Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cervical Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment

  Different types of treatment are available for cervical cancer. You and your cancer care team will work together to decide your treatment plan, which may include more than one type of treatment. Many factors will be considered, such as the stage of the cancer, your overall health, and your preferences. Your treatment plan will include information about your cancer, the goals of treatment, the treatment options and possible side effects, and the expected length of treatment. […] Surgery (also called an operation) is sometimes used to treat cervical cancer. The type of surgery depends on where the cancer is located. […] The following surgical procedures may be used: […] Cold knife conization uses a scalpel to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. Sometimes all the cancer can be removed during this procedure. Cold knife conization is done in the hospital under general anesthesia.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed at an early stage and treated promptly. […] At any age with symptoms or concerns, early detection followed by prompt quality treatment can cure cervical cancer. […] Clinical evaluations and tests to confirm a diagnosis are important and will generally be followed by referral for treatment services, which can include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy as well as palliative care to provide supportive care and pain management. […] Management pathways for invasive cancer care are important tools to ensure that a patient is referred promptly and supported as they navigate the steps to diagnosis and treatment decisions. […] Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated at an early stage of disease.

• #2 Cervical cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352506

  Treatment for cervical cancer depends on several factors, such as the stage of the cancer, other health conditions you may have and your preferences. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of the three may be used. […] Small cervical cancers that haven’t grown beyond the cervix are typically treated with surgery. The size of your cancer, its stage and whether you would like to consider becoming pregnant in the future will determine which operation is best for you. […] Options might include: Surgery to cut away the cancer only. For a very small cervical cancer, it might be possible to remove all the cancer with a cone biopsy. This procedure involves cutting away a cone-shaped piece of cervical tissue and leaving the rest of the cervix intact. This option may make it possible for you to consider becoming pregnant in the future.

• #3 Cervical Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment

  Sentinel lymph node biopsy removes the sentinel lymph node during surgery. […] A hysterectomy is surgery to remove the uterus. As a treatment for cervical cancer, the cervix, and sometimes the surrounding structures, are removed. Several types of hysterectomy may be used to treat cervical cancer: […] Radical hysterectomy removes the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and a wide area of ligaments and tissues around these organs. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, or nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. […] Radical trachelectomy (also called radical cervicectomy) removes the cervix, nearby tissue, and the upper part of the vagina. Lymph nodes may also be removed. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing by damaging their DNA. The two main types of radiation therapy are external radiation therapy and internal radiation therapy (also called brachytherapy).

• #4 Cervical cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352506

  Surgery to remove the cervix, called a trachelectomy. A small cervical cancer might be treated with a radical trachelectomy procedure. This procedure removes the cervix and some surrounding tissue. The uterus remains after this procedure, so it may be possible to become pregnant, if you choose. […] Surgery to remove the cervix and uterus, called a hysterectomy. Most cervical cancers that have not spread beyond the cervix are treated with a radical hysterectomy operation. This involves removing the cervix, uterus, part of the vagina and nearby lymph nodes. A hysterectomy can often cure the cancer and stop it from coming back. But removing the uterus makes it impossible to become pregnant. […] Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. Radiation therapy is often combined with chemotherapy as the primary treatment for cervical cancers that have grown beyond the cervix. It also can be used after surgery if there’s an increased risk that the cancer will come back.

• #5 Cervical Cancer Treatment Options | Society of Gynecologic Oncology

  https://www.sgo.org/patient-resources/cervical-cancer/cervical-cancer-treatment-options/

  Radical trachelectomy: This surgery removes the cervix and surrounding tissues but leaves the uterus in place to preserve the possibility of a future pregnancy for patients who have an early stage of cancer. […] Cervical cancer is also treated with radiation, chemotherapy or both to kill cancer cells and prevent them from spreading. Depending on the stage of the cancer, radiation can be administered externally (using a machine outside the body), internally (by placing an instrument loaded with radiation directly into or near the cancer), or both in combination. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs can be taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, in which case they travel through the bloodstream and can affect cancer anywhere in the body. […] New treatment options for cervical cancer patients are currently being explored in clinical trials.

• #6 Treatments for cervical cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/cervical/treatment

  If you have cervical cancer, your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. It will be based on your health and specific information about the cancer. When deciding which treatments to offer for cervical cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] Surgery is the main treatment for stage 1 cervical cancer. […] Chemoradiation and surgery are treatments for stage 2 cervical cancer. […] Chemoradiation and surgery are treatments for stage 3 cervical cancer. […] Treatment of stage 4 cervical cancer includes chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy and surgery. […] Treatment of recurrent cervical cancer includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and surgery. […] There are different surgeries used to treat cervical cancer such as cone biopsy and hysterectomy.

