Rak oka
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rokowanie w raku oka jest wieloczynnikowe i zależy od stadium zaawansowania, lokalizacji guza, typu komórek, wskaźnika mitotycznego, wielkości guza, zmian chromosomowych, mutacji genowych, profilu ekspresji genów, wieku pacjenta oraz ogólnego stanu zdrowia. W Kanadzie 5-letni współczynnik przeżycia netto wynosi 74%, w Anglii 80%, natomiast dla czerniaka oka w IV stadium według Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Raka 5-letni względny wskaźnik przeżycia wynosi 16%. Mediana przeżycia pacjentów z chorobą przerzutową wynosi 4,5-17 miesięcy. Czerniak błony naczyniowej (UM) charakteryzuje się 30% śmiertelnością po 5 latach i 40% po 10-15 latach, a mediana przeżycia po przerzutach to 34 miesiące z rocznym wskaźnikiem śmiertelności 80%. Klasyfikacja TNM dla czerniaka ciała rzęskowego i naczyniówki obejmuje 5-letnie przeżycie od 96% w stadium I do 3% w stadium IV. Wskaźniki przeżycia w siatkówczaku (RB) różnią się geograficznie, osiągając 95% w USA i zaledwie 30% w niektórych krajach Afryki Wschodniej.

Rak oka (Rokowanie)

Rokowanie w przypadku raka oka opiera się na wielu czynnikach, które muszą być rozpatrywane łącznie, aby możliwe było dokładne przewidywanie przebiegu choroby i odpowiedzi na leczenie. Jedynie lekarz znający historię medyczną pacjenta, typ, stadium i charakterystykę nowotworu, wybrane metody leczenia oraz odpowiedź na terapię może połączyć wszystkie te informacje ze statystykami przeżycia, aby określić rokowanie.1

Wskaźniki przeżycia

W Kanadzie 5-letni współczynnik przeżycia netto dla raka oka wynosi 74%, co oznacza, że około 74% osób zdiagnozowanych z rakiem oka przeżyje co najmniej 5 lat.2 W Anglii wskaźniki przeżycia dla osób z rakiem oka wynoszą: około 95% przeżywa 1 rok lub dłużej, a 80% przeżywa 5 lat lub dłużej.3 Według Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Raka, 5-letni względny wskaźnik przeżycia dla czerniaka oka w IV stadium wynosi 16%.4

Dla pacjentów z chorobą przerzutową mediana przeżycia wynosi 4,5-17 miesięcy. Mediana przeżycia jest okresem (zwykle miesiące lub lata), w którym połowa osób z nowotworem nadal żyje, podczas gdy druga połowa żyje krócej niż ten czas.5

Czynniki wpływające na rokowanie

Rokowanie w raku oka zależy od wielu czynników. Do najważniejszych należą:

  • Stadium zaawansowania – rak oka w niższym stadium ma lepsze rokowanie6
  • Lokalizacja nowotworu – czerniak tęczówki często ma lepsze rokowanie niż czerniak naczyniówki lub ciała rzęskowego78
  • Rozprzestrzenienie poza oko – rak, który rozprzestrzenił się poza oko, ma mniej korzystne rokowanie niż rak, który nie rozprzestrzenił się poza oko9
  • Typ komórek – czerniak wewnątrzgałkowy z komórkami wrzecionowatymi ma lepsze rokowanie niż czerniak z komórkami nabłonkowatymi lub mieszany1011
  • Wskaźnik mitotyczny – rak oka o niskim wskaźniku mitotycznym ma lepsze rokowanie niż rak o wyższym wskaźniku mitotycznym12
  • Wielkość guza – mniejszy guz oka ma zazwyczaj lepsze rokowanie niż większy guz13
  • Zmiany chromosomowe – niektóre zmiany chromosomów są powiązane z wyższym ryzykiem rozprzestrzeniania się nowotworu i gorszym rokowaniem1415
  • Mutacje genowe – pacjenci, których guzy mają określone mutacje genowe lub zbyt wiele kopii (zwane nadekspresją) określonych genów, mają zazwyczaj gorsze rokowanie16
  • Profil ekspresji genów – profilowanie ekspresji genów może pomóc przewidzieć ryzyko rozprzestrzeniania się nowotworu u osób z czerniakiem błony naczyniowej. Czerniak błony naczyniowej klasy 1 ma lepsze rokowanie niż czerniak błony naczyniowej klasy 217
  • Wiek – młodsze osoby mają lepsze rokowanie niż starsze1819
  • Ogólny stan zdrowia i sprawność fizyczna20

Specyficzne typy raka oka i ich rokowanie

Czerniak błony naczyniowej (Uveal Melanoma – UM)

Czerniak błony naczyniowej (UM) jest najczęstszym pierwotnym wewnątrzgałkowym nowotworem złośliwym u dorosłych, z zapadalnością wynoszącą prawie 5 przypadków na milion osób w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Śmiertelność z powodu przerzutowego UM wynosiła 30% po 5 latach w szwedzkiej kohorcie. Ponadto, 40% współczynnik śmiertelności w UM wykazano u pacjentów 10-15 lat po pierwotnej diagnozie.21

Niezależnie od leczenia, 10-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia bez przerzutów i całkowitego przeżycia dla guzów UM o średniej wielkości wynoszą odpowiednio 87% i 65%. Po wystąpieniu przerzutów średni czas przeżycia pacjentów wynosi 34 miesiące, a roczny wskaźnik śmiertelności wynosi 80%. Do 50% pacjentów umiera z powodu przerzutów w ciągu 10 lat od diagnozy UM.22

