Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mumps – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/

  Mumps is caused by the rubulavirus, which belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. […] Mumps is caused by a single-stranded RNA paramyxovirus. Nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and polymerase together with the genomic RNA facilitate the replication of the virus, leading to the formation of the nucleocapsid. […] Risk factors for mumps include immunodeficiency, international travel, living in a crowded or close-knit setting, and lack of vaccination. […] The incidence of mumps in the United States dropped by 99% after the mumps vaccine was introduced in 1967. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the recent increase in mumps outbreaks, including declining vaccine coverage rates, failure to complete the two-dose series, historical use of less-effective vaccine strains in some European countries, and removal of mumps vaccine from the routine schedule in Japan and other countries.

• #2 Mumps – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps

  Mumps is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the mumps virus. […] Mumps is caused by the mumps virus (MuV), scientific name Mumps orthorubulavirus, which belongs to the Orthorubulavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses. […] Humans are the only natural host of the mumps virus. […] The cause of this reemergence is subject to debate, and various factors have been proposed, including waning immunity from vaccination, low vaccination rates, vaccine failure, and potential antigenic variation of the mumps virus. […] Waning immunity from vaccines is likely the primary cause of the mumps resurgence. […] Low vaccination rates have been implicated as the cause of some outbreaks in the UK, Canada, Sweden, and Japan, whereas outbreaks in other places, such as the U.S., the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands, have occurred mainly among the vaccinated. […] Compared to the measles and rubella vaccines, mumps vaccines appear to have a relatively high failure rate, varying depending on the vaccine strain.

• #3 Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4268314/

  Given the incidence of mumps in the pre-vaccine era, comparatively little is known about the pathogenesis of the disease. […] Mumps was first described by Hippocrates in the fifth century BC, in his first Book of Epidemics, but a viral aetiology was not demonstrated until the 1930s. […] The virus, a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is an enveloped particle containing a non-segmented negative strand RNA molecule of 15,384 nucleotides. […] MuV is transmitted via the respiratory route by inhalation or oral contact with infected respiratory droplets or secretions. […] Given the array of symptoms, it is clear that MuV is able to disseminate systemically in the body, which has led to the assumption that, following infection of the upper respiratory mucosa, the virus spreads to regional lymph nodes, resulting in viraemia during the early acute phase.

• #3 Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4268314/

  Mumps is caused by the mumps virus (MuV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses. […] Despite being one of the oldest recognized diseases, with a worldwide distribution, surprisingly little attention has been given to its study. […] The reason for the lower than expected efficacy of mumps vaccines is a subject of much debate, ranging from waning immunity to the emergence of virus strains that might be capable of escaping immunity engendered by the vaccine. […] Humans are the only natural host of MuV. […] The disease is rarely fatal and the lack of autopsy tissue limits opportunities to examine disease pathogenesis and pathology. […] Our current knowledge of MuV pathogenesis is therefore mostly based on animal studies, often following unnatural routes of infection.

• #3 Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4268314/

  MuV is highly neurotropic, with evidence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in up to half of all cases of infection. […] The major morbidity from mumps is from complications of meningitis, encephalitis and orchitis. […] Mumps virus does not appear to cause congenital malformations. […] As a re-emerging pathogen, with concerns over vaccine safety and efficacy, elucidation of mechanisms of MuV pathogenesis is of paramount importance.

• #4 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966678-overview

  Mumps is an acute, self-limited, systemic viral illness characterized by the swelling of one or more of the salivary glands, typically the parotid glands. The illness is caused by the RNA virus, Rubulavirus. […] Rubulavirus can be isolated in viral culture from saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). […] Mumps occurs worldwide. Humans are the only known natural hosts. This Paramyxovirus is highly infectious to nonimmune individuals and is the only cause of epidemic parotitis. […] After the initial entry into the respiratory system, the virus replicates locally. Viremic dissemination then occurs to target tissues, such as the salivary glands (parotid glands) and extrasalivary locations (CNS). […] A secondary phase of viremia that occurs before the immune response is due to the replication of the virus at the target organs. […] Lack of immunization, international travel, and immune deficiencies are all factors that increase risk of infection by the Paramyxovirus mumps virus.