• #7 Cervical Cancer Treatment & Pharmacologic Management

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cervical-cancer-pharmacologic-treatment/

  Cervical cancer Treatment Pharmacologic Management Cervical Cancer Chemotherapy Agents Cervical Cancer Targeted Therapy Cervical Cancer Treatment Guidelines […] Recommendations from the National Comprehensive Center Network (NCCN) for cervical cancer staging are based on the 2018 Fdration Internationale de Gyncologie et dObsttrique (FIGO) staging system. Staging is performed to assess the extent of disease/metastasis/spread and will inform treatment decisions. NCCN recommendations for treatment of cervical cancer include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemoradiation therapy, Systemic therapy. […] Surgical treatment of cervical cancer involves the following, depending on the stage and metastasis status of disease: Trachelectomy, Hysterectomy, Exenteration. […] For some patients with stages IA2 to IB1, and some with IB2 cervical cancer with tumors measuring less than 2 cm in diameter, the recommended fertility-sparing option is radical trachelectomy, in which the cervix and the surrounding tissues are removed, leaving the uterus intact.

• #8 Cervical Cancer Radiation Therapy | Cervical Cancer Radiation Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/treating/radiation.html

  Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays to kill cancer cells. Depending on the stage of the cervical cancer, radiation therapy may be used: […] As a part of the main treatment. For some stages of cervical cancer, the preferred treatment is radiation and chemo given together (called concurrent chemoradiation) as the chemo helps the radiation work better. […] To treat cervical cancer that has spread or that has come back after treatment. Radiation therapy may be used to lessen symptoms caused by cervical cancers that have spread to other organs and tissues. […] The types of radiation therapy most often used to treat cervical cancer are: External beam radiation, Brachytherapy. […] When EBRT is used as the main treatment for cervical cancer, it is usually combined with chemotherapy (called concurrent chemoradiation).

• #9 Cervical Cancer Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65985/

  A hysterectomy is surgery to remove the uterus. As a treatment for cervical cancer, the cervix, and sometimes the surrounding structures, are removed. Several types of hysterectomy may be used to treat cervical cancer: Total hysterectomy removes the uterus and the cervix. […] Radical trachelectomy (also called radical cervicectomy) removes the cervix, nearby tissue, and the upper part of the vagina. Lymph nodes may also be removed. After the surgeon removes the cervix, they attach the uterus to the remaining part of the vagina. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing by damaging their DNA. The two main types of radiation therapy are external radiation therapy and internal radiation therapy (also called brachytherapy).

• #10 Cervical Cancer Radiation Therapy | Cervical Cancer Radiation Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/treating/radiation.html

  EBRT can also be used as the main treatment of cervical cancer in patients who cant tolerate chemoradiation, cant safely have surgery, or choose not to have surgery. It can also be used by itself to treat areas where the cancer spread. […] Brachytherapy, or internal radiation therapy, puts a source of radiation in or near the cancer. This type of radiation only travels a short distance. The type of brachytherapy used most often to treat cervical cancer is known as intracavitary brachytherapy. […] Brachytherapy is mainly used in addition to EBRT as a part of the main treatment for cervical cancer. […] Possible short-term side effects of brachytherapy can also cause many of the same side effects as EBRT, such as fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, irritation of the bladder, and low blood cell counts.

• #11 Cervical Cancer Treatment & Pharmacologic Management

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cervical-cancer-pharmacologic-treatment/

  For advanced-stage cervical cancer (stage IIB and above), definitive chemoradiation is the treatment of choice. […] NCCN does not recommend fertility-sparing surgery for small cell neuroendocrine tumors and gastric-type adenocarcinomas because of their potential to be very aggressive. […] Recommendations by NCCN for radiation therapy for cervical cancer include definitive radiation therapy for patients with an intact cervix without surgery, adjuvant radiation therapy after hysterectomy for any remaining disease, intraoperative radiation therapy usually for recurrent disease, and brachytherapy for patients with primary cervical cancer who are not candidates for surgery. […] Chemoradiation is the category 1 recommendation for advanced cervical cancer. Platinum-containing chemotherapy, when combined with definitive radiation, was associated with a 6% improvement in the 5-year survival rate among patients with cervical cancer and decreased the cervical cancer death rate by 30% to 50%.

• #12 Cervical Cancer Radiation Therapy | Cervical Cancer Radiation Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/treating/radiation.html

  Side effects related to radiation can sometimes occur months to years after treatment. […] Vaginal stenosis: Both EBRT and brachytherapy can cause scar tissue to form in the vagina. […] Vaginal dryness: Vaginal dryness and painful sex can be long-term side effects from radiation (both brachytherapy and EBRT). […] Urinary problems: Radiation to the pelvis can cause chronic radiation cystitis, blood in the urine, or an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina. […] Weakened bones: Radiation to the pelvis can weaken the bones, leading to fractures. […] Swelling of the leg(s): If pelvic lymph nodes are treated with radiation, it can lead to fluid drainage problems in the leg.

