Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chapter 15: Mumps | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-15-mumps.html

  Mumps occurs worldwide, with 500,000 cases reported on average annually. […] Mumps is a human disease. Although persons with asymptomatic or nonclassical infection can transmit the virus, no carrier state is known to exist. No animal or insect reservoir exists. […] Mumps is spread through infectious respiratory droplet secretions and saliva. […] Mumps contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella but is less than that for measles or varicella. Although mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before to 9 days after parotitis onset, the highest percentage of positive isolations and the highest virus loads occur closest to parotitis onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. Mumps is therefore most infectious, and most transmission likely occurs, in the several days before and after parotitis onset. Mumps is considered infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after onset of parotitis. Transmission also likely occurs from persons with asymptomatic infections and from persons with prodromal symptoms. […] Mumps became nationally notifiable in the United States in 1968. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #2 Mumps – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps

  Mumps is found worldwide. In the absence of vaccination against mumps there are between 100 and 1,000 cases per 100,000 people each year, i.e. 0.1% to 1.0% of the population are infected each year. The number of cases peaks every 2–5 years, with incidence highest in children 5–9 years old. According to seroconversion surveys done before the start of mumps vaccination, a sharp increase in mumps antibody levels at age 2–3 was observed. […] Furthermore, 50% of 4–6 year olds, 90% of 14–15 year olds, and 95% of adults had tested positive to prior exposure to mumps, indicating that nearly all people are eventually infected in unvaccinated populations. Prior to the start of vaccination, mumps accounted for ten percent of meningitis cases and about a third of encephalitis cases. Worldwide, mumps is the most common cause of inflammation of the salivary glands. In children, mumps is the most common cause of deafness in one ear in cases when the inner ear is damaged. Asymptomatic infections are more common in adults, and the rate of asymptomatic infections is very high, up to two-thirds, in vaccinated populations. Mumps vaccination has the effect of increasing the average age of the infected in vaccinated populations that have not previously experienced a mumps outbreak.

• #3 Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7084951/

  Mumps is an important childhood infectious disease caused by mumps virus (MuV). […] The number of cases caused by MuV decreased steeply after the introduction of the mumps vaccine worldwide. In recent years, a global resurgence of mumps cases in developed countries and cases of aseptic meningitis caused by some mumps vaccine strains have renewed the importance of MuV infection worldwide. The performance of mumps vaccination has become an important issue for controlling mumps infections. Vaccine development and routine vaccination are still effective measures to globally reduce the incidence of mumps infections. […] Mumps was a serious disease that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide before the program of mumps vaccination starting. In the pre-vaccine era, mumps was a severe contagious disease with a high morbidity of approximately 40726 cases per 100,000 population per year.

• #4 Mumps – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps

  Mumps is found worldwide. In the absence of vaccination against mumps there are between 100 and 1,000 cases per 100,000 people each year, i.e. 0.1% to 1.0% of the population are infected each year. The number of cases peaks every 2–5 years, with incidence highest in children 5–9 years old. According to seroconversion surveys done before the start of mumps vaccination, a sharp increase in mumps antibody levels at age 2–3 was observed. […] Furthermore, 50% of 4–6 year olds, 90% of 14–15 year olds, and 95% of adults had tested positive to prior exposure to mumps, indicating that nearly all people are eventually infected in unvaccinated populations. Prior to the start of vaccination, mumps accounted for ten percent of meningitis cases and about a third of encephalitis cases. Worldwide, mumps is the most common cause of inflammation of the salivary glands. In children, mumps is the most common cause of deafness in one ear in cases when the inner ear is damaged. Asymptomatic infections are more common in adults, and the rate of asymptomatic infections is very high, up to two-thirds, in vaccinated populations. Mumps vaccination has the effect of increasing the average age of the infected in vaccinated populations that have not previously experienced a mumps outbreak.

• #5 Mumps – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps

  Mumps is found worldwide. In the absence of vaccination against mumps there are between 100 and 1,000 cases per 100,000 people each year, i.e. 0.1% to 1.0% of the population are infected each year. The number of cases peaks every 2–5 years, with incidence highest in children 5–9 years old. According to seroconversion surveys done before the start of mumps vaccination, a sharp increase in mumps antibody levels at age 2–3 was observed. […] Furthermore, 50% of 4–6 year olds, 90% of 14–15 year olds, and 95% of adults had tested positive to prior exposure to mumps, indicating that nearly all people are eventually infected in unvaccinated populations. Prior to the start of vaccination, mumps accounted for ten percent of meningitis cases and about a third of encephalitis cases. Worldwide, mumps is the most common cause of inflammation of the salivary glands. In children, mumps is the most common cause of deafness in one ear in cases when the inner ear is damaged. Asymptomatic infections are more common in adults, and the rate of asymptomatic infections is very high, up to two-thirds, in vaccinated populations. Mumps vaccination has the effect of increasing the average age of the infected in vaccinated populations that have not previously experienced a mumps outbreak.

• #6 Mumps – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps

  Cases peak in different seasons of the year in different regions. In temperate climates, cases peak in winter and spring, whereas in tropical regions no seasonality is observed. Additional research has shown that mumps increases in frequency as temperature and humidity increase. The seasonality of mumps is thought to be caused by several factors: fluctuation in the human immune response due to seasonal factors, such as changes in melatonin levels; behavior and lifestyle changes, such as school attendance and indoor crowding; and meteorological factors such as changes in temperature, brightness, wind, and humidity.

• #7 Mumps – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps

  Cases peak in different seasons of the year in different regions. In temperate climates, cases peak in winter and spring, whereas in tropical regions no seasonality is observed. Additional research has shown that mumps increases in frequency as temperature and humidity increase. The seasonality of mumps is thought to be caused by several factors: fluctuation in the human immune response due to seasonal factors, such as changes in melatonin levels; behavior and lifestyle changes, such as school attendance and indoor crowding; and meteorological factors such as changes in temperature, brightness, wind, and humidity.

• #8 Mumps FAQs for the general public – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/mumps/factsheets/mumpsfaqsforthegeneralpublic/

  Mumps is a notifiable disease. […] Mumps is more common in winter and spring. […] Mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before onset of parotitis to 8 days after, but individuals with parotitis are most infectious in the 2-3 days before and the 4-5 days after onset of symptoms. […] MMR uptake rates among children in Ireland remain below the target of 95% required to prevent the spread of mumps. Ensuring high coverage is important to prevent outbreaks occurring. […] The introduction of the MMR vaccine has led to a decrease in the number of cases of mumps reported.