Klasyfikacja TNM dla czerniaka ciała rzęskowego i naczyniówki jest jedyną opartą dotychczas na dowodach klinicznych: baza danych 7369 pacjentów analizowana przez Europejską Grupę Onkologii Ocznej. Obejmuje rokowanie od 96% 5-letniego przeżycia dla stadium I do 97% 5-letniej śmiertelności dla stadium IV.23

Siatkówczak (Retinoblastoma – RB)

Wskaźniki przeżycia pacjentów z siatkówczakiem w różnych krajach i regionach znacznie się różnią. W USA wskaźnik przeżycia pacjentów z RB osiąga 95%, ale w niektórych słabo rozwiniętych krajach, zwłaszcza w niektórych krajach Afryki Wschodniej, wskaźnik przeżycia pacjentów z RB wynosi zaledwie 30%.24

Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, pacjenci z RB mają lepsze wyniki jakości życia niż pacjenci z UM, a dwa z trzech badań wykazały, że pacjenci z RB mieli wyniki podobne do populacji ogólnej, zgłaszając tym samym mniej problemów związanych z jakością życia.2526

Rak spojówki

Badania epidemiologiczne złośliwych pierwotnych guzów spojówki są rzadkie. Wyniki badań sugerują, że częstość występowania i wskaźniki przeżycia raka spojówki pozostawały względnie stabilne przez ostatnie dwie dekady.2728

Analiza regresji Coxa sugeruje, że bycie mężczyzną wiąże się z podwyższonym ryzykiem rozwoju złośliwych guzów spojówki.29

Modele predykcyjne rokowania

Badacze opracowali różne modele do przewidywania rokowania w raku oka, szczególnie w czerniaku błony naczyniowej:

  • Liverpool Uveal Melanoma Prognosticator Online V3 (LUMPO3) – narzędzie umożliwiające przewidywanie przeżycia po leczeniu czerniaka naczyniówki. Zdolność LUMPO3 do rozróżnienia między pacjentami z UM, którzy zmarli z powodu przerzutowego UM, a tymi, którzy nadal żyli, była od zadowalającej do dobrej, ze statystykami C w zakresie od 0,64 do 0,85 w pierwszym roku.30
  • Immunologiczna sygnatura prognostyczna – może dobrze klasyfikować pacjentów z UM na grupy wysokiego i niskiego ryzyka. Krzywa Kaplana-Meiera wykazała, że całkowite przeżycie pacjentów wysokiego ryzyka było gorsze niż pacjentów niskiego ryzyka.31
  • Modele oparte na markerach m6A metylotransferazy – wykazano, że mogą przewidywać rokowanie pacjentów i są związane z infiltracją immunologiczną.32

Analiza ROC wykazała, że AUC krzywej ROC dla 1-rocznego, 3-letniego i 5-letniego OS w kohorcie wynosiły odpowiednio 0,930, 0,947 i 0,951, co wskazuje na dobrą zdolność predykcyjną modelu.33

Jakość życia a rokowanie

Mierzenie jakości życia jest kluczowe dla określenia, w jakim stopniu rak oka i jego leczenie wpływają na codzienne życie.3435 Doświadczenia zagrażające życiu związane z rakiem oraz niepożądane skutki chemioterapii, radioterapii, chirurgii i enukleacji mogą potencjalnie wpływać na jakość życia osób, które przeżyły.3637

Pacjenci, którzy są starsi, mają bardziej zaawansowane guzy i wyższe ryzyko przerzutów, często wybierają enukleację, co wpływa na stan zdrowia, zwłaszcza powodując traumę psychologiczną. Enukleacja jest zabiegiem niszczącym i oszpecającym, który poważnie wpływa na zdrowie fizyczne i psychiczne pacjenta.38

Jakość życia pacjentów z UM jest zmienna, z niespójnymi wynikami w różnych badaniach.3940 Warte uwagi jest, że więcej uwagi należy poświęcić krajom rozwijającym się, w których wskaźniki śmiertelności są wysokie, aby poprawić ich jakość życia.41

Zaawansowany rak oka

W ostatnim stadium, kiedy rak rozprzestrzenił się poza oko do regionalnych węzłów chłonnych i odległych obszarów, w tym kości, wątroby i płuc, rokowanie jest zwykle niekorzystne.4243

Prędkość, z jaką rak oka w stadium 4 może się rozprzestrzeniać, zależy od różnych czynników, w tym lokalizacji, typu nowotworu i funkcji układu odpornościowego danej osoby. Komórki raka oka w stadium 4 mogą rozprzestrzeniać się do pobliskich i odległych tkanek i narządów szybko i agresywnie.44

Chociaż wyleczenie nie jest prawdopodobne, metody leczenia, takie jak chirurgia, chemioterapia i radioterapia, mogą pomóc w łagodzeniu objawów i poprawie jakości życia.45

Nowe kierunki w rokowaniu

Pojawienie się nowych modalności diagnostycznych, takich jak biopsje płynne, które polegają na uzyskaniu z krwi obwodowej krążących komórek nowotworowych i innych pochodnych cząsteczek, otworzyło drzwi do lepszej opieki nad pacjentem i wyniku choroby.46

Obecność w krwiobiegu krążących hybrydowych komórek nowotworowo-immunologicznych (CHCs) oraz nowotworowych pęcherzyków zewnątrzkomórkowych (TEVs) może być wykorzystana do oceny ryzyka przerzutowego UM.47

