Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx — United States 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm

  Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx account for 3% of cancers diagnosed annually in the United States; risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and HPV infection. […] During 2007-2016, incidence rates increased for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx combined, base of tongue, anterior tongue, gum, tonsil, oropharynx, and other oral cavity and pharynx. […] Rates declined for cancers of the soft palate and uvula (3.7%), hard palate (0.9%), floor of mouth (3.1%), lip (2.7%), hypopharynx (2.4%), and nasopharynx (1.3%); and were stable for cancers of the cheek and other mouth and salivary gland. […] Ongoing implementation of proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce excessive alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates might help prevent cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx.

• #2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Soft Palate in the United States: A Population-Based Study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29734872/

  Objectives To describe the incidence and determinants of survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate (SCCSP) using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] A total of 4366 cases were identified. The average overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were 68.7 months and 161.3 months, respectively. […] Multivariate analysis revealed that male sex, stage, and treatment (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.690, P = .019; HR = 1.73, P .001; HR = 0.64, P .001, respectively) were independent determinants of better or worse DSS. […] Age, stage, and treatment (HR = 1.02, P .001; HR = 1.49, P .001; HR = 0.66, P .001; HR = 0.48, P .001, respectively) were independent determinants of better or worse OS. […] For stages I, II, and III, radiation alone and surgery alone have nearly equivalent OS.

• #3 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. They are slightly more common in White people than Black people. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline. This is mainly because of an increase in oropharyngeal cancer mortality of almost 2% per year during that time.

• #4 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment

  https://www.scirp.org/html/8-8901296_21591.htm

  Oral SCC more frequently affects men than women (M:F = 1.5:1) most probably because more men than women indulge in high-risk habits. […] The highest incidence and prevalence of oral SCC is found in the Indian subcontinent where the risk of developing oral SCC is increased by the very prevalent habits of chewing tobacco, betel quid and areca-nut. […] In Western countries oral SCC affects the tongue in 20% – 40% of cases and the floor of the mouth in 15% – 20% of the cases, and together these sites account for about 50% of all cases of oral SCC. […] The mean 5-year survival rate of persons with oral SCC is about 50% with no gender difference; but black persons have a lower five year survival rate than persons of other races. […] The stage of advancement of oral SCC at the time of diagnosis is the most important prognostic factor.

• #5 Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 59,660 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 12,770 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 2.9% […] % of All Cancer Deaths 2.1% […] The rate of new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer was 11.6 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Approximately 1.2 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with oral cavity and pharynx cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 452,075 people living with oral cavity and pharynx cancer in the United States. […] Oral cavity and pharynx cancer represents 2.9% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 59,660 new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer and an estimated 12,770 people will die of this disease.

• #6 Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html

  Oral cancer is more common in men than women, among those with a history of tobacco or heavy alcohol use, and individuals infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of oral cavity and pharynx cancer deaths is highest among people aged 65-74.

• #7 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  Background: One of the most common cancers is squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck which is a serious health challenge worldwide. Considering the importance of knowledge of incidence, death and risk factors in prevention programs, this study was conducted to investigate the incidence, mortality and risk factors for oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. […] The five countries with the highest number of cancer of the oral cavity and lip included India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men versus women, 5.5 and 2.5 per hundred thousand, respectively). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral cavity cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for this type of cancer was 1.9 per 100,000 people in the world (2.7 vs. 1.2 in every 100,000 of men vs. women, respectively). The most important risk factors for oral and lip cancer include tobacco smoke, alcohol drinking, viral infections, exposure to sunlight, and socioeconomic status.

• #8 Study: No increased risk for partners of people with HPV-related oral cancers | Hub

  https://hub.jhu.edu/2013/06/04/hpv-oral-cancers-transmission/

  Spouses and long-term partners of patients with mouth and throat cancers related to human papilloma virus commonly known as HPV appear to have no increased prevalence of oral HPV infections, according to results of a multicenter pilot study led by Johns Hopkins investigators. […] HPV-related oral cancers are on the rise among white men in the United States, and fear of transmitting the virus can lead to anxiety, divorce, and curtailing of sex and intimacy among couples, D’Souza said. Persistent oral HPV infections can lead to the development of oropharyngeal cancers, located at the base of the tongue, tonsils, pharynx, and soft palate. […] More research is needed to determine the timeline of progression for HPV-related oral cancers and how HPV is transmitted and suppressed by the immune system, D’Souza said.