• #9 Chapter 15: Mumps | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-15-mumps.html

  Mumps occurs worldwide, with 500,000 cases reported on average annually. […] Mumps is a human disease. Although persons with asymptomatic or nonclassical infection can transmit the virus, no carrier state is known to exist. No animal or insect reservoir exists. […] Mumps is spread through infectious respiratory droplet secretions and saliva. […] Mumps contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella but is less than that for measles or varicella. Although mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before to 9 days after parotitis onset, the highest percentage of positive isolations and the highest virus loads occur closest to parotitis onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. Mumps is therefore most infectious, and most transmission likely occurs, in the several days before and after parotitis onset. Mumps is considered infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after onset of parotitis. Transmission also likely occurs from persons with asymptomatic infections and from persons with prodromal symptoms. […] Mumps became nationally notifiable in the United States in 1968. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #10 Chapter 15: Mumps | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-15-mumps.html

  Mumps occurs worldwide, with 500,000 cases reported on average annually. […] Mumps is a human disease. Although persons with asymptomatic or nonclassical infection can transmit the virus, no carrier state is known to exist. No animal or insect reservoir exists. […] Mumps is spread through infectious respiratory droplet secretions and saliva. […] Mumps contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella but is less than that for measles or varicella. Although mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before to 9 days after parotitis onset, the highest percentage of positive isolations and the highest virus loads occur closest to parotitis onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. Mumps is therefore most infectious, and most transmission likely occurs, in the several days before and after parotitis onset. Mumps is considered infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after onset of parotitis. Transmission also likely occurs from persons with asymptomatic infections and from persons with prodromal symptoms. […] Mumps became nationally notifiable in the United States in 1968. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #11 Chapter 15: Mumps | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-15-mumps.html

  Mumps occurs worldwide, with 500,000 cases reported on average annually. […] Mumps is a human disease. Although persons with asymptomatic or nonclassical infection can transmit the virus, no carrier state is known to exist. No animal or insect reservoir exists. […] Mumps is spread through infectious respiratory droplet secretions and saliva. […] Mumps contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella but is less than that for measles or varicella. Although mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before to 9 days after parotitis onset, the highest percentage of positive isolations and the highest virus loads occur closest to parotitis onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. Mumps is therefore most infectious, and most transmission likely occurs, in the several days before and after parotitis onset. Mumps is considered infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after onset of parotitis. Transmission also likely occurs from persons with asymptomatic infections and from persons with prodromal symptoms. […] Mumps became nationally notifiable in the United States in 1968. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #12 Chapter 15: Mumps | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-15-mumps.html

  Mumps occurs worldwide, with 500,000 cases reported on average annually. […] Mumps is a human disease. Although persons with asymptomatic or nonclassical infection can transmit the virus, no carrier state is known to exist. No animal or insect reservoir exists. […] Mumps is spread through infectious respiratory droplet secretions and saliva. […] Mumps contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella but is less than that for measles or varicella. Although mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before to 9 days after parotitis onset, the highest percentage of positive isolations and the highest virus loads occur closest to parotitis onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. Mumps is therefore most infectious, and most transmission likely occurs, in the several days before and after parotitis onset. Mumps is considered infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after onset of parotitis. Transmission also likely occurs from persons with asymptomatic infections and from persons with prodromal symptoms. […] Mumps became nationally notifiable in the United States in 1968. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #13 Chapter 15: Mumps | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-15-mumps.html

  Mumps occurs worldwide, with 500,000 cases reported on average annually. […] Mumps is a human disease. Although persons with asymptomatic or nonclassical infection can transmit the virus, no carrier state is known to exist. No animal or insect reservoir exists. […] Mumps is spread through infectious respiratory droplet secretions and saliva. […] Mumps contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella but is less than that for measles or varicella. Although mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before to 9 days after parotitis onset, the highest percentage of positive isolations and the highest virus loads occur closest to parotitis onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. Mumps is therefore most infectious, and most transmission likely occurs, in the several days before and after parotitis onset. Mumps is considered infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after onset of parotitis. Transmission also likely occurs from persons with asymptomatic infections and from persons with prodromal symptoms. […] Mumps became nationally notifiable in the United States in 1968. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #14 Chapter 15: Mumps | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-15-mumps.html

  Mumps occurs worldwide, with 500,000 cases reported on average annually. […] Mumps is a human disease. Although persons with asymptomatic or nonclassical infection can transmit the virus, no carrier state is known to exist. No animal or insect reservoir exists. […] Mumps is spread through infectious respiratory droplet secretions and saliva. […] Mumps contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella but is less than that for measles or varicella. Although mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before to 9 days after parotitis onset, the highest percentage of positive isolations and the highest virus loads occur closest to parotitis onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. Mumps is therefore most infectious, and most transmission likely occurs, in the several days before and after parotitis onset. Mumps is considered infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after onset of parotitis. Transmission also likely occurs from persons with asymptomatic infections and from persons with prodromal symptoms. […] Mumps became nationally notifiable in the United States in 1968. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #15 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-overview

  After licensure of the mumps vaccine in the United States in December 1967 and the subsequent introduction of state-mandated immunization laws in an increasing number of states, the reported incidence of mumps substantially decreased. There were 666 cases of mumps reported in 1998. This number is in marked contrast to 152,209 cases reported in 1968, 30 years earlier. […] Presently, the prevalence of mumps is at record low levels because of the recommendation of 2 doses of MMR vaccine and its high coverage rate in the United States. During the 1990s, mumps cases continued to substantially decline, from 5292 reported cases in 1990 to 266 reported cases in 2001, meeting the Healthy People 2000 Objective of less than 500 cases per year. […] However, in July 2005, an epidemic occurred in Sullivan County, New York at a summer camp.

• #16 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966678-overview

  After licensure of the mumps vaccine in the United States in December 1967 and the subsequent introduction of state-mandated immunization laws in an increasing number of states, the reported incidence of mumps substantially decreased. There were 666 cases of mumps reported in 1998. This number is in marked contrast to 152,209 cases reported in 1968, 30 years earlier. […] Presently, the prevalence of mumps is at record low levels because of the recommendation of 2 doses of MMR vaccine and its high coverage rate in the United States. During the 1990s, mumps cases continued to substantially decline, from 5292 reported cases in 1990 to 266 reported cases in 2001, meeting the Healthy People 2000 Objective of less than 500 cases per year. […] However, in July 2005, an epidemic occurred in Sullivan County, New York at a summer camp.

• #17 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-overview

  After licensure of the mumps vaccine in the United States in December 1967 and the subsequent introduction of state-mandated immunization laws in an increasing number of states, the reported incidence of mumps substantially decreased. There were 666 cases of mumps reported in 1998. This number is in marked contrast to 152,209 cases reported in 1968, 30 years earlier. […] Presently, the prevalence of mumps is at record low levels because of the recommendation of 2 doses of MMR vaccine and its high coverage rate in the United States. During the 1990s, mumps cases continued to substantially decline, from 5292 reported cases in 1990 to 266 reported cases in 2001, meeting the Healthy People 2000 Objective of less than 500 cases per year. […] However, in July 2005, an epidemic occurred in Sullivan County, New York at a summer camp.

