Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mumps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1037?locale=ja

  Mumps classically causes swelling and inflammation of one or both of the parotid glands (parotitis). […] More serious complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and orchitis, can occur in the absence of parotitis, potentially delaying accurate diagnosis. […] Diagnosis can usually be made based on the characteristic clinical features of parotitis and prodrome. Laboratory diagnosis is based on serological or salivary confirmation, detection of viral nucleic acid, or isolation of the virus from body fluids. […] Key diagnostic factors include parotitis and history of missed or no vaccination or possible vaccine failure (primary or secondary). […] 1st tests to order include salivary mumps IgM and reverse transcriptase PCR. […] Tests to consider include CBC and differential, serum mumps IgM, serum mumps IgG, serum amylase, viral culture (CSF, saliva, or urine), lumbar puncture, and CT head.

• #2 Mumps Virus | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/mumps-virus

  Mumps is an acute, contagious disease generally characterized by swelling of the parotid gland. […] A probable diagnosis may be made based on clinical findings alone; however, laboratory testing should be performed for a definitive diagnosis. […] Laboratory confirmation of mumps can be more challenging in vaccinated patients due to low viral load and/or low, absent, or delayed immunoglobulin M (IgM) response causing false-negative results. […] Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture testing may be used to confirm a diagnosis. […] Timing is very important when considering the proper laboratory tests to order for mumps diagnosis. […] Diagnosis of a breakthrough case of mumps in a vaccinated individual can be challenging. […] This means that diagnostic tests like reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are more likely to produce false-negative results, even if specimens are taken early in the disease course.

• #3 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-workup

  Mumps is an acute, self-limited, systemic viral illness characterized by the swelling of one or more of the salivary glands, typically the parotid glands. […] Serologic assays determine the presence of an antibody response and assess differences between acute and convalescent titers. […] Mumps has an incubation period of 16-18 days; however, cases can arise 12-25 days after exposure. […] The most common presentation is a parotitis, which occurs in 30 to 40% of all patients and in 95% of those who are symptomatic. […] A patient is considered infectious from about 3 days before the onset of, and up to 4 days after, the start of active parotitis. […] Despite the classic correlation of mumps and parotitis, mumps is no longer the most common cause of parotid swelling. […] In clinically diagnosed aseptic meningitis or encephalitis, the CSF profile is similar.

• #4 Mumps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1037?locale=ja

  Mumps classically causes swelling and inflammation of one or both of the parotid glands (parotitis). […] More serious complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and orchitis, can occur in the absence of parotitis, potentially delaying accurate diagnosis. […] Diagnosis can usually be made based on the characteristic clinical features of parotitis and prodrome. Laboratory diagnosis is based on serological or salivary confirmation, detection of viral nucleic acid, or isolation of the virus from body fluids. […] Key diagnostic factors include parotitis and history of missed or no vaccination or possible vaccine failure (primary or secondary). […] 1st tests to order include salivary mumps IgM and reverse transcriptase PCR. […] Tests to consider include CBC and differential, serum mumps IgM, serum mumps IgG, serum amylase, viral culture (CSF, saliva, or urine), lumbar puncture, and CT head.

• #5 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Laboratory testing should be performed if mumps is suspected. […] Real-time RT-PCR is the preferred method to confirm mumps; it’s more sensitive and specific than serologic assays to detect IgM. […] The successful detection of mumps virus depends primarily on the timing of collection and quality of the clinical sample. […] At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, patients suspected to have mumps should be tested by rRT-PCR to confirm mumps and rule out other possible etiologies. […] rRT-PCR testing is preferred to serologic testing for mumps whenever possible. […] IgM can aid in diagnosis but is not confirmatory. […] CDC recommends collection of a buccal swab specimen for rRT-PCR if it has been 3 or fewer days since symptom onset. […] A positive rRT-PCR signal indicates the presence of mumps virus RNA in the patient sample.

• #6 Serology to Diagnose Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/serology.html

  At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, adequate testing of suspected mumps cases is necessary to rule out other causes. […] Serologic testing alone cannot confirm a mumps diagnosis. […] The preferred specimen collection and laboratory confirmation of mumps are both a buccal swab specimen collected 3 or fewer days after parotitis onset and rRT-PCR testing, respectively. […] Detection of mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) can aid in the diagnosis of mumps. However, a positive IgM result is only supportive laboratory evidence, based on the CSTE mumps case definition. […] Mumps diagnosis is supported by detecting mumps IgM antibody in serum specimen collected as soon as possible after symptom onset. A positive IgM test result indicates current or very recent infection or reinfection. […] A single serum sample tested for mumps-specific IgG is not useful for diagnosing acute mumps infections.

• #7 Mumps – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/

  Mumps is a contagious viral infection that used to be common in children before the introduction of the MMR vaccine. […] It’s important to contact a GP if you suspect mumps so a diagnosis can be made. […] Your GP can usually make a diagnosis after seeing and feeling the swelling, looking at the position of the tonsils in the mouth and checking the person’s temperature to see if it’s higher than normal. […] If your GP suspects mumps, they should notify your local health protection team (HPT). The HPT will arrange for a sample of saliva to be tested to confirm or rule out the diagnosis.

• #8 Mumps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mumps/symptoms-causes/syc-20375361

  Mumps is an illness caused by a virus. It usually affects the glands on each side of the face. These glands, called parotid glands, make saliva. Swollen glands may be tender or painful. […] There is no specific medicine for mumps. Treatment relieves pain and discomfort. […] Symptoms of mumps show up about 2 to 3 weeks after exposure to the virus. Some people may have no symptoms or very mild symptoms. […] See your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms of mumps. Mumps spreads very easily for about five days after the swelling starts. If you think you have mumps, let the clinic know before you go. The clinic staff likely will take steps to prevent the spread of disease. […] Other conditions may have similar symptoms, so it’s important to get a quick diagnosis.

• #9 Mumps – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/

  Mumps is a contagious viral infection that used to be common in children before the introduction of the MMR vaccine. […] It’s important to contact a GP if you suspect mumps so a diagnosis can be made. […] Your GP can usually make a diagnosis after seeing and feeling the swelling, looking at the position of the tonsils in the mouth and checking the person’s temperature to see if it’s higher than normal. […] If your GP suspects mumps, they should notify your local health protection team (HPT). The HPT will arrange for a sample of saliva to be tested to confirm or rule out the diagnosis.

• #10 Mumps | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/mumps/

  Mumps is an infection that spreads easily. […] Mumps usually clears within 1 or 2 weeks. […] Your GP can usually make a diagnosis after: seeing and feeling the swelling, looking at the position of the tonsils in the mouth, checking your temperature to see if it’s higher than normal. […] If your GP suspects mumps, they should notify your local health protection team (HPT).

• #11 Mumps | health.vic.gov.au

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/mumps

  Mumps must be notified by medical practitioners and pathology services to the Department of Health in writing within 5 days of diagnosis. […] The predictive value of parotitis in the diagnosis of mumps is reduced in countries with high immunisation rates, such as Australia. […] Therefore, testing is highly recommended to confirm or exclude mumps as the causative agent. […] The diagnosis should be confirmed via: Serology: detection of mumps-specific IgM antibody or a significant rise in mumps IgG antibody in acute and convalescent sera. […] PCR testing: detection of mumps virus RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), suitable within the early stages of illness. […] Viral culture: from oral fluid, parotid duct (buccal) swabs, urine or seminal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid within the first week of illness.