• #13 Cervical Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment

  Chemotherapy (also called chemo) uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Chemotherapy may be given alone or with other types of treatment. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to block the action of specific enzymes, proteins, or other molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy helps a person’s immune system fight cancer. […] For some people, joining a clinical trial may be an option. […] As you go through treatment, you will have follow-up tests or checkups. Some of the tests that were done to diagnose cervical cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.

• #14 Cervical cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352506

  Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. For cervical cancer that has spread beyond the cervix, low doses of chemotherapy are often combined with radiation therapy. This is because chemotherapy may enhance the effects of the radiation. Higher doses of chemotherapy might be recommended to help control symptoms of very advanced cancer. Chemotherapy may be used before surgery to reduce the size of the cancer. […] Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Targeted therapy is usually combined with chemotherapy. It might be an option for advanced cervical cancer. […] Immunotherapy is a treatment with medicine that helps your immune system kill cancer cells. Your immune system fights off diseases by attacking germs and other cells that shouldn’t be in your body. Cancer cells survive by hiding from the immune system. Immunotherapy helps the immune system cells find and kill the cancer cells. For cervical cancer, immunotherapy might be considered when the cancer is advanced and other treatments aren’t working.

• #15 Treatments for stage 4 cervical cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/cervical/treatment/stage-4

  The following are treatment options for stage 4 cervical cancer. Your healthcare team will suggest treatments based on your needs and work with you to develop a treatment plan. […] Chemoradiation is a main treatment for stage 4A cervical cancer. Chemotherapy is given during the same time period as radiation therapy to make the radiation therapy more effective. […] You may be offered radiation therapy for stage 4 cervical cancer. Radiation therapy may be external radiation therapy, brachytherapy or both. For stage 4A cervical cancer, radiation therapy is often given with chemotherapy, but in some cases it may be used alone as the main treatment. […] Chemotherapy may be offered for stage 4B cervical cancer to relieve pain or control the symptoms of advanced cervical cancer (called palliative chemotherapy).

• #16 Cervical Cancer Treatment & Pharmacologic Management

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cervical-cancer-pharmacologic-treatment/

  Systemic therapy is recommended in cases of metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer for which radiotherapy or exenterative surgery is not feasible. […] The preferred first-line treatment for advanced cervical cancer consists of combination chemotherapy regimens in combination with immunotherapy agents. […] Pembrolizumab and bevacizumab have been incorporated into platinum-containing combination chemotherapy regimens to serve as the preferred first-line therapy for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer. […] Combination regimens containing cisplatin, such as cisplatin/paclitaxel//bevacizumab (preferred, category 1 option) or cisplatin/topotecan (category 2A), are now the standard of care in chemotherapy treatment of cervical cancer. […] As a single agent, cisplatin is the gold standard, first-line therapy for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer.

• #17 Cervical Cancer Treatment Options – NYC | Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICCC) – New York

  https://www.cancer.columbia.edu/cancer-types-care/types/cervical-cancer/treatments

  You may have chemotherapy before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink the tumor so it can be removed with less extensive surgery. Or, you may have chemotherapy in combination with radiation either after surgery or as the primary treatment for cervical cancer. […] When appropriate your doctor will prescribe immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy to enhance your immune system and allow a better response to therapy. […] Treatment depends on what previous treatment you had and the site and extent of the disease. Your individualized care plan can include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

• #18 Drugs Approved for Cervical Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cervical

  Drugs Approved to Treat Cervical Cancer: […] Alymsys (Bevacizumab) […] Avastin (Bevacizumab) […] Bevacizumab […] Bleomycin Sulfate […] Hycamtin (Topotecan Hydrochloride) […] Keytruda (Pembrolizumab) […] Mvasi (Bevacizumab) […] Pembrolizumab […] Tisotumab Vedotin-tftv […] Tivdak (Tisotumab Vedotin-tftv) […] Topotecan Hydrochloride […] Zirabev (Bevacizumab) […] Drug Combinations Used in Cervical Cancer: […] CARBOPLATIN-TAXOL […] GEMCITABINE-CISPLATIN

• #19 Cervical Cancer Chemotherapy | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/cervical-cancer/treatments/cervical-cancer-chemotherapy

  Our doctors may add bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody drug also known as Avastin, to chemotherapy. This targeted therapy is made of antibodies immune proteins that remove foreign substances such as viruses from the body that attach to the surface of cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies interfere with the formation of blood vessels that let tumors grow. By targeting cancer cells and not healthy tissue, they may cause fewer side effects than conventional chemotherapy, though bevacizumab causes a rise in blood pressure in some women who take it. […] Because chemotherapy is often given in combination with radiation therapy, our doctors carefully manage doses to help minimize possible side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, loss of appetite, and mouth sores. They can also prescribe medication to help manage these side effects, and Perlmutter Cancer Center offers a range of supportive and integrative services. […] Chemotherapy can cause a woman to begin menopause when she stops having her period at a younger age than expected. Our gynecologic oncologists and fertility experts are available to discuss options for preserving your ability to have a child.