Biopsje płynne mogą zapewnić nieinwazyjne, łatwo dostępne, mierzalne narzędzie do monitorowania i prognozowania pacjentów z UM. Jednak istnieją ograniczenia, które utrudniają ich bliskie zastosowanie kliniczne, w tym niska czułość wykrywania ctDNA we wczesnej prezentacji klinicznej oraz koszty i czas przetwarzania niektórych platform analizy.48

Pomimo postępów w leczeniu UM w ciągu ostatnich kilku lat, takich jak opracowanie tebentafuspu – regulatora układu odpornościowego – rokowanie UM pozostaje złe. Obecne przekonania przemawiają za obecnością mikrorozsiewu choroby w momencie diagnozy, w wyniku krwiopochodnego rozprzestrzeniania się komórek nowotworowych. Opóźnienia w diagnozie i leczeniu są sugerowane jako główni współczynniki choroby przerzutowej.49

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have eye cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type, stage and characteristics of your cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is an important prognostic factor for eye cancer. A lower stage eye cancer has a better prognosis. […] The location of the eye cancer helps to predict a prognosis. […] A melanoma of the iris often has a better prognosis than a melanoma of the choroid or ciliary body. […] Cancer that has spread outside of the eye has a less favourable prognosis than cancer that hasnt spread outside of the eye.
  • #2 Survival statistics for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
    Survival statistics for eye cancer are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] In Canada, the 5-year net survival for eye cancer is 74%. This means that about 74% of people diagnosed with eye cancer will survive for at least 5 years. […] Survival varies with the stage of intraocular melanoma. Intraocular melanoma tends to grow slowly. Generally, the earlier it is diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome. […] The 10-year survival rate is the percentage of people who are alive at least 10 years after their cancer diagnosis. But people with this type of cancer may live much longer than 10 years. […] For people with metastatic disease, the median survival is 4.517 months. Median survival is the period of time (usually months or years) at which half of the people with cancer are still alive. The other half will live less than this amount of time. […] Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.
  • #3 Survival For Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/survival
    Survival depends on different factors. So no one can tell you exactly how long you will live. […] Doctors usually work out the outlook for a certain disease by looking at large groups of people. Because this cancer is less common, survival is harder to estimate than for other, more common cancers. […] Your doctor can give you more information about your own outlook (prognosis Open a glossary item). […] 5 year survival is the number of people who have not died from their cancer within 5 years after diagnosis. […] Generally for people with eye cancer in England: around 95 out of 100 (around 95%) survive their cancer for 1 year or more; 80 out of 100 (80%) survive their cancer for 5 years or more. […] Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. This means how big it is and whether it has spread.
  • #4 Eye cancer last stage: Outlook, spread, symptoms, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eye-cancer-last-stage
    Doctors may use the term stage 4 eye cancer to refer to the last stage of the disease, where the cancer has spread beyond the eye to other parts of the body. […] once it progresses to stage 4, the last stage, it can be difficult to manage, and the prognosis is typically unfavorable. […] The outlook and survival rates for stage 4 eye cancer depend on several factors, including the type of eye cancer, its location, and how much it has spread. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for the last stage of eye melanoma is 16%. […] Factors that can affect the outlook for stage 4 eye cancer include: the location of the cancer, whether it has spread outside the eye, tumor size, cell type, mitotic count how fast the cancer cells are dividing and growing, chromosome changes, genetic changes, the tumor tissue classification, age.
  • #5 Survival statistics for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
    Survival statistics for eye cancer are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] In Canada, the 5-year net survival for eye cancer is 74%. This means that about 74% of people diagnosed with eye cancer will survive for at least 5 years. […] Survival varies with the stage of intraocular melanoma. Intraocular melanoma tends to grow slowly. Generally, the earlier it is diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome. […] The 10-year survival rate is the percentage of people who are alive at least 10 years after their cancer diagnosis. But people with this type of cancer may live much longer than 10 years. […] For people with metastatic disease, the median survival is 4.517 months. Median survival is the period of time (usually months or years) at which half of the people with cancer are still alive. The other half will live less than this amount of time. […] Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.
  • #6 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have eye cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type, stage and characteristics of your cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is an important prognostic factor for eye cancer. A lower stage eye cancer has a better prognosis. […] The location of the eye cancer helps to predict a prognosis. […] A melanoma of the iris often has a better prognosis than a melanoma of the choroid or ciliary body. […] Cancer that has spread outside of the eye has a less favourable prognosis than cancer that hasnt spread outside of the eye.
  • #7 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have eye cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type, stage and characteristics of your cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is an important prognostic factor for eye cancer. A lower stage eye cancer has a better prognosis. […] The location of the eye cancer helps to predict a prognosis. […] A melanoma of the iris often has a better prognosis than a melanoma of the choroid or ciliary body. […] Cancer that has spread outside of the eye has a less favourable prognosis than cancer that hasnt spread outside of the eye.
  • #8 Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/8/1758
