Rak szyjki macicy – Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Rak szyjki macicy
Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Rak szyjki macicy jest nowotworem niemal całkowicie zależnym od przewlekłego zakażenia wysokoonkogennymi typami wirusa brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV), głównie typami 16 i 18, które odpowiadają za ponad 99% przypadków. Profilaktyka pierwotna opiera się na szczepieniach przeciwko HPV, które wykazują wysoką skuteczność, redukując zachorowalność na raka szyjki macicy nawet o 90% u zaszczepionych przed rozpoczęciem aktywności seksualnej. Szczepionka Gardasil 9, stosowana m.in. w USA, chroni przed 7 typami HPV wysokiego ryzyka (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) oraz typami 6 i 11 odpowiedzialnymi za brodawki narządów płciowych. Zalecenia CDC i WHO wskazują na szczepienie dzieci w wieku 9-14 lat, z rozszerzeniem do 26. roku życia, a także indywidualną decyzję o szczepieniu w wieku 27-45 lat. Profilaktyka wtórna obejmuje regularne badania przesiewowe: cytologię co 3 lata u kobiet 21-29 lat oraz cytologię, test hrHPV co 5 lat lub ich ko-testowanie u kobiet 30-65 lat. Test hrHPV wykazuje wyższą czułość (96,1%) niż cytologia (53,0%) w wykrywaniu zmian przednowotworowych. Wysokiej jakości badania przesiewowe i leczenie zmian CIN2/3 (ablacja termiczna, wycięcie chirurgiczne) stanowią profilaktykę trzeciorzędową, skutecznie zapobiegającą progresji do raka inwazyjnego.

Profilaktyka raka szyjki macicy

Profilaktyka pierwotna – szczepienia przeciwko HPV
Profilaktyka wtórna – badania przesiewowe
Profilaktyka trzeciorzędowa – leczenie zmian przedrakowych
Dodatkowe metody profilaktyki

Globalna strategia eliminacji raka szyjki macicy

Bariery w profilaktyce raka szyjki macicy
Innowacyjne podejścia w profilaktyce raka szyjki macicy

Znaczenie zapobiegania rakowi szyjki macicy

Kolejne rozdziały

Profilaktyka raka szyjki macicy

Rak szyjki macicy jest jednym z najłatwiej zapobieganych nowotworów złośliwych. Skuteczna profilaktyka tej choroby wymaga podejścia wielokierunkowego, obejmującego profilaktykę pierwotną, wtórną i trzeciorzędową. Dzięki lepszemu zrozumieniu związku między zakażeniem wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) a rozwojem raka szyjki macicy, medycyna prewencyjna zyskała nowe, wysoce obiecujące narzędzia umożliwiające znaczne zmniejszenie zachorowalności i śmiertelności związanej z tym nowotworem.¹²

Profilaktyka pierwotna – szczepienia przeciwko HPV

Kluczowym elementem profilaktyki pierwotnej raka szyjki macicy są szczepienia przeciwko wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV). Prawie wszystkie przypadki raka szyjki macicy (ponad 99%) są spowodowane przetrwałym zakażeniem wysokoonkogennymi typami HPV.¹² Obecnie dostępnych jest 6 szczepionek przeciwko HPV, które chronią przed typami HPV wysokiego ryzyka 16 i 18, odpowiedzialnymi za większość przypadków raka szyjki macicy, i wykazały wysoką skuteczność i bezpieczeństwo w zapobieganiu zakażeniom HPV i rakowi szyjki macicy.¹

W Stanach Zjednoczonych zatwierdzoną szczepionką jest Gardasil 9, która chroni przed typami HPV powodującymi raka szyjki macicy (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 i 58) oraz przed typami 6 i 11 powodującymi brodawki narządów płciowych.¹ W Kanadzie dostępne są trzy szczepionki: Gardasil, Cervarix i Gardasil 9.¹

Szczepionka przeciwko HPV jest najskuteczniejsza, gdy podaje się ją przed rozpoczęciem aktywności seksualnej, ponieważ chroni przed nowymi zakażeniami HPV, ale nie leczy istniejących zakażeń ani chorób.¹² Amerykańskie Centra Kontroli i Zapobiegania Chorobom (CDC) zalecają szczepienie przeciwko HPV dla dzieci w wieku 11-12 lat, ale można je rozpocząć już od 9. roku życia.¹ Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) zaleca szczepienie w wieku 9-14 lat jako wysoce skuteczny sposób zapobiegania zakażeniom HPV i rakowi szyjki macicy.²

Szczepienie przeciwko HPV zalecane jest również dla wszystkich osób do 26. roku życia, które nie zostały wcześniej zaszczepione.² Dorośli w wieku 27-45 lat, którzy nie byli wcześniej szczepieni, mogą zdecydować się na szczepionkę po konsultacji z lekarzem dotyczącej ryzyka nowych zakażeń HPV i potencjalnych korzyści ze szczepienia.²³

Wyniki badań wskazują na znaczną skuteczność szczepień przeciwko HPV. Przełomowe badanie opublikowane w 2022 r. wykazało, że szczepionka przeciwko HPV dramatycznie zmniejsza wskaźniki zachorowalności na raka szyjki macicy nawet o 90% u kobiet w wieku dwudziestu lat, którym zaproponowano szczepienie w wieku 12-13 lat.¹ Badania wykazały również znaczne zmniejszenie częstości występowania zmian przedrakowych szyjki macicy wśród zaszczepionych kobiet – odsetek zmian przedrakowych spowodowanych przez HPV 16 i 18 spadł z 55,2% do 33,3%.¹

Profilaktyka wtórna – badania przesiewowe

Nawet jeśli ktoś został zaszczepiony przeciwko HPV, regularne badania przesiewowe pozostają kluczowe, ponieważ szczepionka nie chroni przed wszystkimi typami HPV, które mogą powodować raka szyjki macicy.¹² Głównym celem badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka szyjki macicy jest wykrycie zmian wysokiego stopnia i wczesnych bezobjawowych form inwazyjnego raka szyjki macicy, przy jednoczesnym unikaniu wykrywania i zbędnego leczenia przejściowych zakażeń HPV i łagodnych zmian.¹

Dostępne są dwa główne testy przesiewowe wykrywające zmiany, które mogą stać się rakiem szyjki macicy:¹

Test cytologiczny (badanie Pap lub wymaz Pap) – wykrywa zmiany przedrakowe, czyli zmiany komórkowe w szyjce macicy, które mogą przekształcić się w raka, jeśli nie zostaną odpowiednio leczone²¹
Test HPV – wykrywa wirusa (brodawczaka ludzkiego), który może powodować te zmiany komórkowe³¹

Systematyczne badania przesiewowe z wykorzystaniem testu cytologicznego (wymaz Pap) w celu wykrycia zmian przedinwazyjnych szyjki macicy i raka we wczesnym stadium drastycznie zmniejszyły częstość występowania i liczbę zgonów z powodu raka szyjki macicy w Stanach Zjednoczonych i innych krajach uprzemysłowionych.¹ Badanie Pap zmniejszyło wskaźniki umieralności z powodu raka szyjki macicy o około 86%.¹

W analizie obejmującej ponad 60 000 kobiet, test na obecność HPV wysokiego ryzyka był znacznie bardziej czuły w wykrywaniu choroby szyjki macicy niż badanie Pap (96,1% vs 53,0%), co zostało później potwierdzone przez badanie obejmujące ponad 47 000 kobiet.²

Obecne wytyczne dotyczące badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka szyjki macicy są następujące:

Kobiety w wieku 21-29 lat powinny wykonywać badanie cytologiczne co 3 lata¹²
Kobiety w wieku 30-65 lat mają do wyboru:

Badanie cytologiczne co 3 lata³
Test na obecność wysokoonkogennego HPV (hrHPV) co 5 lat⁴
Jednoczesne wykonanie badania cytologicznego i testu hrHPV (tzw. co-testing) co 5 lat⁵¹

Wytyczne USPSTF (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force) zalecają przeciwko badaniom przesiewowym w kierunku raka szyjki macicy u kobiet poniżej 21. roku życia, u kobiet powyżej 65. roku życia, które miały odpowiednie wcześniejsze badania i nie są w grupie wysokiego ryzyka, oraz u kobiet, które przeszły histerektomię z usunięciem szyjki macicy i nie mają w wywiadzie zmian przedrakowych wysokiego stopnia ani raka szyjki macicy.⁶⁷⁸

