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• #1 Soft Palate Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24791-soft-palate-cancer

  Soft palate cancer is one of several kinds of oropharyngeal cancer. It happens when squamous cell carcinoma cells multiply and create cancerous tumors. […] Like most types of oropharyngeal cancer, the most common type of soft palate cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This cancer starts in flat cells of tissue that line the inside of your mouth and throat. In soft palate cancer, something causes your healthy squamous cells to mutate, or change, into cancerous cells that multiply and become tumors. […] Medical researchers have identified some risk factors that may increase the chance you’ll develop soft palate cancer. Risk factors include: Heavy tobacco use, specifically smoking. Regular consumption of beverages that contain alcohol. […] It may. Medical research shows HPV infections increase the risk of developing most types of oropharyngeal cancer, including soft palate cancer.

• #2 Soft palate cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/soft-palate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354183

  Soft palate cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the soft palate. […] Soft palate cancer most often begins in the thin, flat cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat, called squamous cells. When cancer starts in these cells it’s called squamous cell carcinoma. […] It’s not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to soft palate cancer. For some soft palate cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. HPV is a common virus that’s transmitted through sexual contact. For most people, HPV doesn’t cause any problems. For others, it causes changes in the cells that can lead to many types of cancer, including soft palate cancer.

• #3 Soft palate cancer // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/soft-palate-cancer

  Soft palate cancer happens when cells on the soft palate develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] It’s not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to soft palate cancer. For some soft palate cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. HPV is a common virus that’s transmitted through sexual contact. For most people, HPV doesn’t cause any problems. For others, it causes changes in the cells that may one day lead to cancer.

• #4 Soft palate cancer – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/soft-palate-cancer/

  Soft palate cancer forms when a genetic mutation turns normal, healthy cells into abnormal cells. Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. Abnormal cells grow and multiply out of control, and they don’t die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass (tumor). Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can separate from an initial tumor to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. […] Things that may increase the risk of soft palate cancer include: Using tobacco, Drinking alcohol, Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), Taking medications that suppress your immune system. […] If you use tobacco and drink alcohol, your risk is even higher.

• #5 Soft Palate Cancer- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/soft-palate-cancer

  Soft palate cancer is caused by a genetic mutation in healthy cells. The mutation turns the healthy cells into abnormal cells. Usually, your healthy oral cells grow and multiply at a specific rate. On the other hand, abnormal cells grow and multiply rapidly, and they do not die. This leads to an accumulation of abnormal cells, resulting in a tumor. […] Certain factors can increase your risk of developing soft palate cancer, which are: Excess consumption of alcohol, Using tobacco products, Taking medications that suppress your immune system, Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV).

• #6 Mouth cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350997

  It’s not always clear what causes mouth cancer. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the mouth. It most often starts in cells called squamous cells. These are flat, thin cells that line the lips and the inside of the mouth. Most oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. […] Mouth cancer happens when cells on the lips or in the mouth develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #7 Soft palate cancer – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/soft-palate-cancer/

  Soft palate cancer happens when cells on the soft palate develop changes in their DNA. […] Its not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to soft palate cancer. For some soft palate cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. […] Things that may increase the risk of soft palate cancer include: Using tobacco. All forms of tobacco increase the risk of soft palate cancer. […] Drinking alcohol. Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of soft palate cancer. […] Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also called HPV. HPV is a common virus thats passed through sexual contact. […] Having a weakened immune system. If the bodys germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of soft palate cancer.

• #8 Soft Palate Cancer: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/soft-palate-cancer-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOopGg74PduOCOOBTxMmZcjqbxr5F9hEV0ueI7xxt8BIyPqTXDEQs

  Although the primary cause of Soft palate cancer is yet to be discovered just like any other type of cancer, some studies indicate that Soft palate cancer might happen due to genetic mutations. […] These mutations or changes in the DNA of the healthy squamous cell of the soft palate cause them to grow and multiply rapidly and keep increasing in size and number. […] Some causative factors that increase the risk of Soft palate cancer include: […] A family history of oropharyngeal cancer or other types of cancer makes a person more prone to Soft palate cancer. […] Genetic syndromes or diseases aggravates the chances of getting diagnosed with this type of cancer. […] Getting diagnosed with HPV (i.e., Human papillomavirus) upgrades the chances of getting Soft palate cancer as well. […] Suffering from a depreciated immunity due to diseases like HIV or AIDS increases the chance of this type of cancer. […] Dietary insufficiency makes an individual more at risk to Soft palate carcinoma.

• #9 Palate Cancer | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/palate-cancer.html

  Tobacco and alcohol use are risk factors for cancer of the soft palate. […] Reverse smoking is a risk factor for cancer of the hard palate. In reverse smoking, the lit end of the cigarette is placed in the mouth. Intense heat is generated during this style of smoking.

• #10 Cancer of the Oral Mucosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565867/

  Cancer of the oral mucosa originates from the mucosa lining of various structures within the oral cavity, including the lips, cheeks, teeth, gums, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, the hard palate, and the retromolar trigone posterior to the wisdom teeth. Primary risk factors for oral mucosal cancer include smoking and alcohol consumption, particularly when combined, while additional risks stem from human papillomavirus infection and stem cell transplants. […] Primary risk factors for oral mucosal cancer include smoking and alcohol consumption, particularly when combined, while additional risks stem from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and stem cell transplants. […] Understanding the multifaceted etiology of oral cancer is paramount for effective prevention and early detection. Various risk factors, including tobacco and alcohol use, HPV infection, and stem cell transplants, contribute to the development of oral malignancies, highlighting the importance of comprehensive awareness and intervention strategies.