• #5 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-overview

  Mumps is an acute, self-limited, systemic viral illness characterized by the swelling of one or more of the salivary glands, typically the parotid glands. The illness is caused by the RNA virus, Rubulavirus. […] Rubulavirus can be isolated in viral culture from saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). […] Mumps is the only known cause of epidemic parotitis; as such, parotitis is used as a clinical parameter of maximum communicability of the mump virus. […] After the initial entry into the respiratory system, the virus replicates locally. Viremic dissemination then occurs to target tissues, such as the salivary glands (parotid glands) and extrasalivary locations (CNS). […] A secondary phase of viremia that occurs before the immune response is due to the replication of the virus at the target organs. […] Lack of immunization, international travel, and immune deficiencies are all factors that increase risk of infection by the Paramyxovirus mumps virus.

• #6 Mumps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mumps/symptoms-causes/syc-20375361

  Mumps is caused by a type of germ called a virus. When someone has mumps, the virus is in saliva. Coughing or sneezing can release tiny droplets with the virus into the air. […] You can get the virus by breathing in tiny droplets. Or you can get the virus by touching a surface where droplets have landed and then touching your face. You also can pick up the virus from direct contact, such as kissing or sharing a water bottle. […] Outbreaks in the United States most often happen where people live or work in close contact. These may include college campuses, summer camps and schools.

• #7 About Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/about/index.html

  Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus that affects the salivary glands. Mumps is still a common disease in many countries, so it’s important to get vaccinated to protect yourself. […] Mumps is a contagious disease caused by the mumps virus. It spreads through direct contact with saliva or respiratory droplets from the mouth, nose, or throat. […] A person infected with mumps can spread it: Beginning a few days before their salivary glands begin to swell. […] After the U.S. mumps vaccination program started in 1967, there has been a more than 99% decrease in mumps cases in the United States.

• #8 Mumps – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/mumps/

  Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus that spreads easily through coughing and sneezing. […] The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is the best way to help protect against mumps. […] Mumps spreads easily through coughing or sneezing, or through close contact, such as sharing cups or water bottles, kissing, or playing sports with someone who has been infected. […] There are currently no medications available to treat mumps.

• #9 Mumps (Parotitis) Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/mumps/article.htm

  Mumps virus is a single strand of RNA housed inside a two-layered envelope that provides the virus its characteristic immune signature. Only one type of mumps virus has been demonstrated to exist (in contrast to the many virus types that can cause the common cold). […] Mumps is highly contagious on the order of magnitude of both influenza and rubella (German measles). […] It is transmitted only from human to human. […] Mumps has a rapid spread among members living in close quarters. […] The virus most commonly is spread directly from one person to another via respiratory droplets expelled during sneezing or coughing. […] Less frequently, the respiratory droplets may land on fomites (sheets, pillows, clothing) and then be transmitted via hand-to-mouth contact after touching such items.

• #9 Mumps (Parotitis) Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/mumps/article.htm

  Animals cannot contract or spread mumps. […] Risk factors for mumps include: […] Failure to vaccinate completely (two separate doses) with exposure to those with mumps. […] Age: The highest risk of contracting mumps is for a child between 2 and 12 years of age. […] Season: Outbreaks of mumps were most likely during the winter/spring seasons. […] Travel to high-risk regions of the world: Africa, the general Indian subcontinent region, and Southeast Asia. These areas have a very low rate of immunization. […] Weakening immune system: either due to diseases (for example, HIV/AIDS, cancer) or medication (oral steroid use for more than two weeks, chemotherapy). […] Born before 1956: Generally, these individuals are believed to have experienced mumps infection in childhood. However, if they did not, they are at risk for adult mumps disease. […] Mumps is generally a benign self-limited disease that produces lifelong immunity. […] Severe medical side effects are extremely rare; more common complications (though still relatively rare) are listed above.

