidae (i.e. domestic cats and other felids), are the key animal species for the maintenance of this parasite. […] Considering the public health and economic importance of toxoplasmosis, in this study, we provide the first systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the global seroprevalence of T. gondii in the family Felidae. […] The global pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii reported from 1967 to 2017 was 35% (95% CI: 32-38%) and 59% (95% CI: 56-63%) in domestic cats and wild felids, respectively. […] The highest pooled seroprevalence in male domestic cats was observed in Australia (62%, 95% CI: 54-70%) followed by Europe (46%, 95% CI: 38-53%) and Africa (43%, 95% CI: 12-75%). […] The estimates of the global seroprevalence of T. gondii in male and female wild felids were 61% (95% CI: 27-95%) and 57% (95% CI: 19-96%), respectively. […] The global pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii in wild felids was almost 59% from 1967 to 2017 based on 17 studies from 12 countries.

• #56 Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Oocysts in the Domestic Cats in Ekiti State, Nigeria – International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI)

  https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/articles/prevalence-of-toxoplasma-gondii-oocysts-in-the-domestic-cats-in-ekiti-state-nigeria/

  Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed zoonotic parasite with significant public health implications, particularly for immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women. Domestic cats (Felis catus) serve as definitive hosts and contribute to environmental contamination through oocyst shedding. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in domestic cats and assess environmental risk in selected communities of Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria. […] T. gondii oocysts were detected in 102 (36.8%) of the 277 faecal samples. Free rooming was identified as contributing factor to the high prevalence in the environment. […] The high prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in domestic cats in Ekiti State highlights a significant zoonotic risk. Public health interventions focusing on responsible cat ownership, improved sanitation, and targeted education are crucial for mitigating the risk of T. gondii transmission in this region.

• #57 Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Oocysts in the Domestic Cats in Ekiti State, Nigeria – International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI)

  https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/articles/prevalence-of-toxoplasma-gondii-oocysts-in-the-domestic-cats-in-ekiti-state-nigeria/

  The prevalence of 36.8% of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts identified in this study is significant and aligns with findings from various regions, highlighting the global concern regarding this pathogen. […] The primary reason for keeping cats being pest control suggests a potential for high numbers of free-roaming or semi-domesticated cats. This is significant because cats are the definitive hosts of T. gondii. […] The high prevalence of oocysts in our study area suggests a need for increased public health awareness and preventive measures, particularly in vulnerable populations. […] The relationship between T. gondii prevalence and environmental factors is evident. The high percentage of free-roaming cats contribute significantly to the infection rates.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-019-01405-7

  New research on the impacts of toxoplasmosis increases the need for greater institutional awareness of the pathways of infection and comprehensive and transdisciplinary actions to control transmission using the One Health approach. […] In the USA, toxoplasmosis is not a nationally reportable disease and, thus, its true magnitude is unknown. […] Current patterns of human-driven environmental change and globalization of travel and trade can enhance the spillover and spillback of Toxoplasma and parasites of animal origin into human populations, introduce pathogens into critically endangered animal populations, and further facilitate propagation locally, regionally, and globally. […] A better understanding of the environmental abundance of oocysts is critical to holistic determinations of health risks. Studies indicate that large regions of terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments may be contaminated.

• #59 Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-04769-4

  The ingestion of salads served at a restaurant on-site was considered the probable cause. […] Contamination of cheese or milk with water contaminated with oocysts was considered the source of the outbreak. […] The outbreak was linked to drinking water from this source although the water had been treated with iodine tablets. […] The outbreak occurred in 2004 in the village of Patam, located near the French Guiana border, and surrounded by Amazonian forest. […] Heavy rains and warm weather probably contributed to the outbreak.

• #60

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-019-01405-7

  The environmental parameters responsible for long-term survival and resistance of oocysts, regional extent of environmental contamination with oocysts, and duration of survival or infectivity of tissue cysts following host death are poorly understood and require additional research. […] Comprehensive and sound policies and control interventions based on science are required to reduce these astronomical impacts.

• #61 Public Health Surveillance and Reporting for Human Toxoplasmosis – Six States, 2021 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35834417/

  Toxoplasmosis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, and currently no national public health surveillance data are available; however, it is reportable in eight states. […] To better understand how surveillance data are collected and used, reviews of state-level toxoplasmosis surveillance were conducted during June-July 2021 using semistructured interviews with health officials in six states (Arkansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin) where toxoplasmosis is currently reportable. […] Case definitions varied considerably in terms of clinical description, laboratory criteria, and case classification (i.e., confirmed, probable, or suspect), limiting disease estimates and comparisons among states. […] Implementation of a standardized case definition would help ensure that cases are counted consistently, enabling better use of surveillance data to characterize disease.