Kobiety zakażone HIV powinny być badane co 3 lata, począwszy od 25. roku życia, ze względu na 6-krotnie większe ryzyko rozwoju raka szyjki macicy w porównaniu z kobietami bez HIV.³¹

Profilaktyka trzeciorzędowa – leczenie zmian przedrakowych

Skuteczne leczenie zmian przedrakowych może pomóc zmniejszyć częstość występowania inwazyjnego raka szyjki macicy i stanowi tzw. profilaktykę trzeciorzędową.² Leczenie zmian przedrakowych jest prostą procedurą i zapobiega rakowi szyjki macicy.²

Zmiany szyjki macicy wysokiego stopnia (CIN2 i CIN3) można leczyć za pomocą terapii ablacyjnych lub wycięcia chirurgicznego.¹ Obecnie dostępne są przenośne urządzenia do ablacji termicznej, które umożliwiają większej liczbie kobiet dostęp do ratującego życie zapobiegania rakowi szyjki macicy w krajach, gdzie występuje większość zgonów.¹

Wczesny rak szyjki macicy można leczyć operacyjnie (histerektomia) lub chemioterapią.² Rak szyjki macicy może być wyleczony, jeśli zostanie zdiagnozowany i leczony we wczesnym stadium choroby.³

Dodatkowe metody profilaktyki

Oprócz szczepień i badań przesiewowych istnieje kilka dodatkowych strategii, które mogą pomóc w zmniejszeniu ryzyka raka szyjki macicy:

Bezpieczniejsze praktyki seksualne:
- Używanie prezerwatyw podczas stosunków płciowych może zmniejszyć ryzyko przenoszenia HPV, chociaż nie zapobiega mu całkowicie, ponieważ HPV może rozprzestrzeniać się przez kontakt fizyczny z zainfekowanymi obszarami, które nie są zakryte prezerwatywą³²
- Ograniczenie liczby partnerów seksualnych i unikanie seksu z osobami, które miały wielu partnerów seksualnych, może obniżyć ryzyko zakażenia HPV³
- Abstynencja seksualna wiąże się z niemal całkowitym zmniejszeniem ryzyka rozwoju raka szyjki macicy¹
Unikanie palenia tytoniu:
- Palenie tytoniu, zarówno czynne, jak i bierne, wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem raka szyjki macicy u kobiet zakażonych HPV⁶
- Według Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Onkologicznego, osoby palące mają większe prawdopodobieństwo zachorowania na raka szyjki macicy niż osoby niepalące¹
- Badacze uważają, że produkty uboczne tytoniu, które znaleziono w śluzie szyjkowym palaczy, mogą uszkadzać DNA komórek szyjki macicy, co może przyczyniać się do rozwoju raka szyjki macicy²
- Niepalenie jest ważnym sposobem zmniejszenia ryzyka zmian przedrakowych i raka szyjki macicy⁴

Globalna strategia eliminacji raka szyjki macicy

W 2020 roku WHO przyjęła Globalną strategię eliminacji raka szyjki macicy jako problemu zdrowia publicznego. Strategia zakłada zmniejszenie liczby nowych przypadków do 4 lub mniej na 100 000 kobiet rocznie i wyznacza trzy cele do osiągnięcia do 2030 roku:⁴¹

90% dziewcząt zaszczepionych szczepionką przeciwko HPV do 15. roku życia⁵
70% kobiet przebadanych za pomocą wysokiej jakości testu w wieku 35 i 45 lat⁶
90% kobiet z chorobą szyjki macicy otrzymujących leczenie (90% kobiet z rakiem przedinwazyjnym leczonych; 90% kobiet z rakiem inwazyjnym objętych opieką)⁷

Te strategiczne cele, znane również jako cele 90-70-90, stanowią plan działania na rzecz eliminacji raka szyjki macicy.¹ Inwestowanie w zapobieganie i kontrolę raka szyjki macicy przynosi korzyści ekonomiczne i społeczne. Szacuje się, że za każdego dolara zainwestowanego w zapobieganie i leczenie raka szyjki macicy, co najmniej 3,20 dolara zostanie zwrócone gospodarce do 2050 roku.²

Amerykańskie Stowarzyszenie Lekarzy (AMA) podkreśla, że rak szyjki macicy jest chorobą, której można zapobiec, a szczepienia przeciwko HPV mogą zapobiec ponad 90% nowotworów związanych z HPV.¹²³ Amerykański College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) stwierdza, że szczepionka przeciwko HPV zmniejsza ryzyko raka szyjki macicy i innych nowotworów związanych z HPV nawet o 99%.¹

Bariery w profilaktyce raka szyjki macicy

Mimo dostępności skutecznych narzędzi profilaktycznych, istnieją bariery w ich wdrażaniu:

Stygmatyzacja związana z HPV i rakiem szyjki macicy może utrudniać skuteczne wdrażanie programów profilaktycznych¹
Wskaźniki wyszczepialności przeciwko HPV są nadal niskie w wielu krajach, a w USA utrzymują się poniżej poziomów docelowych, z nierównościami rasowymi, etnicznymi, społeczno-ekonomicznymi i geograficznymi¹
Osiągnięcie odporności stadnej (populacyjnej) napotyka na wiele wyzwań²
Ograniczenia badań przesiewowych związane z dostępem, kosztami i akceptacją społeczną¹

Aby przezwyciężyć te bariery, konieczne są interwencje ukierunkowane na rozwiązanie problemu stygmatyzacji, które powinny zawierać komunikaty podkreślające, że zakażenia HPV są bardzo powszechne u osób aktywnych seksualnie, że większość osób eliminuje tego wirusa, ale dla innych zakażenie HPV może pozostać utajone przez wiele lat lub nawet dziesięcioleci.²

Innowacyjne podejścia w profilaktyce raka szyjki macicy

W celu zwiększenia dostępności i skuteczności profilaktyki raka szyjki macicy opracowywane są innowacyjne podejścia:

Samodzielne pobieranie próbek do testów HPV:
- Zestawy do samodzielnego pobierania próbek HPV okazały się skuteczne w zwiększaniu uczestnictwa wśród osób, które wcześniej nie poddawały się badaniom przesiewowym¹
- Samodzielne pobieranie próbek z pochwy bez badania miednicy jest jedną z najbardziej ekscytujących strategii w testach molekularnych¹
- FDA niedawno zatwierdziła testy HPV z wykorzystaniem samodzielnie pobranych próbek, co eksperci mają nadzieję zwiększy wskaźniki badań przesiewowych¹²
Zaawansowane biomarkery diagnostyczne:
- Pojawiające się diagnostyki molekularne, takie jak testy na onkoproteiny E6/E7, podwójne barwienie p16/Ki-67, analiza metylacji DNA i profilowanie mikroRNA, oferują większą czułość i swoistość w identyfikacji zmian wysokiego ryzyka²
Integracja usług zdrowotnych:
- Programy mające na celu integrację usług szczepień przeciwko HPV z badaniami przesiewowymi w kierunku raka szyjki macicy, możliwie w koncepcji HPV-FASTER, która sugeruje również szczepienie dorosłych kobiet przeciwko HPV²

Znaczenie zapobiegania rakowi szyjki macicy

Rak szyjki macicy jest jednym z najbardziej zapobieganych nowotworów, a dzięki połączeniu szczepień przeciwko HPV, regularnych badań przesiewowych i skutecznego leczenia zmian przedrakowych możliwe jest praktycznie wyeliminowanie tego nowotworu jako problemu zdrowia publicznego.³

Kompleksowa strategia profilaktyki raka szyjki macicy powinna obejmować:¹²

Szczepienia przeciwko HPV dla dzieci i młodzieży
Regularne badania przesiewowe u kobiet w wieku 30 lat i starszych
Skuteczne leczenie zmian przedrakowych i inwazyjnego raka szyjki macicy
Edukację społeczeństwa w zakresie znaczenia profilaktyki raka szyjki macicy

Dzięki dostępnym metodom profilaktycznym, rak szyjki macicy może stać się pierwszym nowotworem, który zostanie „wyeliminowany” na skalę globalną, co oznacza, że prawie nikt na niego nie zachoruje.¹² Jak stwierdził jeden z ekspertów: „Najlepszą wiadomością na temat raka szyjki macicy jest to, że już go wyleczyliśmy dzięki szczepionce HPV. W kraju takim jak Stany Zjednoczone, gdzie szczepionki są powszechnie dostępne, naprawdę wierzę, że żadna pacjentka nigdy więcej nie musi zachorować na raka szyjki macicy”.²