• #10 Mumps in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/mumps

  Mumps are caused by a virus called the paramyxovirus. It’s spread from one child to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. Infected droplets in the air from a sneeze or close conversation can be inhaled and may cause infection. Your child is contagious from one to seven days before the symptoms occur, and remains contagious for five to nine days after.

• #11 Mumps – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/vaccine-preventable-diseases/mumps/causes.html

  Mumps is caused by a virus. The virus can live in your nose, mouth, eyes and on your skin. It is highly contagious, meaning it spreads very easily, but is less contagious than measles or chickenpox. […] The mumps virus can be spread in several different ways including: […] It can take between 14 and 25 days for symptoms to show up after you have been infected. However, you can pass the infection on to others even before you know you are sick. In fact, the time you are most contagious starts 2 days before the symptoms begin. […] If you develop mumps symptoms, you will continue to be highly contagious for the first 5 days of your illness.

• #12

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/causes/

  Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, which belongs to a family of viruses known as paramyxoviruses. […] The virus can also enter your cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is the fluid that surrounds and protects your brain and spine. […] Mumps is an airborne virus and can be spread by: […] Mumps can also be passed on by people who are infected with the virus but don’t have any obvious symptoms.

• #13 Clinical Overview of Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Mumps disease is caused by a paramyxovirus and can be prevented by vaccination. […] Mumps is a viral illness caused by a paramyxovirus, a member of the Rubulavirus family. […] The mumps virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract and is transmitted person to person through direct contact with saliva or respiratory droplets of a person infected with mumps. […] The average incubation period for mumps is 16 to 18 days, with a range of 12 to 25 days. […] Severe complications caused by the virus include cerebellar ataxia, encephalitis, viral pneumonia, and hemorrhagic conditions. […] Mumps can be prevented with mumps-containing vaccine.

• #14 Mumps: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001557.htm

  Mumps is caused by a virus. The virus spreads from person to person by drops of moisture from the nose and mouth, such as through sneezing. It is also spread through direct contact with items that have infected saliva on them. […] Mumps most often occurs in children ages 2 through 12 who have not been vaccinated against the disease. However, the infection can occur at any age and may also be seen in college age students. […] The time between being exposed to the virus and getting sick (incubation period) is about 12 to 25 days.

• #15 Mumps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1037

  Mumps is an acute systemic infectious disease caused by an RNA paramyxovirus. […] It is spread via respiratory droplets and, prior to the mumps vaccine, commonly affected school-aged children. […] The disease typically causes swelling of the parotid glands, with other salivary glands, meninges, gonads, and pancreas also commonly involved.

• #16 Mumps – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/

  Mumps is caused by the rubulavirus, which belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. […] Mumps is caused by a single-stranded RNA paramyxovirus. Nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and polymerase together with the genomic RNA facilitate the replication of the virus, leading to the formation of the nucleocapsid. […] Risk factors for mumps include immunodeficiency, international travel, living in a crowded or close-knit setting, and lack of vaccination. […] The incidence of mumps in the United States dropped by 99% after the mumps vaccine was introduced in 1967. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the recent increase in mumps outbreaks, including declining vaccine coverage rates, failure to complete the two-dose series, historical use of less-effective vaccine strains in some European countries, and removal of mumps vaccine from the routine schedule in Japan and other countries.

• #16 Mumps – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/

  Recent outbreaks among fully vaccinated college students have suggested that immunity to mumps may wane over time. […] A 2006 study of a significant mumps outbreak in a university with high vaccine coverage rates found that students vaccinated 13 or more years before the outbreak were 9 times more susceptible to mumps compared to students who had been vaccinated less than 2 years before the outbreak.