    The emergence of novel diagnostic modalities, such as liquid biopsies, which consist of obtaining from the peripheral blood circulating tumor cells and other derived molecules, has opened doors to better patient care and disease outcome. Herein, we will review the pathogenesis of UM, with an emphasis on novel molecular targets for diagnosis and treatment, as well as its clinical presentation, prognostic factors, and current diagnostic modalities. […] Survival rate for UM depends on a variety of factors, ranging from clinical, molecular, histopathological, and genetic characteristics. Tumor location influences prognosis, with tumors located within 1 mm of the optic nerve head (juxtapapillary) or having any tumor portion located in the ciliary body being associated with a low survival rate. Tumor location is also known to influence time of disease detection; iris melanomas are typically diagnosed one to two decades earlier, which may contribute to lower metastasis rates and greater prognosis. Another important feature to consider during prognostication is somatic mutations. Risk of UM metastasis has been shown to be linked to few somatic mutations in the presence of chromosome 3 monosomy or partial monosomy. Increased risk of metastasis was shown in tumors harboring 6p loss, 6q loss, 8p loss, and 8q gain, whereas the risk of metastasis was decreased in tumors with 6p gains.
  • #9 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have eye cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type, stage and characteristics of your cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is an important prognostic factor for eye cancer. A lower stage eye cancer has a better prognosis. […] The location of the eye cancer helps to predict a prognosis. […] A melanoma of the iris often has a better prognosis than a melanoma of the choroid or ciliary body. […] Cancer that has spread outside of the eye has a less favourable prognosis than cancer that hasnt spread outside of the eye.
  • #10 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    Spindle cell intraocular melanoma has a better prognosis than epithelioid cell intraocular melanoma or mixed cell intraocular melanoma. […] Eye cancer that has a low mitotic count has a better prognosis than an eye cancer with a higher mitotic count. […] Generally, a smaller eye tumour has a better prognosis than a larger tumour. […] Some changes to chromosomes are linked to a higher risk of the cancer spreading and a poorer prognosis. […] People whose tumours have certain gene mutations or too many copies (called overexpression) of certain genes tend to have a poorer outcome. […] Gene expression profiling can help predict the risk of cancer spreading in people with uveal melanoma, a type of intraocular melanoma. Class 1 uveal melanoma has a better prognosis than class 2 uveal melanoma. […] Younger people have a better prognosis than older people.
  • #11 OMF | Ocular Melanoma Foundation – Understanding Prognosis
    https://ocularmelanoma.org/prognosis
    Prognostic indicators are still not that well understood for OM although there are several predictive factors discussed in medical literature. […] Several factors have been identified, though, as being associated with a higher risk of developing metastatic ocular melanoma include: […] Pathological findings such as epithelioid (versus spindle) morphology is also associated with higher risk of metastasis. […] The genetic makeup of the tumor is also becoming a much more useful prognostic indicator. […] The most widely used predictor of metastatic disease is the detection of monosomy 3. […] The majority of tumors with the monosomy 3 abnormality have a poor prognosis (i.e. result in metastatic disease) versus less than 5% of tumors that have not had chromosome 3 deleted. […] It is believed that gains on chromosomes 6 and 8 can increase the predictive value of monosomy 3. […] A gain of 6p indicates a better prognosis and a gain of 8q indicates a worse prognosis.
  • #12 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    Spindle cell intraocular melanoma has a better prognosis than epithelioid cell intraocular melanoma or mixed cell intraocular melanoma. […] Eye cancer that has a low mitotic count has a better prognosis than an eye cancer with a higher mitotic count. […] Generally, a smaller eye tumour has a better prognosis than a larger tumour. […] Some changes to chromosomes are linked to a higher risk of the cancer spreading and a poorer prognosis. […] People whose tumours have certain gene mutations or too many copies (called overexpression) of certain genes tend to have a poorer outcome. […] Gene expression profiling can help predict the risk of cancer spreading in people with uveal melanoma, a type of intraocular melanoma. Class 1 uveal melanoma has a better prognosis than class 2 uveal melanoma. […] Younger people have a better prognosis than older people.
  • #13 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    Spindle cell intraocular melanoma has a better prognosis than epithelioid cell intraocular melanoma or mixed cell intraocular melanoma. […] Eye cancer that has a low mitotic count has a better prognosis than an eye cancer with a higher mitotic count. […] Generally, a smaller eye tumour has a better prognosis than a larger tumour. […] Some changes to chromosomes are linked to a higher risk of the cancer spreading and a poorer prognosis. […] People whose tumours have certain gene mutations or too many copies (called overexpression) of certain genes tend to have a poorer outcome. […] Gene expression profiling can help predict the risk of cancer spreading in people with uveal melanoma, a type of intraocular melanoma. Class 1 uveal melanoma has a better prognosis than class 2 uveal melanoma. […] Younger people have a better prognosis than older people.
  • #14 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    Spindle cell intraocular melanoma has a better prognosis than epithelioid cell intraocular melanoma or mixed cell intraocular melanoma. […] Eye cancer that has a low mitotic count has a better prognosis than an eye cancer with a higher mitotic count. […] Generally, a smaller eye tumour has a better prognosis than a larger tumour. […] Some changes to chromosomes are linked to a higher risk of the cancer spreading and a poorer prognosis. […] People whose tumours have certain gene mutations or too many copies (called overexpression) of certain genes tend to have a poorer outcome. […] Gene expression profiling can help predict the risk of cancer spreading in people with uveal melanoma, a type of intraocular melanoma. Class 1 uveal melanoma has a better prognosis than class 2 uveal melanoma. […] Younger people have a better prognosis than older people.
  • #15 Survival For Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/survival
    The type of cancer can also affect your survival. […] Sometimes doctors can test for changes in the chromosomes of an eye melanoma that give an idea about how the cancer will behave and how likely it is to spread. […] Your general health and fitness also affect survival. The fitter you are, the better you may be able to cope with your cancer and treatment.
  • #16 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    Spindle cell intraocular melanoma has a better prognosis than epithelioid cell intraocular melanoma or mixed cell intraocular melanoma. […] Eye cancer that has a low mitotic count has a better prognosis than an eye cancer with a higher mitotic count. […] Generally, a smaller eye tumour has a better prognosis than a larger tumour. […] Some changes to chromosomes are linked to a higher risk of the cancer spreading and a poorer prognosis. […] People whose tumours have certain gene mutations or too many copies (called overexpression) of certain genes tend to have a poorer outcome. […] Gene expression profiling can help predict the risk of cancer spreading in people with uveal melanoma, a type of intraocular melanoma. Class 1 uveal melanoma has a better prognosis than class 2 uveal melanoma. […] Younger people have a better prognosis than older people.