Zapobieganie rakowi szyjki macicy wymaga podejścia wielosektorowego, obejmującego edukację, budowanie świadomości, rzecznictwo, partnerstwa publiczno-prywatne na rzecz szczepień przeciwko HPV, badań przesiewowych i wczesnego leczenia zmian przedrakowych, zanim przekształcą się w raka.⁴ Wszyscy możemy przyczynić się do osiągnięcia celu, jakim jest eliminacja raka szyjki macicy jako problemu zdrowia publicznego.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Cervical cancer: Can it be prevented?
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4129540/
Cervical cancer prevention requires a multipronged approach involving primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. The key element under primary prevention is human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination. […] Secondary prevention entails early detection of precancerous lesions and its success is determined by the population coverage and the efficacy of the screening technique. […] Last but not the least, effective treatment of precancerous lesions can help to reduce the incidence of invasive cervical cancer and this constitutes tertiary prevention. […] Thus, prevention of cervical cancer involves a multipronged approach of education, creating awareness, advocacy, public-private partnerships for HPV vaccination, screening and early treatment of precancerous lesions before they develop into cancer. […] Cervical cancer is preventable. Cervical cancer can be prevented. The extent to which we achieve this goal depends on us.
#1 Cervical Cancer Prevention & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/cervical/prevention-risk-factors
More than 90 percent of cervical cancers today are caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus so common that more than two-thirds of sexually active women are infected with it at some point. […] In part because cervical cancer tends to grow so slowly, there are a number of measures that a woman can take to prevent it from spreading and becoming advanced: […] Have regular Pap smears to screen for any changes in the cells of the cervix. […] Use condoms regularly to protect yourself from getting HPV. […] Discuss HPV vaccination with your doctor. […] While condoms do not provide complete protection HPV can spread through physical contact with infected areas of the mouth, genitalia, and anus the American Cancer Society reports that using condoms can reduce the rate of HPV infection by about 70 percent.
#1
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to women without HIV. Prophylactic vaccination against HPV and screening and treatment of pre-cancer lesions are effective strategies to prevent cervical cancer and are very cost-effective. […] Being vaccinated at age 9-14 years is a highly effective way to prevent HPV infection, cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Screening from the age of 30 (25 years in women living with HIV) can detect cervical disease, which when treated, also prevents cervical cancer. […] As of 2023, there are 6 HPV vaccines available globally. All protect against the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cervical cancers and have been shown to be safe and effective in preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer.
#1 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention
Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. Gardasil 9 is the FDA-approved vaccine for females and males aged 9 to 45 in the United States. Gardasil 9 is approved to prevent precancers and cancers caused by seven cancer-causing HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) and to prevent genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11. The HPV vaccine does not treat an existing HPV infection. […] The HPV vaccine offers the most protection when given before a person becomes sexually active. Those who are already sexually active may benefit less from the vaccine. This is because sexually active people may have been exposed to some of the HPV types the vaccine targets.
#1 Reducing your risk for cervical cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/cervical/risks/reducing-your-risk
You may lower your risk of developing cervical cancer by doing the following. […] Get vaccinated against human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a risk factor for developing squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), which is a precancerous condition, and cervical cancer. The 3 HPV vaccines available in Canada are Gardasil, Cervarix and Gardasil 9. These vaccines help protect against infection with HPV-16 and HPV-18, the 2 types of HPV most commonly linked with precancerous conditions and cervical cancer. Gardasil 9 also protects against 5 other types of HPV that can cause cancer. All 3 vaccines are approved to help prevent precancerous conditions of the cervix and cervical cancer associated with HPV infection. […] HPV vaccines should be used along with, not instead of, cervical cancer screening. All women whether or not they get an HPV vaccine need to be screened for cervical cancer. The vaccines prevent infection from HPV types that are linked with 70% to 90% of all cervical cancers. But not all cervical cancers will be prevented by the vaccines.
#1 Reducing Risk for Cervical Cancer | Cervical Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html
The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that most often cause cervical cancer. […] HPV vaccination is recommended for preteens aged 11 to 12 years, but can be given starting at age 9. […] HPV vaccination also is recommended for everyone through age 26 years, if they are not vaccinated already. […] HPV vaccination is not recommended for everyone older than age 26 years. However, some adults age 27 through 45 years who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after speaking with their doctor about their risk for new HPV infections and the possible benefits of vaccination. […] HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections, but does not treat existing infections or diseases. This is why the HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. You should get screened for cervical cancer regularly, even if you received an HPV vaccine.
#1 4 ways to reduce risks of cervical cancer – Mayo Clinic News Network
https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/4-ways-to-reduce-cervical-cancer/
HPV plays a role in causing most cervical cancer. Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. […] Screening tests and the HPV vaccine can help prevent cervical cancer from developing. […] The HPV vaccine offers the most protection when given before a person becomes sexually active. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the HPV vaccine for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 and everyone through age 26 who was not previously vaccinated. […] Adults 27 to 45 who were not vaccinated should discuss the HPV vaccine with their health care professional. […] Screening tests can help detect cervical cancer and precancerous cells that may one day develop into cervical cancer. […] Catching cervical cancer early gives you a greater chance for a cure.
#1 6 articles to clue you up on cervical cancer preventionfacebook icontwitter iconlinkedin iconfacebook icontwitter iconinstagram iconlinkedin iconyoutube iconfundraising regulator icon
https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2024/01/22/6-articles-on-cervical-cancer-prevention/
Screening involves testing apparently healthy people without symptoms. It can save lives by finding cancers at an early stage, or even in the case of cervical cancer, preventing them. […] In the UK, cervical screening is done using HPV primary testing, which tests the sample of cervical cells for HPV first. […] HPV vaccination has been offered in the UK since 2008, and in 2022, researchers we funded published a landmark study. […] The study found that the HPV vaccine was shown to dramatically reduce cervical cancer rates by almost 90% in women in their 20s who were offered it at ages 12 to 13. […] Itâs a huge achievement by lots and lots of people. Itâs nice to think that this next generation will probably never really have to worry about cervical cancer in this country. […] HPV testing of self-collected samples may help to reduce inequalities in cervical screening uptake in specific groups of individuals.
#1 Cervical Cancer: Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment | doctors | Jayanthi Lea, M.D. | UT Southwestern Medical Center
https://utswmed.org/doctors/jayanthi-lea/cervical-cancer-prevention-early-detection-and-treatment/
Cervical dysplasia and cancer can be prevented. Primary prevention of cervical cancer can be accomplished by HPV vaccination, which triggers our body to produce antibodies against some high-risk HPV strains. These antibodies can prevent HPV infection. […] We also recommend regular screenings with Pap smears and/or HPV testing, even if women have received HPV vaccination. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a Pap smear every three years for women aged 21 to 29 years. For women aged 30 to 65 years, screening recommendations are: […] There is currently a nine-valent vaccine that protects against the most common high-risk human papillomavirus types, HPV 16 and 18, as well as five other high-risk HPV subtypes and two low-risk subtypes that most commonly cause warts. Findings in a study published in November 2019 showed that, among women who had been vaccinated, the percentage of precancers caused by HPV 16 and 18 dropped from 55.2% to 33.3%. Another study, published in The Lancet medical journal in December 2021, showed a substantial decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer and dysplasia among women in the United Kingdom who had received the HPV vaccine.
#1 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention
Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important. […] Two widely used screening tests are HPV tests and cytology tests (also known as Pap test or Pap smear). These tests can find high-risk HPV infections and abnormal cell changes and precancers that can be treated before they turn into cancer. So it is important for people with a cervix to have regular screening tests starting in their 20s. […] Condoms, which prevent some sexually transmitted diseases, can decrease the risk of HPV transmission. However, they do not completely prevent it. Therefore, exposure to HPV is still possible in areas that are not covered by the condom.
#1 Update on prevention and screening of cervical cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4129537/
In this population, options for prevention include HPV vaccination and decreasing other risk factors associated with HPV infection. […] Another potential way to prevent cervical cancer is the use of HPV vaccination to prevent high risk HPV infection and subsequent cervical carcinogenesis. […] Routine HPV vaccination of girls is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) at 11 to 12 years of age with catch-up vaccinations at 13 to 26 years of age. […] The acquisition of immunity of the entire population or herd immunity has been met by a great deal of challenges. […] The ultimate objective of cervical cancer screening is to find high-grade cancer precursor lesions and early asymptomatic invasive cervical cancer, while avoiding the discovery and needless treatment of fleeting HPV infection and its resultant benign lesions.