• #18 Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7084951/

  In the vaccine era, the widespread use of mumps vaccines has substantially reduced the risk of occurrence as well as the number of serious complications due to mumps. The rate of mumps infection was greatly reduced after the introduction of mumps vaccination. […] Although mumps was initially successfully controlled by vaccination in developed countries, sporadic mumps outbreaks began to occur globally. […] During recent years, outbreaks of MuV infections have occurred in adolescent populations, many of whom had been vaccinated with mumps vaccines previously, in the USA, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and France. […] The hypothesis that waning immunity is a cause of global resurgence in mumps cases suggests administration of an additional dose of vaccine during adolescence. […] To reflex these urgent events, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended a third dose of MMR vaccine for groups of persons justified by public health authorities at increased risk for acquiring mumps due to an outbreak of mumps.

• #19 Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1686

  In the vaccine era, the widespread use of mumps vaccines has substantially reduced the risk of occurrence as well as the number of serious complications due to mumps. The rate of mumps infection was greatly reduced after the introduction of mumps vaccination. The epidemiologic pattern of mumps changing is based on the various vaccination program, such as the number of doses of vaccination, age at vaccination, and vaccine coverage. The coverage rate of mumps vaccination increases, the average age at infection increases until the level of seropositive population needed to stop spread of mumps has been achieved. If vaccine coverage rate is insufficient, it can lead to an increase in the burden of severe sequelae as the disease shifts to older age groups in which mumps complications are more prevalent.

• #20 Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7084951/

  In the vaccine era, the widespread use of mumps vaccines has substantially reduced the risk of occurrence as well as the number of serious complications due to mumps. The rate of mumps infection was greatly reduced after the introduction of mumps vaccination. […] Although mumps was initially successfully controlled by vaccination in developed countries, sporadic mumps outbreaks began to occur globally. […] During recent years, outbreaks of MuV infections have occurred in adolescent populations, many of whom had been vaccinated with mumps vaccines previously, in the USA, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and France. […] The hypothesis that waning immunity is a cause of global resurgence in mumps cases suggests administration of an additional dose of vaccine during adolescence. […] To reflex these urgent events, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended a third dose of MMR vaccine for groups of persons justified by public health authorities at increased risk for acquiring mumps due to an outbreak of mumps.

• #21 Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7084951/

  In the vaccine era, the widespread use of mumps vaccines has substantially reduced the risk of occurrence as well as the number of serious complications due to mumps. The rate of mumps infection was greatly reduced after the introduction of mumps vaccination. […] Although mumps was initially successfully controlled by vaccination in developed countries, sporadic mumps outbreaks began to occur globally. […] During recent years, outbreaks of MuV infections have occurred in adolescent populations, many of whom had been vaccinated with mumps vaccines previously, in the USA, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and France. […] The hypothesis that waning immunity is a cause of global resurgence in mumps cases suggests administration of an additional dose of vaccine during adolescence. […] To reflex these urgent events, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended a third dose of MMR vaccine for groups of persons justified by public health authorities at increased risk for acquiring mumps due to an outbreak of mumps.

• #22 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-overview

  After licensure of the mumps vaccine in the United States in December 1967 and the subsequent introduction of state-mandated immunization laws in an increasing number of states, the reported incidence of mumps substantially decreased. There were 666 cases of mumps reported in 1998. This number is in marked contrast to 152,209 cases reported in 1968, 30 years earlier. […] Presently, the prevalence of mumps is at record low levels because of the recommendation of 2 doses of MMR vaccine and its high coverage rate in the United States. During the 1990s, mumps cases continued to substantially decline, from 5292 reported cases in 1990 to 266 reported cases in 2001, meeting the Healthy People 2000 Objective of less than 500 cases per year. […] However, in July 2005, an epidemic occurred in Sullivan County, New York at a summer camp.

• #23 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966678-overview

  Even though 96% of the participants at this summer camp had been vaccinated for mumps, a mumps outbreak can result from exposure to virus imported from a country with an ongoing mumps epidemic (as in this outbreak). The likelihood of disease in US residents caused by imported virus from areas with mumps epidemics remains high. […] Since 2007, about one-third of mumps cases reported in the United States have occurred in children and adolescents. Most of the patients (87%) had previously received the MMR vaccine. […] The mumps virus is present throughout the world and hence, risk of exposure to mumps outside the United States may be high. In many countries worldwide, mumps remains endemic. […] Worldwide variations in the number of persons who receive the mumps vaccination make it difficult to estimate the number of cases. The incidence varies markedly from region to region.

• #24 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966678-overview

  Even though 96% of the participants at this summer camp had been vaccinated for mumps, a mumps outbreak can result from exposure to virus imported from a country with an ongoing mumps epidemic (as in this outbreak). The likelihood of disease in US residents caused by imported virus from areas with mumps epidemics remains high. […] Since 2007, about one-third of mumps cases reported in the United States have occurred in children and adolescents. Most of the patients (87%) had previously received the MMR vaccine. […] The mumps virus is present throughout the world and hence, risk of exposure to mumps outside the United States may be high. In many countries worldwide, mumps remains endemic. […] Worldwide variations in the number of persons who receive the mumps vaccination make it difficult to estimate the number of cases. The incidence varies markedly from region to region.

• #25 Mumps – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mumps

  Mumps occurs worldwide; the peak incidence is typically in the late winter to early spring, although sporadic outbreaks occur at any time of year. Mumps occurs most commonly among school-aged children and college-aged young adults; it is rare among infants less than one year of age, who have protection via maternal antibodies. […] Before the United States mumps vaccination program began in 1967, about 186,000 cases were reported each year; the actual number of cases was likely much higher due to underreporting. Since implementation of routine vaccination, there has been a more than 99 percent decrease in mumps cases in the United States. […] From year to year in the United States, mumps cases can range from a few hundred to a few thousand. The number of cases reported in 2016 and 2017 (6369 and 5629, respectively) were the highest in a decade.

• #26 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-overview

  Today, most reported mumps cases occur in school-aged children (aged 5-14 years). This was also the case in the prevaccine era. An average of 75% of mumps cases were reported from 1967-1971, whereas 60% of mumps cases occurred in this same age population from 1985-1987, within the first 5-year period post licensure. […] Increased occurrence of mumps in susceptible adolescents and young adults has been documented by several outbreaks in high schools, on college campuses, and in occupational settings.