  • #17 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    Spindle cell intraocular melanoma has a better prognosis than epithelioid cell intraocular melanoma or mixed cell intraocular melanoma. […] Eye cancer that has a low mitotic count has a better prognosis than an eye cancer with a higher mitotic count. […] Generally, a smaller eye tumour has a better prognosis than a larger tumour. […] Some changes to chromosomes are linked to a higher risk of the cancer spreading and a poorer prognosis. […] People whose tumours have certain gene mutations or too many copies (called overexpression) of certain genes tend to have a poorer outcome. […] Gene expression profiling can help predict the risk of cancer spreading in people with uveal melanoma, a type of intraocular melanoma. Class 1 uveal melanoma has a better prognosis than class 2 uveal melanoma. […] Younger people have a better prognosis than older people.
  • #18 Prognosis and survival for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/prognosis-and-survival
    Spindle cell intraocular melanoma has a better prognosis than epithelioid cell intraocular melanoma or mixed cell intraocular melanoma. […] Eye cancer that has a low mitotic count has a better prognosis than an eye cancer with a higher mitotic count. […] Generally, a smaller eye tumour has a better prognosis than a larger tumour. […] Some changes to chromosomes are linked to a higher risk of the cancer spreading and a poorer prognosis. […] People whose tumours have certain gene mutations or too many copies (called overexpression) of certain genes tend to have a poorer outcome. […] Gene expression profiling can help predict the risk of cancer spreading in people with uveal melanoma, a type of intraocular melanoma. Class 1 uveal melanoma has a better prognosis than class 2 uveal melanoma. […] Younger people have a better prognosis than older people.
  • #19 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773080/
    Overall, RB patients have better QOL scores than UM patients, with two out of three studies showing that RB patients had scores similar to general population, thereby reporting fewer QOL-related problems. […] However, the QOL in patients with UM is variable, with inconsistent results across studies. […] Ten studies reported the effects of age and sex on QOL. […] Younger female patients were more likely to have problems that affected their QOL or sub-items. […] Twelve articles explored the relationship between the treatment received and subsequent QOL. […] Among 12 comparative studies, three reported no overall difference in QOL between the different types of treatments. […] Many factors could have caused bias among the 17 articles. […] This systematic review had some limitations. […] It is necessary to develop a standardised QOL assessment tool for patients with eye cancer. […] It is worth noting that more attention should be paid to developing countries, whose mortality rates are high, to improve their QOL.
  • #20 Survival For Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/survival
    The type of cancer can also affect your survival. […] Sometimes doctors can test for changes in the chromosomes of an eye melanoma that give an idea about how the cancer will behave and how likely it is to spread. […] Your general health and fitness also affect survival. The fitter you are, the better you may be able to cope with your cancer and treatment.
  • #21 Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/8/1758
    Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, with an incidence of nearly 5 cases per million individuals in the United States. Mortality from metastatic UM was shown to be of 30% at 5 years in a Swedish cohort. Furthermore, 40% fatality rates in UM were shown in patients 10 to 15 years following primary diagnosis. Colorectal and liver metastasis are the leading causes of death in UM patients. Furthermore, UM comes with a psychosocial burden on affected patients, with a great impact on their quality of life. Although numerous advances in the treatment of UM have been made over the past few years, such as the development of tebentafusp—an immune system regulator—the prognosis of UM remains poor. Current beliefs are in favor of the presence of micrometastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, as a result of the hematogenous spread of cancer cells. Delays in diagnosis and treatment are suggested to be major contributors to metastatic disease as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets in combination with highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools.
  • #22 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773080/
    Eye cancer is a serious eye disease that threatens patients lives. […] The two most prevalent eye cancers are retinoblastoma (RB) and uveal melanoma (UM). […] The survival rates of patients with RB in different countries and regions differ significantly. […] In the US, the survival rate of RB patients reaches 95%, but in some underdeveloped countries, especially some countries in East Africa, the survival rate of patients with RB is as low as 30%. […] Furthermore, regardless of treatment, the 10-year metastasis-free and overall survival rates for UM-medium-sized tumours are 87% and 65%, respectively. […] Once metastasis occurs, the average survival time of patients is 34 months, and the 1-year mortality rate is 80%. […] Up to 50% of patients die from metastases within 10 years of UM diagnosis.
  • #23 Prognostication in eye cancer: the latest tumor, node, metastasis classification and beyond | Eye
    https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2012256
    The TNM categories are based on the anatomic extent of the primary tumour (T), regional lymph node metastases (N), and systemic metastases (M). […] The classification of ciliary body and choroidal melanoma is the only one based on clinical evidence so far: a database of 7369 patients analysed by the European Ophthalmic Oncology Group. It spans a prognosis from 96% 5-year survival for stage I to 97% 5-year mortality for stage IV. […] Prognosis in retinoblastoma is frequently assigned by using an international classification, which predicts conservation of the eye and vision, and an international staging separate from the TNM system, which predicts survival. […] The evidence-based revision of the anatomic classification made the size categories more equally sized than what they were in previous editions. Notably, tumour thickness in the group of small (T1) tumours can now be up to 6mm instead of 2.53.0mm in the previous editions, provided that largest basal diameter of the tumour does not exceed 9.0mm.
  • #24 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773080/