• #11 Mouth cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350997

  Factors that can increase the risk of mouth cancer include: Using tobacco. All forms of tobacco increase the risk of mouth cancer. This includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff. […] Drinking alcohol. Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of mouth cancer. Using alcohol and tobacco together increases the risk even more. […] Being exposed to human papillomavirus. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in the cells that can lead to many types of cancer, including mouth cancer. […] A weakened immune system. If the body’s germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of mouth cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection with HIV, also can weaken the immune system.

• #12 Cancer of the Oral Mucosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565867/

  Smoking tobacco is the greatest risk factor for developing oral cancer due to carcinogenic chemicals, including nitrosamines, benzopyrenes, and aromatic amines. The risk of developing oral cancer is 3 times higher in smokers compared with non-smokers. Individuals are also at risk from secondary passive smoking environments, particularly with chronic second-hand exposure. The results of studies demonstrate a synergistic relationship with alcohol consumption, resulting in a higher risk of malignancy. […] Alcohol consumption, especially when combined with smoking, elevates the risk of oral cancer. Although ethanol is not a carcinogenic substance, it enhances the permeability of the oral mucosa, making it more susceptible to damage from other carcinogens. […] HPVs, mainly types 16 and 18, are associated with malignancies, notably cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer, especially tonsillar and base of tongue tumors. Although the association with oral cancers is not as well-established, some evidence supports such a connection. In the oral cavity, HPV infection is 4 times more likely in individuals with squamous cell carcinomas compared to those with healthy mucous membranes. […] Individuals who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplants face a significantly increased risk of developing oral cancer, ranging from 4 to 7 times higher than that of the general population. The development of graft-versus-host disease in the oral cavity often precedes the onset of cancer.

• #13 What Causes Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Doctors and scientists cant say for sure what causes each case of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. But they do know many of the risk factors and how some of them may lead to cells becoming cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat. […] Many of the chemicals found in tobacco can damage DNA directly. […] Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (mainly HPV16), are important causes of most oropharyngeal (middle throat) cancers. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the oral cavity or oropharynx. […] Acquired gene mutations are gene changes that usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These gene mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke.

• #14 Cancer of the Oral Mucosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565867/

  Smoking tobacco is the greatest risk factor for developing oral cancer due to carcinogenic chemicals, including nitrosamines, benzopyrenes, and aromatic amines. The risk of developing oral cancer is 3 times higher in smokers compared with non-smokers. Individuals are also at risk from secondary passive smoking environments, particularly with chronic second-hand exposure. The results of studies demonstrate a synergistic relationship with alcohol consumption, resulting in a higher risk of malignancy. […] Alcohol consumption, especially when combined with smoking, elevates the risk of oral cancer. Although ethanol is not a carcinogenic substance, it enhances the permeability of the oral mucosa, making it more susceptible to damage from other carcinogens. […] HPVs, mainly types 16 and 18, are associated with malignancies, notably cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer, especially tonsillar and base of tongue tumors. Although the association with oral cancers is not as well-established, some evidence supports such a connection. In the oral cavity, HPV infection is 4 times more likely in individuals with squamous cell carcinomas compared to those with healthy mucous membranes. […] Individuals who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplants face a significantly increased risk of developing oral cancer, ranging from 4 to 7 times higher than that of the general population. The development of graft-versus-host disease in the oral cavity often precedes the onset of cancer.

• #15 Palate Cancer | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/palate-cancer.html

  Tobacco and alcohol use are risk factors for cancer of the soft palate. […] Reverse smoking is a risk factor for cancer of the hard palate. In reverse smoking, the lit end of the cigarette is placed in the mouth. Intense heat is generated during this style of smoking.

• #16 Malignant Tumors of the Palate: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847807-overview

  Although a strong correlation is established between tobacco and alcohol consumption and SCC of the oral cavity and soft palate, the relationship to hard palate cancer is not as clear. […] Reverse smoking is a specific etiologic factor for SCC of the hard palate. […] Other factors, including ill-fitting dentures, poor oral hygiene, mechanical irritation, and mouthwash, are implicated in oral cavity SCC; however, the evidence is less convincing.

• #17 Soft Palate Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24791-soft-palate-cancer

  Soft palate cancer is one of several kinds of oropharyngeal cancer. It happens when squamous cell carcinoma cells multiply and create cancerous tumors. […] Like most types of oropharyngeal cancer, the most common type of soft palate cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This cancer starts in flat cells of tissue that line the inside of your mouth and throat. In soft palate cancer, something causes your healthy squamous cells to mutate, or change, into cancerous cells that multiply and become tumors. […] Medical researchers have identified some risk factors that may increase the chance you’ll develop soft palate cancer. Risk factors include: Heavy tobacco use, specifically smoking. Regular consumption of beverages that contain alcohol. […] It may. Medical research shows HPV infections increase the risk of developing most types of oropharyngeal cancer, including soft palate cancer.

• #18 Soft Palate Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/soft-palate-cancer

  Soft palate cancer is usually linked to tobacco or alcohol use and, less commonly, infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Experts think soft palate cancer occurs when chemical carcinogens, like tobacco or alcohol, cause changes (mutations) in genes within the cells of the soft palate. The mutated, cancerous cells then multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. […] Soft palate cancers are linked mainly to tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption.