• #27 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966678-overview

  During 1990-1998, race and ethnicity were reported for approximately two thirds of cases in each of 28 states and the District of Columbia. Mumps incidence decreased for people of all races during this period. However, for each year, incidence was highest among Black persons, ranging from 1.2-8.2 times the incidence of any other racial group. […] Today, most reported mumps cases occur in school-aged children (aged 5-14 years). This was also the case in the prevaccine era. An average of 75% of mumps cases were reported from 1967-1971, whereas 60% of mumps cases occurred in this same age population from 1985-1987, within the first 5-year period post licensure. […] Increased occurrence of mumps in susceptible adolescents and young adults has been documented by several outbreaks in high schools, on college campuses, and in occupational settings.

• #28 Mumps – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/

  A 2006 study of a significant mumps outbreak in a university with high vaccine coverage rates found that students vaccinated 13 or more years before the outbreak were 9 times more susceptible to mumps compared to students who had been vaccinated less than 2 years before the outbreak. […] In addition, many behaviors that can contribute to mumps transmission are common among college and university students, such as living in shared housing, prolonged face-to-face contact with other students, and exchange of saliva with other people.

• #29 Mumps – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/

  A 2006 study of a significant mumps outbreak in a university with high vaccine coverage rates found that students vaccinated 13 or more years before the outbreak were 9 times more susceptible to mumps compared to students who had been vaccinated less than 2 years before the outbreak. […] In addition, many behaviors that can contribute to mumps transmission are common among college and university students, such as living in shared housing, prolonged face-to-face contact with other students, and exchange of saliva with other people.

• #30 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-overview

  The likelihood of disease in US residents caused by imported virus from areas with mumps epidemics remains high. […] The mumps virus is present throughout the world and hence, risk of exposure to mumps outside the United States may be high. In many countries worldwide, mumps remains endemic. […] Worldwide variations in the number of persons who receive the mumps vaccination make it difficult to estimate the number of cases. The incidence varies markedly from region to region. […] During 1990-1998, race and ethnicity were reported for approximately two thirds of cases in each of 28 states and the District of Columbia. Mumps incidence decreased for people of all races during this period. However, for each year, incidence was highest among Black persons, ranging from 1.2-8.2 times the incidence of any other racial group.

• #31 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966678-overview

  During 1990-1998, race and ethnicity were reported for approximately two thirds of cases in each of 28 states and the District of Columbia. Mumps incidence decreased for people of all races during this period. However, for each year, incidence was highest among Black persons, ranging from 1.2-8.2 times the incidence of any other racial group. […] Today, most reported mumps cases occur in school-aged children (aged 5-14 years). This was also the case in the prevaccine era. An average of 75% of mumps cases were reported from 1967-1971, whereas 60% of mumps cases occurred in this same age population from 1985-1987, within the first 5-year period post licensure. […] Increased occurrence of mumps in susceptible adolescents and young adults has been documented by several outbreaks in high schools, on college campuses, and in occupational settings.

• #32 Mumps – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/

  Mumps is endemic worldwide with epidemic outbreaks occurring approximately every 5 years in unvaccinated regions. The mumps virus is highly infectious and transmissible through direct contact with respiratory droplets, saliva, and household fomites. Up to one-third of infected individuals exhibit no symptoms but are contagious. […] The incidence of mumps in the United States dropped by 99% after the mumps vaccine was introduced in 1967. Nonetheless, several significant mumps outbreaks have occurred in the United States, Canada, and Europe since the mid-2000s. […] Several factors have likely contributed to the recent increase in mumps outbreaks, including declining vaccine coverage rates, failure to complete the two-dose series, historical use of less-effective vaccine strains in some European countries, and removal of mumps vaccine from the routine schedule in Japan and other countries. Recent outbreaks among fully vaccinated college students have suggested that immunity to mumps may wane over time.

• #33 Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7084951/

  In the vaccine era, the widespread use of mumps vaccines has substantially reduced the risk of occurrence as well as the number of serious complications due to mumps. The rate of mumps infection was greatly reduced after the introduction of mumps vaccination. […] Although mumps was initially successfully controlled by vaccination in developed countries, sporadic mumps outbreaks began to occur globally. […] During recent years, outbreaks of MuV infections have occurred in adolescent populations, many of whom had been vaccinated with mumps vaccines previously, in the USA, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and France. […] The hypothesis that waning immunity is a cause of global resurgence in mumps cases suggests administration of an additional dose of vaccine during adolescence. […] To reflex these urgent events, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended a third dose of MMR vaccine for groups of persons justified by public health authorities at increased risk for acquiring mumps due to an outbreak of mumps.

• #34 Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7084951/

  In the vaccine era, the widespread use of mumps vaccines has substantially reduced the risk of occurrence as well as the number of serious complications due to mumps. The rate of mumps infection was greatly reduced after the introduction of mumps vaccination. […] Although mumps was initially successfully controlled by vaccination in developed countries, sporadic mumps outbreaks began to occur globally. […] During recent years, outbreaks of MuV infections have occurred in adolescent populations, many of whom had been vaccinated with mumps vaccines previously, in the USA, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and France. […] The hypothesis that waning immunity is a cause of global resurgence in mumps cases suggests administration of an additional dose of vaccine during adolescence. […] To reflex these urgent events, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended a third dose of MMR vaccine for groups of persons justified by public health authorities at increased risk for acquiring mumps due to an outbreak of mumps.

• #35 Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1686

  Mumps is an important childhood infectious disease caused by mumps virus (MuV). We reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and vaccine development of mumps. The number of cases caused by MuV decreased steeply after the introduction of the mumps vaccine worldwide. In recent years, a global resurgence of mumps cases in developed countries and cases of aseptic meningitis caused by some mumps vaccine strains have renewed the importance of MuV infection worldwide. The performance of mumps vaccination has become an important issue for controlling mumps infections. Vaccine development and routine vaccination are still effective measures to globally reduce the incidence of mumps infections. During outbreaks, a third of MMR vaccine is recommended for groups of persons determined by public authorities.

• #36 Chapter 9: Mumps | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-9-mumps.html

  This chapter provides general guidance for vaccine-preventable disease surveillance, describing the disease background/epidemiology, case investigation and reporting/notification, disease case definitions, and activities for enhancing surveillance, case investigation, and outbreak control for mumps. […] Mumps is currently a reportable condition in all US states. Each state and US territory has regulations or laws governing the reporting of diseases and conditions of public health importance. […] Information obtained through surveillance is used to monitor disease trends in the population and to characterize populations requiring additional disease control measures. […] Regular monitoring of surveillance indicators can help identify specific areas of the surveillance and reporting system that need improvement. The following indicators should be monitored by the state health department.