    Eye cancer is a serious eye disease that threatens patients lives. […] The two most prevalent eye cancers are retinoblastoma (RB) and uveal melanoma (UM). […] The survival rates of patients with RB in different countries and regions differ significantly. […] In the US, the survival rate of RB patients reaches 95%, but in some underdeveloped countries, especially some countries in East Africa, the survival rate of patients with RB is as low as 30%. […] Furthermore, regardless of treatment, the 10-year metastasis-free and overall survival rates for UM-medium-sized tumours are 87% and 65%, respectively. […] Once metastasis occurs, the average survival time of patients is 34 months, and the 1-year mortality rate is 80%. […] Up to 50% of patients die from metastases within 10 years of UM diagnosis.
  • #25 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773080/
    Overall, RB patients have better QOL scores than UM patients, with two out of three studies showing that RB patients had scores similar to general population, thereby reporting fewer QOL-related problems. […] However, the QOL in patients with UM is variable, with inconsistent results across studies. […] Ten studies reported the effects of age and sex on QOL. […] Younger female patients were more likely to have problems that affected their QOL or sub-items. […] Twelve articles explored the relationship between the treatment received and subsequent QOL. […] Among 12 comparative studies, three reported no overall difference in QOL between the different types of treatments. […] Many factors could have caused bias among the 17 articles. […] This systematic review had some limitations. […] It is necessary to develop a standardised QOL assessment tool for patients with eye cancer. […] It is worth noting that more attention should be paid to developing countries, whose mortality rates are high, to improve their QOL.
  • #26 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022 | Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | Full Text
    https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12955-023-02219-6
    Eye cancer is a serious eye disease that threatens patients lives. […] This systematic review identified the QOL levels and several factors that influence the QOL of ocular cancer patients worldwide, due to the variability in quality of the studies, it also showed the need for further research to assess factors affecting long-term QOL outcomes in RB and UM survivors. […] Life-threatening cancer experiences and adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and enucleation may potentially influence the QOL of survivors. […] Measuring QOL is critical for determining the extent to which eye cancer and its treatment impact daily life. […] Overall, RB patients have better QOL scores than UM patients, with two out of three studies showing that RB patients had scores similar to general population, thereby reporting fewer QOL-related problems.
  • #27 Epidemiological Analysis and Prognosis of Conjunctival Cancer in the Past Twenty Years: A Population-Based Retrospective Study Using SEER Data
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7366169/
    Epidemiological studies of malignant primary conjunctival tumors are rare. […] We then constructed a nomogram that could be used to predict the 3- and 5-year OS, with the accuracy of this predictive model based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. […] Our nomogram was able to accurately predict 3- and 5-year OS in conjunctival cancer patients. […] We found that age, sex, and marital status were all associated with primary conjunctival cancer survival. […] Our results further suggest that conjunctival cancer incidence and survival rates have been relatively stable over the last two decades, and using these data, we were able to generate a satisfactory risk prediction model for this disease. […] We observed no significant differences in overall survival (OS) between the 1992-2001 and 2002-2011 patient cohorts (P = 0.1290).
  • #28 Epidemiological Analysis and Prognosis of Conjunctival Cancer in the Past Twenty Years: A Population-Based Retrospective Study Using SEER Data
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7366169/
    The survival rates of married patients did not differ significantly from those of divorced (P = 0.5369) or separated (P = 0.0808) patients. […] The OS of divorced patients was significantly poorer than that of single patients (P 0.0001). […] The results of our Cox regression analysis suggest that being male is associated with an elevated risk of developing malignant conjunctival tumors. […] In summary, the results of this study suggest that the incidence and prognosis of primary site-labeled conjunctival cancer have remained relatively stable over the past two decades, consistent with previous reports.
  • #29 Epidemiological Analysis and Prognosis of Conjunctival Cancer in the Past Twenty Years: A Population-Based Retrospective Study Using SEER Data
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7366169/
    The survival rates of married patients did not differ significantly from those of divorced (P = 0.5369) or separated (P = 0.0808) patients. […] The OS of divorced patients was significantly poorer than that of single patients (P 0.0001). […] The results of our Cox regression analysis suggest that being male is associated with an elevated risk of developing malignant conjunctival tumors. […] In summary, the results of this study suggest that the incidence and prognosis of primary site-labeled conjunctival cancer have remained relatively stable over the past two decades, consistent with previous reports.
  • #30 Multicenter External Validation of the Liverpool Uveal Melanoma Prognosticator Online: An OOG Collaborative Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/12/2/477
    Uveal melanoma (UM) is fatal in ~50% of patients as a result of disseminated disease. This study aims to externally validate the Liverpool Uveal Melanoma Prognosticator Online V3 (LUMPO3) to determine its reliability in predicting survival after treatment for choroidal melanoma when utilizing external data from other ocular oncology centers. […] LUMPO3’s ability to discriminate between UM patients who died of metastatic UM and those who were still alive was fair-to-good, with C-statistics ranging from 0.64 to 0.85 at year 1. The pooled estimate for all external centers was 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.68 to 0.75). […] Despite the differences between cohorts, LUMPO3 appears to be a reasonably accurate and valuable tool predicting all-cause mortality in patients with UM.
  • #31
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-023-05542-z
    Uveal melanoma (UM) is an aggressive intraocular malignant tumor. The present study aimed to identify the key genes associated with UM metastasis and established a gene signature to analyze the relationship between the signature and prognosis and immune cell infiltration. […] Immune-related prognostic signature can well classify UM patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. KaplanMeier curve showed that the OS of high-risk patients was worse than that of low-risk patients. […] UM key gene signature and prognosis predictive model might provide insights for further investigation of the pathogenesis and development of UM at the molecular level, and provide theoretical basis for determining new prognostic markers of UM and immunotherapy. […] Despite its low incidence, UM is still the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults, and is characterized by its high mortality (95%), high metastasis (50%), and poor prognosis, making the exploration for effective biomarkers for assessing prognosis crucial.