• #19 Cancer of the Oral Mucosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565867/

  Smoking tobacco is the greatest risk factor for developing oral cancer due to carcinogenic chemicals, including nitrosamines, benzopyrenes, and aromatic amines. The risk of developing oral cancer is 3 times higher in smokers compared with non-smokers. Individuals are also at risk from secondary passive smoking environments, particularly with chronic second-hand exposure. The results of studies demonstrate a synergistic relationship with alcohol consumption, resulting in a higher risk of malignancy. […] Alcohol consumption, especially when combined with smoking, elevates the risk of oral cancer. Although ethanol is not a carcinogenic substance, it enhances the permeability of the oral mucosa, making it more susceptible to damage from other carcinogens. […] HPVs, mainly types 16 and 18, are associated with malignancies, notably cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer, especially tonsillar and base of tongue tumors. Although the association with oral cancers is not as well-established, some evidence supports such a connection. In the oral cavity, HPV infection is 4 times more likely in individuals with squamous cell carcinomas compared to those with healthy mucous membranes. […] Individuals who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplants face a significantly increased risk of developing oral cancer, ranging from 4 to 7 times higher than that of the general population. The development of graft-versus-host disease in the oral cavity often precedes the onset of cancer.

• #20 Causes of oral cancer – an appraisal of controversies | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2009.1009

  Smokeless tobacco (ST) use also significantly increases the risk of oral cancer. […] Betel quid is carcinogenic to humans (both with and without added tobacco) and is an important risk factor among people with this habit in the Asian ethnic minorities residing the UK. […] The estimated elevated risks from these different agents and exposures (among smokers, regular users of alcohol and betel quid; adjusted for each other) compared to non-users are reported consistently from many populations. […] The synergistic effect on the carcinogenic potency of tobacco in oral cancer by alcohol consumption is well documented. […] There is sufficient evidence based on recent studies that infection with HPV (subtypes 6 and 16) is a risk factor particularly for the oropharynx. […] The aetiological role of HPV in cervical cancer has been well established and new data confirm that a proportion of oral and oropharyngeal cancers can be attributed to HPV infection and seropositive status.

• #21 Oral cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer

  Risk factors include tobacco and alcohol use. Those who use both alcohol and tobacco have a 15 times greater risk of oral cancer than those who use neither. Other risk factors include betel nut chewing and sun exposure on the lip. HPV infection may play a limited role in some oral cavity cancers. […] The main causes of oral cancer are alcohol and tobacco (smoked or chewed). The risk is especially high when a person regularly uses both. The more is consumed of either the higher the risk of developing oral cancer. […] Aside from tobacco and alcohol, other carcinogens for oral cancer include viruses (particularly HPV 16 and 18), radiation, and UV light. […] Tobacco is the greatest single cause of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Using tobacco increases the risk of oral cancer by 3 to 6 times and is responsible for around 40% of all oral cancers.

• #22 Cancers of the Oral Mucosa: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075729-overview

  Tobacco and alcohol use are independent risk factors for mouth cancer and tongue cancer. Heavy tobacco smokers have a 20-fold greater risk; heavy alcohol drinkers a 5-fold greater risk; those who do both have a 50-fold greater risk. Betel-quid chewing and oral snuff are important risk factors in people from specific geographic areas (eg, betel chewing in Southeast Asia). Finally, a diet low in fresh vegetables and fruits has also been implicated in causing oral SCC, and HPVs have been implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. At present, there is not enough evidence to link the use of marijuana (cannabis) with oral cancer, other than the fact that patients who use marijuana tend to have higher rates of infection with HPV. The following factors are associated with the etiology of oral cancers: […] The etiology of oral SCC appears to be multifactorial and strongly related to lifestyle, mostly habits (particularly tobacco alone or in combination with betel, and/or alcohol use), and a poor diet. Other factors such as infective agents may also be implicated, particularly in oropharyngeal cancer (HPV). Immune defects or immunosuppression, defects of carcinogen metabolism, or defects in DNA-repair enzymes underlie some cases of SCC. Sunlight exposure predisposes to lip cancer.

• #23 Cancers of the Oral Mucosa: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075729-overview

  Tobacco and alcohol use are independent risk factors for mouth cancer and tongue cancer. Heavy tobacco smokers have a 20-fold greater risk; heavy alcohol drinkers a 5-fold greater risk; those who do both have a 50-fold greater risk. Betel-quid chewing and oral snuff are important risk factors in people from specific geographic areas (eg, betel chewing in Southeast Asia). Finally, a diet low in fresh vegetables and fruits has also been implicated in causing oral SCC, and HPVs have been implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. At present, there is not enough evidence to link the use of marijuana (cannabis) with oral cancer, other than the fact that patients who use marijuana tend to have higher rates of infection with HPV. The following factors are associated with the etiology of oral cancers: […] The etiology of oral SCC appears to be multifactorial and strongly related to lifestyle, mostly habits (particularly tobacco alone or in combination with betel, and/or alcohol use), and a poor diet. Other factors such as infective agents may also be implicated, particularly in oropharyngeal cancer (HPV). Immune defects or immunosuppression, defects of carcinogen metabolism, or defects in DNA-repair enzymes underlie some cases of SCC. Sunlight exposure predisposes to lip cancer.

• #24 Soft palate cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/soft-palate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354183

  Soft palate cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the soft palate. […] Soft palate cancer most often begins in the thin, flat cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat, called squamous cells. When cancer starts in these cells it’s called squamous cell carcinoma. […] It’s not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to soft palate cancer. For some soft palate cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. HPV is a common virus that’s transmitted through sexual contact. For most people, HPV doesn’t cause any problems. For others, it causes changes in the cells that can lead to many types of cancer, including soft palate cancer.