• #20 Treatment Options for Cervical Cancer – Minnesota Oncology

  https://mnoncology.com/cancers-and-blood-disorders/cancers/gynecologic-cancers/cervical-cancer/treatment-options-cervical-cancer

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming healthy cells. […] Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. […] Immunotherapy for cervical cancer is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. […] Pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, is available to women whose cervical cancer has spread or is recurring.

• #21 Cervical Cancer Treatment & Pharmacologic Management

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cervical-cancer-pharmacologic-treatment/

  Based on the results of a recent randomized, phase 3 trial (GOG 240; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00803062) demonstrating improved survival with the addition of bevacizumab to combination chemotherapy regimens, both bevacizumab-containing regimens (cisplatin/paclitaxel/bevacizumab or topotecan/paclitaxel/bevacizumab) are recommended as preferred category 1 options for the first-line treatment of persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. […] The recommended dosage of bevacizumab is 15 mg/kg IV injection every 3 weeks with paclitaxel and cisplatin or paclitaxel and topotecan. […] Pembrolizumab was approved by the FDA in 2021 for the treatment of PD-1-positive persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. […] Bevacizumab was approved by the FDA in 2014 for the treatment of persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer, in combination with cisplatin-containing doublet chemotherapy regimens. […] Tisotumab vedotin-tftv was granted accelerated approval by the FDA in 2021 for the treatment of recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer.

• #22 Treatments for stage 4 cervical cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/cervical/treatment/stage-4

  You may be offered targeted therapy for stage 4B cervical cancer. The most common targeted therapy drug used to treat cervical cancer is bevacizumab (Avastin). It is usually given in combination with chemotherapy. […] Immunotherapy helps to strengthen or restore the immune system’s ability to fight cancer. You may be offered immunotherapy for stage 4 metastatic cervical cancer. […] Talk to your healthcare team. They can help you choose care and treatment for advanced cancer.

• #23 Immunotherapy for Cervical Cancer – Cancer Research Institute

  https://www.cancerresearch.org/cancer-types/cervical-cancer

  Cervical cancer treatment options are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. […] Immunotherapy is a class of treatments that take advantage of a person’s own immune system to help kill cancer cells. There are currently three FDA-approved immunotherapy options for the treatment of cervical cancer. […] Other vaccines and immunotherapies that target HPV-infected tumors are also currently being tested in clinical trials. […] Standard treatment options for cervical cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. […] There are currently three FDA-approved immunotherapy options for the treatment of cervical cancer. […] Immunomodulators manipulate the “brakes” and “gas pedals” of the immune system. […] Checkpoint inhibitors target molecules on immune cells to unleash new or enhance existing immune responses against cancer. […] Immunotherapy vaccines are FDA-approved to prevent HPV infection. […] Recent studies have begun to provide evidence that vaccination may also provide some benefit to people who have been infected previously with HPV.

• #24 Cervical Cancer Treatment Options With KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab)

  https://www.keytruda.com/cervical-cancer/treatment-options/

  It may be used with chemotherapy and radiation therapy when your cervical cancer has spread to nearby tissue or organs or has affected your kidneys (Stage III to IVA cervical cancer based on FIGO 2014 classification). […] It may be used with chemotherapy medicines, with or without the medicine bevacizumab, when: your cervical cancer does not go away (persistent), has returned, or has spread (advanced cervical cancer), and your tumor tests positive for PDL1. […] It may be used alone when your cervical cancer: has returned, or has spread (advanced cervical cancer), and you have received chemotherapy, and it did not work or is no longer working, and your tumor tests positive for PDL1.

• #25 Treatment advances across the cervical cancer spectrum | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-024-00977-w

  The advances highlighted in this manuscript have reduced morbidity and improved overall survival for patients with this challenging-to-treat disease, while also inspiring additional research and trials in the field. […] Important advances in the treatment of all stages of cervical cancer have been made over the past decade. […] The integration of immune-checkpoint inhibitors, specifically the anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab, into chemoradiotherapy has provided a new standard-of-care treatment for patients with high-risk locally advanced cervical cancer (stage IIIIVA). […] The treatment landscape of metastatic, recurrent or persistent cervical cancer is evolving rapidly with the incorporation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors and novel therapeutics such as the tissue factor-directed antibody-drug conjugate tisotumab vedotin. […] Primary prevention with screening and human papillomavirus vaccination remains of paramount importance for the reduction of cervical cancer-related morbidity and mortality.