• #12 Mumps Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966678-workup

  Mumps is a clinical diagnosis. A study investigated the difficulty of medical professionals to diagnose mumps, noting that only 14% of 2082 cases occurring during an outbreak could be confirmed by laboratory sera testing. This study concluded that the examiner’s ability to diagnosis mumps as based solely on clinical presentation was low. […] Mumps infection can be confirmed by a positive mumps-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) titer or by demonstration of a significant rise in mumps-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers between acute and convalescent sera specimens. […] No specific imaging studies are diagnostic for mumps infection. […] If diagnostic clues for meningitis or encephalitis are present, a lumbar puncture to obtain CSF must be strongly considered to clarify cause.

• #13 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Laboratory testing should be performed if mumps is suspected. […] Real-time RT-PCR is the preferred method to confirm mumps; it’s more sensitive and specific than serologic assays to detect IgM. […] The successful detection of mumps virus depends primarily on the timing of collection and quality of the clinical sample. […] At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, patients suspected to have mumps should be tested by rRT-PCR to confirm mumps and rule out other possible etiologies. […] rRT-PCR testing is preferred to serologic testing for mumps whenever possible. […] IgM can aid in diagnosis but is not confirmatory. […] CDC recommends collection of a buccal swab specimen for rRT-PCR if it has been 3 or fewer days since symptom onset. […] A positive rRT-PCR signal indicates the presence of mumps virus RNA in the patient sample.

• #14 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Laboratory testing should be performed if mumps is suspected. […] Real-time RT-PCR is the preferred method to confirm mumps; it’s more sensitive and specific than serologic assays to detect IgM. […] The successful detection of mumps virus depends primarily on the timing of collection and quality of the clinical sample. […] At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, patients suspected to have mumps should be tested by rRT-PCR to confirm mumps and rule out other possible etiologies. […] rRT-PCR testing is preferred to serologic testing for mumps whenever possible. […] IgM can aid in diagnosis but is not confirmatory. […] CDC recommends collection of a buccal swab specimen for rRT-PCR if it has been 3 or fewer days since symptom onset. […] A positive rRT-PCR signal indicates the presence of mumps virus RNA in the patient sample.

• #15 Mumps Virus, Molecular Detection, PCR, Random, Urine – Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Microbiology and Infectious Disease Catalog

  https://microbiology.testcatalog.org/show/MUMPU

  Mumps Virus, Molecular Detection, PCR, Random, Urine […] Polymerase chain reaction testing (this test) is recommended as the first-line test if a patient has symptoms of mumps (ie, fever, swollen salivary/parotid glands). […] If serology has been performed and IgM-class antibodies against mumps are detected (MMPGM / Mumps Virus Antibody, IgM and IgG, Serum), this test should be ordered to confirm mumps infection. […] Rapid qualitative detection of mumps virus using random urine specimens […] The use of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays can provide more rapid laboratory confirmation of mumps shortly after symptom onset compared to serologic testing and provides a shorter turnaround time than viral culture. […] A positive result indicates the presence of mumps virus RNA in the specimen.

• #16 MUMPR – Overview: Mumps Virus, Molecular Detection, PCR, Buccal

  https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Overview/617823

  Mumps Virus, Molecular Detection, PCR, Buccal […] Rapid qualitative detection of mumps virus using buccal swab specimens. […] Polymerase chain reaction testing (this test) is recommended as the first-line test if a patient has symptoms of mumps (ie, fever, swollen salivary/parotid glands). […] If serology has been performed and IgM-class antibodies against mumps are detected (MMPGM / Mumps Virus Antibody, IgM and IgG, Serum), this test should be ordered to confirm mumps infection. […] The mumps virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA paramyxovirus belonging to the Rubulavirus family. Symptoms of infection include painful swollen salivary glands (parotitis), fever, headache, muscle aches, weakness, and fatigue. Complications may include pancreatitis, orchitis, encephalitis, meningitis, or hearing loss. Oftentimes, mumps is diagnosed based on the characteristic swollen salivary glands. The mumps virus is spread person-to-person through contact with infected respiratory droplets or saliva. It can also be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated fomites. Laboratory diagnosis of mumps cases can be through serologic detection of mumps-specific IgM antibodies, molecular detection of mumps virus RNA, or viral culture. The use of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays can provide more rapid laboratory confirmation of mumps shortly after symptom onset compared to serologic testing and provides a shorter turnaround time than viral culture. Buccal swabs are the preferred specimen type for the detection of mumps virus, but urine may also be collected for viral detection.

• #17 Mumps – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/

  Clinical observation and laboratory testing confirm a mumps infection. Not all mumps cases classically display orchitis and parotitis, and individuals may present heterogeneously. During an outbreak, the diagnosis is clinical in cases of parotid swelling with a history of exposure. When the local incidence is low, other infectious and noninfectious causes of parotitis warrant investigation. […] Mumps laboratory confirmation techniques include reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. At the initial presentation of an individual suspected of mumps infection, the treating clinician should collect 2 specimens: a buccal or oral swab for RT-PCR and an acute-phase serum specimen for IgM and IgG antibodies. […] Clinicians treating patients with suspected or confirmed mumps should notify their local or state health authority according to their state’s public health laws and regulations.

• #18 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Laboratory testing should be performed if mumps is suspected. […] Real-time RT-PCR is the preferred method to confirm mumps; it’s more sensitive and specific than serologic assays to detect IgM. […] The successful detection of mumps virus depends primarily on the timing of collection and quality of the clinical sample. […] At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, patients suspected to have mumps should be tested by rRT-PCR to confirm mumps and rule out other possible etiologies. […] rRT-PCR testing is preferred to serologic testing for mumps whenever possible. […] IgM can aid in diagnosis but is not confirmatory. […] CDC recommends collection of a buccal swab specimen for rRT-PCR if it has been 3 or fewer days since symptom onset. […] A positive rRT-PCR signal indicates the presence of mumps virus RNA in the patient sample.

• #19 Laboratory diagnosis of mumps in a partially immunized population: The Nova Scotia experience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2807259/

  In 2007, Atlantic Canada experienced a large outbreak of mumps predominately in university students who had received a single dose of measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. […] The present study describes the performance characteristics of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on buccal and urine specimens and immunoglobulin M (IgM) serology in this partially immune population. […] Patients presenting with symptoms suspicious for mumps had a serum, urine and a buccal swab collected for diagnostic testing. […] Detection of mumps virus in buccal swabs and urine samples was performed by RT-PCR. […] The sensitivity of RT-PCR on buccal swabs, urine specimens and IgM serology were 79%, 43% and 25%, respectively. […] The specificity of RT-PCR on buccal swabs, urine specimens and IgM serology was 99.5%, 100% and 99.7%, respectively.

• #20 Mumps – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps

  In places where mumps is widespread, diagnosis can be made based on the development of parotitis and a history of exposure to someone with mumps. […] In places where mumps is less common because parotitis has other causes, laboratory diagnosis may be needed to verify mumps infection. […] MuV can be isolated from saliva, blood, the nasopharynx, salivary ducts, and seminal fluid within one week of the onset of symptoms, as well as from cell cultures. […] In meningitis cases, MuV can be isolated from CSF. […] Mumps-specific IgM antibodies in serum or oral fluid specimens can be used to identify mumps. […] IgM quantities peak up to eight days after the onset of symptoms, and IgM can be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) 7–10 days after the onset of symptoms. […] Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) can be used to detect MuV RNA from the first day symptoms appear, declining over the next 8–10 days. […] In meningoencephalitis cases, a nested RT-PCR can detect MuV RNA in CSF up to two years after infection.