#1 Reducing Risk for Cervical Cancer | Cervical Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html
Two screening tests can help find changes that could become precancer or cervical cancer: The Pap test (or Pap smear) looks for precancers, cell changes on the cervix that might become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately. […] The HPV test looks for the virus (human papillomavirus) that can cause these cell changes. […] Screening tests and the HPV vaccine can help prevent cervical cancer.
#1 How Do I Prevent Cervical Cancer? 4 Ways to Prevent Cervical Cancer
https://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/understanding-cervical-cancer-prevention
Cervical cancer is one of the few cancers thats almost totally preventable. The rate of death from this disease has dropped by more than half in the past few decades. […] It comes down to being able to avoid human papillomavirus, or HPV, which is sexually transmitted. HPV is the top cause of cervical cancer, though it doesnt always cause the disease. […] But a vaccine targets some of the riskiest strains of HPV. […] Your Pap or HPV tests can find abnormal cells in your cervix before the cancer starts. […] Finding and treating pre-cancerous cells is the best way to prevent cervical cancer. […] A Pap test is your first line of defense against cervical cancer. […] Identifying precancerous cells will allow treatment to prevent them from becoming cancer. […] Its important to get a Pap test regularly.
#1
https://www.roche.com/stories/strategy-for-cervical-cancer-prevention
Modern cervical screening now includes an HPV DNA test, using the same type of sample as collected for Pap cytology. Women can now be tested for the presence of high-risk HPV. In an analysis of more than 60,000 women, high-risk HPV testing was substantially more sensitive in detecting cervical disease than Pap tests (96.1% vs. 53.0%), a finding later confirmed by a study that included more than 47,000 women. While there is no cure for an HPV infection, it is possible to stop disease progression and treat pre-cancer or cancer. A woman positive for high-risk HPV will need to be managed according to recommended clinical guidelines. A woman who tests negative for high-risk HPV can be confidently reassured that she has a very low risk of developing cervical cancer before the next round of screening.
#1 Update on prevention and screening of cervical cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4129537/
The systemic screening with the Papanicolaou cytological test (Pap smear) to find pre-invasive cervical lesions and early stage cancer has drastically reduced the incidence and death from cervical cancer in the United States and other industrialized nations. […] The new guidelines maintain previous recommendations to not screen women that have received hysterectomies with excision of the cervix for a benign cause and who do not have prior history of cervical cytology higher than CIN2. […] Current guidelines recommend the same screening strategy in individuals that have received the vaccine as in individuals that have not had the vaccine because it will be another decade or more before modeling studies predicting the effectiveness of the vaccine will be available. […] With the advent of the HPV vaccine and the limitless screening possibilities that have been afforded by the growing understanding of HPV and the role that it plays in the evolution of cervical cancer, there is a real possibility that cervical cancer can be eliminated in the future.
#1 Cervical Cancer Prevention & Screening | MUSC Hollings Cancer Center
https://hollingscancercenter.musc.edu/patient-care/cancer-types/gynecologic-cancers/cervical-cancer/prevention-screening
Women should begin getting screened for cervical cancer at the age of 21, regardless of when they become sexually active. […] The Pap test, also called a Pap smear, has helped to reduce cervical cancer death rates by 86%. […] One of the best ways to prevent cervical cancer is to get the HPV vaccine. This vaccine is safe and effective. […] Finding cancer early through regular screenings is the best way to treat it. […] Regular screenings can help to detect the cancer earlier.
#1 Cervical Cancer Facts and Prevention
https://www.karmanos.org/karmanos/cervical-cancer-facts-and-prevention
Cancer is the most curable in its early stages. At the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, we know that routine screenings save lives every day. Advocate for your health and talk with a health care professional to make an informed decision on which screenings are right for you. […] A Pap test checks for abnormal changes in the cells of your cervix. […] The American Cancer Society recommends the following screening guidelines: Women ages 21-29 years should have a Pap test every three years. Women ages 30-65 years should have a Pap test and an HPV test every five years. […] The HPV vaccine protects against some types of HPV that cause cervical cancer and genital warts. It is most effective in women who are not yet sexually active and therefore have not been exposed to the HPV virus. […] Karmanos encourages all females and/or parents to talk with a health care provider about the benefits of HPV vaccination. […] Get regular Pap tests and an HPV test as the age guidelines recommend.
#1 How Do I Prevent Cervical Cancer? 4 Ways to Prevent Cervical Cancer
https://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/understanding-cervical-cancer-prevention
The USPSTF recommends screening using the high-risk HPV (hrHPV) test alone or a combination of the Pap and hrHPV test every 5 years for women over 30. This combination is called cotesting, and its the best way to find early cervical cancer. […] The ideal time to get the HPV vaccine is before youre sexually active. […] Experts recommend boys, girls, and women get the HPV vaccine between ages 11 to 26 to protect them from getting HPV. […] If youre not eligible for the vaccine, your best method of prevention is to keep up with your doctor appointments. […] Youre also less likely to get HPV if you have fewer sex partners. […] It may also help to: Work to keep your weight healthy, Eat lots of fruits and vegetables, Not use birth control pills for an extended time (if that fits your family planning), Not smoke.
#1
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice to address any concerns is a critical step. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#1 Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening
High-grade cervical lesions may be treated with excisional and ablative therapies. Early-stage cervical cancer may be treated with surgery (hysterectomy) or chemotherapy. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Advisory Council on Immunization Practice recommends routine HPV vaccination. […] The overall effect of HPV vaccination on high-grade precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer is not yet known. […] Given these uncertainties, women who have been vaccinated should continue to be screened as recommended until further evidence accrues.
#1 Access to cervical cancer prevention and treatment – Unitaid
https://unitaid.org/project/access-to-cervical-cancer-prevention-and-treatment/
One million women screened for cervical cancer in low-and middle-income countries […] Portable thermal ablation devices allow more women to access lifesaving cervical cancer prevention in countries where the majority of deaths occur […] Unitaid and Expertise France announce the launch of Phase II of the SUCCESS program for the elimination of cervical cancer in ten low-resource countries.
#1 Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQÂ®) – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/hp/cervical-prevention-pdq
Based on solid evidence, DES exposure is associated with an increased risk of developing clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix. […] Based on solid evidence, abstinence from sexual activity is associated with a near-total reduction in the risk of developing cervical cancer. […] Based on solid evidence, vaccination against HPV-16/HPV-18 is effective in preventing HPV infection in HPV-naive individuals and is associated with a reduced incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3. […] Based on solid evidence, the use of barrier methods (e.g., condoms) during sexual intercourse is associated with a decreased risk of cervical cancer.
#1 4 ways to reduce risks of cervical cancer – Mayo Clinic News Network
https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/4-ways-to-reduce-cervical-cancer/
Reduce your risk of cervical cancer by taking measures to prevent HPV and other sexually transmitted infections by limiting the number of sexual partners you have and using a condom every time you have sex. […] According to the American Cancer Society, people who smoke are more likely to get cervical cancer than those who donât. Researchers believe tobacco byproducts, which have been found in the cervical mucus of smokers, may damage the DNA of cervix cells, which can contribute to the development of cervical cancer.
#1 Cervical Cancer Elimination – CCAE
https://cervicalcanceraction.org/cervical-cancer-elimination/
Cervical cancer is preventable and treatable. […] The WHOâs Global Strategy for the Elimination of Cervical Cancer a Public Health Problem provides a roadmap, through the following 90-70-90 targets for 2030: 90% of girls fully vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women are screened with a high-performance test by 35 and 45 years of age, 90% of women identified with cervical disease receive treatment (90% of women with pre-cancer treated; 90% of women with invasive cancer managed). […] Investing in cervical cancer prevention and control now will not only improve health and save lives, it will also have a multiplier effect that can help countries advance other human and social development objectives for generations to come. […] Urgent action is needed to scale up the implementation of these proven cost-effective measures.
#1 Cervical Cancer Elimination – CCAE
https://cervicalcanceraction.org/cervical-cancer-elimination/
With three key strategies and clear 2030 targetsâan increase of HPV vaccination to 90%, twice-lifetime cervical screening to 70%, and treatment of pre-invasive lesions and invasive cancer to 90% (also known as the 90-70-90 targets)âthis global call-to-action provides a roadmap to eliminate cervical cancer. […] Taking action to meet the 90-70-90 targets will not only save millions of lives, it also offers immense economic and societal benefits. […] Investment in the scale-up of cervical cancer prevention and treatment services has a multiplier effect that can help countries advance achievement of other national strategic priorities and the Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs). […] Investing in cervical cancer prevention and control makes sense. For every dollar invested in cervical cancer prevention and treatment, at least $3.20 will be returned to the economy through 2050.
#1 What doctors wish patients knew about cervical cancer prevention | American Medical Association
https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-cervical-cancer-prevention