• #26 Cervical Cancer Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65985/

  Chemotherapy (also called chemo) uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Chemotherapy may be given alone or with other types of treatment. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to block the action of specific enzymes, proteins, or other molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy helps a person’s immune system fight cancer. […] For some people, joining a clinical trial may be an option. […] Follow-up care during and after treatment is important to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment and check for any signs of recurrence. […] Treatment of stage IVB and cervical cancer that has recurred (come back) may include: The immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab given alone or with other treatments, such as chemotherapy and the targeted therapy drug bevacizumab. […] Learn more about these treatments, visit Cervical Cancer Treatment.

• #27 Treatments – Institut Curie

  https://institut-curie.org/cervical-cancer-treatments

  In the context of locally advanced cervical cancer, chemoradiotherapy concomitantly combines radiotherapy with chemotherapy. It aims to make each treatment more effective. Indeed, chemotherapy makes cancer cells more sensitive to radiation, and radiotherapy targets the cancerous tumor by preserving adjacent healthy tissues. […] Immunotherapy can be used for the treatment of metastatic cervical cancers. However, its use at earlier stages of the disease is being currently studied; Institut Curie is conducting clinical trials to determine the most suitable place for immunotherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer.

• #28 Surgery for Cervical Cancer | Nebraska Hematology Oncology – Cancer Care Treatment Blood Disorders Clinical Trials Lincoln Nebraska (NE)

  https://www.yourcancercare.com/types-of-cancer/cervical-cancer/surgery-for-cervical-cancer

  A hysterectomy is a common treatment of stage I cancer and precancerous disease of the cervix. […] A simple hysterectomy is very effective therapy if the cancer has not invaded beyond the surface cell layer of the cervix. […] A radical hysterectomy is more extensive surgery that involves the removal of the entire uterus, including the cervix, with the cancer and an area of normal tissue through a low abdominal incision. […] Even after surgical removal of cervical cancer, some patients may experience recurrence of their cancer. […] External beam radiation therapy with or without implant radiation and chemotherapy are often recommended to cleanse the body of micrometastases in order to improve the cure rate achieved with surgical removal of the cancer. […] Patients who cannot undergo surgery to remove the cancer or who have advanced stage cervical cancers will often receive radiation therapy usually combined with chemotherapy.

• #29 Cervical Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2005259-overview

  Cervical cancer is the third most common malignancy in women worldwide, and it remains a leading cause of cancer-related death for women in developing countries. […] The treatment of cervical cancer varies with the stage of the disease, as follows: Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ (stage 0) is treated with local ablative or excisional measures such as cryosurgery, laser ablation, and loop excision; surgical removal is preferred. […] Stage IA1: The treatment of choice for stage IA1 disease is surgery; total hysterectomy, radical hysterectomy, and conization are accepted procedures. […] Stage IA2, IB, or IIA: Combined external beam radiation with brachytherapy and radical hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy for patients with stage IB or IIA disease; radical vaginal trachelectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection is appropriate for fertility preservation in women with stage IA2 disease and those with stage IB1 disease whose lesions are 2 cm or smaller.

• #30 Cervical cancer treatment

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cervical-cancer/treatment/

  There are 4 main types of surgery for cervical cancer: large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ), cone biopsy, trachelectomy, and hysterectomy. […] LLETZ is when a thin wire loop is used to remove pre-cancerous cells. […] A cone biopsy is a minor surgery to cut out a cone-shaped piece of tissue containing cancerous cells. […] A trachelectomy removes the cervix, surrounding tissue, and upper part of the vagina. […] A radical hysterectomy is usually advised for early-stage cervical cancer. This is the preferred option for small, visible cancer tumours. […] Your care team will decide after your hysterectomy if you need further treatment. […] Radiotherapy is sometimes used as a treatment with surgery. Around 1 in 5 women will need radiotherapy after surgery. […] If you have advanced cervical cancer, you might have radiotherapy with cancer medicines.

• #31 Treatment Options For Cervical Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cervical-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  A team of health professionals decides what treatment you might need. They also decide what treatment options you have. The most common treatments for cervical cancer are: surgery, chemotherapy with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy), brachytherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, a targeted cancer drug, an immunotherapy drug, symptom control. Your doctor will talk to you about the treatment they suggest. They will explain its benefits and the possible side effects. Your treatment will depend on: where your cancer is, how big it is and whether it has spread (the stage), the type of cancer, how abnormal the cells look under a microscope (the grade), your general health and level of fitness. It can usually be cured with: surgery, a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy). If you have surgery and your doctor is not sure that all the cancer cells have been removed, they may recommend that you have a course of chemoradiotherapy afterwards. This lowers the risk of the cancer coming back. For some larger early stage cancers (stage 1B or stage 2A), your doctor may suggest chemoradiotherapy instead of surgery. For stages 2B, 3 and 4A (locally advanced) cervical cancer, you are most likely to have chemoradiotherapy. For cervical cancer that has spread further away in the body, such as the lungs (stage 4B or metastatic cancer), you might have: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy with or without the targeted cancer drug bevacizumab, other medicines to help with symptoms (symptom control), surgery to relieve symptoms. When surgery isn’t possible, you might have one or more of these treatments: chemoradiotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, symptom control. Your doctor might ask if you’d like to take part in a clinical trial.