• #25 Soft palate cancer | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/soft-palate-cancer

  Soft palate cancer happens when cells on the soft palate develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] It’s not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to soft palate cancer. For some soft palate cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. HPV is a common virus that’s transmitted through sexual contact. For most people, HPV doesn’t cause any problems. For others, it causes changes in the cells that may one day lead to cancer. […] HPV increases the risk of cancer of the throat, soft palate, tonsils and back of the tongue. HPV has been linked to cancer that affects the soft palate, tonsils, back of the tongue, and the side and back wall of the throat.

• #26 Soft palate cancer // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/soft-palate-cancer

  Soft palate cancer happens when cells on the soft palate develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] It’s not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to soft palate cancer. For some soft palate cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. HPV is a common virus that’s transmitted through sexual contact. For most people, HPV doesn’t cause any problems. For others, it causes changes in the cells that may one day lead to cancer.

• #27 Soft palate cancer // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/soft-palate-cancer

  HPV increases the risk of cancer of the throat, soft palate, tonsils and back of the tongue. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common infection that’s passed through sexual contact. It increases the risk of certain types of throat cancer. HPV has been linked to cancer that affects the soft palate, tonsils, back of the tongue, and the side and back wall of the throat.

• #28 Soft palate cancer: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/soft-palate-cancer

  Soft palate cancer is a type of oropharyngeal cancer. The main causes of oropharyngeal cancer are smoking and alcohol use, especially at the same time. […] Smoking and drinking damage cells in the mouth and throat lining. Because cancers often develop from cells mistakes when copying DNA, this damage may increase the risk of cells mistakes when copying themselves, potentially leading to cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can also cause oropharyngeal cancer. It can be transmitted to the back of the mouth through oral sex. […] HPV may cause 70% of all oropharyngeal cancers in the United States. However, HPV usually causes tonsil cancer or cancer of the tongue base, rather than soft palate cancer. […] Soft palate cancer can develop from tobacco and alcohol use as well as HPV infection. It is possible to reduce the risk of soft palate cancer by avoiding tobacco and limiting the risk of exposure to HPV.

• #29 Soft palate cancer: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/soft-palate-cancer

  Soft palate cancer is a type of oropharyngeal cancer. The main causes of oropharyngeal cancer are smoking and alcohol use, especially at the same time. […] Smoking and drinking damage cells in the mouth and throat lining. Because cancers often develop from cells mistakes when copying DNA, this damage may increase the risk of cells mistakes when copying themselves, potentially leading to cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can also cause oropharyngeal cancer. It can be transmitted to the back of the mouth through oral sex. […] HPV may cause 70% of all oropharyngeal cancers in the United States. However, HPV usually causes tonsil cancer or cancer of the tongue base, rather than soft palate cancer. […] Soft palate cancer can develop from tobacco and alcohol use as well as HPV infection. It is possible to reduce the risk of soft palate cancer by avoiding tobacco and limiting the risk of exposure to HPV.

• #30 Mouth cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350997

  Factors that can increase the risk of mouth cancer include: Using tobacco. All forms of tobacco increase the risk of mouth cancer. This includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff. […] Drinking alcohol. Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of mouth cancer. Using alcohol and tobacco together increases the risk even more. […] Being exposed to human papillomavirus. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in the cells that can lead to many types of cancer, including mouth cancer. […] A weakened immune system. If the body’s germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of mouth cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection with HIV, also can weaken the immune system.

• #31 Soft palate cancer – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/soft-palate-cancer/

  Soft palate cancer happens when cells on the soft palate develop changes in their DNA. […] Its not always clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to soft palate cancer. For some soft palate cancers, human papillomavirus is thought to have a part. […] Things that may increase the risk of soft palate cancer include: Using tobacco. All forms of tobacco increase the risk of soft palate cancer. […] Drinking alcohol. Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of soft palate cancer. […] Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also called HPV. HPV is a common virus thats passed through sexual contact. […] Having a weakened immune system. If the bodys germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of soft palate cancer.

• #32 Cancer of the Oral Mucosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565867/

  Smoking tobacco is the greatest risk factor for developing oral cancer due to carcinogenic chemicals, including nitrosamines, benzopyrenes, and aromatic amines. The risk of developing oral cancer is 3 times higher in smokers compared with non-smokers. Individuals are also at risk from secondary passive smoking environments, particularly with chronic second-hand exposure. The results of studies demonstrate a synergistic relationship with alcohol consumption, resulting in a higher risk of malignancy. […] Alcohol consumption, especially when combined with smoking, elevates the risk of oral cancer. Although ethanol is not a carcinogenic substance, it enhances the permeability of the oral mucosa, making it more susceptible to damage from other carcinogens. […] HPVs, mainly types 16 and 18, are associated with malignancies, notably cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer, especially tonsillar and base of tongue tumors. Although the association with oral cancers is not as well-established, some evidence supports such a connection. In the oral cavity, HPV infection is 4 times more likely in individuals with squamous cell carcinomas compared to those with healthy mucous membranes. […] Individuals who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplants face a significantly increased risk of developing oral cancer, ranging from 4 to 7 times higher than that of the general population. The development of graft-versus-host disease in the oral cavity often precedes the onset of cancer.