Cervical cancer is preventable. […] So, we vaccinate girls and boys before they’re sexually active so that when they get exposed to HPV, they can be protected from most types of the virus. […] HPV causes more than nine out of 10 cervical cancers. […] And HPV vaccination can prevent over 90% of HPV related cancers. […] All girls and boys should get the HPV vaccine and can start the series as early as age 9 with general recommendations for routine vaccination at age 11-12. […] It is recommended that anyone up to age 26 receive an HPV vaccine and some older than that may want to get it after discussing it with their physician. […] You actually want to give the vaccine to the adolescent before they have sexual intercourse. It is much more effective. […] I strongly urge people to get vaccinated. The vaccine is very, very safe and millions of people have gotten it.
#1 Cervical Cancer: Symptoms, Screening, and Prevention | Mass General Brigham
https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/cervical-cancer-symptoms
Cervical cancer is cancer that begins in the cervix, which is at the bottom of the uterus (womb). […] The best news about cervical cancer is that weve already cured it with the HPV vaccine. […] The good news is we can prevent cervical cancer with a few shots. According to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the HPV vaccine reduces the risk of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancer by up to 99%. […] The CDC recommends HPV vaccination for children aged 11 to 12 years, and for everyone through age 26, if they havent been vaccinated already. […] Dr. Sisodia also recommends that parents vaccinate all children for HPV, regardless of sex. […] The best news about cervical cancer is that weve already cured it, says Dr. Sisodia. In a country like the United States where theres widespread availability of vaccines, I truly believe that no patient ever needs to get cervical cancer again.
#1 Research in Peru demonstrates that stigma hinders cervical cancer prevention | Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
https://sph.tulane.edu/research-peru-demonstrates-stigma-hinders-cervical-cancer-prevention
Cervical cancer, a preventable disease through vaccination and early detection and management, faces a significant hurdle due to entrenched stigma associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, according to a recent study published by Dr. Valerie Paz Soldan, associate professor of tropical medicine and infectious disease at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. […] The study emphasized the need for early detection of cervical cancer and treatment programs to address this pervasive stigma throughout the healthcare system and community. Without tackling these deeply rooted beliefs, the successful implementation and scaling-up of new programs remain at risk. […] The research team concluded that interventions to combat stigma should incorporate messages emphasizing that HPV infections are very common in sexually active individuals, that most individuals eliminate this virus, but that for others, an HPV infection may remain latent for many years or even decades.
#1 Updated Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines | ACOG
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2021/04/updated-cervical-cancer-screening-guidelines
Human papillomavirus vaccination is another important prevention strategy against cervical cancer, and obstetrician-gynecologists and other health care professionals should continue to strongly recommend HPV vaccination to eligible patients and stress the benefits and safety of the HPV vaccine. […] Cervical cancer prevention, screening, and treatment are critical components of comprehensive reproductive health care.
#1 Enhancing Cervical Cancer Screening: New Diagnostic Methodologies, Triage, and Risk Stratification in Prevention and Treatment
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/3/367
These statistics highlight the widespread nature of HPV infections and underscore the importance of preventive measures such as vaccination and regular screening. […] The review also highlights the impact of multiple HPV infections, which are associated with increased viral load and persistence, thereby elevating the risk of lesion progression. These findings reinforce the importance of genotype-specific surveillance to inform public health policies and optimize the effectiveness of current HPV vaccines. […] This review also highlights the crucial role of advanced diagnostic biomarkers in enhancing HPV detection and cervical cancer screening. While traditional methods like Pap smears and HPV DNA testing are effective, they have limitations in predicting lesion progression and distinguishing transient infections from persistent high-risk cases. Emerging molecular diagnosticsâsuch as E6/E7 oncoprotein assays, p16/Ki-67 dual staining, DNA methylation analysis, and microRNA profilingâoffer greater sensitivity and specificity in identifying high-risk lesions.
#1 Advances in cervical cancer prevention: Efficacy, effectiveness, elimination? | PLOS Medicine
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003035
A growing body of population-based studies have been key in shaping the globally accepted view of HPV vaccine outcomes, in which evidence of efficacy from randomized clinical trials is gradually complemented and refined by findings of sustained effectiveness in clinical practice. […] The foundation for cervical cancer elimination is a 2-pronged approach in which vaccination in adolescents is complemented by more widespread cervical screening in women, defined in the motto 90:70:90i.e., 90% vaccinated, 70% screened, and 90% of those with cervical disease being offered effective treatment. […] Reaching out is now facilitated by HPV-based self-sampling kits, which have been shown to increase participation among previous screening nonattenders. […] Another programmatic challenge will be how to integrate vaccine services with cervical screening delivery, possibly in the HPV-FASTER concept, which suggests also vaccinating adult women against HPV. […] Although efficacious strategies have been developed, several public health challenges remain in order to achieve effective global control of cancers driven by HPV.
#1 Eliminating cervical cancer for good | PATH
https://www.path.org/our-impact/articles/target-elimination-cervical-cancer/
A new possibility for increasing the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of screening programs is the use of molecular tests to detect HPV infection. […] One of the most exciting strategies for the molecular tests is vaginal self-sampling without a pelvic exam. […] PATH was among the first organizations to assess the acceptability and feasibility of vaccinating young adolescent girls against HPV in low-resource countries. […] Currently, in collaboration with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the World Health Organization, PATH offers LMICs technical assistance to help ensure that their HPV vaccination programs are successful. […] Costing studies comparing different screening tests and algorithms, or assessing various strategies to vaccinate young adolescents, are a critical part of PATHs work to inform decision-makers.
#1 NCCC – NCCC is a nonprofit providing in information and support for people and their families experiencing cervical cancer or HPV disease.
https://www.nccc-online.org/
Understanding Cervical Cancer Prevention […] To help women, family members and caregivers battle the personal issues related to cervical cancer and HPV and to advocate for cervical health in all women by promoting prevention through education about early vaccination and regular screening. […] Information on cervical cancer screening and prevention. […] HPV self-collection is a great new option for cervical cancer screening. It is easy to do, and lets you avoid a speculum exam which many people find uncomfortable. […] The FDA recently approved HPV testing using self-collected samples. Experts hope allowing people to collect their own samples will increase screening rates. […] A recent study adds to evidence that one dose of the HPV vaccine might be enough to provide protection against cervical cancer.
#1 Cervical cancer – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cervical-cancer
Safe and effective prophylactic vaccines against oncogenic HPV types are available, allowing for the primary prevention of approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases caused by these HPV types. […] A comprehensive public health strategy is needed to address cervical cancer control, which involves vaccination of adolescents (where affordable and sustainable), screening of women at risk for cervical cancer (women aged 35 years or older), and treatment of all women with precancerous lesions and invasive cancer. […] The scientific evidence in favor of new technologies for the prevention of cervical cancer is clear and well-established. […] The main objective of this Plan is to help Member States develop comprehensive cervical cancer control programs. […] To achieve this goal, the Strategy proposes three objectives for countries by 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage in girls (at 15 years of age); 70% screening coverage (70% of women undergo high-performance testing at ages 35 and 45 years); 90% treatment of precancerous lesions and management of 90% of invasive cancer cases.
#1 6 articles to clue you up on cervical cancer preventionfacebook icontwitter iconlinkedin iconfacebook icontwitter iconinstagram iconlinkedin iconyoutube iconfundraising regulator icon
https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2024/01/22/6-articles-on-cervical-cancer-prevention/
Virtually all cases of cervical cancer are preventable. […] In 2020, the World Health Organisation announced an ambitious plan to create a âcervical cancer-free futureâ. If we succeed, cervical cancer will become the first cancer to be âeliminatedâ on this scale so almost no one gets it. […] This week (22-28 January) is Cervical Cancer Prevention Week, and to recognise that, weâre focussing on how, with research and a combination of vaccination and screening, we can make cervical cancer a thing of the past. […] Weâve rounded up some of our most useful content on cervical cancer, from research in the lab to screening in the clinic, to get you up to date on how we can prevent cervical cancer. […] Cervical screening is one of 3 cancer screening programmes in the UK. It is offered to most women, some trans men and non-binary people with a cervix, aged 25 to 64.
#2 Advances in cervical cancer prevention: Efficacy, effectiveness, elimination? | PLOS Medicine
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003035
Advances in cervical cancer prevention: Efficacy, effectiveness, elimination? […] With major advances in understanding the infectious etiology of cervical cancer, preventive medicine has obtained highly promising new tools. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, together with a growing arsenal of HPV-based screening tests, have the potential to radically change public health but require diligent, large-scale implementation to reach the final goal: the elimination of cervical cancer. […] Currently, there are 3 commercially available HPV vaccines: the bivalent (targeting high-risk types HPV16 and 18), quadrivalent (targeting HPV16, 18, and low-risk types 6 and 11) and nonavalent (targeting HPV6/11/16/18 and a further 5 high-risk types), which have all shown excellent efficacy against cervical cancer precursor lesions and, in the case of the latter 2, against external genital warts.
#2
https://www.roche.com/stories/strategy-for-cervical-cancer-prevention