• #37 Chapter 15: Mumps | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-15-mumps.html

  Mumps occurs worldwide, with 500,000 cases reported on average annually. […] Mumps is a human disease. Although persons with asymptomatic or nonclassical infection can transmit the virus, no carrier state is known to exist. No animal or insect reservoir exists. […] Mumps is spread through infectious respiratory droplet secretions and saliva. […] Mumps contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella but is less than that for measles or varicella. Although mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before to 9 days after parotitis onset, the highest percentage of positive isolations and the highest virus loads occur closest to parotitis onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. Mumps is therefore most infectious, and most transmission likely occurs, in the several days before and after parotitis onset. Mumps is considered infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after onset of parotitis. Transmission also likely occurs from persons with asymptomatic infections and from persons with prodromal symptoms. […] Mumps became nationally notifiable in the United States in 1968. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #38 Chapter 9: Mumps | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-9-mumps.html

  This chapter provides general guidance for vaccine-preventable disease surveillance, describing the disease background/epidemiology, case investigation and reporting/notification, disease case definitions, and activities for enhancing surveillance, case investigation, and outbreak control for mumps. […] Mumps is currently a reportable condition in all US states. Each state and US territory has regulations or laws governing the reporting of diseases and conditions of public health importance. […] Information obtained through surveillance is used to monitor disease trends in the population and to characterize populations requiring additional disease control measures. […] Regular monitoring of surveillance indicators can help identify specific areas of the surveillance and reporting system that need improvement. The following indicators should be monitored by the state health department.

• #39 Chapter 9: Mumps | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-9-mumps.html

  This chapter provides general guidance for vaccine-preventable disease surveillance, describing the disease background/epidemiology, case investigation and reporting/notification, disease case definitions, and activities for enhancing surveillance, case investigation, and outbreak control for mumps. […] Mumps is currently a reportable condition in all US states. Each state and US territory has regulations or laws governing the reporting of diseases and conditions of public health importance. […] Information obtained through surveillance is used to monitor disease trends in the population and to characterize populations requiring additional disease control measures. […] Regular monitoring of surveillance indicators can help identify specific areas of the surveillance and reporting system that need improvement. The following indicators should be monitored by the state health department.

• #40 Chapter 9: Mumps | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-9-mumps.html

  This chapter provides general guidance for vaccine-preventable disease surveillance, describing the disease background/epidemiology, case investigation and reporting/notification, disease case definitions, and activities for enhancing surveillance, case investigation, and outbreak control for mumps. […] Mumps is currently a reportable condition in all US states. Each state and US territory has regulations or laws governing the reporting of diseases and conditions of public health importance. […] Information obtained through surveillance is used to monitor disease trends in the population and to characterize populations requiring additional disease control measures. […] Regular monitoring of surveillance indicators can help identify specific areas of the surveillance and reporting system that need improvement. The following indicators should be monitored by the state health department.

• #41 Chapter 9: Mumps | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-9-mumps.html

  This chapter provides general guidance for vaccine-preventable disease surveillance, describing the disease background/epidemiology, case investigation and reporting/notification, disease case definitions, and activities for enhancing surveillance, case investigation, and outbreak control for mumps. […] Mumps is currently a reportable condition in all US states. Each state and US territory has regulations or laws governing the reporting of diseases and conditions of public health importance. […] Information obtained through surveillance is used to monitor disease trends in the population and to characterize populations requiring additional disease control measures. […] Regular monitoring of surveillance indicators can help identify specific areas of the surveillance and reporting system that need improvement. The following indicators should be monitored by the state health department.

• #42

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/mumps-guidance-data-and-analysis

  Mumps is a notifiable disease in England and Wales. […] Mumps is vaccine preventable. In the UK children receive 2 doses of the combined measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine as part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule. […] Immunisation is the most effective way to protect against mumps. Children should receive 2 doses of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccinations before the age of 5 years. […] In April 2013, Public Health England (now the UK Health Security Agency, or UKHSA), NHS England and the Department of Health announced a national catch-up programme to increase MMR vaccination uptake in children and teenagers. […] Vaccine uptake data for MMR is available through the Cover of vaccination evaluated rapidly (COVER) programme. […] Mumps: confirmed cases […] Mumps: notifications by age, region and sex.

• #43 Mumps – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/vaccine-preventable-diseases/mumps/surveillance.html

  Mumps is a notifiable disease in all provinces and territories, with cases reported by public health professionals to provincial and territorial departments of health. […] Mumps is also a nationally notifiable disease. […] All mumps cases that meet the national case definition are reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada by provincial and territorial departments of health through the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS). […] Deaths due to mumps are also monitored nationally.

• #44 Mumps reported cases and incidence

  https://immunizationdata.who.int/global/wiise-detail-page/mumps-reported-cases-and-incidence

  Reported cases and incidence of Mumps are collected annually through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on Immunization (JRF). Country data (including historical data) are updated and made available as data is received. Global and regional aggregate data are released annually mid-July and updated thereafter as country data is received. […] These data are used to provide global trends over time, and to inform the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) and other advisory bodies to make evidence-based decisions as they deliberate different policies (for example, the need for booster doses, and targeted ages).

• #45 Chapter 9: Mumps | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-9-mumps.html

  Identification and investigation of mumps cases is important in the initiation of control measures to prevent the spread of the disease. […] A mumps outbreak is defined as 3 or more cases linked by time and place. Every suspect case of mumps should be investigated to determine if they are part of an outbreak.

• #46 Chapter 9: Mumps | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-9-mumps.html

  Identification and investigation of mumps cases is important in the initiation of control measures to prevent the spread of the disease. […] A mumps outbreak is defined as 3 or more cases linked by time and place. Every suspect case of mumps should be investigated to determine if they are part of an outbreak.

• #47 Case Definition – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/mumps/casedefinition/

  Epidemiological criteria: An epidemiological link by human to human transmission. […] Case classification: A. Possible case: Any person meeting the clinical criteria. B. Probable case: Any person meeting the clinical criteria and with an epidemiological link. C. Confirmed case: Any person not recently vaccinated and meeting the laboratory criteria. In the case of recent vaccination: any person with detection of wild-type mumps virus strain.

• #48 Chapter 9: Mumps | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-9-mumps.html

  Identification and investigation of mumps cases is important in the initiation of control measures to prevent the spread of the disease. […] A mumps outbreak is defined as 3 or more cases linked by time and place. Every suspect case of mumps should be investigated to determine if they are part of an outbreak.

• #49 Mumps – Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora

  https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/communicable-disease-control-manual/mumps

  The incidence of mumps in New Zealand has been stable in recent years. Mumps epidemics in New Zealand occurred in 1989 and 1994 while the most recent began in 2016 (mainly in Auckland region). Before the introduction of the measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1990, mumps epidemics occurred every 3–5 years. […] Detailed epidemiological information is available on the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) surveillance website in the annual notifiable disease reports. […] Globally, mumps outbreaks continue to occur, especially in teenagers and young adults. These outbreaks are facilitated by mumps vaccine effectiveness (lower than for measles and rubella), waning vaccine-induced immunity and populations in settings more conducive to outbreaks (eg, schools, universities). […] Given that mumps cases may only be mildly symptomatic, and that about a third of infections may be asymptomatic, infected (and possibly contagious) individuals may not consult health services. Therefore, identifying chains of transmission in an outbreak situation may be difficult.