• #9 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx — United States 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm

  During 2007-2016, incidence rates increased for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx combined (0.6% per year on average), other oral cavity and pharynx (3.4%), base of tongue (1.8%), anterior tongue (1.8%), gum (1.9%), tonsil (2.4%), and oropharynx (1.9%). […] When cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx were grouped by association with HPV, HPV-associated cancers increased 2.1% per year on average, whereas cancers not associated with HPV decreased 0.4% per year on average. […] The overall increasing trend in oral cancer rates was the result of a combination of increasing rates among whites and A/PI, stable rates in AI/AN, and decreasing rates among blacks and Hispanics. […] Public health efforts that focus on increasing HPV vaccination are an essential component of cancer prevention. […] Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx can be caused by exposure to risk factors that are common in the United States, including tobacco use, alcohol use, and HPV infection.

• #10 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  According to the most recent International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) statistics for the year 2018, a total number of 354,864 lip and oral cavity malignancies are diagnosed each year, accounting for a cumulative age-standardized incidence of 4.0 per 100,000. Of all these cancers, 246,420 are diagnosed in men and 108,444 in women, thus accounting for an age-standardized incidence of 5.8 per 100,000 in the male sex and 2.3 per 100,000 in the female sex, respectively. Overall, lip and oral cavity are listed as the 16th most frequently diagnosed cancer (2.0% of all cancers), 11th in men (2.6% of all cancers) and 19th in women (1.3% of all cancers), respectively. The incidence exponentially grows in parallel with ageing in both sexes, from 0.09-0.13 per 100,000 under the age of 25 years, up to 14.4-28.8 per 100,000 after the age of 75 years. The incidence is the highest in Oceania (7.7 per 100,000), intermediate in Europe (4.4 per 100,000), Asia (4.3 per 100,000), North America (4.3 per 100,000) and South America (2.7 per 100,000), whilst is the lowest in Africa (1.7 per 100,000). Notably, the incidence of these types of cancers has increased in all worldwide continents during the past 30 years, displaying the largest increase in Asia (1.93-fold).

• #11

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The effect of cancer on the population can be effectively evaluated by considering key indicators such as the incidence rate, survival rate, and mortality rate within the specific population. […] Epidemiological studies focusing on oral cancer encounter complexities arising from various anatomical sub-sites, leading to diverse reporting practices. […] Based on the aforementioned classifications, recent data from GLOBOCAN 2020 revealed approximately 377,713 new cases of oral cancer detected in both sexes, resulting in approximately 177,757 deaths worldwide. […] India has a high incidence of oral cancer, attributed to cultural, ethnic, and geographical factors, along with prevalent addictive habits. […] In India, there are approximately 77,000 new cases of oral cancer reported each year, resulting in around 52,000 deaths, indicating the substantial burden of this disease.

• #12

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-better-oral-health-an-evidence-based-toolkit-for-prevention/chapter-6-oral-cancer

  In 2016, 3,744 people in the UK were diagnosed with mouth cancer. The risk of oral cancer increases with age. Age-standardised incidence rates of mouth cancer are higher in Scotland than the rest of the UK, and are rising in England and Wales. Mouth cancer is much more common among males than females with a ratio of approximately 2:1; more common among older age groups, with the peak age for diagnosis being 66 to 70 years. […] Data from Scotland reveal wide socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of oral cancer with those from lowest socioeconomic groups having a near 3-fold greater incidence risk ratio than those from the highest socioeconomic groups; while data from London suggests some South East Asian ethnic groups have higher incidence rate ratios of mouth cancer than their white counterparts.

• #13 Soft Palate Cancer Survival Rate by Stage

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/soft-palate-cancer-survival-rate

  About 3 in 5 people with soft palate cancer live for at least 5 years if they receive a diagnosis and treatment before the cancer spreads. Several factors can affect survival and life expectancy. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for oropharyngeal cancers like soft palate cancer is around 52% at all stages. […] The survival rate depends on how far its spread from where it started: 59% for localized cancer, meaning it hasnt spread beyond the soft palate; 62% for regional cancer, meaning it has spread to tissues near the soft palate or into your nearby lymph nodes; 29% for distant cancer, meaning it has spread throughout your body to other organs, such as your lungs. […] According to a 2018 study of 4,366 people with soft palate cancer, overall survival was 68.7 months (5 years, 8.7 months). However, in people who died specifically from soft palate cancer (and not from other causes), survival was 161.3 months (13 years, 5.3 months).