• #33 Oral Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/oral-cancer

  Oral cancer most often occurs in people over the age of 40 and affects more than twice as many men as women. Most cancers in the mouth are related to tobacco use, drinking alcohol, or both, and most throat cancers are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). The incidence of HPV-positive oral cancer has risen in recent years. […] Tobacco use of any kind, including cigarette, pipe and cigar, and electronic cigarette smoking, as well as chewing tobacco and snuff puts you at risk for developing oral cancers. Heavy alcohol use also increases the risk. Using both tobacco and alcohol increases the risk even further. […] Infection with the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (specifically the HPV 16 type) has been linked to oral cancers. […] Risk increases with age. Oral cancers most often occur in people over the age of 40. […] Cancer of the lip can be caused by sun exposure. […] A diet low in fruits and vegetables has been linked with increased risk of oral cancer. […] People with inherited defects in certain genes have a high risk of mouth and middle throat cancer.

• #34 Causes of oral cancer – an appraisal of controversies | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2009.1009

  There is accumulating evidence that indicates a positive correlation between low intake of fresh vegetables and fruits and an increased risk of oral cancer. […] Higher risks are also associated with high intake of meat and processed meat products. […] Oral cancer is seen more often in people from lower socio-economic groups and those living in deprived areas. […] It has been speculated that susceptibility to oral cancer from tobacco and alcohol use may differ by race and ethnicity. […] Although poor oral hygiene and poor dentition have been implicated in a few epidemiological studies, it is not clear whether confounding by tobacco and alcohol have been addressed in these studies. […] Studies from Germany and Brazil have reported increased risks for head and neck and upper digestive tract cancers from indoor air pollution due to daily exposure to fossil fuels from stove heating.

• #35 Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomensfaulkner.org/programs-and-services/otolaryngology/head-and-neck-cancers/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer

  Lack of fruits and vegetables in diet – Research has suggested that fruits and vegetables, which contain antioxidants that can „trap” harmful molecules, can decrease the risk for oral and oropharyngeal cancers (and other cancers). It is speculated that persons with a low intake of these types of foods are at an increased risk for (oral and oropharyngeal) cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection – HPV usually causes warts and has been linked to cervical, vaginal, and penile cancers. HPV also increases the risk for cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

• #36 Causes of oral cancer – an appraisal of controversies | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2009.1009

  There is accumulating evidence that indicates a positive correlation between low intake of fresh vegetables and fruits and an increased risk of oral cancer. […] Higher risks are also associated with high intake of meat and processed meat products. […] Oral cancer is seen more often in people from lower socio-economic groups and those living in deprived areas. […] It has been speculated that susceptibility to oral cancer from tobacco and alcohol use may differ by race and ethnicity. […] Although poor oral hygiene and poor dentition have been implicated in a few epidemiological studies, it is not clear whether confounding by tobacco and alcohol have been addressed in these studies. […] Studies from Germany and Brazil have reported increased risks for head and neck and upper digestive tract cancers from indoor air pollution due to daily exposure to fossil fuels from stove heating.

• #37 Oral Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/oral-cancer

  Oral cancer most often occurs in people over the age of 40 and affects more than twice as many men as women. Most cancers in the mouth are related to tobacco use, drinking alcohol, or both, and most throat cancers are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). The incidence of HPV-positive oral cancer has risen in recent years. […] Tobacco use of any kind, including cigarette, pipe and cigar, and electronic cigarette smoking, as well as chewing tobacco and snuff puts you at risk for developing oral cancers. Heavy alcohol use also increases the risk. Using both tobacco and alcohol increases the risk even further. […] Infection with the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (specifically the HPV 16 type) has been linked to oral cancers. […] Risk increases with age. Oral cancers most often occur in people over the age of 40. […] Cancer of the lip can be caused by sun exposure. […] A diet low in fruits and vegetables has been linked with increased risk of oral cancer. […] People with inherited defects in certain genes have a high risk of mouth and middle throat cancer.

• #38 Oral Cavity Cancer

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/oral.htm

  Personal history of cancer. People who have had one cancer of the oral cavity have a greater risk of developing another oral cavity cancer. People who have had other smoking-related cancers, such as lung cancer, are also at increased risk of developing oral cavity cancer. […] Family history. People with close relatives (parents, brothers/sisters, children) who have had oral cavity cancer are at increased risk of getting cancer of the oral cavity. […] Cancer of the lip is associated with outdoor occupations, such as farming and fishing. This may be due to excess exposure to sunlight. […] Cancer of the salivary glad has been associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, such as X rays. It is also associated with working in the rubber-making industry. […] Cancer of the oropharynx, particularly in young people, has been associated with exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is the virus that causes cervical cancer in women.

• #39 Risks And Causes Of Mouth And Oropharyngeal Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/risks-causes

  The link to HPV is much stronger for oropharyngeal cancers than it is for mouth cancers. HPV causes around 50 out of every 100 (around 50%) of oropharyngeal cancers in the UK. […] Research shows an increased risk of mouth and oropharyngeal cancer in people with HIV/AIDS – there are higher rates of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in people with HIV. […] Changes can happen in the cells in the lining of the mouth. […] Head and neck cancer risk is higher in people with a brother or sister (sibling) who had head and neck cancer. […] People who have the following cancers are also at increased risk of mouth cancer: a type of cervical cancer called squamous cell cancer, cancer of the food pipe (oesophageal squamous cell cancer), lung cancer.

• #40 Risk factors for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/risks

  People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing oral cancer, especially lip cancer. […] Having lichen planus with ulcers in the mouth for a long time increases the risk of developing oral cancer. […] Studies show that people with poor oral health have a higher risk of developing oral cancer. […] An inherited, or genetic, condition is passed from parents to their children through genes. People with the following inherited conditions have a higher risk of developing precancerous changes in the mouth and oral cancer.