• #17 What are the Causes Of Mumps?

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/what-are-the-causes-of-mumps.htm

  Mumps is caused by a virus known as a paramyxovirus. […] Risk factors for developing mumps include – Failure to be immunized – Persons who have not been immunized against mumps are the main risk group. Unvaccinated school-aged children are most at risk. […] The highest risk of contracting mumps is for 2-12 year old children. […] Epidemics of mumps are most likely during the winter/spring. […] Travel to high-risk areas of the world – Africa, Indian subcontinent region and Southeast Asia are considered to be high-risk areas as these areas have a very low rate of vaccination. […] Immuno suppressed people – Weakening of the immune system either due to diseases like HIV, AIDS or cancer; or use of steroids for a prolonged period.

• #18 Mumps – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/

  Mumps is a contagious viral infection that used to be common in children before the introduction of the MMR vaccine. […] Mumps is spread in the same way as colds and flu: through infected droplets of saliva that can be inhaled or picked up from surfaces and transferred into the mouth or nose. […] Most cases of mumps occur in younger adults who did not receive the MMR vaccine as part of their childhood vaccination schedule and did not have mumps as a child.

• #19 Understand the Causes of Mumps That Are Often Unrecognized – EMC Healthcare – SAME

  https://www.emc.id/en/care-plus/often-missed-get-to-know-the-various-causes-of-mumps-that-many-people-are-not-aware-of

  Mumps is caused by an infection caused by the paramyxovirus virus. This virus is usually spread through direct contact with saliva or droplets from an infected person. […] The mumps virus is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with the saliva of an infected person. […] The mumps virus can be transmitted through droplets of saliva that come out when someone with mumps coughs or sneezes. […] The MMR vaccine is very effective in preventing mumps. […] People who have not been vaccinated or have not received the full dose of the vaccine are at higher risk of becoming infected. […] Did you know that a weak immune system can actually increase your risk of infection? […] In fact, mumps virus is more easily spread in crowded environments, such as schools, dormitories, or crowded workplaces.

• #20 Mumps: Causes, Symptoms and Prevention explained | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/family-care/mumps-causes-symptoms-prevention/

  Mumps is a viral infection caused by paramyxovirus, a member of the Rubulavirus family. […] Mumps is caused by the mumps virus which belongs to a group of viruses, known as paramyxoviruses. […] This virus is also known to enter the fluid that is present in tissue that surrounds the spinal cord and brain (CSF fluid). […] The high-risk group who are prone to develop mumps includes: 1. Individuals with weak/compromised immune systems. 2. Non vaccinated individual 3. People living in enclosed spacescamps, quarters.

• #21 Mumps: Symptoms, Treatments, and ComplicationsHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mumps

  Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus that passes from one person to another through saliva, nasal secretions, and close personal contact. […] Vaccination can prevent mumps. Most infants and children receive a vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) at the same time. The first MMR shot is generally given between the ages of 12 and 15 months at a routine well-child visit. A second vaccination is necessary for school-aged children between 4 and 6 years old. With two doses, the mumps vaccine is approximately 88 percent effective. The rate of effectiveness of only one dose is about 78 percent. […] Adults who were born before 1957 and haven’t yet contracted mumps may wish to be vaccinated. Those who work in a high-risk environment, such as a hospital or school, should always be vaccinated against mumps.

• #22 Factsheet about mumps

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/mumps/facts

  Mumps is a viral infection, which in its classical form causes acute parotitis (inflammation of the parotid salivary glands) and less frequently, orchitis, meningitis and pneumonia. […] The viral aetiology of the disease was identified in 1934 and live attenuated mumps vaccines have been available since the 1960s. […] Several different genotypes of the mumps virus have been recognised, although the significance of this genotypic variation with regards to vaccine response remains unclear. […] Humans are the only known host of the mumps virus. […] Spread is from person to person by airborne or droplet transmission. […] Immunisation is the only effective method of prevention. […] The mumps component of the MMR vaccine is about 88% (range: 3195%) effective when two doses are given; one dose is about 78% (range: 49%92%) effective.