• #14 Malignant Tumors of the Palate Treatment & Management: Preoperative Details, Intraoperative Details, Follow-up

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847807-treatment

  Tumor thickness is an excellent predictor of nodal metastasis in soft palate cancers. In one study, all patients with tumors thicker than 3.12 mm had cervical metastasis, with tumor thickness correlating more directly with nodal metastasis than with T stage. […] Clinical regional metastasis at presentation reduces the 5-year survival rate by half, from 80% in N0 necks to 40% in necks with clinically evident metastasis. For small tumors treated primarily with radiotherapy, N0 and N1 necks can be controlled adequately with radiotherapy alone. For N2 and greater neck metastasis, 74% of patients still have residual SCC following radiotherapy. Hence, treat N2 and greater regional metastasis with planned combined therapy, including neck dissection followed by radiotherapy.

• #15 Soft Palate Cancer Survival Rate by Stage

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/soft-palate-cancer-survival-rate

  Your life expectancy with soft palate cancer depends on a few factors: when you receive a diagnosis, how far the cancer has spread before you get treatment, the treatments you receive, your sex assigned at birth, other health issues that might affect your life expectancy, such as diabetes, heart disease, or lung disease. […] Soft palate cancer has a high survival rate when people are diagnosed and treated before it spreads from their soft palate into surrounding tissues or lymph nodes. […] Your life expectancy and quality of life with soft palate cancer can decrease significantly if it spreads throughout your body or doesnt receive proper treatment.

• #16 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Soft Palate in the United States: A Population-Based Study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29734872/

  Patients with stage IV disease who underwent both surgery and radiation had a significantly higher median OS at 50.0 months. […] Conclusion Radiation alone and surgery alone both have nearly equivalent OS benefit for stages I to III, while surgery and radiation provide the most survival benefit for stage IV disease. The large discrepancy between OS and DSS can be due to significant comorbidities. Future studies should aim to address the determinants of quality-of-life variables that help direct treatment decisions and might indirectly affect survival.

• #17 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Data for describing the patterns of oral cancer come from two main sources, mortality data derived from death certificates and cancer registries. […] The National Cancer Institute (NCI) collects data from nine cancer registries (5 states and 4 metropolitan areas) as part of its Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. […] Based on 1991 SEER data, the overall incidence and mortality rates for oral and pharyngeal cancer combined are 10.4 per 100,000 population and 2.9 per 100,000 population, respectively. […] Mortality rates show similar differentials: 4.5 per 100,000 per year for males, 1.7 per 100,000 per year for females. […] Black males in the United States have an incidence rate of oral cancers about one-third higher than their white counterparts (20.7 versus 15.3 per 100,000 annually) but more than twice the mortality rate (8.9 versus 4.1 deaths per 100,000).

• #18 International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium (INHANCE) | Family & Preventive Medicine | U of U School of Medicine

  https://medicine.utah.edu/dfpm/inhance

  The International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium (INHANCE) Consortium is a collaboration of research groups leading large molecular epidemiology studies of head and neck cancer (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx). […] Questionnaire data on over 26,600 cases 37,900 controls, and biological samples from a majority of the study population were collected. These studies have been conducted in various regions of the world. […] We aim to improve the understanding of the causes and mechanisms of head and neck cancer.

• #19 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Significant changes in the racial and ethnic composition of the U.S. population also are anticipated in coming decades. […] The lack of national prevalence data on premalignant lesions has been a significant barrier to understanding fully the occurrence and development of oral cancers. […] There is substantial evidence that there are racial or ethnic differences in oral cancer beyond the black/white differences noted in publications using the SEER data.

• #20 Oral Cavity and Nasopharyngeal Cancers Screening – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-screening-pdq

  There are no standard or routine screening tests for oral cavity and nasopharyngeal cancers. […] No studies have shown that screening for oral cavity cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer would lower the risk of dying from these diseases. […] More than half of oral cancers have already spread to lymph nodes or other areas by the time they are found. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to nasopharyngeal cancer. Screening for nasopharyngeal cancer using the EBV antibody test or EBV DNA test has been studied. These are laboratory tests used to check the blood for EBV antibodies or EBV DNA. If EBV antibodies or DNA are found in the blood more tests may be done to check for nasopharyngeal cancer. No studies have shown that screening would decrease the risk of dying from this disease. […] Screening tests for oral cavity and nasopharyngeal cancers are being studied in clinical trials.

• #21 Oral Cancer: Epidemiology, Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77956

  The chance of curing oral cancers increases if they are diagnosed and treated early. […] At least three-quarters of all oral cancers can be prevented by quitting smoking and drinking alcohol. […] Screening programs can be valuable in patients from high-risk groups (smokers and alcoholics) or in patients with a previous diagnosis of cancer outside the head and neck.