• #41 Oral Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/oral-cancer

  Oral cancer most often occurs in people over the age of 40 and affects more than twice as many men as women. Most cancers in the mouth are related to tobacco use, drinking alcohol, or both, and most throat cancers are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). The incidence of HPV-positive oral cancer has risen in recent years. […] Tobacco use of any kind, including cigarette, pipe and cigar, and electronic cigarette smoking, as well as chewing tobacco and snuff puts you at risk for developing oral cancers. Heavy alcohol use also increases the risk. Using both tobacco and alcohol increases the risk even further. […] Infection with the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (specifically the HPV 16 type) has been linked to oral cancers. […] Risk increases with age. Oral cancers most often occur in people over the age of 40. […] Cancer of the lip can be caused by sun exposure. […] A diet low in fruits and vegetables has been linked with increased risk of oral cancer. […] People with inherited defects in certain genes have a high risk of mouth and middle throat cancer.

• #42 What Causes Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Doctors and scientists cant say for sure what causes each case of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. But they do know many of the risk factors and how some of them may lead to cells becoming cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat. […] Many of the chemicals found in tobacco can damage DNA directly. […] Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (mainly HPV16), are important causes of most oropharyngeal (middle throat) cancers. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the oral cavity or oropharynx. […] Acquired gene mutations are gene changes that usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These gene mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke.

• #43 Risk factors for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/risks

  Betel quid and areca nut contain cancer-causing substances. People who chew betel quid or areca nut have a higher risk of developing oral cancer, especially in the inner lining of the cheeks and lips. […] Infection with HPV-16 increases the risk of oral cancer. Infection with HPV-18 may also increase the risk. HPV is likely the cause of oral cancer that is not linked with tobacco or alcohol use. […] People who have had oral cancer have a higher risk of developing another oral cancer, especially if they continue to use tobacco or alcohol. […] There is a higher risk of developing SCC in the head and neck region (including the mouth) if a first-degree family member (parent, sibling or child) has been diagnosed with SCC of the head and neck. […] Many studies show that not eating enough vegetables and fruit increases the risk of developing oral cancer.

• #44 Oral Cavity Cancer

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/oral.htm

  Personal history of cancer. People who have had one cancer of the oral cavity have a greater risk of developing another oral cavity cancer. People who have had other smoking-related cancers, such as lung cancer, are also at increased risk of developing oral cavity cancer. […] Family history. People with close relatives (parents, brothers/sisters, children) who have had oral cavity cancer are at increased risk of getting cancer of the oral cavity. […] Cancer of the lip is associated with outdoor occupations, such as farming and fishing. This may be due to excess exposure to sunlight. […] Cancer of the salivary glad has been associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, such as X rays. It is also associated with working in the rubber-making industry. […] Cancer of the oropharynx, particularly in young people, has been associated with exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is the virus that causes cervical cancer in women.

• #45 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet

  Cancers of the head and neck can form in the: […] What causes cancers of the head and neck? […] Alcohol and tobacco use (including secondhand smoke and smokeless tobacco, sometimes called chewing tobacco or snuff) are the two most important risk factors for head and neck cancers, especially cancers of the oral cavity, hypopharynx, and voice box. […] Infection with cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers that involve the tonsils or the base of the tongue. […] Other known risk factors for specific cancers of the head and neck include the following: […] Paan (betel quid). The use of paan (betel quid) in the mouth, a common custom in Southeast Asia, is strongly associated with an increased risk of mouth cancers.

• #46 Oral cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer

  Drinking alcohol is a major cause of oral cancer. It is responsible for about 20% of global oral cancer cases. The more alcohol is consumed regularly the higher the risk, but light to moderate drinking still somewhat increases the chances of getting oral cancer. […] Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly type 16, is a cause of oropharyngeal cancer. However, its role in the genesis of oral cavity cancers is a matter of debate. […] Chewing betel quid (paan) and Areca nut-based products is known to be a strong risk factor for developing oral cancer even in the absence of tobacco. It doubles the risk of oral cancer 2.1 times and when chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in gutka), there is an even higher risk. […] People after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are at a higher risk for oral cancer. Post-HSCT oral cancer may have more aggressive behavior with poorer prognosis, when compared to oral cancer in people not treated with HSCT. […] A premalignant (or precancerous) lesion is defined as „a benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation.” There are several different types of premalignant lesion that occur in the mouth.

• #47 Malignant Tumors of the Palate: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847807-overview

  Although a strong correlation is established between tobacco and alcohol consumption and SCC of the oral cavity and soft palate, the relationship to hard palate cancer is not as clear. […] Reverse smoking is a specific etiologic factor for SCC of the hard palate. […] Other factors, including ill-fitting dentures, poor oral hygiene, mechanical irritation, and mouthwash, are implicated in oral cavity SCC; however, the evidence is less convincing.

• #48 Risk factors for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/risks

  Betel quid and areca nut contain cancer-causing substances. People who chew betel quid or areca nut have a higher risk of developing oral cancer, especially in the inner lining of the cheeks and lips. […] Infection with HPV-16 increases the risk of oral cancer. Infection with HPV-18 may also increase the risk. HPV is likely the cause of oral cancer that is not linked with tobacco or alcohol use. […] People who have had oral cancer have a higher risk of developing another oral cancer, especially if they continue to use tobacco or alcohol. […] There is a higher risk of developing SCC in the head and neck region (including the mouth) if a first-degree family member (parent, sibling or child) has been diagnosed with SCC of the head and neck. […] Many studies show that not eating enough vegetables and fruit increases the risk of developing oral cancer.