Advanced screening and diagnostic tests are key to improving disease prevention strategies. Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers today, thanks to vaccination, screening and early treatment. Still, cervical cancer remains one of the most common and deadliest cancers in women worldwide. Approximately 570,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year. Almost all cervical cancers more than 99% are caused by a persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Finding and treating pre-cancerous disease early, before cancer develops, is an important prevention strategy. In 2020, member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) addressed this public health challenge, adopting specific goals calling for the elimination of cervical cancer, including targets for HPV vaccination, screening and treatment. In order to meet these goals, countries especially those with the highest disease burden must take action now.
#2 Cervical Cancer Prevention & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/cervical/prevention-risk-factors
The first vaccine approved by the US Food and Drug Administration was Gardasil. […] The vaccine specifically targets HPV types 16 and 18, which cause about 70 percent of cervical cancer cases, and types 6 and 11, which cause approximately 90 percent of cases of genital warts. […] The vaccine can only be used to prevent an HPV infection; it is not meant for women who already are infected. […] Women without HPV infection or any of these other risk factors rarely develop cervical cancer.
#2
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to women without HIV. Prophylactic vaccination against HPV and screening and treatment of pre-cancer lesions are effective strategies to prevent cervical cancer and are very cost-effective. […] Being vaccinated at age 9-14 years is a highly effective way to prevent HPV infection, cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Screening from the age of 30 (25 years in women living with HIV) can detect cervical disease, which when treated, also prevents cervical cancer. […] As of 2023, there are 6 HPV vaccines available globally. All protect against the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cervical cancers and have been shown to be safe and effective in preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer.
#2 Reducing Risk for Cervical Cancer | Cervical Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html
The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that most often cause cervical cancer. […] HPV vaccination is recommended for preteens aged 11 to 12 years, but can be given starting at age 9. […] HPV vaccination also is recommended for everyone through age 26 years, if they are not vaccinated already. […] HPV vaccination is not recommended for everyone older than age 26 years. However, some adults age 27 through 45 years who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after speaking with their doctor about their risk for new HPV infections and the possible benefits of vaccination. […] HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections, but does not treat existing infections or diseases. This is why the HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. You should get screened for cervical cancer regularly, even if you received an HPV vaccine.
#2 4 ways to reduce risks of cervical cancer – Mayo Clinic News Network
https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/4-ways-to-reduce-cervical-cancer/
HPV plays a role in causing most cervical cancer. Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. […] Screening tests and the HPV vaccine can help prevent cervical cancer from developing. […] The HPV vaccine offers the most protection when given before a person becomes sexually active. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the HPV vaccine for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 and everyone through age 26 who was not previously vaccinated. […] Adults 27 to 45 who were not vaccinated should discuss the HPV vaccine with their health care professional. […] Screening tests can help detect cervical cancer and precancerous cells that may one day develop into cervical cancer. […] Catching cervical cancer early gives you a greater chance for a cure.
#2 Can Cervical Cancer Be Prevented | Ways to Prevent Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
The ACS recommends: HPV vaccination of children between the ages of 9 and 12. […] Its important to know that no vaccine provides complete protection against all cancer-causing types of HPV, so routine cervical cancer screening is still needed. […] HPV is passed from one person to another during skin-to-skin contact with an infected area of the body. […] Limiting the number of sex partners and avoiding sex with people who have had many other sex partners may lower your risk of exposure to HPV. […] Condoms provide some protection against HPV but they dont completely prevent infection. […] Not smoking is another important way to reduce the risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer.
#2 Reducing Risk for Cervical Cancer | Cervical Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html
Two screening tests can help find changes that could become precancer or cervical cancer: The Pap test (or Pap smear) looks for precancers, cell changes on the cervix that might become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately. […] The HPV test looks for the virus (human papillomavirus) that can cause these cell changes. […] Screening tests and the HPV vaccine can help prevent cervical cancer.
#2
https://www.roche.com/stories/strategy-for-cervical-cancer-prevention
Modern cervical screening now includes an HPV DNA test, using the same type of sample as collected for Pap cytology. Women can now be tested for the presence of high-risk HPV. In an analysis of more than 60,000 women, high-risk HPV testing was substantially more sensitive in detecting cervical disease than Pap tests (96.1% vs. 53.0%), a finding later confirmed by a study that included more than 47,000 women. While there is no cure for an HPV infection, it is possible to stop disease progression and treat pre-cancer or cancer. A woman positive for high-risk HPV will need to be managed according to recommended clinical guidelines. A woman who tests negative for high-risk HPV can be confidently reassured that she has a very low risk of developing cervical cancer before the next round of screening.
#2 Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening
Women aged 21 to 29 years The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer every 3 years with cervical cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years. […] For women aged 30 to 65 years, the USPSTF recommends screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting). […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than 21 years. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 2 or 3) or cervical cancer. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.
#2 Cervical cancer: Can it be prevented?
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4129540/
Cervical cancer prevention requires a multipronged approach involving primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. The key element under primary prevention is human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination. […] Secondary prevention entails early detection of precancerous lesions and its success is determined by the population coverage and the efficacy of the screening technique. […] Last but not the least, effective treatment of precancerous lesions can help to reduce the incidence of invasive cervical cancer and this constitutes tertiary prevention. […] Thus, prevention of cervical cancer involves a multipronged approach of education, creating awareness, advocacy, public-private partnerships for HPV vaccination, screening and early treatment of precancerous lesions before they develop into cancer. […] Cervical cancer is preventable. Cervical cancer can be prevented. The extent to which we achieve this goal depends on us.
#2
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice to address any concerns is a critical step. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#2 Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening
High-grade cervical lesions may be treated with excisional and ablative therapies. Early-stage cervical cancer may be treated with surgery (hysterectomy) or chemotherapy. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Advisory Council on Immunization Practice recommends routine HPV vaccination. […] The overall effect of HPV vaccination on high-grade precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer is not yet known. […] Given these uncertainties, women who have been vaccinated should continue to be screened as recommended until further evidence accrues.
#2 Cervical Cancer Prevention & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/cervical/prevention-risk-factors
More than 90 percent of cervical cancers today are caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus so common that more than two-thirds of sexually active women are infected with it at some point. […] In part because cervical cancer tends to grow so slowly, there are a number of measures that a woman can take to prevent it from spreading and becoming advanced: […] Have regular Pap smears to screen for any changes in the cells of the cervix. […] Use condoms regularly to protect yourself from getting HPV. […] Discuss HPV vaccination with your doctor. […] While condoms do not provide complete protection HPV can spread through physical contact with infected areas of the mouth, genitalia, and anus the American Cancer Society reports that using condoms can reduce the rate of HPV infection by about 70 percent.
#2 4 ways to reduce risks of cervical cancer – Mayo Clinic News Network
https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/4-ways-to-reduce-cervical-cancer/
Reduce your risk of cervical cancer by taking measures to prevent HPV and other sexually transmitted infections by limiting the number of sexual partners you have and using a condom every time you have sex. […] According to the American Cancer Society, people who smoke are more likely to get cervical cancer than those who donât. Researchers believe tobacco byproducts, which have been found in the cervical mucus of smokers, may damage the DNA of cervix cells, which can contribute to the development of cervical cancer.
#2 Cervical Cancer Elimination – CCAE
https://cervicalcanceraction.org/cervical-cancer-elimination/
With three key strategies and clear 2030 targetsâan increase of HPV vaccination to 90%, twice-lifetime cervical screening to 70%, and treatment of pre-invasive lesions and invasive cancer to 90% (also known as the 90-70-90 targets)âthis global call-to-action provides a roadmap to eliminate cervical cancer. […] Taking action to meet the 90-70-90 targets will not only save millions of lives, it also offers immense economic and societal benefits. […] Investment in the scale-up of cervical cancer prevention and treatment services has a multiplier effect that can help countries advance achievement of other national strategic priorities and the Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs). […] Investing in cervical cancer prevention and control makes sense. For every dollar invested in cervical cancer prevention and treatment, at least $3.20 will be returned to the economy through 2050.
#2 What doctors wish patients knew about cervical cancer prevention | American Medical Association