• #32 Cervical Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2005259-overview

  Stage IIB, III, or IVA: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy with radiation is the standard of care. […] Stage IVB and recurrent cancer: Individualized therapy is used on a palliative basis; radiation therapy is used alone for control of bleeding and pain; systemic chemotherapy is used for disseminated disease. […] The treatment of cervical cancer varies with the stage of the disease. For early invasive cancer, surgery is the treatment of choice. In more advanced cases, radiation combined with chemotherapy is the current standard of care. In patients with disseminated disease, chemotherapy or radiation provides symptom palliation.

• #33 Treatment for Cervical Cancer | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/cervical-cancer/treatment.html

  If biopsies and other tests determine that your cancer has spread beyond the cervix, then your physicians may recommend adding radiation with chemotherapy to control the disease following surgery. […] The treatment your physicians suggest for a recurrence of your cervical cancer will depend on a number of factors, including the type of treatment you received in the past, and the symptoms you are experiencing with the new cancer. […] If you haven’t had radiation therapy previously, radiation plus chemotherapy is often the most effective treatment. If you have had radiation previously, then your doctors may recommend surgery.

• #34 Cervical cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352506

  Palliative care is a special type of health care that helps you feel better when you have a serious illness. If you have cancer, palliative care can help relieve pain and other symptoms. A team that can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals provides palliative care. The team’s goal is to improve quality of life for you and your family. […] Using palliative care along with all the other appropriate treatments can help people with cancer feel better and live longer.

• #35 Treatment for cervical cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cervical-cancer/treatment/

  Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays of radiation to kill cancer cells. […] You may have radiotherapy for cervical cancer: as the main treatment if the cancer is large or has spread, after surgery, usually with chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy), to help stop the cancer coming back, to help improve symptoms, like bleeding. […] Targeted medicines kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is where medicines are used to help your immune system kill cancer. […] You may have these medicines if you have advanced cervical cancer or the cancer has come back. […] The aim is to help make the cancer smaller or stop it getting any larger, not to cure the cancer. […] If you have advanced cervical cancer, it might be very hard to treat. It may not be possible to cure the cancer. […] If this is the case, the aim of your treatment will be to limit the cancer and its symptoms, and help you live longer.

• #36 Cervical cancer – stages, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/cervical-cancer

  A team of specialists will meet to discuss the best possible treatment for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] The treatment you have depends on: the stage of the cancer, the size of the cancer, your general health, whether you have been through the menopause, whether you want to get pregnant in future. […] You and your specialist doctor will decide on the right treatment plan for you. Your doctor is an expert in the most effective treatments. But you know most about your own situation and preferences. […] Treatments for cervical cancer may affect your fertility and cause an early menopause. An early menopause means having the menopause before the age of 45. If you want to get pregnant in the future, it is important to talk to your doctors about this. You may be able to have treatment that can protect your fertility. If this is not possible, your doctor can refer you to a fertility specialist. You can talk with the specialist about options such as having egg or embryo storage before treatment.

• #37 Cervical Cancer Surgery | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/cervical/treatment/surgery

  At Memorial Sloan Kettering, the majority of these operations, known as radical hysterectomies, are performed minimally invasively either with laparoscopy or robotics. […] We were also the first cancer hospital to acquire the state-of-the-art robotic da Vinci Surgical System platform to assist in minimally invasive cancer surgeries. […] The goal of using this technique is to treat the cancer while removing as few lymph nodes as possible, which can result in a shorter surgery and fewer side effects such as swelling of the legs, known as lymphedema. […] If you are a woman of childbearing age with early-stage cancer and you think you may wish to become pregnant at some point, our doctors can in many cases offer you a novel surgical approach called fertility-sparing radical trachelectomy. […] Due to refinements made by our surgeons, radical trachelectomy can be an effective way to remove early-stage cervical cancer without compromising your outcome.

• #38 Cervical Cancer Treatment Options | Society of Gynecologic Oncology

  https://www.sgo.org/patient-resources/cervical-cancer/cervical-cancer-treatment-options/

  Radical trachelectomy: This surgery removes the cervix and surrounding tissues but leaves the uterus in place to preserve the possibility of a future pregnancy for patients who have an early stage of cancer. […] Cervical cancer is also treated with radiation, chemotherapy or both to kill cancer cells and prevent them from spreading. Depending on the stage of the cancer, radiation can be administered externally (using a machine outside the body), internally (by placing an instrument loaded with radiation directly into or near the cancer), or both in combination. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs can be taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, in which case they travel through the bloodstream and can affect cancer anywhere in the body. […] New treatment options for cervical cancer patients are currently being explored in clinical trials.