• #50 Controlling Spread of Mumps | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/mumps/controlling

  Conduct active surveillance for mumps for 2 incubation periods (50 days) after onset of the last case. […] Surveillance: Conduct active surveillance for mumps for 2 incubation periods (50 days) after onset of the last case.

• #51 Mumps – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/mumps-annual-epidemiological-report-2022

  In 2022, 27 EU/EEA countries reported 2 593 mumps cases, with an overall notification rate of 0.7 cases per 100 000 population. This was slightly higher than the notification rate reported in 2021 (0.4 cases) but significantly lower than the notification rates reported during the preceding three years (range 1.74.2 cases). […] Continuous high-quality surveillance, outbreak investigations and accelerated efforts to increase the uptake of both routine childhood immunisation as well as catch-up campaigns aimed at adolescents and adults, are key tools to closely monitor the mumps epidemiology in the EU/EEA and close immunity gaps in the population.

• #52

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/mumps

  Mumps is an infection caused by the mumps virus. Since the introduction of the mumps vaccine into routine childhood immunization in BC in 1981 and a subsequent 2nd dose for children at 18 months of age starting in 1996, rates of mumps disease have declined by over 99%. In the pre-vaccine era, infections occurred most often in childhood, but in recent years, the age group most affected are adults born 1970 through 1994, who are less likely to have received two doses of mumps-containing vaccine. […] Mumps remains endemic in Canada, unlike measles and rubella. In most years in BC, mumps cases occur sporadically, but since 2008 some years have been characterized by outbreaks. For details of these outbreaks, please see Annual Summaries of Reportable Diseases and Vaccine Preventable Disease Reports. […] Mumps is diagnosed by the detection of mumps virus from an appropriate sample (oral swab and urine) and a blood test. […] Mumps can almost always be prevented by getting a series of two shots with the combination measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

• #53

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/mumps

  Mumps is an infection caused by the mumps virus. Since the introduction of the mumps vaccine into routine childhood immunization in BC in 1981 and a subsequent 2nd dose for children at 18 months of age starting in 1996, rates of mumps disease have declined by over 99%. In the pre-vaccine era, infections occurred most often in childhood, but in recent years, the age group most affected are adults born 1970 through 1994, who are less likely to have received two doses of mumps-containing vaccine. […] Mumps remains endemic in Canada, unlike measles and rubella. In most years in BC, mumps cases occur sporadically, but since 2008 some years have been characterized by outbreaks. For details of these outbreaks, please see Annual Summaries of Reportable Diseases and Vaccine Preventable Disease Reports. […] Mumps is diagnosed by the detection of mumps virus from an appropriate sample (oral swab and urine) and a blood test. […] Mumps can almost always be prevented by getting a series of two shots with the combination measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

• #54 Mumps – Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora

  https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/communicable-disease-control-manual/mumps

  The incidence of mumps in New Zealand has been stable in recent years. Mumps epidemics in New Zealand occurred in 1989 and 1994 while the most recent began in 2016 (mainly in Auckland region). Before the introduction of the measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1990, mumps epidemics occurred every 3–5 years. […] Detailed epidemiological information is available on the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) surveillance website in the annual notifiable disease reports. […] Globally, mumps outbreaks continue to occur, especially in teenagers and young adults. These outbreaks are facilitated by mumps vaccine effectiveness (lower than for measles and rubella), waning vaccine-induced immunity and populations in settings more conducive to outbreaks (eg, schools, universities). […] Given that mumps cases may only be mildly symptomatic, and that about a third of infections may be asymptomatic, infected (and possibly contagious) individuals may not consult health services. Therefore, identifying chains of transmission in an outbreak situation may be difficult.

• #55

  https://jglobalbiosecurity.com/articles/10.31646/gbio.54

  Background: Non-validated, rapid intelligence surveillance data is becoming more important in detecting and responding to public health emergencies in the absence of readily available, validated surveillance data published by reputable sources such as WHO or the CDC. […] There is a lack of timely mumps surveillance data, which is particularly concerning as a resurgence of mumps outbreaks seem to be occurring worldwide in fully vaccinated young adults. […] Data entries logged into EpiWATCH detected 65 mumps outbreaks worldwide with a majority of outbreaks occurring in university settings, where a majority of students had been fully vaccinated against the disease. […] School and university settings were identified as high-risk environments susceptible to mumps outbreaks explained by the prolonged, close-contact nature in which students interact.

• #56

  https://jglobalbiosecurity.com/articles/10.31646/gbio.54

  EpiWATCH was also able to capture mumps outbreak data not previously detected by WHO or the CDC. […] Global and readily available mumps surveillance data is lacking; however, EpiWATCH has been successful in somewhat filling these gaps of information and, more importantly, providing surveillance data in a timely fashion. Thus, data from EpiWATCH could be used in the field to improve the speed of detection and response to mumps outbreaks.

• #57

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/majority-mumps-cases-are-vaccinated-cdc-finds-rcna6482

  Disruptions from the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in many children missing well-child visits and routinely recommended vaccines, including MMR, which could contribute to a future increase in cases or outbreaks. […] Marlow said most people aren’t routinely exposed to mumps, so there is also less immunologic boosting when people are exposed to mumps that boosts their immunity but doesn’t make them sick. […] Because mumps has continued to circulate globally during the pandemic, she expects cases and outbreaks of mumps nationally that could be worsened by a bigger unvaccinated population to continue. […] Adalja said combating new outbreaks may be as simple as shifting the MMR vaccine schedule from two to three doses.

• #58 Mumps – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/mumps-annual-epidemiological-report-2022

  In 2022, 27 EU/EEA countries reported 2 593 mumps cases, with an overall notification rate of 0.7 cases per 100 000 population. This was slightly higher than the notification rate reported in 2021 (0.4 cases) but significantly lower than the notification rates reported during the preceding three years (range 1.74.2 cases). […] Continuous high-quality surveillance, outbreak investigations and accelerated efforts to increase the uptake of both routine childhood immunisation as well as catch-up campaigns aimed at adolescents and adults, are key tools to closely monitor the mumps epidemiology in the EU/EEA and close immunity gaps in the population.

• #59 Mumps Clinical Information – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mumps/hcp/clinical.html

  Mumps was once common in the United States with an estimated 185,000 cases reported annually. Following vaccine licensure in 1967, reported mumps cases decreased dramatically. […] Mumps cases in the U.S. vary widely each year depending on whether or not large outbreaks are occurring. On average, Minnesota reports fewer than 10 cases of mumps each year. […] Most individuals in Minnesota are vaccinated for mumps. Two doses of the vaccine are about 88 percent effective at protecting against mumps; one dose is about 78 percent effective. Outbreaks can still occur in highly vaccinated communities, particularly in close-contact settings. However, high vaccination coverage helps limit the size, duration, and spread of mumps outbreaks. […] The incubation period for mumps is usually 16 to 18 days, but can range from 12 to 25 days. Persons with mumps are generally infectious from 2 days before onset of swelling (or illness if swelling isn’t present) to 5 days after onset of illness. […] The virus is spread by contact with infected respiratory tract secretions. Contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella, but is less than that for measles and varicella.