https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-cervical-cancer-prevention
Cervical cancer is preventable. […] So, we vaccinate girls and boys before they’re sexually active so that when they get exposed to HPV, they can be protected from most types of the virus. […] HPV causes more than nine out of 10 cervical cancers. […] And HPV vaccination can prevent over 90% of HPV related cancers. […] All girls and boys should get the HPV vaccine and can start the series as early as age 9 with general recommendations for routine vaccination at age 11-12. […] It is recommended that anyone up to age 26 receive an HPV vaccine and some older than that may want to get it after discussing it with their physician. […] You actually want to give the vaccine to the adolescent before they have sexual intercourse. It is much more effective. […] I strongly urge people to get vaccinated. The vaccine is very, very safe and millions of people have gotten it.
#2 Update on prevention and screening of cervical cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4129537/
In this population, options for prevention include HPV vaccination and decreasing other risk factors associated with HPV infection. […] Another potential way to prevent cervical cancer is the use of HPV vaccination to prevent high risk HPV infection and subsequent cervical carcinogenesis. […] Routine HPV vaccination of girls is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) at 11 to 12 years of age with catch-up vaccinations at 13 to 26 years of age. […] The acquisition of immunity of the entire population or herd immunity has been met by a great deal of challenges. […] The ultimate objective of cervical cancer screening is to find high-grade cancer precursor lesions and early asymptomatic invasive cervical cancer, while avoiding the discovery and needless treatment of fleeting HPV infection and its resultant benign lesions.
#2 Research in Peru demonstrates that stigma hinders cervical cancer prevention | Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
https://sph.tulane.edu/research-peru-demonstrates-stigma-hinders-cervical-cancer-prevention
Cervical cancer, a preventable disease through vaccination and early detection and management, faces a significant hurdle due to entrenched stigma associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, according to a recent study published by Dr. Valerie Paz Soldan, associate professor of tropical medicine and infectious disease at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. […] The study emphasized the need for early detection of cervical cancer and treatment programs to address this pervasive stigma throughout the healthcare system and community. Without tackling these deeply rooted beliefs, the successful implementation and scaling-up of new programs remain at risk. […] The research team concluded that interventions to combat stigma should incorporate messages emphasizing that HPV infections are very common in sexually active individuals, that most individuals eliminate this virus, but that for others, an HPV infection may remain latent for many years or even decades.
#2 NCCC – NCCC is a nonprofit providing in information and support for people and their families experiencing cervical cancer or HPV disease.
https://www.nccc-online.org/
Understanding Cervical Cancer Prevention […] To help women, family members and caregivers battle the personal issues related to cervical cancer and HPV and to advocate for cervical health in all women by promoting prevention through education about early vaccination and regular screening. […] Information on cervical cancer screening and prevention. […] HPV self-collection is a great new option for cervical cancer screening. It is easy to do, and lets you avoid a speculum exam which many people find uncomfortable. […] The FDA recently approved HPV testing using self-collected samples. Experts hope allowing people to collect their own samples will increase screening rates. […] A recent study adds to evidence that one dose of the HPV vaccine might be enough to provide protection against cervical cancer.
#2 Enhancing Cervical Cancer Screening: New Diagnostic Methodologies, Triage, and Risk Stratification in Prevention and Treatment
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/3/367
These statistics highlight the widespread nature of HPV infections and underscore the importance of preventive measures such as vaccination and regular screening. […] The review also highlights the impact of multiple HPV infections, which are associated with increased viral load and persistence, thereby elevating the risk of lesion progression. These findings reinforce the importance of genotype-specific surveillance to inform public health policies and optimize the effectiveness of current HPV vaccines. […] This review also highlights the crucial role of advanced diagnostic biomarkers in enhancing HPV detection and cervical cancer screening. While traditional methods like Pap smears and HPV DNA testing are effective, they have limitations in predicting lesion progression and distinguishing transient infections from persistent high-risk cases. Emerging molecular diagnosticsâsuch as E6/E7 oncoprotein assays, p16/Ki-67 dual staining, DNA methylation analysis, and microRNA profilingâoffer greater sensitivity and specificity in identifying high-risk lesions.
#2 Advances in cervical cancer prevention: Efficacy, effectiveness, elimination? | PLOS Medicine
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003035
A growing body of population-based studies have been key in shaping the globally accepted view of HPV vaccine outcomes, in which evidence of efficacy from randomized clinical trials is gradually complemented and refined by findings of sustained effectiveness in clinical practice. […] The foundation for cervical cancer elimination is a 2-pronged approach in which vaccination in adolescents is complemented by more widespread cervical screening in women, defined in the motto 90:70:90i.e., 90% vaccinated, 70% screened, and 90% of those with cervical disease being offered effective treatment. […] Reaching out is now facilitated by HPV-based self-sampling kits, which have been shown to increase participation among previous screening nonattenders. […] Another programmatic challenge will be how to integrate vaccine services with cervical screening delivery, possibly in the HPV-FASTER concept, which suggests also vaccinating adult women against HPV. […] Although efficacious strategies have been developed, several public health challenges remain in order to achieve effective global control of cancers driven by HPV.
#2 Cervical cancer – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cervical-cancer
Safe and effective prophylactic vaccines against oncogenic HPV types are available, allowing for the primary prevention of approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases caused by these HPV types. […] A comprehensive public health strategy is needed to address cervical cancer control, which involves vaccination of adolescents (where affordable and sustainable), screening of women at risk for cervical cancer (women aged 35 years or older), and treatment of all women with precancerous lesions and invasive cancer. […] The scientific evidence in favor of new technologies for the prevention of cervical cancer is clear and well-established. […] The main objective of this Plan is to help Member States develop comprehensive cervical cancer control programs. […] To achieve this goal, the Strategy proposes three objectives for countries by 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage in girls (at 15 years of age); 70% screening coverage (70% of women undergo high-performance testing at ages 35 and 45 years); 90% treatment of precancerous lesions and management of 90% of invasive cancer cases.
#2 6 articles to clue you up on cervical cancer preventionfacebook icontwitter iconlinkedin iconfacebook icontwitter iconinstagram iconlinkedin iconyoutube iconfundraising regulator icon
https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2024/01/22/6-articles-on-cervical-cancer-prevention/
Virtually all cases of cervical cancer are preventable. […] In 2020, the World Health Organisation announced an ambitious plan to create a âcervical cancer-free futureâ. If we succeed, cervical cancer will become the first cancer to be âeliminatedâ on this scale so almost no one gets it. […] This week (22-28 January) is Cervical Cancer Prevention Week, and to recognise that, weâre focussing on how, with research and a combination of vaccination and screening, we can make cervical cancer a thing of the past. […] Weâve rounded up some of our most useful content on cervical cancer, from research in the lab to screening in the clinic, to get you up to date on how we can prevent cervical cancer. […] Cervical screening is one of 3 cancer screening programmes in the UK. It is offered to most women, some trans men and non-binary people with a cervix, aged 25 to 64.
#2 Cervical Cancer: Symptoms, Screening, and Prevention | Mass General Brigham
https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/cervical-cancer-symptoms
Cervical cancer is cancer that begins in the cervix, which is at the bottom of the uterus (womb). […] The best news about cervical cancer is that weve already cured it with the HPV vaccine. […] The good news is we can prevent cervical cancer with a few shots. According to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the HPV vaccine reduces the risk of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancer by up to 99%. […] The CDC recommends HPV vaccination for children aged 11 to 12 years, and for everyone through age 26, if they havent been vaccinated already. […] Dr. Sisodia also recommends that parents vaccinate all children for HPV, regardless of sex. […] The best news about cervical cancer is that weve already cured it, says Dr. Sisodia. In a country like the United States where theres widespread availability of vaccines, I truly believe that no patient ever needs to get cervical cancer again.
#3 Reducing Risk for Cervical Cancer | Cervical Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html
The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that most often cause cervical cancer. […] HPV vaccination is recommended for preteens aged 11 to 12 years, but can be given starting at age 9. […] HPV vaccination also is recommended for everyone through age 26 years, if they are not vaccinated already. […] HPV vaccination is not recommended for everyone older than age 26 years. However, some adults age 27 through 45 years who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after speaking with their doctor about their risk for new HPV infections and the possible benefits of vaccination. […] HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections, but does not treat existing infections or diseases. This is why the HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. You should get screened for cervical cancer regularly, even if you received an HPV vaccine.
#3 Reducing Risk for Cervical Cancer | Cervical Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html
Two screening tests can help find changes that could become precancer or cervical cancer: The Pap test (or Pap smear) looks for precancers, cell changes on the cervix that might become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately. […] The HPV test looks for the virus (human papillomavirus) that can cause these cell changes. […] Screening tests and the HPV vaccine can help prevent cervical cancer.