• #22

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Despite advancements in oral cancer therapy, the prognosis for OSCC remains unfavorable. Therefore, the focus should be on oral cancer prevention. […] Oral cancer screening is a preventive measure designed to identify early signs of oral cancer or precancerous lesions in the mouth. […] Screening must detect disorders or malignancies before symptoms arise to reduce the mortality of the screened population. […] The integration of AI into screening programs has significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of oral cancer diagnostics. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage. […] Implementing of cancer screening programs is hindered by fragmented, low-resource settings lacking workforce and technical facilities common in developing countries, underscoring the need for an organized healthcare system as a primary requirement. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #23

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2023, there will be 54,540 new cases of oral cancer globally. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] A risk prediction model has been developed for head and neck cancers, including oral cancer, which takes into account factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, and cigarette smoking/alcohol consumption. […] The utilization of AI techniques in advancing image-based diagnosis is gaining popularity, primarily through deep learning and machine learning. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #24 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #25 Epidemiology, literacy, risk factors, and clinical status of oral cancer in East Africa: A scoping review | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0317217

  Late detection of oral cancer is a common occurrence in East Africa and a challenge, and this is largely due to limited access to cancer screening and treatment facilities. Most cases of oral cancer in the region are, therefore, detected at advanced stages, when the cancer is already locally advanced and might have already spread to other parts of the body, making it difficult to treat, resulting in high mortality rates. […] There is a dire need for targeted interventions and early detection strategies tailored to the unique epidemiological and clinical profiles of oral and maxillofacial tumors in East Africa. Public health interventions aimed at curbing the prevalence of Toombak use and promoting healthier lifestyle choices to reduce the oral diseases incidence in Sudan and other regions where these behaviors are prevalent remain germane.

• #26 18F-FDG PET as a Routine Posttreatment Surveillance Tool in Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A ProspectiveStudy | Journal of Nuclear Medicine

  https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/50/12/1940

  The initial stage of the tumor has been shown to affect the recurrence rate, with stages III and IV having an increased recurrence risk as compared with stages I and II. […] In the current study, a recurrence rate (local, regional, and distant) of 27% (13 patients) was shown. In 5 patients (10%), a second primary tumor developed. Early identification may allow early treatment with curative intent and may potentially confer a survival advantage. […] Currently, there is no consensus regarding the interval and frequency of 18F-FDG PET scans in the follow-up of HNSCC patients. […] 18F-FDG PET performed as a sequential investigation 4 mo after treatment, independent of whether recurrence is suggested, showed high accuracy. […] 18F-FDG PET at 3 mo detected all recurrences except 1 and induced the greatest change in nonsuperfluous diagnostic strategy. […] The early detection of recurrent disease or second primary tumors may lead to an improved outcome.

• #27 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment

  https://www.scirp.org/html/8-8901296_21591.htm

  Oral SCC is most frequently diagnosed late in the course of the disease because affected persons fail to seek professional advice timeously, either because they do not understand the significance of early signs and symptoms, or because they are ignorant of the health implications. […] The risk of developing multiple oral SCCs within a cytogenetically altered precancerized field is higher in young persons, and in persons who continue to use tobacco, alcohol and betel quid after successful treatment of the primary carcinoma. […] Oral SCC can arise from pre-existing potentially malignant disorders including oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia, submucous fibrosis and lichenoid dysplastic lesions, or can arise de novo. […] The use of tobacco and betel quid, heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages and a diet low in fresh fruits and vegetables are the major risk factors for oral SCC.

• #28 Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-022-5166-x

  Head and neck cancer appears to be increasing in incidence, with potential changes in aetiology proposed. […] Globally, incidence rates have increased in recent decades, largely driven by oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates over the last decade have also started to rise, reflecting the disease incidence and static survival rates. […] Head and neck cancer incidence is increasing and is projected to continue to rise, largely driven by increases in oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates have started to increase within the last decade, reflecting a rising incidence and static survival rates. […] Major risk factors that are associated with the risk of head and neck cancer are tobacco smoking and tobacco used in combination with alcohol consumption. […] HPV is an additional major risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer.

• #29 Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-022-5166-x

  Both globally and in the UK, HNC incidence has increased over recent decades and is projected to continue to rise, largely driven by increases in oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates in the UK have started to increase within the last decade, reflecting rising incidence and static survival rates.