• #60 Mumps – Arkansas Department of Health

  https://healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/diseases-conditions/communicable-diseases/mumps/

  Mumps is a viral illness that is transmitted by direct contact with respiratory droplets or saliva from an infected person. It is best known for painful, swollen salivary glands that show up as puffy cheeks and swollen jaw. Boys may also have painful, swollen testicles. Other symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and loss of appetite. There is no treatment, and symptoms usually resolve themselves within a few weeks. Mumps is usually a mild disease in children, but adults may have a more serious disease with complications. Vaccination against Mumps is available with the MMR vaccine. […] The MMR vaccine is safe and effective. The vaccine is not perfect. Two doses of the MMR shot are about 88 percent effective at preventing mumps. That means that if you have 100 people who are fully vaccinated, 88 of them will be fully protected. The remaining 12 will still be vulnerable to mumps. If it were not for the vaccine, however, we would be seeing many, many more cases of the mumps.

• #61 Mumps – Arkansas Department of Health

  https://healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/diseases-conditions/communicable-diseases/mumps/

  Also, we have only seen a few cases with complications, like swelling of the brain or testicles. Normally, we would expect to see many more persons with complications. This tells us that even though some vaccinated individuals are still getting the mumps, they are experiencing the mild disease. The vaccine remains the best protection we have against mumps. It is a live virus vaccine and is not recommended for pregnant women or patients with a weakened immune system. Adults born before 1957 are generally considered to be immune to mumps and do not need to receive the MMR vaccine. […] There was an outbreak of mumps in Arkansas in 2016-17. There were 2,951 cases. In response to that outbreak, ADH required students in the same school with vaccine exemptions for the MMR (Mumps, Measles, and Rubella) vaccine to be excluded from school for 26 days from the date of exposure and until the outbreak ended. Students with non-medical exemptions, who receive the recommended doses of MMR vaccine, could return to school immediately.

• #62 Mumps – Arkansas Department of Health

  https://healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/diseases-conditions/communicable-diseases/mumps/

  Also, we have only seen a few cases with complications, like swelling of the brain or testicles. Normally, we would expect to see many more persons with complications. This tells us that even though some vaccinated individuals are still getting the mumps, they are experiencing the mild disease. The vaccine remains the best protection we have against mumps. It is a live virus vaccine and is not recommended for pregnant women or patients with a weakened immune system. Adults born before 1957 are generally considered to be immune to mumps and do not need to receive the MMR vaccine. […] There was an outbreak of mumps in Arkansas in 2016-17. There were 2,951 cases. In response to that outbreak, ADH required students in the same school with vaccine exemptions for the MMR (Mumps, Measles, and Rubella) vaccine to be excluded from school for 26 days from the date of exposure and until the outbreak ended. Students with non-medical exemptions, who receive the recommended doses of MMR vaccine, could return to school immediately.

• #63

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/Mumpsdraft.html

  Mumps is circulating in San Diego County. The number of cases reported in the County in 2019 is the highest in 25 years, and an elevated number of cases are being reported in 2020. […] Nationally, 3,474 mumps cases were reported in 2019 to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Mexican Ministry of Health reported 8,085 cases of acute parotitis/mumps in Mexico in 2019, including 900 cases in Baja California. […] Through March 31, 2020, fifteen mumps cases were reported in San Diego county in 2020. […] In 2019, there were 66 mumps cases reported in San Diego County. […] During a mumps outbreak, public health authorities may recommend a third dose of MMR vaccine for groups of people determined to be at increased risk for acquiring mumps. […] Suspected mumps cases should be reported to the San Diego County Epidemiology Unit at (619) 692-8499 during business hours, or by faxing a Confidential Morbidity Report to (858) 715-6458, during all hours.

• #64 Mumps

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/mumps.html

  Mumps is an acute infectious viral disease that can cause swelling and tenderness of the salivary glands in the cheeks and jaw. […] One dose of mumps vaccine, given in combination with measles and rubella (called MMR), is recommended for all children at 12 to 15 months and a second dose at 4 to 6 years of age. The vaccine usually produces life-long immunity. […] In addition, persons who are ill with mumps should limit their contact with others in the community for up to five days after their onset of symptoms when they are most likely to easily transmit the virus to others through their saliva. […] Mumps can affect any person of any age who has not had the disease or been vaccinated against it. Mumps usually occurs in children, although older people may contract the disease. The greatest risk of infection occurs among older children. Mumps is more common during winter and spring. Mumps can occasionally occur in persons who have been appropriately vaccinated.

• #65

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/Mumpsdraft.html

  Mumps is circulating in San Diego County. The number of cases reported in the County in 2019 is the highest in 25 years, and an elevated number of cases are being reported in 2020. […] Nationally, 3,474 mumps cases were reported in 2019 to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Mexican Ministry of Health reported 8,085 cases of acute parotitis/mumps in Mexico in 2019, including 900 cases in Baja California. […] Through March 31, 2020, fifteen mumps cases were reported in San Diego county in 2020. […] In 2019, there were 66 mumps cases reported in San Diego County. […] During a mumps outbreak, public health authorities may recommend a third dose of MMR vaccine for groups of people determined to be at increased risk for acquiring mumps. […] Suspected mumps cases should be reported to the San Diego County Epidemiology Unit at (619) 692-8499 during business hours, or by faxing a Confidential Morbidity Report to (858) 715-6458, during all hours.

• #66 Mumps | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cdcg/index/mumps

  Once a mumps outbreak has been established by testing, any further cases should be notified to Public Health Units and only tested when deemed necessary. This is to monitor the epidemiology of the outbreak. In an established outbreak, a line list should be completed by the health service to ensure that clinically diagnosed cases are recorded and reported.

• #67 Mumps Clinical Information – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mumps/hcp/clinical.html

  Mumps was once common in the United States with an estimated 185,000 cases reported annually. Following vaccine licensure in 1967, reported mumps cases decreased dramatically. […] Mumps cases in the U.S. vary widely each year depending on whether or not large outbreaks are occurring. On average, Minnesota reports fewer than 10 cases of mumps each year. […] Most individuals in Minnesota are vaccinated for mumps. Two doses of the vaccine are about 88 percent effective at protecting against mumps; one dose is about 78 percent effective. Outbreaks can still occur in highly vaccinated communities, particularly in close-contact settings. However, high vaccination coverage helps limit the size, duration, and spread of mumps outbreaks. […] The incubation period for mumps is usually 16 to 18 days, but can range from 12 to 25 days. Persons with mumps are generally infectious from 2 days before onset of swelling (or illness if swelling isn’t present) to 5 days after onset of illness. […] The virus is spread by contact with infected respiratory tract secretions. Contagiousness is similar to that of influenza and rubella, but is less than that for measles and varicella.