• #49 Causes of oral cancer – an appraisal of controversies | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2009.1009

  There is no evidence to suggest that oral cancer is more common among families that have an increased risk for other cancers. […] Marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in most countries, usually smoked as a 'joint’ or in a pipe. […] Khat leaves are extensively consumed by these populations. […] There is some confusion in the minds of professionals and patients as to whether nicotine replacement therapy could have the potential to cause cancer as these agents contain pure nicotine. […] Though it was conceived before the era of highly potent antiretroviral therapy that moderate immunosuppression in HIV disease could increase the risk for oral cancer, there is no strong epidemiological evidence based on cohort studies to confirm an association of HIV infection or AIDS with oral squamous cell carcinoma. […] There has been some controversy about the risks of alcohol containing mouthwashes for the causation of oral cancer.

• #50 Oral Cancer: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Anadolu Sağlık Merkezi

  https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.com/health-guide/oral-cancer-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  In addition to these basic risk factors, it can be said that some individuals may have a predisposition to oral cancer. The following risk factors can increase susceptibility: Increased UV (ultraviolet) radiation exposure due to sunlight or other sources (the primary trigger for lip cancer), Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Previous radiation treatments in the head and neck region for various reasons, Exposure to chemicals such as asbestos, sulfuric acid, or formaldehyde, The formation of long-term sores in the mouth due to dental and gum problems.

• #51

  https://journals.lww.com/cancerjournal/fulltext/2016/12020/oral_cancer__etiology_and_risk_factors__a_review.4.aspx

  Oral cancer is of major concern in Southeast Asia primarily because of the prevalent oral habits of betel quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol consumption. This paper is an overview of the various etiological agents and risk factors implicated in the development of oral cancer. Development of oral or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and minor salivary gland carcinomas is influenced by both these factors namely tobacco, alcohol, diet and nutrition, viruses, radiation, ethnicity, familial and genetic predisposition, oral thrush, immunosuppression, use of mouthwash, syphilis, dental factors, occupational risks, and mate. The relationship between smoking and oral cancer has been established firmly by epidemiological studies. The most important carcinogens in tobacco smoke are the aromatic hydrocarbon benz-pyrene and the tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNs) namely 4-(nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N’-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). Animal studies have shown that NNK and NNN in the tobacco products cause tumors of the oral cavity, lung, esophagus, and pancreas. Studies have shown the association of these products with oral cancer development. Studies have shown the association of tobacco chewing with oral cancer and precancer namely leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and oral submucous fibrosis. Alcohol has been implicated in the development of oral cancer. Alcoholic beverages have been considered carcinogenic to humans causing in particular, tumors of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver; although ethanol per se has not been proven carcinogenic in animal studies. Alcohol consumption has been shown to act synergistically with tobacco in the increased risk of development of oral cancer. The relationship between diet and nutrition to the risk of cancer development has been established by several epidemiological and laboratory studies. The working group of International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has affirmed that low intake of fruits and vegetables predisposes to increased risk of cancer development. Cultural risk factors and dietary factors seem to interplay in the development of oral cancer and precancer. The use of mouthwash has also been implicated to cause oral cancer. The exact pathogenesis of mat predisposing to oral cancer is still unknown. Viruses have been strongly implicated in the development of malignant tumors of the squamous epithelia including the oral squamous epithelium. Fungal infections caused by Candida species, in particular, Candida albicans has been implicated in the pathogenesis of oral premalignant lesions. Immunosuppressed individuals are more prone to develop oral cancers. Genetic predisposition has been shown to be an important risk factor in the development of OSCC. It is clear from the above review that several risk factors are implicated in the development of oral cancer, of which the most common and established are tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing.

• #52 Oral Cancer

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/cancer/type/oral.html

  Some people with oral cancer do not have any known risk factors, and others with several risk factors never develop the disease. […] About 90% of people with oral cancer use tobacco. The risk of developing these cancers increases with the amount smoked or chewed and the duration of the habit. Smokers are six times more likely than nonsmokers to develop these cancers. Smokeless tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco) is associated with cancers of the cheek, gums, and inner surface of the lips. Smokeless tobacco increases the risk of these cancers by about 50 times. […] Drinking alcohol greatly increases a smokers risk of developing oral cancer. About 75% to 80% of all patients with oral cancer drink alcohol. People who drink alcohol but dont smoke have a higher risk of cancer if they are heavy drinkers. The combination of tobacco and alcohol is deadly.

• #53 Causes of oral cancer – an appraisal of controversies | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2009.1009

  There is accumulating evidence that indicates a positive correlation between low intake of fresh vegetables and fruits and an increased risk of oral cancer. […] Higher risks are also associated with high intake of meat and processed meat products. […] Oral cancer is seen more often in people from lower socio-economic groups and those living in deprived areas. […] It has been speculated that susceptibility to oral cancer from tobacco and alcohol use may differ by race and ethnicity. […] Although poor oral hygiene and poor dentition have been implicated in a few epidemiological studies, it is not clear whether confounding by tobacco and alcohol have been addressed in these studies. […] Studies from Germany and Brazil have reported increased risks for head and neck and upper digestive tract cancers from indoor air pollution due to daily exposure to fossil fuels from stove heating.