• #23 Mumps symptoms, causes and how it’s treated | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/what-are-mumps/

  Mumps, an infection that used to be a common childhood illness, is now rare. […] The reason that number was so low is because the two-dose MMR vaccine helps prevent mumps and has decreased cases by 99% since the vaccine program was introduced in 1967. […] Mumps is a viral infection transmitted through saliva (spit) that is part of a family of viruses called paramyxoviruses, which usually infect the nose, throat, ear and lower respiratory tract. […] One of the reasons that mumps is so contagious is because an infected person can spread the virus 2-3 days before they notice any symptoms. […] Occasionally, mumps can cause various complications, especially in adults. […] Its rare, but complications can lead to permanent and even life-threatening conditions, such as: Pain and swelling of the testicles in adult and adolescent males, which can lead to a permanent decrease in the size of the testicles. […] According to the CDC, before the U.S. mumps vaccination program started in 1967, about 186,000 cases of mumps were reported each year. […] Since the pre-vaccine era, there has been a more than 99% decrease in mumps cases in the U.S.

• #24 Causes of Orchitis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mumps Orchitis

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/mumps-orchitis.html

  Mumps orchitis is an acute viral orchitis and a complication of epidemic parotitis. […] Mumps orchitis develops in 30% of patients with mumps after puberty, and 10-30% have bilateral manifestations. […] The mumps virus is a neurotropic paramyxovirus with single-stranded RNA. Orchitis leads to infiltration of lymphocytes, damage to the blood-testis barrier, and edema with the rise of intratesticular pressure with pressure atrophy (caused by the inelastic tunica albuginea). Infertility, subfertility, and hypogonadism may develop depending on the extent of the (bilateral) disease. […] Bilateral orchitis may cause testicular atrophy with infertility, in severe cases with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.

• #25 How Serious Are Mumps in Adults? 6 Causes & 8 Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/how_serious_are_mumps_in_adults/article.htm

  Mumps is a communicable disease caused by the mumps virus that passes from one person to another through saliva, nasal secretions, or close personal contact. […] Mumps is caused by a virus, so antibiotics aren’t effective. […] Six factors that may cause mumps in adults include: Classrooms, Athletic teams, College dormitories, Kissing, Using another person’s lipstick, Sharing cigarettes. […] About 15 to 30 percent of people develop orchitis that heals in about two weeks, whereas mumps meningitis has been reported in 1 to 10 percent of people. […] About four percent of people develop mumps pancreatitis. The mortality rate is low and seen in about 1.6 to 3.8 people per 10,000 people. Those with compromised immunity are at high risk.

• #26 Mumps – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/mumps

  Mumps is caused by a virus. […] Mumps is a contagious viral infection that causes painful enlargement of the salivary glands. […] One infection with the mumps virus usually provides lifelong immunity, which means a person who has had mumps once most likely will not get it again. […] Outbreaks mainly occur among people who have not been vaccinated and have not had mumps before. However, outbreaks have occurred among people who have been vaccinated, probably because some people do not develop immunity after vaccination and, in some others, immunity may decrease over time. […] Mumps is thought to be a major cause of one-sided deafness in children in parts of the world where vaccination rates are low.

• #27 What are the causes and complications of mumps?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/mumps/what-are-the-causes-and-complications-of-mumps

  Mumps is a virus, therefore the cause of the condition is the mumps virus. It is very contagious and spreads easily via infected saliva. The virus is contracted through breathing in the infected saliva when an infected person sneezes or coughs. It can also be contracted through sharing a glass or other utensils with an infected person. […] The complications from mumps are rare but can be potentially serious. […] Orchitis is often caused by mumps, however, it can be managed through the use of cold packs being placed on the testicles over the course of the day. […] If this condition is induced by mumps, it is normally a temporary condition. […] The issue comes in when a woman is pregnant which may result in a higher chance of suffering from a miscarriage however, there is still a large amount of speculation around mumps leading to miscarriages and the theory is yet to be proven. […] Being a viral infection, mumps can result in the inflammation of the brain which can lead to a number of neurological issues which may, in turn, be life-threatening. […] In some rare cases, hearing loss can be caused by mumps.

• #28 Mumps | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/mumps

  Cause: Mumps virus, a paramyxovirus. […] Mumps causes inflammation of glandular tissue, most commonly salivary glands (parotitis). […] Complications include inflammation of testes (orchitis) or ovaries (oophoritis), aseptic meningitis (rarely causing deafness), pancreatitis, and myocarditis. […] Transmission is mainly through direct contact with infected droplet nuclei or saliva. […] Humans, including persons with asymptomatic infection, are the reservoir.

• #29 Mumps Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/mumps.html

  Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, a type of paramyxovirus that spreads from person to person through coughs, sneezes and saliva, as well as through contact with contaminated items and surfaces (used tissues, shared drinking glasses, dirty hands that touched a runny nose). […] Once the mumps virus enters the body, it passes into the bloodstream and can spread to many different glands and to the brain: […] Rarely, the mumps virus can affect other parts of the body, such as the joints, thyroid gland or lungs. […] When a pregnant woman develops mumps, there may be some increased risk of fetal death and miscarriage if the mother is in her first trimester. However, the infection probably does not increase the risk of birth defects. […] Before an effective vaccine became available in the late 1960s, there were almost 190,000 reported cases of mumps each year in the United States. Now, thanks to the mumps vaccine, the number of annual cases has decreased by more than 99%. […] People recover completely from mumps. In males, there is a small risk of sterility if the infection affects both testicles (bilateral orchitis), but this is unusual.

• #30 Mumps | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/mumps

  Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus. […] The virus that causes mumps is spread through saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose, or throat by coughing, sneezing, or talking. […] Mumps infection during the first trimester of pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage. […] Mumps is often diagnosed by its symptoms, but this is not always reliable because there are many causes of salivary gland swelling. […] A small percentage of vaccinated children and adults who may not have responded well to the vaccine. […] It is estimated that two doses of mumps-containing vaccine protect approximately 88% of those who receive it. […] Protection from the vaccine also appears to decrease over time.

• #31 Mumps – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/mumps

  Mumps is an acute, contagious, systemic viral disease, usually causing painful enlargement of the salivary glands, most commonly the parotids. […] The virus that causes mumps, a paramyxovirus, is spread by droplets or saliva. […] Mumps is less communicable than measles. It occurs mainly in unimmunized populations, but outbreaks among largely immunized populations have occurred. A combination of primary vaccine failure (failure to develop immunity after vaccination) and waning immunity may have played a part in these outbreaks. […] Laboratory diagnosis of mumps is necessary if disease has features atypical for mumps such as the following: Unilateral, Recurrent, Occurs in previously immunized patients, Causes prominent involvement of tissues other than the salivary glands, Parotitis lasting ≥ 2 days without an identified cause. […] Cases may occur in vaccinated people because of primary vaccination failure or waning immunity.

• #32 Mumps Viral Disease: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/mumps-disease-all-you-need-to-know

  Mumps is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, causing swelling and pain. It is caused by the mumps virus that spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or direct contact with an infected person’s saliva. […] The diagnosis of mumps viral disease includes: […] Although clinical symptoms can be suggestive, a definitive diagnosis is often made through laboratory testing, which may include: […] The most effective way to prevent mumps is to be vaccinated with the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. It’s important to note that while the MMR vaccine is very effective, no vaccine is 100% protective. That said, those who’ve received two doses of the MMR vaccine typically have a milder form of mumps if they get infected and are less likely to experience complications.

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