• #39 Cervical Cancer Treatment  | Englewood Health

  https://www.englewoodhealth.org/service/cancer-care/cervical-cancer/cervical-cancer-treatment

  Find an oncologist specializing in cervical cancer […] Your care team includes different types of doctors and other healthcare professionals who specialize in cervical cancer. Your team meets regularly to discuss your case, review test results, offer recommendations for therapy, and develop an individualized treatment plan based on the stage of your cervical cancer. […] For many patients with cervical cancer, surgery is the primary treatment. […] If your doctor recommends surgery for cervical cancer, we offer several options, including: […] Depending on the stage of your cancer, you may need anti-cancer medications as part of your care to give you the best chance of a full recovery. […] If your cervical cancer is of a certain size or has spread beyond the cervix, your doctor may recommend radiation therapy, often combined with chemotherapy. […] At Englewood Health, we offer specialized care for older adults diagnosed with cervical cancer. […] After completing multidisciplinary therapy, patients are guided through a comprehensive survivorship meeting.

• #40 Cervical Cancer: Know Your Treatment Options | AHN

  https://www.ahn.org/services/cancer/types/cervical/treatment

  Clinical trials: Our oncology team meets monthly to discuss the latest clinical trials to determine if there are new clinical trials that may be appropriate for you. […] Certain treatments for cervical cancer can affect your fertility and damage your eggs. […] If you wish to preserve your fertility, your oncology team, as well as AHNs high-risk pregnancy doctors and fertility treatment specialists, can discuss these options with you: […] This hysterectomy alternative, called a radical trachelectomy, helps women with early-stage cervical cancer keep their uterus. […] This procedure involves harvesting and freezing (cryopreservation) unfertilized eggs for later use in conception. […] We freeze fertilized embryos for later use in conception.

• #41 Treatment options | Cancer Australia

  https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/cervical-cancer/treatment-options

  Some treatments for cervical cancer can affect your ability to have children in the future. There may be some options available that can allow you to have children (called fertility-sparing options) – your doctor will discuss these with you. […] In most cases, cervical cancer is treated either by radical hysterectomy (which removes the uterus but leaves the ovaries and fallopian tubes) or by chemoradiation (which destroys cancer cells, but also affects the lining of the uterus and causes the ovaries to stop producing eggs).

• #42 Treatment of Cervical Cancer | Cervical Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/treatment/index.html

  Talk to your cancer doctor about the treatment options available for your type and stage of cancer. Your doctor can explain the risks and benefits of each treatment and their side effects. […] Clinical trials use new treatment options to see if they are safe and effective. If you have cancer, you may want to take part. […] Complementary and alternative medicine are medicines and health practices that are not standard cancer treatments. Complementary medicine is used in addition to standard treatments. Alternative medicine is used instead of standard treatments. Acupuncture and supplements like vitamins and herbs are some examples.

• #43 Treatment advances across the cervical cancer spectrum | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-024-00977-w

  Cervical cancer is preventable with screening and vaccination approaches; however, access to these preventative measures is limited both nationally and globally and thus many women will still develop cervical cancer. […] Novel treatments and practice-changing research have improved cervical cancer outcomes over the past few decades. […] Advances for patients with early stage disease have been achieved through trials evaluating less extensive and fertility-preserving surgeries, different surgical approaches (open versus minimally invasive), and sentinel versus full pelvic lymph node dissection. […] We also discuss results from trials testing the use of neoadjuvant, induction and adjuvant chemotherapy as well as immune-checkpoint inhibitors in patients with locally advanced disease. […] Finally, we review the progress made with systemic chemotherapy and novel therapeutics, including anti-angiogenic agents, immune-checkpoint inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates, in the setting of metastatic and/or recurrent cervical cancer.

• #44 Cervical cancer therapies: Current challenges and future perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9062473/

  Immunotherapy in which HPV oncoproteins are targeted has been investigated as a new treatment for cervical cancer and it has shown great promise. […] The discovery and development of new and improved therapies is also important in terms of multidrug resistance in cancer cells which impacts the success of chemotherapy. […] Overall, there is a shift towards applying a combination approach to immunotherapies either with other immunotherapies or with existing current therapies to achieve greater response rates. […] Emerging evidence has revealed that novel genome-editing systems and genetic approaches which are able to remove the HPV E6 and E7 genes are promising strategies for the treatment of cervical cancer.

• #45 Novel Cervical Cancer Treatments in Clinical Trial – InventUMPage 1arrow–buttonPage 1arrow–buttonPage 1arrow–buttonPage 1arrow–buttonPage 1arrow–button

  https://news.med.miami.edu/novel-cervical-cancer-treatments-in-clinical-trial/

  Cellular therapy is a new area of study for cervical cancer. […] the antibody drug conjugate tisotumab vedotin-tftv has also gained approval and became a standard-of-care therapy this year. This therapy extends survival significantly. […] Cervical cancer is cancer that can happen to anyone and especially in those who are underserved, underinsured, racial minorities and in lower socioeconomic demographics. […] With all of these therapies combined, we are hopeful that we are going to cure cervical cancer.