• #54 Oral cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer

  Drinking alcohol is a major cause of oral cancer. It is responsible for about 20% of global oral cancer cases. The more alcohol is consumed regularly the higher the risk, but light to moderate drinking still somewhat increases the chances of getting oral cancer. […] Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly type 16, is a cause of oropharyngeal cancer. However, its role in the genesis of oral cavity cancers is a matter of debate. […] Chewing betel quid (paan) and Areca nut-based products is known to be a strong risk factor for developing oral cancer even in the absence of tobacco. It doubles the risk of oral cancer 2.1 times and when chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in gutka), there is an even higher risk. […] People after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are at a higher risk for oral cancer. Post-HSCT oral cancer may have more aggressive behavior with poorer prognosis, when compared to oral cancer in people not treated with HSCT. […] A premalignant (or precancerous) lesion is defined as „a benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation.” There are several different types of premalignant lesion that occur in the mouth.

• #55 Common benign and malignant oral mucosal disease

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/september/common-benign-and-malignant-oral-mucosal-disease

  The correct diagnosis of OSMF is important as it is a potentially malignant disorder, with malignant transformation rates reported ranging from approximately 2% to 9%. […] Leukoplakia is a descriptive term used to describe white plaques of questionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer affecting the oral mucosa. […] Erythroplakia is the red counterpart to the white leukoplakic lesion. It is a clinical term that refers to a red patch of the oral mucosa or a red lesion that cannot be characterised clinically or pathologically as any other definable lesion or disease. The erythroplakic lesion is of even greater cause for concern for the treating clinician than a white leukoplakic lesion as there are studies showing an almost 90% rate of SCC/high-grade dysplasia when a tissue diagnosis is established.

• #56 Common benign and malignant oral mucosal disease

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/september/common-benign-and-malignant-oral-mucosal-disease

  The correct diagnosis of OSMF is important as it is a potentially malignant disorder, with malignant transformation rates reported ranging from approximately 2% to 9%. […] Leukoplakia is a descriptive term used to describe white plaques of questionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer affecting the oral mucosa. […] Erythroplakia is the red counterpart to the white leukoplakic lesion. It is a clinical term that refers to a red patch of the oral mucosa or a red lesion that cannot be characterised clinically or pathologically as any other definable lesion or disease. The erythroplakic lesion is of even greater cause for concern for the treating clinician than a white leukoplakic lesion as there are studies showing an almost 90% rate of SCC/high-grade dysplasia when a tissue diagnosis is established.

• #57 Common benign and malignant oral mucosal disease

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/september/common-benign-and-malignant-oral-mucosal-disease

  Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of oral cancer, comprising more than 90% of cases. The major risk factors for oral cavity SCC are smoking, alcohol consumption of 3 standard drinks per day, and betel quid (paan) consumption. […] The primary curative management of oral cavity SCC is surgery, with radiotherapy and chemotherapy used as adjunctive therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. The role of immunotherapy in the management of oral SCC is currently being established through clinical trials and is only potentially accessible in Australia for patients with recurrent inoperable or metastatic oral SCC. […] Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder characterised by fibroelastic change and epithelial atrophy of the oral mucosa, which results in stiffness of the oral mucosa and trismus (inability to open the mouth). The major risk factor is areca nut (betel quid) chewing, which is most common in South and South East Asian countries.

• #58 Risk factors for oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/risks

  People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing oral cancer, especially lip cancer. […] Having lichen planus with ulcers in the mouth for a long time increases the risk of developing oral cancer. […] Studies show that people with poor oral health have a higher risk of developing oral cancer. […] An inherited, or genetic, condition is passed from parents to their children through genes. People with the following inherited conditions have a higher risk of developing precancerous changes in the mouth and oral cancer.

• #59 Oral Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/oral-cancer

  Here in the United States, about 34,000 people receive a diagnosis of oral cancer each year. More men than women are diagnosed with oral cancer, and its leading causes include tobacco and alcohol consumption. […] Most cases develop because of lifestyle factors, specifically alcohol consumption and the use of tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco and vaping devices. Heavy smokers are 40 times more likely to develop a squamous cell cancer than non-smokers. […] Other risk factors include chronic irritation in the mouth, occupational exposures, poor oral hygiene, malnutrition, radiation exposure, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and a family history of the cancer.

• #60

  https://www.hsdm.harvard.edu/news/understanding-oral-cancer-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  Both environmental factors like tobacco and alcohol use, excessive sun exposure, and HPV infection, as well as genetic predisposition, can influence the risk of developing oral cancer. […] The effects of vaping or smoking marijuana on oral cancer risk are still being studied. Early findings suggest that both vaping and marijuana smoking could expose users to harmful substances that might increase the risk, but we need more research to be sure.

• #61 Cancer of the Oral Mucosa – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565867/

  Cancer of the oral mucosa originates from the mucosa lining of various structures within the oral cavity, including the lips, cheeks, teeth, gums, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, the hard palate, and the retromolar trigone posterior to the wisdom teeth. Primary risk factors for oral mucosal cancer include smoking and alcohol consumption, particularly when combined, while additional risks stem from human papillomavirus infection and stem cell transplants. […] Primary risk factors for oral mucosal cancer include smoking and alcohol consumption, particularly when combined, while additional risks stem from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and stem cell transplants. […] Understanding the multifaceted etiology of oral cancer is paramount for effective prevention and early detection. Various risk factors, including tobacco and alcohol use, HPV infection, and stem cell transplants, contribute to the development of oral malignancies, highlighting the importance of comprehensive awareness and intervention strategies.

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