• #62

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-019-01405-7

  New research on the impacts of toxoplasmosis increases the need for greater institutional awareness of the pathways of infection and comprehensive and transdisciplinary actions to control transmission using the One Health approach. […] In the USA, toxoplasmosis is not a nationally reportable disease and, thus, its true magnitude is unknown. […] Current patterns of human-driven environmental change and globalization of travel and trade can enhance the spillover and spillback of Toxoplasma and parasites of animal origin into human populations, introduce pathogens into critically endangered animal populations, and further facilitate propagation locally, regionally, and globally. […] A better understanding of the environmental abundance of oocysts is critical to holistic determinations of health risks. Studies indicate that large regions of terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments may be contaminated.

• #63 Public Health Surveillance and Reporting for Human Toxoplasmosis – Six States, 2021 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35834417/

  Toxoplasmosis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, and currently no national public health surveillance data are available; however, it is reportable in eight states. […] To better understand how surveillance data are collected and used, reviews of state-level toxoplasmosis surveillance were conducted during June-July 2021 using semistructured interviews with health officials in six states (Arkansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin) where toxoplasmosis is currently reportable. […] Case definitions varied considerably in terms of clinical description, laboratory criteria, and case classification (i.e., confirmed, probable, or suspect), limiting disease estimates and comparisons among states. […] Implementation of a standardized case definition would help ensure that cases are counted consistently, enabling better use of surveillance data to characterize disease.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-019-01405-7

  The environmental parameters responsible for long-term survival and resistance of oocysts, regional extent of environmental contamination with oocysts, and duration of survival or infectivity of tissue cysts following host death are poorly understood and require additional research. […] Comprehensive and sound policies and control interventions based on science are required to reduce these astronomical impacts.

• #65 The One Health Approach to Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiology, Control, and Prevention Strategies | NOAA Fisheries

  https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/peer-reviewed-research/one-health-approach-toxoplasmosis-epidemiology-control-and

  We review the natural history of T. gondii, its transmission and impacts in humans, domestic animals, wildlife and ecosystems. […] The epidemiology, prevention, and control strategies are reviewed, with the objective of facilitating awareness of this disease and promoting transdisciplinary collaborations, integrative research, and capacity building among universities, government agencies, NGOs, policy makers, practicing physicians, veterinarians, and the general public.

• #66

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40124-022-00265-0

  In 2016, a chart review was conducted on a convenience sample of pregnant women at Hospital Santo Tomas and Hospital San Miguel Arcangel in Ciudad de Panam. […] Patient addresses were used to map screening rates and T. gondii prevalence in Ciudad de Panam. […] In 2017, a follow-up study was conducted with a convenience sample of pregnant women in HST’s maternity wing. […] In 2019, seroprevalence and screening rates in Panama were again mapped using data from previous studies by the University of Chicago and Panama’s Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services. […] In 2019, screening rates, seroprevalence, and risk factors for T. gondii infection were mapped using data from Quindo, Colombia. […] Identifying specific higher-risk areas for toxoplasmosis enables more comprehensive prevention strategies that are tailored to sources of this disease.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40124-022-00265-0

  In Panama, our efforts to gather data for this end began with the 2014 HdN report, which estimated that seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Ciudad de Panam could be as high as 50%. […] Both an increase in prevalence from western to eastern Panama and higher rates of disease in indigenous populations were found in an initial retrospective study, a follow-up prospective study, and a longer-term aggregate study of 3500 women that used more sophisticated spatial epidemiology methods. […] Our study of risk factors in Quindo emphasized the correlation between proximity to bodies of water and issues such as congenital infection, retinal disease, and rates of lymphadenopathy related to toxoplasmosis.

• #68 The One Health Approach to Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiology, Control, and Prevention Strategies

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08g5f7tb

  One Health is a collaborative, interdisciplinary effort that seeks optimal health for people, animals, plants, and the environment. Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is an intracellular protozoan infection distributed worldwide, with a heteroxenous life cycle that practically affects all homeotherms and in which felines act as definitive reservoirs. […] The epidemiology, prevention, and control strategies are reviewed, with the objective of facilitating awareness of this disease and promoting transdisciplinary collaborations, integrative research, and capacity building among universities, government agencies, NGOs, policy makers, practicing physicians, veterinarians, and the general public.

• #69 DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln

  https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vetscipapers/334/

  Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is an intracellular protozoan infection distributed worldwide, with a heteroxenous life cycle that practically affects all homeotherms and in which felines act as definitive reservoirs. […] The epidemiology, prevention, and control strategies are reviewed, with the objective of facilitating awareness of this disease and promoting transdisciplinary collaborations, integrative research, and capacity building among universities, government agencies, NGOs, policy makers, practicing physicians, veterinarians, and the general public.

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