  • #32 Identification of m6A methyltransferase-related genes predicts prognosis and immune infiltrates in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
    https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/81771/html
    The m6A methyltransferase-related genes can predict the prognosis of HNSCC and are related to immune infiltration. […] The survival rate of different gene expression levels was different. The high expression of YTHDC1 and YTHDC2 indicated better OS. […] For DSS, increased expression of YTHDC2 was also correlated with better clinical outcomes. […] The study showed that 10 m6A methylation-related genes were negatively correlated with immune scores. […] Our research also showed that YTHDC2 and YTHDC1 can be used as protective genes because their high expression suggests a better prognosis, while the IGFBP2, METTL3, HNRNPA2B1, and HNRNPC genes are associated with and indicative of a poor prognosis. […] The results indicate that m6A methylation-related genes can independently predict the prognosis of HNSCC patients.
  • #33
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-023-05542-z
    The GSEA analysis demonstrated that multiple immune-related pathways were upregulated in the high-risk group. […] Both the survival curves and ROC analysis results showed the robustness and reliability of the predictive model for prognosis prediction of UM patients. The AUCs of the ROC curve in the training cohort for 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year were 0.930, 0.947, and 0.951, respectively. […] Four genes included in the predictive model have not been adequately studied in UM. […] To the best of our knowledge, there is limited literature on the immune signature of metastatic UM tumors. […] Notably, this model needs to be validated in a larger dataset, and may be conducive to therapeutic decision-making in the clinical setting.
  • #34 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773080/
    Patients who are older, have more advanced tumours, and have a higher risk of metastasis often choose enucleation, which impacts health conditions, especially psychological trauma. […] Enucleation is a destructive and disfiguring surgery that seriously impacts a patients physical and mental health. […] With the advancement of medical treatments, patients can choose between brachytherapy and proton beam radiotherapy. […] Nearly all survivors are at an increased risk of secondary malignancies, yet concerns about the visual and genetic components of their disease remain unabated. […] Life-threatening cancer experiences and adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and enucleation may potentially influence the QOL of survivors. […] Measuring QOL is critical for determining the extent to which eye cancer and its treatment impact daily life.
  • #35 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022 | Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | Full Text
    https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12955-023-02219-6
    Eye cancer is a serious eye disease that threatens patients lives. […] This systematic review identified the QOL levels and several factors that influence the QOL of ocular cancer patients worldwide, due to the variability in quality of the studies, it also showed the need for further research to assess factors affecting long-term QOL outcomes in RB and UM survivors. […] Life-threatening cancer experiences and adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and enucleation may potentially influence the QOL of survivors. […] Measuring QOL is critical for determining the extent to which eye cancer and its treatment impact daily life. […] Overall, RB patients have better QOL scores than UM patients, with two out of three studies showing that RB patients had scores similar to general population, thereby reporting fewer QOL-related problems.
  • #36 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773080/
    Patients who are older, have more advanced tumours, and have a higher risk of metastasis often choose enucleation, which impacts health conditions, especially psychological trauma. […] Enucleation is a destructive and disfiguring surgery that seriously impacts a patients physical and mental health. […] With the advancement of medical treatments, patients can choose between brachytherapy and proton beam radiotherapy. […] Nearly all survivors are at an increased risk of secondary malignancies, yet concerns about the visual and genetic components of their disease remain unabated. […] Life-threatening cancer experiences and adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and enucleation may potentially influence the QOL of survivors. […] Measuring QOL is critical for determining the extent to which eye cancer and its treatment impact daily life.
  • #37 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022 | Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | Full Text
    https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12955-023-02219-6
    Eye cancer is a serious eye disease that threatens patients lives. […] This systematic review identified the QOL levels and several factors that influence the QOL of ocular cancer patients worldwide, due to the variability in quality of the studies, it also showed the need for further research to assess factors affecting long-term QOL outcomes in RB and UM survivors. […] Life-threatening cancer experiences and adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and enucleation may potentially influence the QOL of survivors. […] Measuring QOL is critical for determining the extent to which eye cancer and its treatment impact daily life. […] Overall, RB patients have better QOL scores than UM patients, with two out of three studies showing that RB patients had scores similar to general population, thereby reporting fewer QOL-related problems.
  • #38 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773080/
    Patients who are older, have more advanced tumours, and have a higher risk of metastasis often choose enucleation, which impacts health conditions, especially psychological trauma. […] Enucleation is a destructive and disfiguring surgery that seriously impacts a patients physical and mental health. […] With the advancement of medical treatments, patients can choose between brachytherapy and proton beam radiotherapy. […] Nearly all survivors are at an increased risk of secondary malignancies, yet concerns about the visual and genetic components of their disease remain unabated. […] Life-threatening cancer experiences and adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and enucleation may potentially influence the QOL of survivors. […] Measuring QOL is critical for determining the extent to which eye cancer and its treatment impact daily life.
  • #39 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773080/