• #46

  https://www.who.int/activities/treating-invasive-cervical-cancer

  Cervical cancer is one of the most successfully treatable forms of cancer, as long as it is detected early and managed effectively. […] If cervical cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, surgery and/or radiotherapy are the primary treatment options and can provide long-term survival and/or cure. […] More advanced cases of cervical cancer are usually treated using a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. […] Palliative care should be accessible throughout the disease trajectory irrespective of the stage of cancer and integrated as part of the treatment plan. […] The Strategy recommends that 90% of invasive cervical cancer cases are managed appropriately, including palliative care.

• #47 Cervical cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/cervical_cancer/treatment_for_cervical_cancer.html

  The type of surgery you have will depend on how far within the cervix the cancer has spread. Your surgeon may also remove some lymph nodes during surgery. […] After surgery for cervical cancer, you may have some side effects including problems with how the bladder works, constipation, an impact on sexuality, lymphoedema, menopause and internal scar tissue (adhesions). […] Chemoradiation is when radiation therapy is combined with chemotherapy. The chemotherapy drugs make the cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. […] Radiation therapy (also known as radiotherapy) uses a controlled dose of radiation to kill or damage cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth while causing the least possible damage to healthy cells. […] Targeted therapy is a drug treatment that attacks specific features of cancer cells to stop the cancer growing and spreading. […] Immunotherapy is a type of drug treatment that helps the body’s own immune system to fight cancer. […] Palliative treatment helps to improve people’s quality of life by managing the symptoms of cancer without trying to cure the disease.

• #48 Cervical cancer treatment

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cervical-cancer/treatment/

  You can have radiotherapy either externally or internally (brachytherapy). […] Your care team may recommend treatment with cancer medicines. These will be to either kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy medicines can either use your immune system to find and kill cancer cells or boost your immune system and help it work better to fight cancer cells. […] Targeted therapy uses medicines to find and attack cancer cells. […] Treatment should remove the cancer. But you’ll need to attend regular appointments for testing. […] If your doctors cannot treat your cancer, they will focus on controlling symptoms. They will try to help you be as comfortable as possible. This is called palliative care.

• #49 Treatment For Cervical Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cervical-cancer/treatment

  Radiotherapy uses high energy x-rays to kill cervical cancer cells. External radiotherapy alongside chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) is one of the main treatments for cervical cancer. This may be followed by internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy). […] Chemotherapy uses anti cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. The drugs circulate throughout the body in the bloodstream. […] Targeted cancer drugs work by targeting the differences in cancer cells that help them to grow and survive. Other drugs help the immune system to attack cancer. They are called immunotherapies. […] Treatment for cervical cancer during pregnancy depends on the type of cervical cancer, its stage, how many weeks pregnant you are and what your wishes are. […] After treatment for cervical cancer, you have regular checkups at the hospital. You also have tests, including blood tests, x-rays and scans.

• #50 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cervical-Cancer-Treatment.aspx

  Once treatment is completed and the cancer has been removed the patient is asked to return regularly (every four months or so for the first 2 years and then every 6 months to 12 months for further 3 years) monitor the possible return of the cancer. If a suspicious lesion is seen, it is biopsied. In around 1 in 5 cases, cervical cancer can return. This usually occurs around 18 months after a course of treatment has been completed.

• #51 What is Cervical Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/cervical-cancer.html

  At MD Andersons Gynecologic Oncology Center, some of the nation’s top experts work together to carefully plan your cervical cancer treatment. They customize your plan of action to deliver the most advanced cervical cancer treatment with the least impact on your body. […] MD Anderson also offers treatment for pre-cancerous changes of the cervix and performs cervical biopsies to investigate abnormal Pap tests. […] Surgery often is an integral part of cervical cancer treatment, and the surgeons skill can make a crucial difference in the success of these delicate operations. MD Andersons surgeons are among the most experienced in the nation in surgery for cervical cancer. […] Over the past several years, MD Anderson has advanced cervical cancer treatment by leading and participating in several pivotal discoveries. For example, MD Anderson led the clinical trial that demonstrated the superiority of treating cervical cancer with chemotherapy and radiation, instead of radiation alone. This changed the standard of cervical cancer treatment and became the universally accepted approach.

• #52 What is Cervical Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/cervical-cancer.html

  We continue to make progress toward helping women with cervical cancer by offering a range of clinical trials (research studies) for new medications. And, at MD Anderson youre surrounded by the strength of one of the nations largest and most experienced comprehensive cancer centers, which has all the support and wellness services needed to treat the whole person not just the disease. […] MD Anderson cervical cancer patients can get treatment at the following locations.

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