• #30 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  Oral cavity cancers develop from a specific anatomic area extending from the lips within a circular region at the back, encompassing the circumvallate papillae on the tongue dorsum, the frontal tonsil pillars, up to the junction of hard and soft palate. The current cumulative age-standardized incidence of lip and oral cancers is 4.0 per 100,000, more than double in men than in women (5.8 vs. 2.3 per 100,000, respectively). The incidence, which exponentially grows in parallel with ageing in both sexes, is the highest in Oceania and the lowest in Africa. The cumulative age-standardized mortality for lip and oral cancers is 2.0 per 100,000, again more than double in men than in women (2.8 vs. 1.2 per 100,000, respectively). The cumulative risk of death is the highest in Africa, where the ratio between deaths and incidence new cases is 70%. Alcohol and cigarette smoking are both responsible for the highest number of deaths in men (80%), whilst chewing tobacco seems to cause the highest number of deaths in women (50%). The cumulative 5-year relative survival rates for cancers of lip, tongue and floor of the mouth are 88%, 66% and 53%, respectively. It can be finally estimated that incidence and mortality for these cancers will perhaps exhibit an approximately 2-fold increase by the year 2050.

• #31 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  According to the most recent IARC statistics, a total number of 177,384 people die each year for lip and oral cavity malignancies, accounting for a cumulative age-standardized mortality of 2.0 per 100,000 and actually translating into a 50% worldwide risk of dying after developing these types of cancers. Overall, lip and oral cavity are listed as the 15th most frequently deadly cancer (1.9% of all cancers), 12th in men (2.2% of all cancers) and 16th in women (1.4% of all cancers), respectively. Likewise incidence, the death rate exponentially grows in parallel with ageing in both sexes, from 0.03-0.05 per 100,000 under the age of 25 years, up to 7.9-14.4 per 100,000 after the age of 75 years. The worldwide distribution of age-standardized mortality is shown in Figure 2. Unlike incidence, the death rate seems more homogenously distributed around the world, being the highest in Asia (2.4 per 100,000), intermediate in Europe (1.7 per 100,000), Oceania (1.6 per 100,000), Africa (1.2 per 100,000) and South America (1.0 per 100,000), whilst is the lowest in North America (0.7 per 100,000). These figures translate into a risk of death (i.e., mortality/incidence) of 70% in Africa, 60% in Asia, 40% in South America and Europe, 20% in North America and Oceania. Notably, the mortality for lip and oral cavity cancers has undergone a dramatic escalation in Asia during the past 30 years (1.71-fold growth).

• #32 HPV and the Changing Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancer – Eye & Ear Foundation of Pittsburgh

  https://eyeandear.org/2023/08/hpv-and-the-changing-epidemiology-of-head-and-neck-cancer/

  HPV+ Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma has dramatically altered the epidemiology, demographics, and outcomes in head and neck cancer. […] An important paper published in 2011 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology found there was a 28% increase in all OPSCC, a 225% increase in HPV+ OPSCC, and a 50% decrease in HPV- OPSSC. It is now the most common HPV-associated malignancy in the U.S., surpassing cervical cancer. […] Rates continue to increase and will likely increase by even more over the next 20 years until vaccination. […] HPV+ OPSCC has dramatically altered the epidemiology, demographics, and outcomes in HNC.

• #33 What Is Mouth And Oropharyngeal Cancer? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/about

  Oral cancer is more common in men than women. Research shows that 1 in 55 men and 1 in 108 women will be diagnosed with oral cancer at some point in their life. […] Most HPV positive and non HPV oropharyngeal and oral cancers happen in people that are middle aged or elderly. […] In the UK, more than 50 out of 100 (more than 50%) squamous cell oropharyngeal cancers are linked to the human papillomavirus (HPV). This is a common virus that causes no harm in most people. But in some people, the virus can cause changes in the throat, making them more likely to become cancerous in the future. […] In recent years, there has been an increase of HPV positive oropharyngeal cancer. […] Each year, around 8,900 new cases of mouth and oropharyngeal cancer are diagnosed in the UK. […] You have a number of tests to check for mouth and oropharyngeal cancer. This includes a nasoendoscopy and taking a sample of tissue called a biopsy. […] Your treatment depends on where in your mouth or oropharynx your cancer is, the type, how big it is, whether it has spread anywhere else in your body and your general health.

• #34 The emerging risk of oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer in HPV-related subsites in young people in Brazil | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0232871

  Our study revealed a striking reduction in the overall incidence trends of OPC/OCC and an age-period-cohort effect in HPV-unrelated subsites. […] In this study, the incidence dramatically trended upward in young males and females in HPV-related subsites, particularly in recent cohorts. […] Our finding is analogous to data from Denmark, which demonstrated an increase in young and middle-aged males and females, and France, which demonstrated an increased cumulative risk in females. […] For these reasons, our data support the HPV vaccination program and the continuity of the Brazilian tobacco control policy, which has had positive effects on OPC/OCC incidence in So Paulo city.

Zobacz więcej