• #21 Mumps – Diagnostic – PCR | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Mumps-Diagnostic-PCR

  Mumps virus diagnosis General Test Requisition Buccal Swab2 , throat swab 1 swab in the transport media provided in the kit. […] Mumps virus diagnosis General Test Requisition Urine 5.0 ml Sterile Container. […] Mumps virus diagnosis General Test Requisition cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 3 1.0 ml Sterile Container. […] Collect a buccal swab and urine for each patient suspected of having mumps. […] All patients being tested for mumps should also have acute and convalescent mumps serology performed. […] Mumps PCR is performed on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. […] TAT for RT-PCR result is up to 3 days. […] Positive samples are sent to National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Winnipeg for genotyping. […] Mumps PCR testing is not routinely performed after hours. […] RT-PCR testing is performed on mumps specimens. […] Specimens that are positive for Mumps are reported to the Medical Officer of Health as per Health Protection and Promotion Act. […] All patients being tested for mumps should also have acute and convalescent mumps serology performed. […] Mumps PCR testing is not routinely performed after hours.

• #22 Mumps – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps

  In places where mumps is widespread, diagnosis can be made based on the development of parotitis and a history of exposure to someone with mumps. […] In places where mumps is less common because parotitis has other causes, laboratory diagnosis may be needed to verify mumps infection. […] MuV can be isolated from saliva, blood, the nasopharynx, salivary ducts, and seminal fluid within one week of the onset of symptoms, as well as from cell cultures. […] In meningitis cases, MuV can be isolated from CSF. […] Mumps-specific IgM antibodies in serum or oral fluid specimens can be used to identify mumps. […] IgM quantities peak up to eight days after the onset of symptoms, and IgM can be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) 7–10 days after the onset of symptoms. […] Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) can be used to detect MuV RNA from the first day symptoms appear, declining over the next 8–10 days. […] In meningoencephalitis cases, a nested RT-PCR can detect MuV RNA in CSF up to two years after infection.

• #23 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Failure to detect mumps virus RNA by rRT-PCR and/or a negative IgM result specimen from a person with clinically compatible mumps symptoms does not rule out mumps. […] The following factors can affect mumps detection: Vaccinated individuals may shed virus for a shorter period and in smaller amounts, degrading the sample and hampering successful detection. […] The presence of mumps-specific IgG, as detected using a serologic assay (EIA or IFA), does not necessarily predict the presence of neutralizing antibodies or protection from mumps disease.

• #24 Serology to Diagnose Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/serology.html

  At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, adequate testing of suspected mumps cases is necessary to rule out other causes. […] Serologic testing alone cannot confirm a mumps diagnosis. […] The preferred specimen collection and laboratory confirmation of mumps are both a buccal swab specimen collected 3 or fewer days after parotitis onset and rRT-PCR testing, respectively. […] Detection of mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) can aid in the diagnosis of mumps. However, a positive IgM result is only supportive laboratory evidence, based on the CSTE mumps case definition. […] Mumps diagnosis is supported by detecting mumps IgM antibody in serum specimen collected as soon as possible after symptom onset. A positive IgM test result indicates current or very recent infection or reinfection. […] A single serum sample tested for mumps-specific IgG is not useful for diagnosing acute mumps infections.

• #25 Serology to Diagnose Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/serology.html

  At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, adequate testing of suspected mumps cases is necessary to rule out other causes. […] Serologic testing alone cannot confirm a mumps diagnosis. […] The preferred specimen collection and laboratory confirmation of mumps are both a buccal swab specimen collected 3 or fewer days after parotitis onset and rRT-PCR testing, respectively. […] Detection of mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) can aid in the diagnosis of mumps. However, a positive IgM result is only supportive laboratory evidence, based on the CSTE mumps case definition. […] Mumps diagnosis is supported by detecting mumps IgM antibody in serum specimen collected as soon as possible after symptom onset. A positive IgM test result indicates current or very recent infection or reinfection. […] A single serum sample tested for mumps-specific IgG is not useful for diagnosing acute mumps infections.

• #26 Mumps Diagnosis (anti-mumps IgM, IgG) | Newfoundland & Labrador Public Health Laboratory

  https://publichealthlab.ca/service/mumps-diagnosis-anti-mumps-igm-igg/

  Anti-mumps IgG is an indicator of successful mumps virus vaccination, indicator of prior mumps virus exposure, and necessary to document seroconversion as confirmation of new infection. Anti-mumps IgM is an indicator of recent or current infection with mumps virus. […] The laboratory diagnosis of mumps is typically accomplished by detection of antibody to mumps virus. However, due to the limitations of serology (eg, inadequate sensitivity and specificity), additional laboratory testing including virus isolation or detection of viral nucleic acid by PCR in throat, saliva or urine specimens should be considered in clinically compatible situations. […] A reactive result may occur with a recent mumps infection or after vaccination. In the majority of cases IgM remain detectable up to 5 months post infection. Not all mumps virus infections with detectable virus-specific IgM cause clinical symptoms. […] A non-reactive result does not exclude early active infection. If clinically indicated submit a follow-up specimen. Anti-mumps IgM may not be detected in previously vaccinated individuals. To confirm active infection virus detection is recommended.

• #27 MMPGM – Overview: Mumps Virus Antibody, IgM and IgG, Serum

  https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/overview/61854

  Diagnosis of mumps virus infection […] Determination of postimmunization immune response of individuals to the mumps vaccine […] Documentation of previous infection with mumps virus in an individual with no previous record of immunization to mumps virus […] Laboratory diagnosis of mumps is typically accomplished by detection of IgM- and IgG-class antibodies to the mumps virus. However, due to the widespread mumps vaccination program, in clinically suspected cases of acute mumps infection, serologic testing should be supplemented with virus isolation in culture or detection of viral nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction testing in throat, saliva, or urine specimens. […] A positive IgG result coupled with a positive IgM result suggests recent infection with mumps virus. This result should not be used alone to diagnose mumps infection and should be interpreted in the context of clinical presentation.

• #28 Serology to Diagnose Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/serology.html

  The presence of mumps-specific IgG indicates a recent or a prior exposure to mumps virus or mumps vaccine. Serologic tests cannot differentiate between an exposure to vaccine and an exposure to wild-type mumps virus. […] Failure to detect mumps IgM in previously vaccinated persons who are infected with mumps has been well documented. People with a history of mumps vaccination may not have detectable mumps IgM antibody regardless of timing of specimen collection. […] Collection of acute and convalescent phase serum specimen to demonstrate a four-fold increase in IgG titer is not recommended.

• #29 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Failure to detect mumps virus RNA by rRT-PCR and/or a negative IgM result specimen from a person with clinically compatible mumps symptoms does not rule out mumps. […] The following factors can affect mumps detection: Vaccinated individuals may shed virus for a shorter period and in smaller amounts, degrading the sample and hampering successful detection. […] The presence of mumps-specific IgG, as detected using a serologic assay (EIA or IFA), does not necessarily predict the presence of neutralizing antibodies or protection from mumps disease.

• #30 Serology to Diagnose Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/serology.html

  The presence of mumps-specific IgG indicates a recent or a prior exposure to mumps virus or mumps vaccine. Serologic tests cannot differentiate between an exposure to vaccine and an exposure to wild-type mumps virus. […] Failure to detect mumps IgM in previously vaccinated persons who are infected with mumps has been well documented. People with a history of mumps vaccination may not have detectable mumps IgM antibody regardless of timing of specimen collection. […] Collection of acute and convalescent phase serum specimen to demonstrate a four-fold increase in IgG titer is not recommended.

• #31 Serology to Diagnose Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/serology.html

  At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, adequate testing of suspected mumps cases is necessary to rule out other causes. […] Serologic testing alone cannot confirm a mumps diagnosis. […] The preferred specimen collection and laboratory confirmation of mumps are both a buccal swab specimen collected 3 or fewer days after parotitis onset and rRT-PCR testing, respectively. […] Detection of mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) can aid in the diagnosis of mumps. However, a positive IgM result is only supportive laboratory evidence, based on the CSTE mumps case definition. […] Mumps diagnosis is supported by detecting mumps IgM antibody in serum specimen collected as soon as possible after symptom onset. A positive IgM test result indicates current or very recent infection or reinfection. […] A single serum sample tested for mumps-specific IgG is not useful for diagnosing acute mumps infections.

• #32 Serology to Diagnose Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/serology.html

  At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, adequate testing of suspected mumps cases is necessary to rule out other causes. […] Serologic testing alone cannot confirm a mumps diagnosis. […] The preferred specimen collection and laboratory confirmation of mumps are both a buccal swab specimen collected 3 or fewer days after parotitis onset and rRT-PCR testing, respectively. […] Detection of mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) can aid in the diagnosis of mumps. However, a positive IgM result is only supportive laboratory evidence, based on the CSTE mumps case definition. […] Mumps diagnosis is supported by detecting mumps IgM antibody in serum specimen collected as soon as possible after symptom onset. A positive IgM test result indicates current or very recent infection or reinfection. […] A single serum sample tested for mumps-specific IgG is not useful for diagnosing acute mumps infections.

• #33 Mumps Virus | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/mumps-virus

  Mumps is an acute, contagious disease generally characterized by swelling of the parotid gland. […] A probable diagnosis may be made based on clinical findings alone; however, laboratory testing should be performed for a definitive diagnosis. […] Laboratory confirmation of mumps can be more challenging in vaccinated patients due to low viral load and/or low, absent, or delayed immunoglobulin M (IgM) response causing false-negative results. […] Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture testing may be used to confirm a diagnosis. […] Timing is very important when considering the proper laboratory tests to order for mumps diagnosis. […] Diagnosis of a breakthrough case of mumps in a vaccinated individual can be challenging. […] This means that diagnostic tests like reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are more likely to produce false-negative results, even if specimens are taken early in the disease course.

• #34 Mumps Virus | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/mumps-virus

  Mumps is an acute, contagious disease generally characterized by swelling of the parotid gland. […] A probable diagnosis may be made based on clinical findings alone; however, laboratory testing should be performed for a definitive diagnosis. […] Laboratory confirmation of mumps can be more challenging in vaccinated patients due to low viral load and/or low, absent, or delayed immunoglobulin M (IgM) response causing false-negative results. […] Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture testing may be used to confirm a diagnosis. […] Timing is very important when considering the proper laboratory tests to order for mumps diagnosis. […] Diagnosis of a breakthrough case of mumps in a vaccinated individual can be challenging. […] This means that diagnostic tests like reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are more likely to produce false-negative results, even if specimens are taken early in the disease course.

• #35 Mumps Virus | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/mumps-virus

  The detection of mumps IgM antibodies is suggestive of an active mumps infection, but RT-PCR or culture tests are required for a definitive diagnosis, particularly in vaccinated patients. […] False-negative results can occur if a specimen is taken too early in the disease course, particularly in vaccinated individuals. […] IgG antibodies may confirm a mumps diagnosis if paired acute and convalescent sera show a fourfold rise in IgG titer. […] However, this method is not recommended for vaccinated individuals because IgG is likely to already be elevated in the acute-phase sample.

• #36 Laboratory diagnosis of mumps in a partially immunized population: The Nova Scotia experience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2807259/

  RT-PCR on buccal swabs is the ideal specimen for diagnosis. […] In addition, the data suggest that, in this partially immune group, IgM serology has little value in the diagnosis of acute infection. […] We demonstrate that RT-PCR, particularly when performed on buccal swabs, is the most sensitive diagnostic test for mumps. […] The value of IgM serology was limited. […] The results of IgM testing in our cohort suggest that this test has limited utility, and the addition of a urine specimen to a buccal swab did not substantially increase the number of positive cases. […] Laboratory guidelines have recently been proposed for Canadian clinicians. […] Our data support these recommendations.

• #37 Serological diagnosis of mumps: Value of the titration of specific IgG | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-serological-diagnosis-mumps-value-titration-S2529993X18300236

  In previously vaccinated subjects, the infection can cause a secondary immune response with absence of IgM and high IgG titres. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate the cut-off point for IgG quantification using an ELISA technique in the diagnosis of mumps. […] The detection of elevated levels of IgG supports clinical suspicion, and should be interpreted in terms of serological result suggestive of mumps. […] The results of this study indicate that, in our environment and especially in the context of outbreaks, the detection of high titres of anti-mumps IgG with the serological technique used can improve the performance of IgM, maintaining acceptable levels of specificity.

• #38 Laboratory diagnosis of mumps in a partially immunized population: The Nova Scotia experience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2807259/

  RT-PCR on buccal swabs is the ideal specimen for diagnosis. […] In addition, the data suggest that, in this partially immune group, IgM serology has little value in the diagnosis of acute infection. […] We demonstrate that RT-PCR, particularly when performed on buccal swabs, is the most sensitive diagnostic test for mumps. […] The value of IgM serology was limited. […] The results of IgM testing in our cohort suggest that this test has limited utility, and the addition of a urine specimen to a buccal swab did not substantially increase the number of positive cases. […] Laboratory guidelines have recently been proposed for Canadian clinicians. […] Our data support these recommendations.

• #39 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Laboratory testing should be performed if mumps is suspected. […] Real-time RT-PCR is the preferred method to confirm mumps; it’s more sensitive and specific than serologic assays to detect IgM. […] The successful detection of mumps virus depends primarily on the timing of collection and quality of the clinical sample. […] At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, patients suspected to have mumps should be tested by rRT-PCR to confirm mumps and rule out other possible etiologies. […] rRT-PCR testing is preferred to serologic testing for mumps whenever possible. […] IgM can aid in diagnosis but is not confirmatory. […] CDC recommends collection of a buccal swab specimen for rRT-PCR if it has been 3 or fewer days since symptom onset. […] A positive rRT-PCR signal indicates the presence of mumps virus RNA in the patient sample.

• #40 Mumps – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps

  In places where mumps is widespread, diagnosis can be made based on the development of parotitis and a history of exposure to someone with mumps. […] In places where mumps is less common because parotitis has other causes, laboratory diagnosis may be needed to verify mumps infection. […] MuV can be isolated from saliva, blood, the nasopharynx, salivary ducts, and seminal fluid within one week of the onset of symptoms, as well as from cell cultures. […] In meningitis cases, MuV can be isolated from CSF. […] Mumps-specific IgM antibodies in serum or oral fluid specimens can be used to identify mumps. […] IgM quantities peak up to eight days after the onset of symptoms, and IgM can be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) 7–10 days after the onset of symptoms. […] Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) can be used to detect MuV RNA from the first day symptoms appear, declining over the next 8–10 days. […] In meningoencephalitis cases, a nested RT-PCR can detect MuV RNA in CSF up to two years after infection.

• #41 Lab Testing for Mumps at the MDH Public Health Laboratory – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mumps/hcp/labtesting.html

  An acute illness characterized by parotitis/other salivary gland swelling (lasting at least 2 days), orchitis or oophoritis unexplained by another more likely diagnosis. […] Collect specimens for PCR as soon as mumps is suspected (maximum 9 days after swelling onset). […] Mumps IgM can be done in addition to PCR but should not be the only method used as false positives are common. […] A buccal swab is preferred for mumps PCR. […] Results for testing done at MDH-PHL will be sent via fax to the submitting laboratory. […] Turnaround time for PCR results is typically 1-2 business days after receipt of specimen(s).

• #42 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Failure to detect mumps virus RNA by rRT-PCR and/or a negative IgM result specimen from a person with clinically compatible mumps symptoms does not rule out mumps. […] The following factors can affect mumps detection: Vaccinated individuals may shed virus for a shorter period and in smaller amounts, degrading the sample and hampering successful detection. […] The presence of mumps-specific IgG, as detected using a serologic assay (EIA or IFA), does not necessarily predict the presence of neutralizing antibodies or protection from mumps disease.

• #43 Mumps Testing Guidance | Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene

  https://www.slh.wisc.edu/mumps-testing-guidance/

  Mumps cases have been laboratory-confirmed in Wisconsin. Therefore, health care providers in Wisconsin should be alert and consider mumps in individuals presenting with symptoms such as parotitis. […] The WDPH requests that all DIAGNOSTIC specimens for mumps, measles and rubella testing be sent to the WSLH or the City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory. […] PCR is the PREFERRED diagnostic test for mumps. Please submit buccal swab specimens for PCR testing. […] PCR is the preferred diagnostic test for mumps. […] PCR is the preferred test for the diagnosis of mumps. It is used to detect the presence of mumps virus and can also be used for the molecular characterization of the virus. […] Negative results do not rule out mumps infection due to the following: The amount of virus shed at the time of sample collection may have been too low to be detected. Inadequate specimen collection, processing, shipping or storage can significantly reduce the likelihood of detecting mumps virus or mumps RNA. Mumps IgM antibody may be transient or undetectable in previously vaccinated individuals. The full clinical and epidemiologic picture must be taken into consideration when interpreting test results.

• #44 Mumps Clinical Information – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mumps/hcp/clinical.html

  Laboratory testing must be done to confirm a mumps diagnosis because symptoms are non-specific. RT-PCR testing along with serologic testing should be done. Mumps IgM results may be falsely positive due to cross-reactivity with other viruses. […] Mumps should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with parotitis or swelling of the salivary glands, regardless of vaccination history. […] Suspect and confirmed mumps cases should be excluded from school, child care, work, or other public settings through 5 days after onset of swelling. […] Health care workers who develop mumps should be excluded from work for 5 days following onset of swelling. Upon return to work, facilities may recommend that health care workers wear a mask through day 9.

• #45 MMPGM – Overview: Mumps Virus Antibody, IgM and IgG, Serum

  https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/overview/61854

  All positive IgM results must be interpreted cautiously as some false-positive results or heterotypical responses of the IgM have been seen in the serum of pregnant women or in patients with an acute infection caused by cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, measles, rubella, or parvovirus. […] Testing for IgM-class antibodies to mumps virus should be limited to patients with a clinically compatible disease. […] Mumps virus shares antigenic relationships with other viruses of the paramyxovirus group; therefore, serologic cross-reactions are possible, but uncommon, with this test procedure. […] Immunoglobulin G-class antibodies to mumps virus may be present in serum specimens from individuals who have received blood products within the past several months but have not been immunized or experienced past infection with this virus.

• #46 Mumps Virus Antibody (IgM) | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/36565/mumps-virus-antibody-igm?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Mumps Virus Antibody (IgM) […] The presence of IgM antibody to mumps typically indicates recent or current mumps infection; however, false positive results may occur due to antibody cross reactivity to parainfluenza virus. […] This test was developed and its analytical performance characteristics have been determined by Quest Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This assay has been validated pursuant to the CLIA regulations and is used for clinical purposes. […] Reference ranges are provided as general guidance only. To interpret test results use the reference range in the laboratory report.

• #47 MMPGM – Overview: Mumps Virus Antibody, IgM and IgG, Serum

  https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/overview/61854

  All positive IgM results must be interpreted cautiously as some false-positive results or heterotypical responses of the IgM have been seen in the serum of pregnant women or in patients with an acute infection caused by cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, measles, rubella, or parvovirus. […] Testing for IgM-class antibodies to mumps virus should be limited to patients with a clinically compatible disease. […] Mumps virus shares antigenic relationships with other viruses of the paramyxovirus group; therefore, serologic cross-reactions are possible, but uncommon, with this test procedure. […] Immunoglobulin G-class antibodies to mumps virus may be present in serum specimens from individuals who have received blood products within the past several months but have not been immunized or experienced past infection with this virus.

• #48 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Laboratory testing should be performed if mumps is suspected. […] Real-time RT-PCR is the preferred method to confirm mumps; it’s more sensitive and specific than serologic assays to detect IgM. […] The successful detection of mumps virus depends primarily on the timing of collection and quality of the clinical sample. […] At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, patients suspected to have mumps should be tested by rRT-PCR to confirm mumps and rule out other possible etiologies. […] rRT-PCR testing is preferred to serologic testing for mumps whenever possible. […] IgM can aid in diagnosis but is not confirmatory. […] CDC recommends collection of a buccal swab specimen for rRT-PCR if it has been 3 or fewer days since symptom onset. […] A positive rRT-PCR signal indicates the presence of mumps virus RNA in the patient sample.

• #49 Serology to Diagnose Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/serology.html

  At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, adequate testing of suspected mumps cases is necessary to rule out other causes. […] Serologic testing alone cannot confirm a mumps diagnosis. […] The preferred specimen collection and laboratory confirmation of mumps are both a buccal swab specimen collected 3 or fewer days after parotitis onset and rRT-PCR testing, respectively. […] Detection of mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) can aid in the diagnosis of mumps. However, a positive IgM result is only supportive laboratory evidence, based on the CSTE mumps case definition. […] Mumps diagnosis is supported by detecting mumps IgM antibody in serum specimen collected as soon as possible after symptom onset. A positive IgM test result indicates current or very recent infection or reinfection. […] A single serum sample tested for mumps-specific IgG is not useful for diagnosing acute mumps infections.

• #50 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Laboratory testing should be performed if mumps is suspected. […] Real-time RT-PCR is the preferred method to confirm mumps; it’s more sensitive and specific than serologic assays to detect IgM. […] The successful detection of mumps virus depends primarily on the timing of collection and quality of the clinical sample. […] At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, patients suspected to have mumps should be tested by rRT-PCR to confirm mumps and rule out other possible etiologies. […] rRT-PCR testing is preferred to serologic testing for mumps whenever possible. […] IgM can aid in diagnosis but is not confirmatory. […] CDC recommends collection of a buccal swab specimen for rRT-PCR if it has been 3 or fewer days since symptom onset. […] A positive rRT-PCR signal indicates the presence of mumps virus RNA in the patient sample.

• #51

  https://www.ottawapublichealth.ca/en/professionals-and-partners/laboratory-testing-for-mumps.aspx

  Mumps is a moderately communicable viral disease that is reportable under the Health Protection and Promotion Act, 1990, Chapter H.7, Ontario Regulation 135/18. […] Laboratory testing is required for any suspect case of mumps and should include both specimens (urine and buccal or throat swab) for virus detection by PCR and serology. Results must be reported to Ottawa Public Health. […] A blood specimen for mumps antibodies, IgM and IgG, should be collected within seven days of the symptom onset. PCR testing should also be done on all persons presenting with signs and symptoms of mumps. […] Mumps serology to detect Mumps IgG and IgM is performed daily Monday to Friday. Turnaround time: up to five days from receipt by Public Health Ontario Laboratories (PHOL). […] A convalescent serum specimen IgM and IgG for mumps should be collected 7 to 10 days after the initial (acute) sample, if the acute blood sample shows indeterminate or non reactive IgG result and/or IgM result, a convalescent sample should be collected. […] For suspect cases, the requisition must include the following relevant clinical information: Mumps IgG and IgM. […] Results from PHOL are reported to the ordering physician or health care professional as indicated on the requisition.

• #52 Mumps – Diagnostic – PCR | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Mumps-Diagnostic-PCR

  Mumps virus diagnosis General Test Requisition Buccal Swab2 , throat swab 1 swab in the transport media provided in the kit. […] Mumps virus diagnosis General Test Requisition Urine 5.0 ml Sterile Container. […] Mumps virus diagnosis General Test Requisition cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 3 1.0 ml Sterile Container. […] Collect a buccal swab and urine for each patient suspected of having mumps. […] All patients being tested for mumps should also have acute and convalescent mumps serology performed. […] Mumps PCR is performed on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. […] TAT for RT-PCR result is up to 3 days. […] Positive samples are sent to National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Winnipeg for genotyping. […] Mumps PCR testing is not routinely performed after hours. […] RT-PCR testing is performed on mumps specimens. […] Specimens that are positive for Mumps are reported to the Medical Officer of Health as per Health Protection and Promotion Act. […] All patients being tested for mumps should also have acute and convalescent mumps serology performed. […] Mumps PCR testing is not routinely performed after hours.

• #53 MUMPR – Overview: Mumps Virus, Molecular Detection, PCR, Buccal

  https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Overview/617823

  Mumps Virus, Molecular Detection, PCR, Buccal […] Rapid qualitative detection of mumps virus using buccal swab specimens. […] Polymerase chain reaction testing (this test) is recommended as the first-line test if a patient has symptoms of mumps (ie, fever, swollen salivary/parotid glands). […] If serology has been performed and IgM-class antibodies against mumps are detected (MMPGM / Mumps Virus Antibody, IgM and IgG, Serum), this test should be ordered to confirm mumps infection. […] The mumps virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA paramyxovirus belonging to the Rubulavirus family. Symptoms of infection include painful swollen salivary glands (parotitis), fever, headache, muscle aches, weakness, and fatigue. Complications may include pancreatitis, orchitis, encephalitis, meningitis, or hearing loss. Oftentimes, mumps is diagnosed based on the characteristic swollen salivary glands. The mumps virus is spread person-to-person through contact with infected respiratory droplets or saliva. It can also be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated fomites. Laboratory diagnosis of mumps cases can be through serologic detection of mumps-specific IgM antibodies, molecular detection of mumps virus RNA, or viral culture. The use of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays can provide more rapid laboratory confirmation of mumps shortly after symptom onset compared to serologic testing and provides a shorter turnaround time than viral culture. Buccal swabs are the preferred specimen type for the detection of mumps virus, but urine may also be collected for viral detection.

• #54 Mumps Virus | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/mumps-virus

  Mumps is an acute, contagious disease generally characterized by swelling of the parotid gland. […] A probable diagnosis may be made based on clinical findings alone; however, laboratory testing should be performed for a definitive diagnosis. […] Laboratory confirmation of mumps can be more challenging in vaccinated patients due to low viral load and/or low, absent, or delayed immunoglobulin M (IgM) response causing false-negative results. […] Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture testing may be used to confirm a diagnosis. […] Timing is very important when considering the proper laboratory tests to order for mumps diagnosis. […] Diagnosis of a breakthrough case of mumps in a vaccinated individual can be challenging. […] This means that diagnostic tests like reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are more likely to produce false-negative results, even if specimens are taken early in the disease course.

• #55 Serological diagnosis of mumps: Value of the titration of specific IgG | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-serological-diagnosis-mumps-value-titration-S2529993X18300236

  In previously vaccinated subjects, the infection can cause a secondary immune response with absence of IgM and high IgG titres. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate the cut-off point for IgG quantification using an ELISA technique in the diagnosis of mumps. […] The detection of elevated levels of IgG supports clinical suspicion, and should be interpreted in terms of serological result suggestive of mumps. […] The results of this study indicate that, in our environment and especially in the context of outbreaks, the detection of high titres of anti-mumps IgG with the serological technique used can improve the performance of IgM, maintaining acceptable levels of specificity.

• #56 Laboratory diagnosis of mumps in a partially immunized population: The Nova Scotia experience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2807259/

  RT-PCR on buccal swabs is the ideal specimen for diagnosis. […] In addition, the data suggest that, in this partially immune group, IgM serology has little value in the diagnosis of acute infection. […] We demonstrate that RT-PCR, particularly when performed on buccal swabs, is the most sensitive diagnostic test for mumps. […] The value of IgM serology was limited. […] The results of IgM testing in our cohort suggest that this test has limited utility, and the addition of a urine specimen to a buccal swab did not substantially increase the number of positive cases. […] Laboratory guidelines have recently been proposed for Canadian clinicians. […] Our data support these recommendations.

• #57 Mumps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1037?locale=ja

  Mumps classically causes swelling and inflammation of one or both of the parotid glands (parotitis). […] More serious complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and orchitis, can occur in the absence of parotitis, potentially delaying accurate diagnosis. […] Diagnosis can usually be made based on the characteristic clinical features of parotitis and prodrome. Laboratory diagnosis is based on serological or salivary confirmation, detection of viral nucleic acid, or isolation of the virus from body fluids. […] Key diagnostic factors include parotitis and history of missed or no vaccination or possible vaccine failure (primary or secondary). […] 1st tests to order include salivary mumps IgM and reverse transcriptase PCR. […] Tests to consider include CBC and differential, serum mumps IgM, serum mumps IgG, serum amylase, viral culture (CSF, saliva, or urine), lumbar puncture, and CT head.

• #58 Mumps Viral Disease: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/mumps-disease-all-you-need-to-know

  Most cases of mumps can be diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and a history of exposure. […] A definitive diagnosis is often made through laboratory testing, which may include: […] Viral culture: This is the gold standard but is rarely used due to its complexity and the time it takes. […] Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR): This is a quick and sensitive method to detect mumps RNA from a swab of the parotid duct or urine. […] Serologic testing: Checking mumps-specific IgM and rising IgG antibodies can help confirm a diagnosis. However, vaccination and previous infections can affect the results. […] Blood tests: Elevated serum amylase (due to parotid gland involvement) can sometimes be seen in mumps, although it’s non-specific. […] When evaluating a suspected case of mumps, other conditions that might resemble mumps should be considered:

• #59 Laboratory Diagnosis of Mumps Infection, Detection of Mumps Virus

  http://virology-online.com/viruses/MUMPS5.htm

  During mumps infection, several non-specific findings may be present in the blood. The WBC may be low with lymphocytes predominating. ESR and CRP may be normal or slightly elevated. Amylase levels may be elevated. […] A serological diagnosis is usually made by finding a significant increase in Ab titres in 2 serum samples taken 10 – 14 days apart. In some cases, the detection of IgM may be used to diagnosis acute infection. […] The CFT is still the widely used for the diagnosis of mumps. […] Virus isolation may be carried out by allantoic inoculation of 6 day old embryonated eggs or by tissue culture methods. Virus can be isolated from the CSF during the first 2 – 3 days after the onset of disease, and is present in urine and saliva for 2 to 3 weeks.

• #60 Mumps | health.vic.gov.au

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/mumps

  Mumps must be notified by medical practitioners and pathology services to the Department of Health in writing within 5 days of diagnosis. […] The predictive value of parotitis in the diagnosis of mumps is reduced in countries with high immunisation rates, such as Australia. […] Therefore, testing is highly recommended to confirm or exclude mumps as the causative agent. […] The diagnosis should be confirmed via: Serology: detection of mumps-specific IgM antibody or a significant rise in mumps IgG antibody in acute and convalescent sera. […] PCR testing: detection of mumps virus RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), suitable within the early stages of illness. […] Viral culture: from oral fluid, parotid duct (buccal) swabs, urine or seminal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid within the first week of illness.

• #61 Laboratory Diagnosis of Mumps Infection, Detection of Mumps Virus

  http://virology-online.com/viruses/MUMPS5.htm

  During mumps infection, several non-specific findings may be present in the blood. The WBC may be low with lymphocytes predominating. ESR and CRP may be normal or slightly elevated. Amylase levels may be elevated. […] A serological diagnosis is usually made by finding a significant increase in Ab titres in 2 serum samples taken 10 – 14 days apart. In some cases, the detection of IgM may be used to diagnosis acute infection. […] The CFT is still the widely used for the diagnosis of mumps. […] Virus isolation may be carried out by allantoic inoculation of 6 day old embryonated eggs or by tissue culture methods. Virus can be isolated from the CSF during the first 2 – 3 days after the onset of disease, and is present in urine and saliva for 2 to 3 weeks.

• #62 Mumps Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/mumps

  Following investigations are often ordered to reach the diagnosis: […] Serum amylase levels (amylase S)- raised levels to indicate the involvement of parotid glands […] Complete blood count- that shows decreased white blood cells with reactive lymphocytosis […] Inflammatory markers such as CRP and ESR are raised […] Viral culture of blood, urine, fluid from the buccal cavity […] Lumbar puncture for CNS involvement […] PCR of the throat, nasal, and buccal swabs for viral antigens […] Mumps specific IgM and IgG antibodies.

• #63 Mumps – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/mumps

  RT-PCR is the preferred method of diagnosis; however, serologic testing of acute and convalescent sera by complement fixation or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and viral culture of the throat, CSF, and occasionally the urine can be done. […] Other laboratory tests are generally unnecessary. In undifferentiated aseptic meningitis, an elevated serum amylase level can be a helpful clue in the diagnosis of mumps despite the absence of parotitis. […] In meningitis, CSF glucose is usually normal but is occasionally between 20 and 40 mg/dL (1.1 and 2.2 mmol/L), as in bacterial meningitis. CSF protein is only mildly elevated.

• #64 Mumps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1037?locale=ja

  Mumps classically causes swelling and inflammation of one or both of the parotid glands (parotitis). […] More serious complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and orchitis, can occur in the absence of parotitis, potentially delaying accurate diagnosis. […] Diagnosis can usually be made based on the characteristic clinical features of parotitis and prodrome. Laboratory diagnosis is based on serological or salivary confirmation, detection of viral nucleic acid, or isolation of the virus from body fluids. […] Key diagnostic factors include parotitis and history of missed or no vaccination or possible vaccine failure (primary or secondary). […] 1st tests to order include salivary mumps IgM and reverse transcriptase PCR. […] Tests to consider include CBC and differential, serum mumps IgM, serum mumps IgG, serum amylase, viral culture (CSF, saliva, or urine), lumbar puncture, and CT head.

• #65 Mumps: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mumps-pro

  In most cases, the diagnosis can be made clinically. However, since the introduction of the MMR vaccine, all cases require laboratory confirmation. If a diagnosis of mumps is considered likely, notify the local HPU, which will arrange for an oral fluid sample to be collected for confirmation of the infection. […] In patients with meningitis but without parotitis, the diagnosis may be confirmed by detection of mumps-specific antibodies in the serum. Salivary immunoglobulin M (IgM) against mumps may be detected. […] Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests (RT-PCR) and mumps genotyping are useful in cases where mumps occurs in immunised patients. […] High-resolution colour Doppler ultrasound has been used to differentiate mumps orchitis from torsion.

• #66 Mumps – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/mumps

  RT-PCR is the preferred method of diagnosis; however, serologic testing of acute and convalescent sera by complement fixation or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and viral culture of the throat, CSF, and occasionally the urine can be done. […] Other laboratory tests are generally unnecessary. In undifferentiated aseptic meningitis, an elevated serum amylase level can be a helpful clue in the diagnosis of mumps despite the absence of parotitis. […] In meningitis, CSF glucose is usually normal but is occasionally between 20 and 40 mg/dL (1.1 and 2.2 mmol/L), as in bacterial meningitis. CSF protein is only mildly elevated.

• #67 Mumps – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/mumps

  RT-PCR is the preferred method of diagnosis; however, serologic testing of acute and convalescent sera by complement fixation or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and viral culture of the throat, CSF, and occasionally the urine can be done. […] Other laboratory tests are generally unnecessary. In undifferentiated aseptic meningitis, an elevated serum amylase level can be a helpful clue in the diagnosis of mumps despite the absence of parotitis. […] In meningitis, CSF glucose is usually normal but is occasionally between 20 and 40 mg/dL (1.1 and 2.2 mmol/L), as in bacterial meningitis. CSF protein is only mildly elevated.

• #68 Mumps | health.vic.gov.au

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/mumps

  Mumps must be notified by medical practitioners and pathology services to the Department of Health in writing within 5 days of diagnosis. […] The predictive value of parotitis in the diagnosis of mumps is reduced in countries with high immunisation rates, such as Australia. […] Therefore, testing is highly recommended to confirm or exclude mumps as the causative agent. […] The diagnosis should be confirmed via: Serology: detection of mumps-specific IgM antibody or a significant rise in mumps IgG antibody in acute and convalescent sera. […] PCR testing: detection of mumps virus RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), suitable within the early stages of illness. […] Viral culture: from oral fluid, parotid duct (buccal) swabs, urine or seminal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid within the first week of illness.

• #69 Mumps – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/

  Clinical observation and laboratory testing confirm a mumps infection. Not all mumps cases classically display orchitis and parotitis, and individuals may present heterogeneously. During an outbreak, the diagnosis is clinical in cases of parotid swelling with a history of exposure. When the local incidence is low, other infectious and noninfectious causes of parotitis warrant investigation. […] Mumps laboratory confirmation techniques include reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. At the initial presentation of an individual suspected of mumps infection, the treating clinician should collect 2 specimens: a buccal or oral swab for RT-PCR and an acute-phase serum specimen for IgM and IgG antibodies. […] Clinicians treating patients with suspected or confirmed mumps should notify their local or state health authority according to their state’s public health laws and regulations.

• #70 Mumps Clinical Information – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mumps/hcp/clinical.html

  Laboratory testing must be done to confirm a mumps diagnosis because symptoms are non-specific. RT-PCR testing along with serologic testing should be done. Mumps IgM results may be falsely positive due to cross-reactivity with other viruses. […] Mumps should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with parotitis or swelling of the salivary glands, regardless of vaccination history. […] Suspect and confirmed mumps cases should be excluded from school, child care, work, or other public settings through 5 days after onset of swelling. […] Health care workers who develop mumps should be excluded from work for 5 days following onset of swelling. Upon return to work, facilities may recommend that health care workers wear a mask through day 9.

• #71 Mumps Clinical Information – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mumps/hcp/clinical.html

  Laboratory testing must be done to confirm a mumps diagnosis because symptoms are non-specific. RT-PCR testing along with serologic testing should be done. Mumps IgM results may be falsely positive due to cross-reactivity with other viruses. […] Mumps should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with parotitis or swelling of the salivary glands, regardless of vaccination history. […] Suspect and confirmed mumps cases should be excluded from school, child care, work, or other public settings through 5 days after onset of swelling. […] Health care workers who develop mumps should be excluded from work for 5 days following onset of swelling. Upon return to work, facilities may recommend that health care workers wear a mask through day 9.

• #72 Mumps: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784603-workup

  Mumps is an acute, self-limited, systemic viral illness characterized by the swelling of one or more of the salivary glands, typically the parotid glands. […] Serologic assays determine the presence of an antibody response and assess differences between acute and convalescent titers. […] Mumps has an incubation period of 16-18 days; however, cases can arise 12-25 days after exposure. […] The most common presentation is a parotitis, which occurs in 30 to 40% of all patients and in 95% of those who are symptomatic. […] A patient is considered infectious from about 3 days before the onset of, and up to 4 days after, the start of active parotitis. […] Despite the classic correlation of mumps and parotitis, mumps is no longer the most common cause of parotid swelling. […] In clinically diagnosed aseptic meningitis or encephalitis, the CSF profile is similar.

• #73 Measles and Mumps Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/measles-and-mumps-tests/

  Vaccination is the best protection against measles and mumps and their complications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends: For children: A two of total doses of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine given: Once between ages 12 and 15 months. Once between ages four and six years. […] If you’re not sure whether you’re immune to measles and mumps, or if you have questions about vaccine safety, talk with your provider.

• #74 Measles and Mumps Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/measles-and-mumps-tests/

  Vaccination is the best protection against measles and mumps and their complications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends: For children: A two of total doses of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine given: Once between ages 12 and 15 months. Once between ages four and six years. […] If you’re not sure whether you’re immune to measles and mumps, or if you have questions about vaccine safety, talk with your provider.

• #75 Mumps: Symptoms, Treatments, and ComplicationsHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mumps

  Mumps may lead to meningitis or encephalitis, two potentially fatal conditions if left untreated. […] Vaccination can prevent mumps. […] The first MMR shot is generally given between the ages of 12 and 15 months at a routine well-child visit. […] A second vaccination is necessary for school-aged children between 4 and 6 years old. […] Adults who were born before 1957 and haven’t yet contracted mumps may wish to be vaccinated.

• #76 Measles and Mumps Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/measles-and-mumps-tests/

  Vaccination is the best protection against measles and mumps and their complications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends: For children: A two of total doses of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine given: Once between ages 12 and 15 months. Once between ages four and six years. […] If you’re not sure whether you’re immune to measles and mumps, or if you have questions about vaccine safety, talk with your provider.

• #77 Laboratory Testing for Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/index.html

  Laboratory testing should be performed if mumps is suspected. […] Real-time RT-PCR is the preferred method to confirm mumps; it’s more sensitive and specific than serologic assays to detect IgM. […] The successful detection of mumps virus depends primarily on the timing of collection and quality of the clinical sample. […] At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, patients suspected to have mumps should be tested by rRT-PCR to confirm mumps and rule out other possible etiologies. […] rRT-PCR testing is preferred to serologic testing for mumps whenever possible. […] IgM can aid in diagnosis but is not confirmatory. […] CDC recommends collection of a buccal swab specimen for rRT-PCR if it has been 3 or fewer days since symptom onset. […] A positive rRT-PCR signal indicates the presence of mumps virus RNA in the patient sample.

• #78 Serology to Diagnose Mumps | Mumps | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/php/laboratories/serology.html

  At the onset of a suspected mumps outbreak, adequate testing of suspected mumps cases is necessary to rule out other causes. […] Serologic testing alone cannot confirm a mumps diagnosis. […] The preferred specimen collection and laboratory confirmation of mumps are both a buccal swab specimen collected 3 or fewer days after parotitis onset and rRT-PCR testing, respectively. […] Detection of mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) can aid in the diagnosis of mumps. However, a positive IgM result is only supportive laboratory evidence, based on the CSTE mumps case definition. […] Mumps diagnosis is supported by detecting mumps IgM antibody in serum specimen collected as soon as possible after symptom onset. A positive IgM test result indicates current or very recent infection or reinfection. […] A single serum sample tested for mumps-specific IgG is not useful for diagnosing acute mumps infections.

• #79 MUMPR – Overview: Mumps Virus, Molecular Detection, PCR, Buccal

  https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Overview/617823

  Mumps Virus, Molecular Detection, PCR, Buccal […] Rapid qualitative detection of mumps virus using buccal swab specimens. […] Polymerase chain reaction testing (this test) is recommended as the first-line test if a patient has symptoms of mumps (ie, fever, swollen salivary/parotid glands). […] If serology has been performed and IgM-class antibodies against mumps are detected (MMPGM / Mumps Virus Antibody, IgM and IgG, Serum), this test should be ordered to confirm mumps infection. […] The mumps virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA paramyxovirus belonging to the Rubulavirus family. Symptoms of infection include painful swollen salivary glands (parotitis), fever, headache, muscle aches, weakness, and fatigue. Complications may include pancreatitis, orchitis, encephalitis, meningitis, or hearing loss. Oftentimes, mumps is diagnosed based on the characteristic swollen salivary glands. The mumps virus is spread person-to-person through contact with infected respiratory droplets or saliva. It can also be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated fomites. Laboratory diagnosis of mumps cases can be through serologic detection of mumps-specific IgM antibodies, molecular detection of mumps virus RNA, or viral culture. The use of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays can provide more rapid laboratory confirmation of mumps shortly after symptom onset compared to serologic testing and provides a shorter turnaround time than viral culture. Buccal swabs are the preferred specimen type for the detection of mumps virus, but urine may also be collected for viral detection.

• #80 Mumps – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/

  Clinical observation and laboratory testing confirm a mumps infection. Not all mumps cases classically display orchitis and parotitis, and individuals may present heterogeneously. During an outbreak, the diagnosis is clinical in cases of parotid swelling with a history of exposure. When the local incidence is low, other infectious and noninfectious causes of parotitis warrant investigation. […] Mumps laboratory confirmation techniques include reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. At the initial presentation of an individual suspected of mumps infection, the treating clinician should collect 2 specimens: a buccal or oral swab for RT-PCR and an acute-phase serum specimen for IgM and IgG antibodies. […] Clinicians treating patients with suspected or confirmed mumps should notify their local or state health authority according to their state’s public health laws and regulations.

• #81 Mumps – symptoms, treatments and vaccination | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mumps

  Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and examine you. They may also ask you: […] If your doctor thinks that you have mumps, they may refer you for a: […] These tests can confirm the diagnosis. […] Mumps is a notifiable condition. This means that your doctor needs to tell local health authorities that you have mumps. They will take steps to prevent or control an outbreak. […] It is important for local health authorities to know about cases of mumps so they can control any outbreaks.

Zobacz więcej