• #68 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-overview

  The likelihood of disease in US residents caused by imported virus from areas with mumps epidemics remains high. […] The mumps virus is present throughout the world and hence, risk of exposure to mumps outside the United States may be high. In many countries worldwide, mumps remains endemic. […] Worldwide variations in the number of persons who receive the mumps vaccination make it difficult to estimate the number of cases. The incidence varies markedly from region to region. […] During 1990-1998, race and ethnicity were reported for approximately two thirds of cases in each of 28 states and the District of Columbia. Mumps incidence decreased for people of all races during this period. However, for each year, incidence was highest among Black persons, ranging from 1.2-8.2 times the incidence of any other racial group.

• #69 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966678-overview

  Even though 96% of the participants at this summer camp had been vaccinated for mumps, a mumps outbreak can result from exposure to virus imported from a country with an ongoing mumps epidemic (as in this outbreak). The likelihood of disease in US residents caused by imported virus from areas with mumps epidemics remains high. […] Since 2007, about one-third of mumps cases reported in the United States have occurred in children and adolescents. Most of the patients (87%) had previously received the MMR vaccine. […] The mumps virus is present throughout the world and hence, risk of exposure to mumps outside the United States may be high. In many countries worldwide, mumps remains endemic. […] Worldwide variations in the number of persons who receive the mumps vaccination make it difficult to estimate the number of cases. The incidence varies markedly from region to region.

• #70 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-overview

  The likelihood of disease in US residents caused by imported virus from areas with mumps epidemics remains high. […] The mumps virus is present throughout the world and hence, risk of exposure to mumps outside the United States may be high. In many countries worldwide, mumps remains endemic. […] Worldwide variations in the number of persons who receive the mumps vaccination make it difficult to estimate the number of cases. The incidence varies markedly from region to region. […] During 1990-1998, race and ethnicity were reported for approximately two thirds of cases in each of 28 states and the District of Columbia. Mumps incidence decreased for people of all races during this period. However, for each year, incidence was highest among Black persons, ranging from 1.2-8.2 times the incidence of any other racial group.

• #71 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966678-overview

  Even though 96% of the participants at this summer camp had been vaccinated for mumps, a mumps outbreak can result from exposure to virus imported from a country with an ongoing mumps epidemic (as in this outbreak). The likelihood of disease in US residents caused by imported virus from areas with mumps epidemics remains high. […] Since 2007, about one-third of mumps cases reported in the United States have occurred in children and adolescents. Most of the patients (87%) had previously received the MMR vaccine. […] The mumps virus is present throughout the world and hence, risk of exposure to mumps outside the United States may be high. In many countries worldwide, mumps remains endemic. […] Worldwide variations in the number of persons who receive the mumps vaccination make it difficult to estimate the number of cases. The incidence varies markedly from region to region.

• #72 M-M-R II Market Research Report 2025: Epidemiology,

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/05/08/3076925/0/en/M-M-R-II-Market-Research-Report-2025-Epidemiology-Pipeline-Analysis-Trends-Forecasts-2019-2024-2024-2029-2034F.html

  The rising incidences of measles, mumps, and rubella, all highly contagious diseases, play a crucial role in amplifying the demand for the M-M-R II vaccine. […] Successful vaccination programs organized by governments and health organizations contribute significantly to the market’s growth. […] Vaccination programs improve public health by significantly reducing the incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella, thereby boosting the market for the M-M-R II vaccine. […] Innovative therapies, such as live attenuated vaccines, are a key trend in the M-M-R II market, enhancing immunization effectiveness and broadening protection against measles, mumps, and rubella. […] Continuous innovations, combined with effective government and health organization initiatives, ensure the market’s prosperity and improved global health outcomes by mitigating the risks posed by measles, mumps, and rubella.

• #73 Mumps FAQs for the general public – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/mumps/factsheets/mumpsfaqsforthegeneralpublic/

  Mumps is a notifiable disease. […] Mumps is more common in winter and spring. […] Mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before onset of parotitis to 8 days after, but individuals with parotitis are most infectious in the 2-3 days before and the 4-5 days after onset of symptoms. […] MMR uptake rates among children in Ireland remain below the target of 95% required to prevent the spread of mumps. Ensuring high coverage is important to prevent outbreaks occurring. […] The introduction of the MMR vaccine has led to a decrease in the number of cases of mumps reported.

• #74 Mumps FAQs for the general public – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/vaccinepreventable/mumps/factsheets/mumpsfaqsforthegeneralpublic/

  Mumps is a notifiable disease. […] Mumps is more common in winter and spring. […] Mumps virus has been isolated from 7 days before onset of parotitis to 8 days after, but individuals with parotitis are most infectious in the 2-3 days before and the 4-5 days after onset of symptoms. […] MMR uptake rates among children in Ireland remain below the target of 95% required to prevent the spread of mumps. Ensuring high coverage is important to prevent outbreaks occurring. […] The introduction of the MMR vaccine has led to a decrease in the number of cases of mumps reported.

• #75

  https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-Conditions/Pages/Mumps.aspx

  In January 1990, vaccination against mumps was introduced in the national childhood immunisation programme when the monovalent measles vaccine was replaced by the trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine. […] Since 2000, the incidence of mumps has decreased dramatically from 5981 cases in 2000 to 631 cases in 2009 (12.7 cases per 100,000 population). […] A legally notifiable disease in Singapore. Notify Ministry of Health (Form MD 131 or electronically via CD-LENS) not later than 72 hours from the time of diagnosis.

• #76

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/mumps/

  Mumps cases typically peak in late winter or early spring. […] In the United States, cases of mumps have dropped by 99% since the introduction of a vaccine in 1967. Unlike measles and rubella, however, mumps has not yet been eliminated in the United States. Recent large outbreaks have occurred among college students (2006, more than 6,500 cases) and in a tradition-observant Jewish community, sparked by a boy who returned from a trip to the United Kingdom and began showing mumps symptoms while at a summer camp (2009-2010, more than 3,400 cases). […] The World Health Organizations position on mumps immunization is that Routine mumps vaccination is recommended in countries with a well established, effective childhood vaccination programme and the capacity to maintain high-level vaccination coverage with measles and rubella vaccination (that is, coverage that is 80%) and where the reduction of mumps incidence is a public health priority. Based on mortality and disease burden, WHO considers measles control and the prevention of congenital rubella syndrome to be higher priorities than the control of mumps.

Zobacz więcej