    Overall, RB patients have better QOL scores than UM patients, with two out of three studies showing that RB patients had scores similar to general population, thereby reporting fewer QOL-related problems. […] However, the QOL in patients with UM is variable, with inconsistent results across studies. […] Ten studies reported the effects of age and sex on QOL. […] Younger female patients were more likely to have problems that affected their QOL or sub-items. […] Twelve articles explored the relationship between the treatment received and subsequent QOL. […] Among 12 comparative studies, three reported no overall difference in QOL between the different types of treatments. […] Many factors could have caused bias among the 17 articles. […] This systematic review had some limitations. […] It is necessary to develop a standardised QOL assessment tool for patients with eye cancer. […] It is worth noting that more attention should be paid to developing countries, whose mortality rates are high, to improve their QOL.
  • #40 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022 | Health and Quality of Life Outcomes | Full Text
    https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12955-023-02219-6
    However, the QOL in patients with UM is variable, with inconsistent results across studies. […] This systematic review had some limitations. […] Therefore, it is necessary to develop a standardised QOL assessment tool for patients with eye cancer. […] Through this review, it is found that there are differences in the current QOL of patients with eye cancer, with anxiety and depression occurring more frequently.
  • #41 Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773080/
    Overall, RB patients have better QOL scores than UM patients, with two out of three studies showing that RB patients had scores similar to general population, thereby reporting fewer QOL-related problems. […] However, the QOL in patients with UM is variable, with inconsistent results across studies. […] Ten studies reported the effects of age and sex on QOL. […] Younger female patients were more likely to have problems that affected their QOL or sub-items. […] Twelve articles explored the relationship between the treatment received and subsequent QOL. […] Among 12 comparative studies, three reported no overall difference in QOL between the different types of treatments. […] Many factors could have caused bias among the 17 articles. […] This systematic review had some limitations. […] It is necessary to develop a standardised QOL assessment tool for patients with eye cancer. […] It is worth noting that more attention should be paid to developing countries, whose mortality rates are high, to improve their QOL.
  • #42 Eye cancer last stage: Outlook, spread, symptoms, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eye-cancer-last-stage
    Doctors may use the term stage 4 eye cancer to refer to the last stage of the disease, where the cancer has spread beyond the eye to other parts of the body. […] once it progresses to stage 4, the last stage, it can be difficult to manage, and the prognosis is typically unfavorable. […] The outlook and survival rates for stage 4 eye cancer depend on several factors, including the type of eye cancer, its location, and how much it has spread. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for the last stage of eye melanoma is 16%. […] Factors that can affect the outlook for stage 4 eye cancer include: the location of the cancer, whether it has spread outside the eye, tumor size, cell type, mitotic count how fast the cancer cells are dividing and growing, chromosome changes, genetic changes, the tumor tissue classification, age.
  • #43 Eye cancer last stage: Outlook, spread, symptoms, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eye-cancer-last-stage
    The speed at which stage 4 eye cancer can spread depends on various factors, including the location, cancer type, and a person’s immune system function. […] Stage 4 eye cancer cells can spread to nearby and distant tissues and organs rapidly and aggressively. […] In the last stage, the cancer has spread beyond the eye to regional lymph nodes and distant areas, including the bone, liver, and lungs. […] The spread of cancer to distant areas is distant metastasis, and doctors consider the cancer metastatic at this point. […] The basic staging system for most types of eye cancer, including uveal melanoma, uses the TNM system, which stands for tumor, node, and metastasis. […] This standardized system helps doctors describe how far the cancer has grown and spread, determine appropriate treatment options, and predict an individual’s prognosis. […] Although a cure is not likely, treatment approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, may help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
  • #44 Eye cancer last stage: Outlook, spread, symptoms, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eye-cancer-last-stage
    The speed at which stage 4 eye cancer can spread depends on various factors, including the location, cancer type, and a person’s immune system function. […] Stage 4 eye cancer cells can spread to nearby and distant tissues and organs rapidly and aggressively. […] In the last stage, the cancer has spread beyond the eye to regional lymph nodes and distant areas, including the bone, liver, and lungs. […] The spread of cancer to distant areas is distant metastasis, and doctors consider the cancer metastatic at this point. […] The basic staging system for most types of eye cancer, including uveal melanoma, uses the TNM system, which stands for tumor, node, and metastasis. […] This standardized system helps doctors describe how far the cancer has grown and spread, determine appropriate treatment options, and predict an individual’s prognosis. […] Although a cure is not likely, treatment approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, may help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
  • #45 Eye cancer last stage: Outlook, spread, symptoms, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eye-cancer-last-stage
    The speed at which stage 4 eye cancer can spread depends on various factors, including the location, cancer type, and a person’s immune system function. […] Stage 4 eye cancer cells can spread to nearby and distant tissues and organs rapidly and aggressively. […] In the last stage, the cancer has spread beyond the eye to regional lymph nodes and distant areas, including the bone, liver, and lungs. […] The spread of cancer to distant areas is distant metastasis, and doctors consider the cancer metastatic at this point. […] The basic staging system for most types of eye cancer, including uveal melanoma, uses the TNM system, which stands for tumor, node, and metastasis. […] This standardized system helps doctors describe how far the cancer has grown and spread, determine appropriate treatment options, and predict an individual’s prognosis. […] Although a cure is not likely, treatment approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, may help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
  • #46 Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/8/1758
    The emergence of novel diagnostic modalities, such as liquid biopsies, which consist of obtaining from the peripheral blood circulating tumor cells and other derived molecules, has opened doors to better patient care and disease outcome. