Rak szyjki macicy – Epidemiologia

Rak szyjki macicy
Epidemiologia

Rak szyjki macicy (RSM) pozostaje czwartym najczęściej występującym nowotworem złośliwym u kobiet na świecie, z około 660 000 nowych przypadków i 350 000 zgonów w 2022 roku. Występują wyraźne różnice geograficzne: kraje o niskim i średnim dochodzie, zwłaszcza Afryka Subsaharyjska, Ameryka Łacińska i Azja Południowo-Wschodnia, odpowiadają za około 88% zachorowań i 90% zgonów. Wskaźniki zachorowalności wahają się od 2 do 43,1 na 100 000 kobiet, a śmiertelności od 2 do około 20 na 100 000, z najwyższym obciążeniem w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej. W krajach rozwiniętych, takich jak USA, Wielka Brytania czy Australia, obserwuje się spadek zachorowalności i umieralności dzięki programom badań przesiewowych i szczepieniom HPV, choć w niektórych populacjach i grupach wiekowych (np. kobiety poniżej 50 lat) odnotowuje się wzrost zachorowań. W Polsce wskaźnik zachorowalności wynosi 18,9 na 100 000, a umieralności 10,5 na 100 000, z 5-letnim przeżyciem na poziomie 55,1%, co jest gorszym wynikiem niż w Europie Zachodniej.

Epidemiologia raka szyjki macicy

Globalne zróżnicowanie zachorowalności
Zachorowalność w wybranych regionach
Trendy czasowe i zmiany w epidemiologii
Czynniki ryzyka i etiologia

Badania przesiewowe i wczesne wykrywanie

Metody badań przesiewowych
Skuteczność i wyzwania badań przesiewowych
Badania przesiewowe w różnych populacjach

Surveillance i monitorowanie

Rejestry nowotworów i systemy nadzoru
Kluczowe wskaźniki monitorowania
Trendy w nadzorze i monitorowaniu

Globalne inicjatywy i strategie eliminacji

Strategie WHO i cele globalne
Rola nadzoru w eliminacji raka szyjki macicy
Postępy w kierunku eliminacji

Wnioski i perspektywy

Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia raka szyjki macicy

Rak szyjki macicy (RSM) stanowi poważny globalny problem zdrowotny, będąc czwartym najczęściej występującym nowotworem złośliwym wśród kobiet na świecie. W 2022 roku odnotowano około 660 000 nowych przypadków oraz około 350 000 zgonów spowodowanych tym nowotworem¹². Epidemiologiczne zachowanie raka szyjki macicy przypomina chorobę weneryczną o niskiej zakaźności³. Pomimo znacznego postępu w profilaktyce i wczesnym wykrywaniu, rak szyjki macicy pozostaje jedną z głównych przyczyn zgonów z powodu nowotworów wśród kobiet⁴.

Globalne zróżnicowanie zachorowalności

Zachorowalność na raka szyjki macicy wykazuje znaczne różnice geograficzne. Najwyższe wskaźniki zachorowalności i umieralności odnotowuje się w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie, gdzie występuje około 88% wszystkich przypadków i 90% zgonów⁵⁶. Regiony o najwyższym obciążeniu tym nowotworem to Afryka Subsaharyjska, Ameryka Środkowa i Południowo-Wschodnia Azja⁷⁸. Wskaźniki umieralności różnią się nawet 50-krotnie między krajami, wahając się od 2 na 100 000 kobiet w niektórych krajach o wysokim dochodzie do 40 na 100 000 w niektórych krajach Afryki Subsaharyjskiej⁹.

W Ameryce Łacińskiej i na Karaibach wskaźniki umieralności są trzykrotnie wyższe niż w Ameryce Północnej, co podkreśla ogromne nierówności zdrowotne¹⁰. W 2022 roku w regionie Ameryki zdiagnozowano ponad 78 000 kobiet z rakiem szyjki macicy, a ponad 40 000 zmarło z powodu tej choroby¹¹.

Zachorowalność w wybranych regionach

W Stanach Zjednoczonych rak szyjki macicy jest stosunkowo rzadki w porównaniu do innych regionów świata. Według American Cancer Society, w 2025 roku przewiduje się około 13 360 nowych przypadków inwazyjnego raka szyjki macicy oraz około 4 320 zgonów z tego powodu¹²¹³. Wskaźnik nowych przypadków wynosi 7,7 na 100 000 kobiet rocznie, a wskaźnik śmiertelności wynosi 2,2 na 100 000 kobiet rocznie¹⁴. Rak szyjki macicy stanowi 0,7% wszystkich nowych przypadków nowotworów w USA¹⁵.

W Wielkiej Brytanii każdego roku diagnozuje się około 3 300 nowych przypadków raka szyjki macicy, co stanowi około 9 przypadków dziennie. Nowotwór ten odpowiada za 2% wszystkich nowych przypadków nowotworów u kobiet¹⁶. Wskaźniki zachorowań na raka szyjki macicy w Anglii u kobiet są o 65% wyższe w najbardziej ubogich obszarach w porównaniu z najmniej ubogimi (2013-2017)¹⁷¹⁸.

W Chinach rak szyjki macicy jest drugim co do wielkości nowotworem złośliwym u kobiet. W ciągu ostatnich 20 lat zachorowalność i śmiertelność z powodu raka szyjki macicy stopniowo wzrastały¹⁹. W 2020 roku liczba nowych przypadków raka szyjki macicy w Chinach wynosiła 109 741, a liczba zgonów – 59 060. Według najnowszych danych z Narodowego Centrum Raka, wskaźnik zachorowalności na raka szyjki macicy wynosi 11,4 na 100 000, a wskaźnik śmiertelności wynosi 3,4 na 100 000, przy czym oba wykazują tendencję wzrostową²⁰.

W Polsce rak szyjki macicy charakteryzuje się wyższymi wskaźnikami zachorowalności i umieralności oraz niższymi wskaźnikami 5-letniego przeżycia w porównaniu z Europą Zachodnią. Wskaźnik zachorowalności na raka szyjki macicy w Polsce stopniowo maleje, przy rocznej zmianie procentowej wynoszącej -3,3 (95% CI od 5,2 do 1,4; p 0,05). Standaryzowany względem wieku wskaźnik zachorowalności wynoszący 18,9 plasuje Polskę na 20. miejscu spośród 27 krajów europejskich, podczas gdy wskaźnik umieralności wynoszący 10,5 jest dwukrotnie wyższy niż średnia europejska. Tylko 55,1% zdiagnozowanych kobiet przeżywa 5 lat, co plasuje Polskę blisko końca rankingu w Europie²¹.

Trendy czasowe i zmiany w epidemiologii

W ciągu ostatnich dekad obserwuje się ogólną tendencję spadkową w zachorowalności i umieralności na raka szyjki macicy w krajach rozwiniętych, głównie dzięki wprowadzeniu programów badań przesiewowych²²²³. W Stanach Zjednoczonych wskaźniki zachorowalności na raka szyjki macicy spadły o ponad połowę od połowy lat 70. do połowy lat 2000. głównie ze względu na zwiększone wykorzystanie badań przesiewowych, ale ustabilizowały się w ciągu ostatniej dekady²⁴. Wskaźnik śmiertelności z powodu raka szyjki macicy w USA spadł o ponad połowę od połowy lat 70. XX wieku, choć w ostatnich latach również się ustabilizował²⁵.

W krajach rozwijających się, zwłaszcza w Ameryce Łacińskiej, na Karaibach i w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej, obciążenie rakiem szyjki macicy nadal rośnie²⁶. W Brazylii obserwuje się tendencję wzrostową śmiertelności od 2014 roku, po 14 latach spadku. Szczególnie wzrost śmiertelności zaobserwowano wśród młodszych grup wiekowych oraz w regionach północnym i północno-wschodnim niezależnie od wieku²⁷.

W niektórych krajach, w tym Finlandii, Wielkiej Brytanii, Danii i Chinach, wskaźniki zachorowalności na raka szyjki macicy rosną wśród młodszych pokoleń²⁸. W Stanach Zjednoczonych zaobserwowano trend wzrostowy wśród białych kobiet poniżej 50 roku życia mieszkających w obszarach objętych programem Statystyki, Epidemiologii i Końcowych Wyników (SEER) Narodowego Instytutu Raka²⁹.

Czynniki ryzyka i etiologia

Główną przyczyną zmian przedrakowych i rakowych szyjki macicy jest zakażenie wysokim ryzykiem lub onkogennymi typami wirusa brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV)³⁰. Większość przypadków raka szyjki macicy występuje w wyniku zakażenia HPV16 i 18³¹. Według najnowszych dowodów, DNA HPV jest obecne w 99,7% przypadków raka szyjki macicy³².

Międzynarodowa Agencja Badań nad Rakiem (IARC) Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) sklasyfikowała zakażenie HPV jako „rakotwórcze” dla ludzi (typy HPV 16 i 18), „prawdopodobnie” rakotwórcze (typy HPV 31 i 33) i „potencjalnie” rakotwórcze (inne typy HPV z wyjątkiem 6 i 11)³³.

Poza zakażeniem HPV, zidentyfikowano szereg czynników ryzyka sprzyjających rozwojowi raka szyjki macicy. Należą do nich: wysoka liczba porodów, długotrwałe stosowanie doustnych środków antykoncepcyjnych, palenie tytoniu, współzakażenie innymi czynnikami przenoszonymi drogą płciową, czynniki stylu życia takie jak wielu partnerów seksualnych, wczesny wiek pierwszego stosunku płciowego, immunosupresja i dieta³⁴.

Kobiety żyjące z HIV są 6 razy bardziej narażone na rozwój raka szyjki macicy w porównaniu z ogólną populacją, a około 5% wszystkich przypadków raka szyjki macicy przypisuje się HIV³⁵³⁶. Trend prezentacji i diagnozy w zaawansowanych stadiach u kobiet żyjących z HIV może częściowo wyjaśniać różnice w ogólnym przeżyciu³⁷.

Badania przesiewowe i wczesne wykrywanie

Badania przesiewowe odgrywają kluczową rolę w profilaktyce i wczesnym wykrywaniu raka szyjki macicy. Wprowadzenie programów badań przesiewowych znacząco przyczyniło się do spadku zachorowalności i umieralności na raka szyjki macicy w krajach rozwiniętych³⁸³⁹.

Metody badań przesiewowych

Metody badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka szyjki macicy ewoluowały od obserwacji morfologii komórek do testów molekularnych⁴⁰. Główne metody badań przesiewowych to:

Tradycyjny test Pap (cytologia konwencjonalna)
Wzrokowa inspekcja z kwasem octowym i płynem Lugola (VIA/VILI)
Cytologia płynna (LBC)
Testowanie HPV⁴¹

Testowanie HPV stało się kluczową częścią badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka szyjki macicy obok testów opartych na cytologii⁴². Zastosowanie wykrywania HPV przyspieszyło przejście badań przesiewowych raka szyjki macicy od morfologii do biologii molekularnej⁴³.

Konsensus paneli IARC i WHO doszedł do wniosku, że istnieje wystarczające uzasadnienie do oceny testowania HPV jako uzupełnienia badań przesiewowych cytologicznych w kierunku raka szyjki macicy⁴⁴.

Skuteczność i wyzwania badań przesiewowych

Badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka szyjki macicy okazały się skuteczne w zmniejszaniu zachorowalności i umieralności. W niektórych krajach zachodnich, gdzie od dawna funkcjonują zorganizowane programy badań przesiewowych opartych na cytologii, wskaźniki zachorowalności na raka szyjki macicy spadły nawet o 65% w ciągu ostatnich czterech dekad⁴⁵.

Pomimo skuteczności, cytologia ma istotne ograniczenia, z których najważniejsze to wyniki fałszywie ujemne⁴⁶. Ponadto, dostęp do badań przesiewowych pozostaje wyzwaniem w wielu regionach, zwłaszcza w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie. W Kenii szacowano, że w 2015 roku objęcie badaniami przesiewowymi wynosiło tylko 16%⁴⁷.

W Stanach Zjednoczonych badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka szyjki macicy zmniejszają się od 2000 roku⁴⁸. W 2023 roku 75,8% kobiet w wieku 21-65 lat było na bieżąco z badaniami przesiewowymi w kierunku raka szyjki macicy⁴⁹. Kobiety, które nigdy nie były badane, stoją w obliczu największego ryzyka rozwoju inwazyjnego raka szyjki macicy⁵⁰.

Badania przesiewowe w różnych populacjach

Istnieją znaczące różnice w dostępie do badań przesiewowych i ich wykorzystaniu między różnymi grupami społeczno-ekonomicznymi i demograficznymi:

Kobiety z obszarów o niższym statusie społeczno-ekonomicznym mają niższe wskaźniki badań przesiewowych⁵¹
Wskaźniki badań przesiewowych różnią się w zależności od rasy/pochodzenia etnicznego⁵²
Poziom wykształcenia wpływa na korzystanie z badań przesiewowych⁵³

W Polsce tylko 10% Polaków otrzymało szczepionkę przeciwko HPV, a pokrycie badaniami cytologicznymi nie przekracza 25%⁵⁴. W Chinach obecny wskaźnik szczepień przeciwko HPV u dziewcząt w wieku 9-14 lat wynosi mniej niż 5%, w przeciwieństwie do celu WHO, który zakłada ponad 90% pokrycia szczepieniami⁵⁵.

Surveillance i monitorowanie

Solidne systemy nadzoru i monitorowania są fundamentalne dla oceny i ewaluacji postępów w krajach w zakresie kontroli raka szyjki macicy⁵⁶. Monitorowanie trendów zachorowalności, umieralności i przeżywalności w czasie może pomóc naukowcom zrozumieć, czy dokonuje się postęp i gdzie potrzebne są dodatkowe badania, aby sprostać wyzwaniom, takim jak poprawa badań przesiewowych lub znalezienie lepszych metod leczenia⁵⁷.

Rejestry nowotworów i systemy nadzoru

Rejestry nowotworowe odgrywają kluczową rolę w monitorowaniu epidemiologii raka szyjki macicy:

Czeski Narodowy Rejestr Nowotworów (CNCR) stał się integralną częścią kompleksowej opieki onkologicznej, zawierając ponad 3 miliony zapisów z lat 1977-2022 i obejmując 100% czeskiej populacji⁵⁸
Afrykańska Sieć Rejestrów Nowotworów (AFCRN) przyczyniła się do poprawy rejestracji nowotworów na kontynencie i wygenerowała dane, które mogą być wykorzystane do oszacowania obciążenia różnymi nowotworami w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej⁵⁹
W Stanach Zjednoczonych narzędzie Wizualizacji Danych ułatwia każdemu eksplorację i wykorzystanie najnowszych oficjalnych danych rządowych dotyczących nowotworów z United States Cancer Statistics⁶⁰

Narzędzie Pulpit Danych Raka Szyjki Macicy oferuje interaktywny geoprzestrzenny widok danych dotyczących raka szyjki macicy w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w tym dane nadzoru (wskaźniki zachorowalności, wskaźniki umieralności). Mapy te mogą być wykorzystywane przez badaczy, pracowników zdrowia publicznego, decydentów i innych do zrozumienia i zilustrowania obciążenia rakiem szyjki macicy w społecznościach w całych Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz do pomocy w planowaniu i dostosowywaniu interwencji⁶¹.

Kluczowe wskaźniki monitorowania

Główne wskaźniki monitorowane w ramach nadzoru nad rakiem szyjki macicy obejmują:

Zachorowalność: liczba nowych przypadków raka szyjki macicy w określonym czasie
Umieralność: liczba zgonów spowodowanych rakiem szyjki macicy
Przeżywalność: odsetek osób, które przeżywają określony czas po diagnozie
Pokrycie badaniami przesiewowymi: odsetek kwalifikującej się populacji, która przechodzi badania przesiewowe
Pokrycie szczepieniami przeciwko HPV: odsetek docelowej populacji, która została zaszczepiona⁶²

Przy użyciu modeli statystycznych do analizy, standaryzowane względem wieku wskaźniki nowych przypadków raka szyjki macicy były stabilne w latach 2013-2022. Standaryzowane względem wieku wskaźniki umieralności spadają średnio o 0,7% każdego roku w latach 2014-2023⁶³.

Trendy w nadzorze i monitorowaniu

W badaniu przeprowadzonym przez UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center wykazano alarmującą liczbę kalifornijskich kobiet w wieku 65 lat i starszych, które stają w obliczu diagnozy raka szyjki macicy w późnym stadium i umierają z powodu tej choroby, pomimo wytycznych, które zalecają większości kobiet zaprzestanie badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka szyjki macicy w tym wieku⁶⁴.

Ustalenia z badania opublikowanego w Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention z 9 stycznia 2023 roku wykazały, że prawie jeden na pięć nowych przypadków raka szyjki macicy zdiagnozowanych w latach 2009-2018 dotyczył kobiet w wieku 65 lat i starszych⁶⁵.

W latach 2008-2022 zachorowalność na zmiany przedrakowe szyjki macicy zmniejszyła się o 79%, a zachorowalność na zmiany przedrakowe wyższego stopnia zmniejszyła się o 80% wśród badanych kobiet w wieku 20-24 lat, czyli w grupie wiekowej, która najprawdopodobniej została zaszczepiona. Dane te są zgodne ze znaczącym wpływem amerykańskiego programu szczepień przeciwko HPV na zmniejszenie zmian przedrakowych szyjki macicy⁶⁶.

Globalne inicjatywy i strategie eliminacji

Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) zdefiniowała eliminację jako zmniejszenie liczby nowych przypadków rocznie do 4 lub mniej na 100 000 kobiet i ustanowiła trzy cele do osiągnięcia do 2030 roku, aby skierować wszystkie kraje na drogę do eliminacji w nadchodzących dekadach⁶⁷.

Strategie WHO i cele globalne

Globalna strategia WHO definiuje trzy kluczowe cele do osiągnięcia do 2030 roku:

90% dziewcząt zaszczepionych szczepionką przeciwko HPV do 15 roku życia
70% kobiet przebadanych za pomocą wysokiej jakości testu w wieku 35 i 45 lat
90% kobiet z chorobą szyjki macicy otrzymujących leczenie⁶⁸

W 2018 roku 56. Rada Kierująca Panamerykańskiej Organizacji Zdrowia (PAHO) zatwierdziła Plan Działania na rzecz Zapobiegania i Kontroli Raka Szyjki Macicy 2018-2030, aby zapobiegać i kontrolować tę chorobę. Głównym celem tego Planu jest pomoc Państwom Członkowskim w opracowaniu kompleksowych programów kontroli raka szyjki macicy⁶⁹.

Na Zgromadzeniu WHO w 2020 roku zaproponowano „globalną strategię przyspieszenia eliminacji raka szyjki macicy jako problemu zdrowia publicznego”, a 194 kraje osiągnęły konsensus w sprawie eliminacji raka szyjki macicy. Raport podkreśla szczepienia przeciwko wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV), badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka szyjki macicy oraz leczenie zmian przedrakowych w celu zapobiegania i kontroli raka szyjki macicy⁷⁰.

Rola nadzoru w eliminacji raka szyjki macicy

Solidne systemy nadzoru i monitorowania są fundamentalne dla oceny i ewaluacji postępów w krajach w zakresie kontroli raka szyjki macicy⁷¹. Aby generować informacje niezbędne do planowania, wdrażania, monitorowania, oceny i skalowania programów zapobiegania i kontroli raka szyjki macicy, dostępne są pewne zasoby operacyjne i narzędzia, które kraje mogą wykorzystać⁷².

W 2007 roku Centra Kontroli i Zapobiegania Chorobom sfinansowały współpracę między CEIP a California Department of Public Health STD Control Branch w celu przeprowadzenia nadzoru nad zmianami przedrakowymi szyjki macicy, w tym śródnabłonkowym neoplazji szyjki macicy (CIN) 2/3 i gruczolakorakiem in situ (AIS). Ten wysiłek nadzorczy jest kontynuowany w hrabstwie Alameda w Kalifornii we współpracy z Alameda County Department of Public Health i California Cancer Registry⁷³.

Cele tego programu nadzoru obejmują:

Określenie obciążenia CIN 2/3, AIS i raka szyjki macicy w hrabstwie Alameda oraz monitorowanie trendów w zachorowalności
Monitorowanie i ocena wpływu szczepionek przeciwko HPV⁷⁴

Postępy w kierunku eliminacji

Wiele krajów poczyniło znaczące postępy w kierunku eliminacji raka szyjki macicy:

W Australii od czasu wprowadzenia w 1991 roku zorganizowanych badań przesiewowych liczba kobiet zdiagnozowanych z rakiem szyjki macicy spadała średnio o 4,5% każdego roku⁷⁵
W Wielkiej Brytanii wskaźniki zachorowalności na raka szyjki macicy zmniejszyły się od lat 80. po wprowadzeniu krajowych programów badań przesiewowych NHS w Wielkiej Brytanii w 1988 roku. Wskaźniki zmniejszyły się o 49% w Wielkiej Brytanii od ich szczytu w latach 1985-1987⁷⁶
W Stanach Zjednoczonych zgony z powodu raka szyjki macicy zmniejszyły się o około 74% w ciągu ostatnich 50 lat, głównie dzięki powszechnemu badaniu przesiewowemu za pomocą testu Pap⁷⁷

Jednak wyzwania pozostają, szczególnie w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie. Rak szyjki macicy jest główną przyczyną śmierci z powodu nowotworów u kobiet w 37 krajach, z czego 29 to kraje Afryki Subsaharyjskiej, a pozostałe to kraje Ameryki Środkowej i Południowej⁷⁸.

Region	Zachorowalność (na 100 000)	Śmiertelność (na 100 000)	Główne wyzwania
Afryka Subsaharyjska	43.1	~20	Ograniczony dostęp do badań przesiewowych, niskie pokrycie szczepieniami HPV
Ameryka Łacińska i Karaiby	~20	~10	Nierówny dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej, ograniczone zasoby
Azja Południowo-Wschodnia	~15	~8	Bariery kulturowe, ograniczona infrastruktura opieki zdrowotnej
Europa Wschodnia	~15	~6	Niewystarczające pokrycie badaniami przesiewowymi
Europa Zachodnia	~7	~2	Spadek uczestnictwa w badaniach przesiewowych
Ameryka Północna	~7	~2	Nierówności w dostępie do opieki zdrowotnej, różnice rasowe
Australia/Nowa Zelandia	~5	~2	Różnice w populacjach rdzennych

Wnioski i perspektywy

Rak szyjki macicy pozostaje znaczącym globalnym problemem zdrowia publicznego, z wyraźnymi różnicami geograficznymi w obciążeniu chorobą. Kraje o niskim i średnim dochodzie, szczególnie w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej, Ameryce Łacińskiej i Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, doświadczają nieproporcjonalnie wysokich wskaźników zachorowalności i umieralności⁷⁹⁸⁰.

Chociaż ogólny obraz pozostaje obrazem zmniejszającej się zachorowalności i umieralności, pojawiają się oznaki zwiększonego ryzyka raka szyjki macicy, prawdopodobnie z powodu zmian w zachowaniach seksualnych⁸¹. W niektórych krajach, w tym Finlandii, Wielkiej Brytanii, Danii i Chinach, wskaźniki zachorowalności na raka szyjki macicy rosną wśród młodszych pokoleń⁸².

Oczekuje się, że kompleksowe podejście do kontroli raka szyjki macicy, obejmujące szczepienia HPV, badania przesiewowe i leczenie, znacząco zmniejszy globalne obciążenie tą chorobą. Projekcje, które uwzględniają oczekiwany wpływ szczepień przeciwko HPV, wskazują, że wskaźniki zachorowalności na raka szyjki macicy będą spadać w nadchodzących dekadach⁸³.

Potrzeba kompleksowej strategii zdrowia publicznego do zwalczania raka szyjki macicy, która obejmuje szczepienia nastolatków (tam, gdzie jest to przystępne cenowo i zrównoważone), badania przesiewowe kobiet zagrożonych rakiem szyjki macicy (kobiety w wieku 35 lat lub starsze) oraz leczenie wszystkich kobiet ze zmianami przedrakowymi i inwazyjnym rakiem⁸⁴.

Chociaż rak szyjki macicy zagraża zdrowiu kobiet, mógłby być pierwszym nowotworem, który zostałby wyeliminowany przez ludzkość dzięki kompleksowej strategii zapobiegania i kontroli⁸⁵.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally with around 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths in 2022. […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services and social and economic determinants. […] Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with around 660 000 new cases in 2022. In the same year, about 94% of the 350 000 deaths caused by cervical cancer occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Central America and South-East Asia. […] Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to the general population, and an estimated 5% of all cervical cancer cases are attributable to HIV.
#2 Cervical cancer | Knowledge Action Portal on NCDs
https://www.knowledge-action-portal.com/en/content/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally with around 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths in 2022. […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services and social and economic determinants. […] Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with around 660 000 new cases in 2022. In the same year, about 94% of the 350 000 deaths caused by cervical cancer occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Central America and South-East Asia. Regional differences in the cervical cancer burden are related to inequalities in access to vaccination, screening and treatment services, risk factors including HIV prevalence, and social and economic determinants such as sex, gender biases and poverty.
#3 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among females worldwide and its behavior epidemiologically likes a venereal disease of low infectiousness. […] The wide differences in the incidence among different countries also influenced by the introduction of screening. […] Although the general picture remains one of decreasing incidence and mortality, there are signs of an increasing cervical cancer risk probably due to changes in sexual behavior. […] Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among women. […] In 2018 worldwide with an estimated 570,000 cases and 311,000 deaths, cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. […] However, approximately 85% of the worldwide deaths from cervical cancer occur in underdeveloped or developing countries, and the death rate is 18 times higher in low-income and middle-income countries compared with wealthier countries.
#4 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among females worldwide and its behavior epidemiologically likes a venereal disease of low infectiousness. […] The wide differences in the incidence among different countries also influenced by the introduction of screening. […] Although the general picture remains one of decreasing incidence and mortality, there are signs of an increasing cervical cancer risk probably due to changes in sexual behavior. […] Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among women. […] In 2018 worldwide with an estimated 570,000 cases and 311,000 deaths, cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. […] However, approximately 85% of the worldwide deaths from cervical cancer occur in underdeveloped or developing countries, and the death rate is 18 times higher in low-income and middle-income countries compared with wealthier countries.
#5 Cervical cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer
Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common type of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women, with over 660,000 new cases and around 350,000 deaths in 2022. […] 88% (2020 figure) of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and 2% (2020 figure) in high-income countries (HICs). […] The large majority of cervical cancer cases in 2020 (88%) occurred in LMICs, where they account for 17% of all cancers in women, compared with only 2% in high-income countries (HICs). […] Mortality rates vary 50-fold between countries, ranging from 2 per 100 000 women in some HICs to 40 per 100 000 in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Of the 20 hardest hit countries by cervical cancer, 19 are in Africa. […] The number of women diagnosed with cervical cancer has dropped on average by 4.5% each year since organised screening began in 1991 (1991-2005).
#6
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally with around 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths in 2022. […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services and social and economic determinants. […] Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with around 660 000 new cases in 2022. In the same year, about 94% of the 350 000 deaths caused by cervical cancer occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Central America and South-East Asia. […] Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to the general population, and an estimated 5% of all cervical cancer cases are attributable to HIV.
#7
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally with around 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths in 2022. […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services and social and economic determinants. […] Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with around 660 000 new cases in 2022. In the same year, about 94% of the 350 000 deaths caused by cervical cancer occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Central America and South-East Asia. […] Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to the general population, and an estimated 5% of all cervical cancer cases are attributable to HIV.
#8 Trends in cervical cancer incidence in sub-Saharan Africa | British Journal of Cancer
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-020-0831-9
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). […] Trends in the incidence of cervical cancer are examined for a period of 10-25 years in 10 population-based cancer registries across eight SSA countries (Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe). A total of 21,990 cases of cervical cancer were included in the analyses. […] Overall, cervical cancer incidence has been increasing in SSA. The current high-level advocacy to reduce the burden of cervical cancer in SSA needs to be translated into support for prevention (vaccination against human papillomavirus and population-wide screening), with careful monitoring of results through population-based registries. […] In 2018 it was estimated that there were about 570,000 new cases of cervical cancer (CC) worldwide, with 80% of these cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. CC is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer of women worldwide, and the most common cancer in half (23/46) of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (although second in frequency to breast cancer overall).
#9 Cervical cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer
Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common type of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women, with over 660,000 new cases and around 350,000 deaths in 2022. […] 88% (2020 figure) of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and 2% (2020 figure) in high-income countries (HICs). […] The large majority of cervical cancer cases in 2020 (88%) occurred in LMICs, where they account for 17% of all cancers in women, compared with only 2% in high-income countries (HICs). […] Mortality rates vary 50-fold between countries, ranging from 2 per 100 000 women in some HICs to 40 per 100 000 in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Of the 20 hardest hit countries by cervical cancer, 19 are in Africa. […] The number of women diagnosed with cervical cancer has dropped on average by 4.5% each year since organised screening began in 1991 (1991-2005).
#10 Cervical cancer – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cervical-cancer
The high disease burden of cervical cancer in the Americas represents a major public health problem that must be addressed through a comprehensive and interprogrammatic strategy (sexual and reproductive health, adolescent health, immunization and cervical cancer control). […] In 2022, more than 78,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and more than 40,000 died from the disease in the Region of the Americas. […] Mortality rates are 3 times higher in Latin America and the Caribbean than in North America, highlighting huge health inequalities. […] Cervical cancer screening with high-throughput tests, such as the HPV DNA test, is recommended. […] A comprehensive public health strategy is needed to address cervical cancer control, which involves vaccination of adolescents (where affordable and sustainable), screening of women at risk for cervical cancer (women aged 35 years or older), and treatment of all women with precancerous lesions and invasive cancer.
#11 Cervical cancer – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cervical-cancer
The high disease burden of cervical cancer in the Americas represents a major public health problem that must be addressed through a comprehensive and interprogrammatic strategy (sexual and reproductive health, adolescent health, immunization and cervical cancer control). […] In 2022, more than 78,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and more than 40,000 died from the disease in the Region of the Americas. […] Mortality rates are 3 times higher in Latin America and the Caribbean than in North America, highlighting huge health inequalities. […] Cervical cancer screening with high-throughput tests, such as the HPV DNA test, is recommended. […] A comprehensive public health strategy is needed to address cervical cancer control, which involves vaccination of adolescents (where affordable and sustainable), screening of women at risk for cervical cancer (women aged 35 years or older), and treatment of all women with precancerous lesions and invasive cancer.
#12 Cervical Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 13,360. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 4,320. […] The rate of new cases of cervical cancer was 7.7 per 100,000 women per year. The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Cervical cancer represents 0.7% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 13,360 new cases of cervical cancer and an estimated 4,320 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new cervical cancer cases have been stable over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 0.7% each year over 2014-2023.
#13 Cervical Cancer Statistics | Key Facts About Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
About 13,360 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed. […] About 4,320 women will die from cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer incidence rates decreased by more than half from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s, largely because of the increased use of screening, but they have stabilized over the past decade. […] The cervical cancer death rate has dropped by more than half since the mid-1970s because of prevention and screening, although rates have stabilized in recent years. The death rates for Black women and Native American women are about 65% higher than for White women.
#14 Cervical Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 13,360. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 4,320. […] The rate of new cases of cervical cancer was 7.7 per 100,000 women per year. The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Cervical cancer represents 0.7% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 13,360 new cases of cervical cancer and an estimated 4,320 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new cervical cancer cases have been stable over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 0.7% each year over 2014-2023.
#15 Cervical Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 13,360. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 4,320. […] The rate of new cases of cervical cancer was 7.7 per 100,000 women per year. The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Cervical cancer represents 0.7% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 13,360 new cases of cervical cancer and an estimated 4,320 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new cervical cancer cases have been stable over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 0.7% each year over 2014-2023.
#16 Cervical cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/cervical-cancer
There are around 3,300 new cervical cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s around 9 every day (2017-2019). […] Cervical cancer accounts for 2% of all new cancer cases in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Cervical cancer incidence rates in England in females are 65% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] Mortality rates for cervical cancer in the UK are highest in females aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Cervical cancer is the the 19th most common cause of cancer death in females in the UK, accounting for 1% of all cancer deaths in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Cervical cancer survival has increased in the last 50 years in the UK. […] 99.8% of cervical cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 1 in 130 UK females will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in their lifetime (born in 1961).
#17 Cervical cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/cervical-cancer
There are around 3,300 new cervical cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s around 9 every day (2017-2019). […] Cervical cancer accounts for 2% of all new cancer cases in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Cervical cancer incidence rates in England in females are 65% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] Mortality rates for cervical cancer in the UK are highest in females aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Cervical cancer is the the 19th most common cause of cancer death in females in the UK, accounting for 1% of all cancer deaths in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Cervical cancer survival has increased in the last 50 years in the UK. […] 99.8% of cervical cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 1 in 130 UK females will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in their lifetime (born in 1961).
#18 Cervical cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/cervical-cancer/incidence
Cervical cancer incidence rates have varied between age groups in females in the UK since the early 1990s. Rates in 0-19s have remained stable, in 20-24s have remained stable, in 25-34s have increased by 35%, in 35-49s have decreased by 13%, in 50-64s have decreased by 33%, in 65-79s have decreased by 58% and in 80+s have decreased by 45%. […] Cervical cancer incidence trends probably reflect the effective implementation of the UK cervical screening programmes in the late 1980s. […] Projections which take into account the expected impact of HPV vaccination indicate that cervical cancer incidence rates will fall in future decades. […] Cervical cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 65% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] It is estimated that there are around 520 more cases of cervical cancer each year in England than there would be if every deprivation quintile had the same age-specific crude incidence rates as the least deprived quintile.
#19 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
Cervical cancer ranks second in incidence and mortality behind breast cancer in lower Human Development Index (HDI) settings; however, it is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in 28 countries and the leading cause of cancer death in 42 countries, the vast majority of which are in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Eastern Asia. […] In China, cervical cancer is the second largest female malignant tumor. […] In the past 20 years, the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer have been increasing gradually in China. […] Studies have confirmed that persistent infection of high-risk HPV is closely related to the occurrence of cervical cancer. […] A multi-center cross-sectional survey study showed that the infection rate of high-risk HPV in China is about 14.3%, and the dominant types are HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 and 73.
#20 Frontiers | Strategies to eliminate cervical cancer in China
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2023.1105468/full
Cervical cancer is a widely distributed disease that is preventable and controllable through early intervention. The World Health Organization has identified three key measures, coverage populations and coverage targets to eliminate cervical cancer. […] The prevalence of cervical cancer in China is also very serious. In 2020, the number of new cervical cancer cases in China is 109,741 and the number of deaths is 59,060. According to the latest data from the National Cancer Center, the incidence rate of cervical cancer is 11.4 per 100,000, and the mortality rate is 3.4 per 100,000, with an increasing trend for both. […] A „global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem” was proposed at the WHO Assembly in 2020, and 194 countries reached consensus on the elimination of cervical cancer. The report emphasizes human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, cervical cancer screening, and precancerous lesion treatment to prevent and control cervical cancer.
#21 Cervical cancer in Poland â epidemiology, prevention, and treatment pathways | Seweryn | Oncology in Clinical Practice
https://journals.viamedica.pl/oncology_in_clinical_practice/article/view/100857
Cervical cancer in Poland has a higher incidence and mortality rates, and lower 5-year survival rates compared to Western Europe. […] The incidence rate of cervical cancer in Poland is gradually decreasing, with an annual percent change of -3.3 (95% CI from 5.2 to 1.4; p 0.05). The age-standardized incidence rate of 18.9 ranks Poland 20th of 27 European countries, while the mortality rate of 10.5 is twice as high as the European average. With only 55.1% of diagnosed women surviving 5 years, Poland ranks near the bottom in Europe. Additionally, only 10% of Poles have received anti-HPV immunization, and cytology screening coverage does not exceed 25%. […] Cervical cancer outcomes in Poland remain significantly below the European average. There is a pressing need for enhanced preventative measures and education in womens health.
#22 Cervical Cancer Statistics | Key Facts About Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
About 13,360 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed. […] About 4,320 women will die from cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer incidence rates decreased by more than half from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s, largely because of the increased use of screening, but they have stabilized over the past decade. […] The cervical cancer death rate has dropped by more than half since the mid-1970s because of prevention and screening, although rates have stabilized in recent years. The death rates for Black women and Native American women are about 65% higher than for White women.
#23 Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC80931/
ORGANIZED SCREENING HAS CONTRIBUTED TO A DECLINE in cervical cancer incidence and mortality over the past 50 years. […] An estimated 371 000 new cases of invasive cervical cancer are diagnosed world wide each year, representing nearly 10% of all cancers in women. […] The highest risk areas are in Central and South America, southern and eastern Africa, and the Caribbean, with incidence rates of at least 30 new cases per 100 000 women per year. […] Incidence and mortality have declined in North America during the last 50 years because of increased availability of Papanicolaou smear screening programs and a decline in fertility rates over the last 4 decades. […] There seems to be a trend of increasing incidence during the last few years among white women less than 50 years old living in the United States in areas covered by the Statistics, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute.
#24 Cervical Cancer Statistics | Key Facts About Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
About 13,360 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed. […] About 4,320 women will die from cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer incidence rates decreased by more than half from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s, largely because of the increased use of screening, but they have stabilized over the past decade. […] The cervical cancer death rate has dropped by more than half since the mid-1970s because of prevention and screening, although rates have stabilized in recent years. The death rates for Black women and Native American women are about 65% higher than for White women.
#25 Cervical Cancer Statistics | Key Facts About Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
About 13,360 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed. […] About 4,320 women will die from cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer incidence rates decreased by more than half from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s, largely because of the increased use of screening, but they have stabilized over the past decade. […] The cervical cancer death rate has dropped by more than half since the mid-1970s because of prevention and screening, although rates have stabilized in recent years. The death rates for Black women and Native American women are about 65% higher than for White women.
#26 Trends in cervical cancer incidence in sub-Saharan Africa | British Journal of Cancer
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-020-0831-9
The global burden of CC is unevenly distributed worldwide and women in SSA are disproportionately affected with higher incidence and mortality rates than in any other region of the world. Southern Africa reports the highest age standardised incidence rate (ASR) of CC worldwide (43.1 per 100,000). […] In developed countries, such as the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), the incidence of CC has fallen dramatically since the 1960s, owing to the implementation of population-wide screening programmes, cytology based initially, using human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing more recently. In contrast, the incidence of CC in developing countries continues to rise due to the absence of effective population-level screening programmes, poor awareness about prevention, inequitable access to health services, poverty and low socioeconomic status.
#27 Temporal trends, spatial and spatiotemporal clusters of cervical cancer mortality in Brazil from 2000 to 2021 | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-75378-1
Cervical cancer, despite being preventable through primary and secondary prevention strategies, remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women in Brazil. This study aimed to analyze the temporal, spatial, and space-time patterns of cervical cancer mortality in Brazil. A total of 123,306 deaths associated with cervical cancer among women were registered during the study period. A rising trend in mortality was detected since 2014 onwards, after 14 years of decline. Particularly, an increase in mortality was observed among the younger age groups, and in the North and Northeast regions regardless of age. Heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of cervical cancer mortality was observed, with high mortality clusters around the country, but mostly concentrated in the North and Northeast regions. These findings suggest a need and an opportunity to develop efficient and effective health policies targeting those regions and groups of women at higher risk which in turn will allow for fast and significant reductions in cervical cancer mortality in Brazil.
#28 Cancer cervix: Epidemiology and disease burden – CytoJournal
https://cytojournal.com/cancer-cervix-epidemiology-and-disease-burden/
In several western countries, where organized cytology based screening programs have long been established, cervical cancer rates have decreased by as much as 65% over the past four decades. […] Cervix cancer incidence shows wide variations across India with Aizawl PBCR, North East India (24.3) registering the highest Age Adjusted Incidence Rate followed by Barshi, Maharashtra (19.5) and Bengaluru (18.9). […] In contrast to the favorable trends reported above, cervical cancer rates have been increasing among younger generations in several countries, including Finland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and China. […] HPV infection is a sexually transmitted disease. Infection with high-risk HPV infection (hrHPV) is now viewed as a necessary precondition for the development of all cervical cancer and precancerous intraepithelial lesions and is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide.
#29 Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC80931/
ORGANIZED SCREENING HAS CONTRIBUTED TO A DECLINE in cervical cancer incidence and mortality over the past 50 years. […] An estimated 371 000 new cases of invasive cervical cancer are diagnosed world wide each year, representing nearly 10% of all cancers in women. […] The highest risk areas are in Central and South America, southern and eastern Africa, and the Caribbean, with incidence rates of at least 30 new cases per 100 000 women per year. […] Incidence and mortality have declined in North America during the last 50 years because of increased availability of Papanicolaou smear screening programs and a decline in fertility rates over the last 4 decades. […] There seems to be a trend of increasing incidence during the last few years among white women less than 50 years old living in the United States in areas covered by the Statistics, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute.
#30 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
The primary cause of pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions is infection with a high-risk or oncogenic HPV types. […] Most cases of cervical cancer occur as a result of infection with HPV16 and 18. […] The screening methods for cervical cancer are mainly as following: traditional Pap smear, visual inspection with acetic acid Lugols iodine (VIA/VILI), liquid-based cytology (LBC) and HPV testing. […] Cervical cancer screening has been facilitated since the cause clarified. […] HPV-based testing is a pivotal part for cervical cancer screening besides cytology-based tests. […] The application of HPV detection has accelerated the transition of cervical cancer screening from morphology to molecular biology. […] In China, cervical cancer screening started since 1990s, although late compared with Western countries, China still achieved great breakthroughs.
#31 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
The primary cause of pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions is infection with a high-risk or oncogenic HPV types. […] Most cases of cervical cancer occur as a result of infection with HPV16 and 18. […] The screening methods for cervical cancer are mainly as following: traditional Pap smear, visual inspection with acetic acid Lugols iodine (VIA/VILI), liquid-based cytology (LBC) and HPV testing. […] Cervical cancer screening has been facilitated since the cause clarified. […] HPV-based testing is a pivotal part for cervical cancer screening besides cytology-based tests. […] The application of HPV detection has accelerated the transition of cervical cancer screening from morphology to molecular biology. […] In China, cervical cancer screening started since 1990s, although late compared with Western countries, China still achieved great breakthroughs.
#32 Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC80931/
The WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified HPV infection as „carcinogenic” to humans (HPV types 16 and 18), „probably” carcinogenic (HPV types 31 and 33) and „possibly” carcinogenic (other HPV types except 6 and 11). […] It is now well established that HPV infection is the central causal factor in cervical cancer. […] Recent evidence using meticulous testing by polymerase chain reaction of a large international collection of cervical cancer specimens has shown that HPV DNA is present in 99.7% of cases. […] Despite its success, cytology has important limitations, false-negative results being the most important. […] The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (formerly the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination) and various consensus workshops have provided national recommendations that have been reaffirmed on separate occasions by provinces or by cancer prevention coalitions. […] Consensus panels of the IARC and WHO have concluded that there is enough justification to evaluate HPV testing as an adjunct to Pap smear screening in cervical cancer.
#33 Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC80931/
The WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified HPV infection as „carcinogenic” to humans (HPV types 16 and 18), „probably” carcinogenic (HPV types 31 and 33) and „possibly” carcinogenic (other HPV types except 6 and 11). […] It is now well established that HPV infection is the central causal factor in cervical cancer. […] Recent evidence using meticulous testing by polymerase chain reaction of a large international collection of cervical cancer specimens has shown that HPV DNA is present in 99.7% of cases. […] Despite its success, cytology has important limitations, false-negative results being the most important. […] The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (formerly the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination) and various consensus workshops have provided national recommendations that have been reaffirmed on separate occasions by provinces or by cancer prevention coalitions. […] Consensus panels of the IARC and WHO have concluded that there is enough justification to evaluate HPV testing as an adjunct to Pap smear screening in cervical cancer.
#34 Cancer cervix: Epidemiology and disease burden – CytoJournal
https://cytojournal.com/cancer-cervix-epidemiology-and-disease-burden/
Persistent infection with about 15 hrHPV types is the major risk factor for cervical cancer, with HPV-16 and HPV-18 infections accounting for about 70% of the total cases. […] Several risk factors for contracting HPV infection and its further progress to cervical carcinogenesis has been established. High parity, long-term use of oral contraceptive pills, tobacco consumption, co-infection with other sexually transmitted agents, lifestyle factors such as multiple sexual partners, younger age at first sexual intercourse, immunosuppression, and diet have been identified as the co-factors most likely to influence the risk of acquisition and progression from cervical HPV infection to high grade cervical precancers to invasive cancers. […] Epidemiological studies with HPV typing have estimated HPV-16/18 to account for 70% of all cervical cancers worldwide. The HPV-16/18 fraction is reported to be slightly higher in more developed (7277%) than in less developed (6572%) regions.
#35
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally with around 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths in 2022. […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services and social and economic determinants. […] Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with around 660 000 new cases in 2022. In the same year, about 94% of the 350 000 deaths caused by cervical cancer occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Central America and South-East Asia. […] Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to the general population, and an estimated 5% of all cervical cancer cases are attributable to HIV.
#36 Cervical cancer | Knowledge Action Portal on NCDs
https://www.knowledge-action-portal.com/en/content/cervical-cancer
Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to the general population, and an estimated 5% of all cervical cancer cases are attributable to HIV. […] Cervical cancer disproportionately affects younger women, and as a result, 20% of children who lose their mother to cancer do so due to cervical cancer.
#37 Epidemiology and Survival outcomes of HIV-associated cervical cancer in Nigeria | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.23293820v1
HIV+/ICC+ diagnosis was at FIGO advanced stages in 64.9% compared to 47.9% in HIV-/ICC+. […] The HIV-/ICC+ women had better OS compared to HIV+/ICC+ participants (p=0.018), with 12-month OS 84.1% (95%CI: 75% – 90%) and 67.6% (95%CI: 42%-84%) respectively. […] ICC is diagnosed at a relatively young age in women living with HIV, with a significantly lower overall survival probability compared to women without HIV. […] The trend of presentation and diagnosis at advanced stages in women living with HIV could partly explain the differences in overall survival.
#38 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
The program also clearly points out that cervical cancer screening coverage rate needs to reach more than 80% by 2030, indicating the importance and severity of cervical cancer prevention and control. […] A large number of studies around the world have confirmed that cervical cancer could be prevented and controlled well by screening and early treatment. […] It is gratifying to note that the globe has achieved a strategic consensus on the elimination of cervical cancer and also has developed and released the global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer.
#39 Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC80931/
ORGANIZED SCREENING HAS CONTRIBUTED TO A DECLINE in cervical cancer incidence and mortality over the past 50 years. […] An estimated 371 000 new cases of invasive cervical cancer are diagnosed world wide each year, representing nearly 10% of all cancers in women. […] The highest risk areas are in Central and South America, southern and eastern Africa, and the Caribbean, with incidence rates of at least 30 new cases per 100 000 women per year. […] Incidence and mortality have declined in North America during the last 50 years because of increased availability of Papanicolaou smear screening programs and a decline in fertility rates over the last 4 decades. […] There seems to be a trend of increasing incidence during the last few years among white women less than 50 years old living in the United States in areas covered by the Statistics, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute.
#40 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
http://article.cjcrcn.org/en/article/doi/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.06.05?viewType=HTML
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among females worldwide and its behavior epidemiologically likes a venereal disease of low infectiousness. […] The wide differences in the incidence among different countries also influenced by the introduction of screening. […] Although the general picture remains one of decreasing incidence and mortality, there are signs of an increasing cervical cancer risk probably due to changes in sexual behavior. […] Therefore, society-based preventive and control measures, screening activities and HPV vaccination are recommended. […] Cervical cancer screening methods have evolved from cell morphology observation to molecular testing. […] High-risk HPV genotyping and liquid-based cytology are common methods which have been widely recommended and used worldwide.
#41 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
The primary cause of pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions is infection with a high-risk or oncogenic HPV types. […] Most cases of cervical cancer occur as a result of infection with HPV16 and 18. […] The screening methods for cervical cancer are mainly as following: traditional Pap smear, visual inspection with acetic acid Lugols iodine (VIA/VILI), liquid-based cytology (LBC) and HPV testing. […] Cervical cancer screening has been facilitated since the cause clarified. […] HPV-based testing is a pivotal part for cervical cancer screening besides cytology-based tests. […] The application of HPV detection has accelerated the transition of cervical cancer screening from morphology to molecular biology. […] In China, cervical cancer screening started since 1990s, although late compared with Western countries, China still achieved great breakthroughs.
#42 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
The primary cause of pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions is infection with a high-risk or oncogenic HPV types. […] Most cases of cervical cancer occur as a result of infection with HPV16 and 18. […] The screening methods for cervical cancer are mainly as following: traditional Pap smear, visual inspection with acetic acid Lugols iodine (VIA/VILI), liquid-based cytology (LBC) and HPV testing. […] Cervical cancer screening has been facilitated since the cause clarified. […] HPV-based testing is a pivotal part for cervical cancer screening besides cytology-based tests. […] The application of HPV detection has accelerated the transition of cervical cancer screening from morphology to molecular biology. […] In China, cervical cancer screening started since 1990s, although late compared with Western countries, China still achieved great breakthroughs.
#43 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
The primary cause of pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions is infection with a high-risk or oncogenic HPV types. […] Most cases of cervical cancer occur as a result of infection with HPV16 and 18. […] The screening methods for cervical cancer are mainly as following: traditional Pap smear, visual inspection with acetic acid Lugols iodine (VIA/VILI), liquid-based cytology (LBC) and HPV testing. […] Cervical cancer screening has been facilitated since the cause clarified. […] HPV-based testing is a pivotal part for cervical cancer screening besides cytology-based tests. […] The application of HPV detection has accelerated the transition of cervical cancer screening from morphology to molecular biology. […] In China, cervical cancer screening started since 1990s, although late compared with Western countries, China still achieved great breakthroughs.
#44 Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC80931/
The WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified HPV infection as „carcinogenic” to humans (HPV types 16 and 18), „probably” carcinogenic (HPV types 31 and 33) and „possibly” carcinogenic (other HPV types except 6 and 11). […] It is now well established that HPV infection is the central causal factor in cervical cancer. […] Recent evidence using meticulous testing by polymerase chain reaction of a large international collection of cervical cancer specimens has shown that HPV DNA is present in 99.7% of cases. […] Despite its success, cytology has important limitations, false-negative results being the most important. […] The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (formerly the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination) and various consensus workshops have provided national recommendations that have been reaffirmed on separate occasions by provinces or by cancer prevention coalitions. […] Consensus panels of the IARC and WHO have concluded that there is enough justification to evaluate HPV testing as an adjunct to Pap smear screening in cervical cancer.
#45 Cancer cervix: Epidemiology and disease burden – CytoJournal
https://cytojournal.com/cancer-cervix-epidemiology-and-disease-burden/
In several western countries, where organized cytology based screening programs have long been established, cervical cancer rates have decreased by as much as 65% over the past four decades. […] Cervix cancer incidence shows wide variations across India with Aizawl PBCR, North East India (24.3) registering the highest Age Adjusted Incidence Rate followed by Barshi, Maharashtra (19.5) and Bengaluru (18.9). […] In contrast to the favorable trends reported above, cervical cancer rates have been increasing among younger generations in several countries, including Finland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and China. […] HPV infection is a sexually transmitted disease. Infection with high-risk HPV infection (hrHPV) is now viewed as a necessary precondition for the development of all cervical cancer and precancerous intraepithelial lesions and is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide.
#46 Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC80931/
The WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified HPV infection as „carcinogenic” to humans (HPV types 16 and 18), „probably” carcinogenic (HPV types 31 and 33) and „possibly” carcinogenic (other HPV types except 6 and 11). […] It is now well established that HPV infection is the central causal factor in cervical cancer. […] Recent evidence using meticulous testing by polymerase chain reaction of a large international collection of cervical cancer specimens has shown that HPV DNA is present in 99.7% of cases. […] Despite its success, cytology has important limitations, false-negative results being the most important. […] The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (formerly the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination) and various consensus workshops have provided national recommendations that have been reaffirmed on separate occasions by provinces or by cancer prevention coalitions. […] Consensus panels of the IARC and WHO have concluded that there is enough justification to evaluate HPV testing as an adjunct to Pap smear screening in cervical cancer.
#47 Frontiers | Baseline assessment of cervical cancer screening and treatment capacity in 25 counties in Kenya, 2022
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2024.1371529/full
Cervical cancer screening coverage in Kenya was estimated at 16% in 2015. One possible explanation for this low coverage is service availability; only a quarter of hospitals were offering cervical cancer screening services in 2018. In order to move towards cervical cancer elimination, Kenya is implementing a national cervical cancer screening and treatment scale-up, targeting 25 priority counties since 2021. The scale-up involves healthcare workers training, supply of screening and treatment commodities and equipment as well as setting-up governance and coordination structures for the national cervical cancer program. Before the scale-up was launched, a baseline assessment of the cervical cancer screening and treatment service readiness was conducted in the 25 focus counties. The main objective of the baseline assessment was to provide an objective situational analysis of the national cervical cancer program, inform the planning of the scale-up and provide a basis for evaluating future successes of the targeted health system interventions. We present the findings from this assessment and its implications for cervical cancer elimination efforts in Kenya.
#48 Cervical Cancer: Advances in Prevention, Screening, and Treatment – American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
https://www.aacr.org/blog/2021/01/07/cervical-cancer-advances-in-prevention-screening-and-treatment/
The incidence of cervical cancer has been decreasing in the United States in recent decades, a trend that has been aided by the implementation of HPV vaccines. […] It has been reported that these populations also have increased incidence of cervical cancer. […] Both of these studies reinforce the benefits of HPV vaccination for the prevention of invasive cervical cancer, a strategy that could reduce the global burden of this disease. […] According to data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), screening for cervical cancer has been decreasing in the United States since 2000. […] The authors note that such preferences should be incorporated when developing screening programs and policies for those at increased risk of developing cervical cancer.
#49 Cervical Cancer Screening | Cancer Trends Progress Report
https://progressreport.cancer.gov/detection/cervical_cancer
In 2023, 75.8% of women aged 21-65 years were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening. […] Women who have never been screened face the greatest risk of developing invasive cervical cancer. […] We track cervical cancer screening rates in U.S. women using a large, national, in-person survey in which people are asked about their health behaviors and the medical care they receive. […] Even though the National Health Interview Survey cervical cancer screening measures have limitations, it is the best nationally representative data we have available to assess cervical cancer screening rates. […] Increase to 84.3 percent the proportion of women aged 21 to 65 years who received cervical cancer screening based on the most recent guidelines. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by race/ethnicity, 1987-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by poverty income level, 1998-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by highest level of education obtained, 1987-2023.
#50 Cervical Cancer Screening | Cancer Trends Progress Report
https://progressreport.cancer.gov/detection/cervical_cancer
In 2023, 75.8% of women aged 21-65 years were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening. […] Women who have never been screened face the greatest risk of developing invasive cervical cancer. […] We track cervical cancer screening rates in U.S. women using a large, national, in-person survey in which people are asked about their health behaviors and the medical care they receive. […] Even though the National Health Interview Survey cervical cancer screening measures have limitations, it is the best nationally representative data we have available to assess cervical cancer screening rates. […] Increase to 84.3 percent the proportion of women aged 21 to 65 years who received cervical cancer screening based on the most recent guidelines. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by race/ethnicity, 1987-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by poverty income level, 1998-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by highest level of education obtained, 1987-2023.
#51 Cervical Cancer Screening | Cancer Trends Progress Report
https://progressreport.cancer.gov/detection/cervical_cancer
In 2023, 75.8% of women aged 21-65 years were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening. […] Women who have never been screened face the greatest risk of developing invasive cervical cancer. […] We track cervical cancer screening rates in U.S. women using a large, national, in-person survey in which people are asked about their health behaviors and the medical care they receive. […] Even though the National Health Interview Survey cervical cancer screening measures have limitations, it is the best nationally representative data we have available to assess cervical cancer screening rates. […] Increase to 84.3 percent the proportion of women aged 21 to 65 years who received cervical cancer screening based on the most recent guidelines. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by race/ethnicity, 1987-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by poverty income level, 1998-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by highest level of education obtained, 1987-2023.
#52 Cervical Cancer Screening | Cancer Trends Progress Report
https://progressreport.cancer.gov/detection/cervical_cancer
In 2023, 75.8% of women aged 21-65 years were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening. […] Women who have never been screened face the greatest risk of developing invasive cervical cancer. […] We track cervical cancer screening rates in U.S. women using a large, national, in-person survey in which people are asked about their health behaviors and the medical care they receive. […] Even though the National Health Interview Survey cervical cancer screening measures have limitations, it is the best nationally representative data we have available to assess cervical cancer screening rates. […] Increase to 84.3 percent the proportion of women aged 21 to 65 years who received cervical cancer screening based on the most recent guidelines. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by race/ethnicity, 1987-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by poverty income level, 1998-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by highest level of education obtained, 1987-2023.
#53 Cervical Cancer Screening | Cancer Trends Progress Report
https://progressreport.cancer.gov/detection/cervical_cancer
In 2023, 75.8% of women aged 21-65 years were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening. […] Women who have never been screened face the greatest risk of developing invasive cervical cancer. […] We track cervical cancer screening rates in U.S. women using a large, national, in-person survey in which people are asked about their health behaviors and the medical care they receive. […] Even though the National Health Interview Survey cervical cancer screening measures have limitations, it is the best nationally representative data we have available to assess cervical cancer screening rates. […] Increase to 84.3 percent the proportion of women aged 21 to 65 years who received cervical cancer screening based on the most recent guidelines. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by race/ethnicity, 1987-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by poverty income level, 1998-2023. […] The percentage of females aged 21-65 years who were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening by highest level of education obtained, 1987-2023.
#54 Cervical cancer in Poland â epidemiology, prevention, and treatment pathways | Seweryn | Oncology in Clinical Practice
https://journals.viamedica.pl/oncology_in_clinical_practice/article/view/100857
Cervical cancer in Poland has a higher incidence and mortality rates, and lower 5-year survival rates compared to Western Europe. […] The incidence rate of cervical cancer in Poland is gradually decreasing, with an annual percent change of -3.3 (95% CI from 5.2 to 1.4; p 0.05). The age-standardized incidence rate of 18.9 ranks Poland 20th of 27 European countries, while the mortality rate of 10.5 is twice as high as the European average. With only 55.1% of diagnosed women surviving 5 years, Poland ranks near the bottom in Europe. Additionally, only 10% of Poles have received anti-HPV immunization, and cytology screening coverage does not exceed 25%. […] Cervical cancer outcomes in Poland remain significantly below the European average. There is a pressing need for enhanced preventative measures and education in womens health.
#55 Frontiers | Strategies to eliminate cervical cancer in China
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2023.1105468/full
Cervical cancer screening services have been transformed from nonexistent to available, but coverage remains limited. […] The current HPV vaccination rate in girls aged 9-14 years in China is less than 5%, in contrast to the WHO vaccine coverage goal of over 90%. […] Several modeling studies have shown that cervical cancer can be eliminated through the combined implementation of HPV vaccine and screening, but the process of eliminating cervical cancer faces many challenges. […] Cervical cancer prevention and control receive unprecedented attention and support from the Chinese government. Health has been made a priority development goal and integrated into all policies. Increasing cervical cancer screening coverage has become a policy goal. […] AI-assisted cytology screening is a low-cost and high-quality screening method, and large-scale application of this technology is the most promising approach to rapidly increase screening coverage.
#56
https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/systems-tools/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. But when detected early and managed effectively, it is one of the most successfully treatable forms of cancer. […] Robust surveillance and monitoring systems are fundamental to assess and evaluate the progress in countries. To generate information necessary to plan, implement, monitor, evaluate, and scale cervical cancer prevention and control programmes, some operational resources and tools are available here for countries to use.
#57 Cervical Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 13,360. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 4,320. […] The rate of new cases of cervical cancer was 7.7 per 100,000 women per year. The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Cervical cancer represents 0.7% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 13,360 new cases of cervical cancer and an estimated 4,320 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new cervical cancer cases have been stable over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 0.7% each year over 2014-2023.
#58 Cervix.cz Cervical cancer epidemiology and screening results
https://www.cervix.cz/en/professionals/cervical-cancer-epidemiology-and-screening-results/
The Czech National Cancer Registry (CNCR) is the main source of data on cancer epidemiology in the Czech Republic. CNCR has become an integral part of comprehensive cancer care, containing more than 3 million records from the period 19772022 and covering 100% of the Czech population. Registration of malignant tumours is stipulated by law and is obligatory. […] Cervical cancer is a relatively common type of cancer in women worldwide, affecting young women in many cases. Each year, around 760 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer in the Czech Republic, and there are nearly 300 deaths from cervical cancer among Czech women. Both incidence and mortality trends have mostly stagnated in the entire monitored period; a slight decrease has been observed only recently. In 2022, there were 716 new cases of cervical cancer, corresponding to more than 13 cancers per 100,000 women in the Czech population. In the same year, there were 274 cervical cancer deaths among women in the Czech Republic, corresponding to 5 cervical cancer deaths per 100,000 women in the Czech population.
#59 Trends in cervical cancer incidence in sub-Saharan Africa | British Journal of Cancer
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-020-0831-9
The African Cancer Registry Network (AFCRN), through collaborations with its member population-based cancer registries in Africa, has contributed to improving cancer registration on the continent, and through its activities has generated data that can be used to estimate the burden of various cancers in SSA, with implications for cancer control in the region. […] We found that only 10 cancer registries in the whole of SSA are available to provide information on the trends of CC in recent years. This is a consequence of inadequate financial support for cancer surveillance. There is therefore an urgent need for government ownership and support for cancer registration in the region, and for international donors to recognise that adequate methods to evaluate the current situation and monitor future trends is an essential component of all cancer control programmes.
#60 Cervical Cancer Statistics | Cervical Cancer | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/statistics/index.html
Each year in the United States, about 11,500 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed and about 4,000 women die of this cancer. […] The Data Visualizations tool makes it easy for anyone to explore and use the latest official federal government cancer data from United States Cancer Statistics. […] See rates or numbers of new cervical cancers or cervical cancer deaths for the entire United States and individual states. […] See rates or numbers of new cervical cancers or cervical cancer deaths by race/ethnicity and age group. […] See how the rates of new cervical cancers or cervical cancer deaths changed over time for the entire United States and individual states.
#61 Data Dashboard â NRTCC
https://cervicalroundtable.org/datadashboard/
Cervical Cancer Data Dashboard offers an interactive geospatial view of data pertaining to cervical cancer in the United States. […] Cervical cancer surveillance data (incidence rates, mortality rates) […] These maps can be used by researchers, public health professionals, policymakers, and others to understand and illustrate the burden of cervical cancer in communities across the United States and assist in planning and tailoring interventions. […] It offers an interactive geospatial view of data pertaining to cervical cancer in the USA.
#62
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer disproportionately affects younger women, and as a result, 20% of children who lose their mother to cancer do so due to cervical cancer. […] Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. […] As low- and middle-income countries scale-up cervical screening, more cases of invasive cervical cancer will be detected, especially in previously unscreened populations. […] The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#63 Cervical Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 13,360. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 4,320. […] The rate of new cases of cervical cancer was 7.7 per 100,000 women per year. The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Cervical cancer represents 0.7% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 13,360 new cases of cervical cancer and an estimated 4,320 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 2.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new cervical cancer cases have been stable over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 0.7% each year over 2014-2023.
#64 Study finds increase in women 65 and older dying of cervical cancer
https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/study-finds-increase-in-women-65-and-older-dying-of-cervical-cancer–/2023/01
A new study conducted by UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center researchers shows an alarming number of California women 65 and older are facing late-stage cervical cancer diagnoses and dying from the disease. This is despite guidelines that recommend most women stop screening for cervical cancer at this age. […] The findings from the study, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention on January 9, 2023, showed nearly one in five new cervical cancers diagnosed from 2009-2018 were in women 65 and older. […] Through adequate screening and follow-up, cervical cancer can be prevented or detected at an early stage, which leads to excellent survival. However, current guidelines recommend discontinuing screening for women 65 or older who have had a history of normal Pap and/or Human Papillomavirus (HPV) tests, potentially leaving this age group vulnerable. […] Previous studies have shown that 23.2% of women in the U.S. who are over 18 are not up to date on recommended cervical cancer screening. Disadvantaged women such as those who are uninsured or poor are the least likely to report being up to date with cervical cancer screening.
#65 Study finds increase in women 65 and older dying of cervical cancer
https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/study-finds-increase-in-women-65-and-older-dying-of-cervical-cancer–/2023/01
A new study conducted by UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center researchers shows an alarming number of California women 65 and older are facing late-stage cervical cancer diagnoses and dying from the disease. This is despite guidelines that recommend most women stop screening for cervical cancer at this age. […] The findings from the study, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention on January 9, 2023, showed nearly one in five new cervical cancers diagnosed from 2009-2018 were in women 65 and older. […] Through adequate screening and follow-up, cervical cancer can be prevented or detected at an early stage, which leads to excellent survival. However, current guidelines recommend discontinuing screening for women 65 or older who have had a history of normal Pap and/or Human Papillomavirus (HPV) tests, potentially leaving this age group vulnerable. […] Previous studies have shown that 23.2% of women in the U.S. who are over 18 are not up to date on recommended cervical cancer screening. Disadvantaged women such as those who are uninsured or poor are the least likely to report being up to date with cervical cancer screening.
#66 Trends in Cervical Precancers Identified Through Population-Based Surveillance â Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project, Five Sites, United States, 2008â2022 | MMWR
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7406a4.htm
During 20082022, cervical precancer incidence decreased 79% and higher-grade precancer incidence decreased 80% among screened women aged 2024 years, the age group most likely to have been vaccinated. […] Observed declines in cervical precancers are consistent with HPV vaccination impact and support Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations to vaccinate children against HPV at age 1112 years with catch-up through age 26 years. […] Among women aged 2024 years who were screened, CIN2+ incidence decreased 79% from 2008 to 2022, and CIN3+ incidence decreased 80%. […] The data are consistent with a considerable impact from the U.S. HPV vaccination program on cervical precancers, with the largest decreases in the youngest age group for which benefit of vaccination would first be observed.
#67
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer disproportionately affects younger women, and as a result, 20% of children who lose their mother to cancer do so due to cervical cancer. […] Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. […] As low- and middle-income countries scale-up cervical screening, more cases of invasive cervical cancer will be detected, especially in previously unscreened populations. […] The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#68
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer disproportionately affects younger women, and as a result, 20% of children who lose their mother to cancer do so due to cervical cancer. […] Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease. […] As low- and middle-income countries scale-up cervical screening, more cases of invasive cervical cancer will be detected, especially in previously unscreened populations. […] The WHO Global strategy defines elimination as reducing the number of new cases annually to 4 or fewer per 100 000 women and sets three targets to be achieved by the year 2030 to put all countries on the pathway to elimination in the coming decades: 90% of girls vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, 70% of women screened with a high-quality test by ages 35 and 45, 90% of women with cervical disease receiving treatment.
#69 Cervical cancer – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cervical-cancer
The scientific evidence in favor of new technologies for the prevention of cervical cancer is clear and well-established. […] In 2018, the 56th Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) approved the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Cervical Cancer 2018-2030 to prevent and control this disease. […] The main objective of this Plan is to help Member States develop comprehensive cervical cancer control programs. […] To achieve this goal, the Strategy proposes three objectives for countries by 2030: 90% HPV vaccination coverage in girls (at 15 years of age); 70% screening coverage (70% of women undergo high-performance testing at ages 35 and 45 years); 90% treatment of precancerous lesions and management of 90% of invasive cancer cases. […] The Pan American Health Organization is actively helping countries in the region improve the effectiveness of their cervical cancer prevention and control programs.
#70 Frontiers | Strategies to eliminate cervical cancer in China
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2023.1105468/full
Cervical cancer is a widely distributed disease that is preventable and controllable through early intervention. The World Health Organization has identified three key measures, coverage populations and coverage targets to eliminate cervical cancer. […] The prevalence of cervical cancer in China is also very serious. In 2020, the number of new cervical cancer cases in China is 109,741 and the number of deaths is 59,060. According to the latest data from the National Cancer Center, the incidence rate of cervical cancer is 11.4 per 100,000, and the mortality rate is 3.4 per 100,000, with an increasing trend for both. […] A „global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem” was proposed at the WHO Assembly in 2020, and 194 countries reached consensus on the elimination of cervical cancer. The report emphasizes human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, cervical cancer screening, and precancerous lesion treatment to prevent and control cervical cancer.
#71
https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/systems-tools/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. But when detected early and managed effectively, it is one of the most successfully treatable forms of cancer. […] Robust surveillance and monitoring systems are fundamental to assess and evaluate the progress in countries. To generate information necessary to plan, implement, monitor, evaluate, and scale cervical cancer prevention and control programmes, some operational resources and tools are available here for countries to use.
#72
https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/systems-tools/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. But when detected early and managed effectively, it is one of the most successfully treatable forms of cancer. […] Robust surveillance and monitoring systems are fundamental to assess and evaluate the progress in countries. To generate information necessary to plan, implement, monitor, evaluate, and scale cervical cancer prevention and control programmes, some operational resources and tools are available here for countries to use.
#73 HPV/Cervical Pre-cancer and Cancer Surveillance (HPV-Impact) – CEIP
https://ceip.us/projects/hpv-impact/
In 2006, the introduction of a highly effective vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) exposed the need for population-based surveillance of HPV-related diseases. […] In 2007, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funded a collaboration between CEIP and the California Department of Public Health STD Control Branch to conduct surveillance of cervical pre-cancer including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). This surveillance effort is ongoing in Alameda County, California in partnership with the Alameda County Department of Public Health and the California Cancer Registry. […] Determine the burden of CIN 2/3, AIS, and cervical cancer in Alameda County and monitor trends in incidence. […] Monitor and evaluate the impact of the HPV vaccines.
#74 HPV/Cervical Pre-cancer and Cancer Surveillance (HPV-Impact) – CEIP
https://ceip.us/projects/hpv-impact/
In 2006, the introduction of a highly effective vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) exposed the need for population-based surveillance of HPV-related diseases. […] In 2007, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funded a collaboration between CEIP and the California Department of Public Health STD Control Branch to conduct surveillance of cervical pre-cancer including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). This surveillance effort is ongoing in Alameda County, California in partnership with the Alameda County Department of Public Health and the California Cancer Registry. […] Determine the burden of CIN 2/3, AIS, and cervical cancer in Alameda County and monitor trends in incidence. […] Monitor and evaluate the impact of the HPV vaccines.
#75 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cervical-Cancer-Epidemiology.aspx
In Australia, there were 734 cases of cervical cancer in 2005 and the number of women diagnosed with cervical cancer has dropped on average by 4.5% each year since organised screening began in 1991. […] Death rates with cervical cancer have also declined from 3.9 deaths per 100,000 women in 1991 to 1.9 deaths per 100,000 women in 2007. […] Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women and the seventh most common overall (in both sexes combined). In 2008 there were 530,000 new cases of cancer. […] Cervical cancer incidence rates are lowest in Western Asia and highest in Eastern Africa. This geographical variation can be attributed to differences in prevalence of HPV, and other co-factors that modify risk in HPV-infected women. Screening programmes have substantially reduced incidence and mortality rates in Western countries. HPV vaccination in addition has also served to reverse the trends.
#76 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cervical-Cancer-Epidemiology.aspx
The ACS also estimates that non-invasive cervical cancer (carcinoma in situ) occurs about 4 times more often than invasive cervical cancer. While Hispanic women are most likely to get cervical cancer, followed by African-Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and whites, American Indians and Alaskan natives have the lowest risk of cervical cancer. […] The trends in the UK are similar to those in USA and for similar reasons according to Cancer Research UK. In 2009, 3,378 women in the UK were diagnosed with cervical cancer and in 2010 there were 936 deaths from cervical cancer in the UK. It has been seen that between 2005 and 2009 67% of women in UK have survived their cervical cancer for five years or more. […] Cervical cancer incidence rates have decreased since the 1980s following the introduction of the national NHS cervical screening programmes around the UK in 1988. Rates decreased by 49% in Great Britain from their peak in 1985-1987.
#77 Cervical cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer
Regular twice-yearly Pap tests can reduce the incidence of cervical cancer up to 90% in Australia, and save 1,200 Australian women from dying from the disease each year. […] An estimated 13,170 new cervical cancers and 4,250 cervical cancer deaths will occur in the United States in 2019. […] Cervical cancer deaths decreased by approximately 74% in the last 50 years, largely due to widespread Pap test screening.
#78 Cervical Cancer Leads Cancer Deaths for Women in 37 Countries | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-news/cervical-cancer-leads-cancer-deaths-37-countries.html
Cervical cancer is 100% preventable. Yet, ACS global cancer reports say every year 350,000 women globally die from the disease. […] Cervical cancer is preventable when women receive the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and recommended screening. […] Worldwide, cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in terms of both incidence and mortality in women. Yet, in 25 countries, cervical cancer is the #1 most common type of cancer in women. […] Cervical cancer is the #1 cause of death from cancer in women in 37 countries, with 29 of those countries in sub-Saharan Africa and the rest in Central and South America. […] Countries uneven adoption of prevention measures such as HPV vaccines or cervical cancer screening, or both, has led to substantial inequality in cervical cancer incidence and death rates across the world.
#79
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally with around 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths in 2022. […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services and social and economic determinants. […] Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with around 660 000 new cases in 2022. In the same year, about 94% of the 350 000 deaths caused by cervical cancer occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Central America and South-East Asia. […] Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to the general population, and an estimated 5% of all cervical cancer cases are attributable to HIV.
#80 Cervical cancer | Knowledge Action Portal on NCDs
https://www.knowledge-action-portal.com/en/content/cervical-cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally with around 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths in 2022. […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services and social and economic determinants. […] Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with around 660 000 new cases in 2022. In the same year, about 94% of the 350 000 deaths caused by cervical cancer occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Central America and South-East Asia. Regional differences in the cervical cancer burden are related to inequalities in access to vaccination, screening and treatment services, risk factors including HIV prevalence, and social and economic determinants such as sex, gender biases and poverty.
#81 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7797226/
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among females worldwide and its behavior epidemiologically likes a venereal disease of low infectiousness. […] The wide differences in the incidence among different countries also influenced by the introduction of screening. […] Although the general picture remains one of decreasing incidence and mortality, there are signs of an increasing cervical cancer risk probably due to changes in sexual behavior. […] Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among women. […] In 2018 worldwide with an estimated 570,000 cases and 311,000 deaths, cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. […] However, approximately 85% of the worldwide deaths from cervical cancer occur in underdeveloped or developing countries, and the death rate is 18 times higher in low-income and middle-income countries compared with wealthier countries.
#82 Cancer cervix: Epidemiology and disease burden – CytoJournal
https://cytojournal.com/cancer-cervix-epidemiology-and-disease-burden/
In several western countries, where organized cytology based screening programs have long been established, cervical cancer rates have decreased by as much as 65% over the past four decades. […] Cervix cancer incidence shows wide variations across India with Aizawl PBCR, North East India (24.3) registering the highest Age Adjusted Incidence Rate followed by Barshi, Maharashtra (19.5) and Bengaluru (18.9). […] In contrast to the favorable trends reported above, cervical cancer rates have been increasing among younger generations in several countries, including Finland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and China. […] HPV infection is a sexually transmitted disease. Infection with high-risk HPV infection (hrHPV) is now viewed as a necessary precondition for the development of all cervical cancer and precancerous intraepithelial lesions and is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide.
#83 Cervical cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/cervical-cancer/incidence
Cervical cancer incidence rates have varied between age groups in females in the UK since the early 1990s. Rates in 0-19s have remained stable, in 20-24s have remained stable, in 25-34s have increased by 35%, in 35-49s have decreased by 13%, in 50-64s have decreased by 33%, in 65-79s have decreased by 58% and in 80+s have decreased by 45%. […] Cervical cancer incidence trends probably reflect the effective implementation of the UK cervical screening programmes in the late 1980s. […] Projections which take into account the expected impact of HPV vaccination indicate that cervical cancer incidence rates will fall in future decades. […] Cervical cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 65% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] It is estimated that there are around 520 more cases of cervical cancer each year in England than there would be if every deprivation quintile had the same age-specific crude incidence rates as the least deprived quintile.
#84 Cervical cancer – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cervical-cancer
The high disease burden of cervical cancer in the Americas represents a major public health problem that must be addressed through a comprehensive and interprogrammatic strategy (sexual and reproductive health, adolescent health, immunization and cervical cancer control). […] In 2022, more than 78,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and more than 40,000 died from the disease in the Region of the Americas. […] Mortality rates are 3 times higher in Latin America and the Caribbean than in North America, highlighting huge health inequalities. […] Cervical cancer screening with high-throughput tests, such as the HPV DNA test, is recommended. […] A comprehensive public health strategy is needed to address cervical cancer control, which involves vaccination of adolescents (where affordable and sustainable), screening of women at risk for cervical cancer (women aged 35 years or older), and treatment of all women with precancerous lesions and invasive cancer.
#85 Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening
http://article.cjcrcn.org/en/article/doi/10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.06.05?viewType=HTML
In future, accurate, cheap, fast and easy-to-use methods would be more popular. […] Meanwhile, China has achieved numerous breakthroughs in cervical cancer prevention and control which could be a great demonstration for other developing and resource-limited areas. […] In conclusion, although cervical cancer threatens female health, it could be the first cancer that would be eliminated by human beings with comprehensive preventive and control strategy.