#3 Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening
Women aged 21 to 29 years The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer every 3 years with cervical cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years. […] For women aged 30 to 65 years, the USPSTF recommends screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting). […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than 21 years. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 2 or 3) or cervical cancer. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.
#3
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to women without HIV. Prophylactic vaccination against HPV and screening and treatment of pre-cancer lesions are effective strategies to prevent cervical cancer and are very cost-effective. […] Being vaccinated at age 9-14 years is a highly effective way to prevent HPV infection, cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Screening from the age of 30 (25 years in women living with HIV) can detect cervical disease, which when treated, also prevents cervical cancer. […] As of 2023, there are 6 HPV vaccines available globally. All protect against the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cervical cancers and have been shown to be safe and effective in preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer.
#3
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice to address any concerns is a critical step. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#3 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention
Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important. […] Two widely used screening tests are HPV tests and cytology tests (also known as Pap test or Pap smear). These tests can find high-risk HPV infections and abnormal cell changes and precancers that can be treated before they turn into cancer. So it is important for people with a cervix to have regular screening tests starting in their 20s. […] Condoms, which prevent some sexually transmitted diseases, can decrease the risk of HPV transmission. However, they do not completely prevent it. Therefore, exposure to HPV is still possible in areas that are not covered by the condom.
#3 Can Cervical Cancer Be Prevented | Ways to Prevent Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
The ACS recommends: HPV vaccination of children between the ages of 9 and 12. […] Its important to know that no vaccine provides complete protection against all cancer-causing types of HPV, so routine cervical cancer screening is still needed. […] HPV is passed from one person to another during skin-to-skin contact with an infected area of the body. […] Limiting the number of sex partners and avoiding sex with people who have had many other sex partners may lower your risk of exposure to HPV. […] Condoms provide some protection against HPV but they dont completely prevent infection. […] Not smoking is another important way to reduce the risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer.
#3 What doctors wish patients knew about cervical cancer prevention | American Medical Association
https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-cervical-cancer-prevention
Cervical cancer is preventable. […] So, we vaccinate girls and boys before they’re sexually active so that when they get exposed to HPV, they can be protected from most types of the virus. […] HPV causes more than nine out of 10 cervical cancers. […] And HPV vaccination can prevent over 90% of HPV related cancers. […] All girls and boys should get the HPV vaccine and can start the series as early as age 9 with general recommendations for routine vaccination at age 11-12. […] It is recommended that anyone up to age 26 receive an HPV vaccine and some older than that may want to get it after discussing it with their physician. […] You actually want to give the vaccine to the adolescent before they have sexual intercourse. It is much more effective. […] I strongly urge people to get vaccinated. The vaccine is very, very safe and millions of people have gotten it.
#3 Cervical cancer: Can it be prevented?
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4129540/
Cervical cancer prevention requires a multipronged approach involving primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. The key element under primary prevention is human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination. […] Secondary prevention entails early detection of precancerous lesions and its success is determined by the population coverage and the efficacy of the screening technique. […] Last but not the least, effective treatment of precancerous lesions can help to reduce the incidence of invasive cervical cancer and this constitutes tertiary prevention. […] Thus, prevention of cervical cancer involves a multipronged approach of education, creating awareness, advocacy, public-private partnerships for HPV vaccination, screening and early treatment of precancerous lesions before they develop into cancer. […] Cervical cancer is preventable. Cervical cancer can be prevented. The extent to which we achieve this goal depends on us.
#4 Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening
Women aged 21 to 29 years The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer every 3 years with cervical cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years. […] For women aged 30 to 65 years, the USPSTF recommends screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting). […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than 21 years. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 2 or 3) or cervical cancer. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.
#4 Can Cervical Cancer Be Prevented | Ways to Prevent Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
The ACS recommends: HPV vaccination of children between the ages of 9 and 12. […] Its important to know that no vaccine provides complete protection against all cancer-causing types of HPV, so routine cervical cancer screening is still needed. […] HPV is passed from one person to another during skin-to-skin contact with an infected area of the body. […] Limiting the number of sex partners and avoiding sex with people who have had many other sex partners may lower your risk of exposure to HPV. […] Condoms provide some protection against HPV but they dont completely prevent infection. […] Not smoking is another important way to reduce the risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer.
#4
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice to address any concerns is a critical step. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#4 Cervical cancer: Can it be prevented?
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4129540/
Cervical cancer prevention requires a multipronged approach involving primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. The key element under primary prevention is human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination. […] Secondary prevention entails early detection of precancerous lesions and its success is determined by the population coverage and the efficacy of the screening technique. […] Last but not the least, effective treatment of precancerous lesions can help to reduce the incidence of invasive cervical cancer and this constitutes tertiary prevention. […] Thus, prevention of cervical cancer involves a multipronged approach of education, creating awareness, advocacy, public-private partnerships for HPV vaccination, screening and early treatment of precancerous lesions before they develop into cancer. […] Cervical cancer is preventable. Cervical cancer can be prevented. The extent to which we achieve this goal depends on us.
#5 Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening
Women aged 21 to 29 years The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer every 3 years with cervical cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years. […] For women aged 30 to 65 years, the USPSTF recommends screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting). […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than 21 years. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 2 or 3) or cervical cancer. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.
#5
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice to address any concerns is a critical step. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#6 Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening
Women aged 21 to 29 years The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer every 3 years with cervical cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years. […] For women aged 30 to 65 years, the USPSTF recommends screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting). […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than 21 years. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 2 or 3) or cervical cancer. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.
#6 Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQÂ®) – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/hp/cervical-prevention-pdq
Based on solid evidence, HPV infection is associated with the development of cervical cancer. […] Based on solid evidence, being immunosuppressed is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. […] Based on solid evidence, sexual activity at a younger age and an increasing number of sexual partners are both associated with an increased risk of HPV infection and subsequent development of cervical cancer. […] Based on solid evidence, high parity is associated with increased risk of cervical cancer in HPV-infected women. […] Based on solid evidence, long-term use of oral contraceptives is associated with increased risk of cervical cancer in HPV-infected women. […] Based on solid evidence, cigarette smoking, both active and passive, is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer in HPV-infected women.
#6
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice to address any concerns is a critical step. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#7 Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening
Women aged 21 to 29 years The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer every 3 years with cervical cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years. […] For women aged 30 to 65 years, the USPSTF recommends screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting). […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than 21 years. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 2 or 3) or cervical cancer. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.
#7
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice to address any concerns is a critical step. […] All countries have made a commitment to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#8 Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening
Women aged 21 to 29 years The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer every 3 years with cervical cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years. […] For women aged 30 to 65 years, the USPSTF recommends screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting). […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than 21 years. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 2 or 3) or cervical cancer. […] The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.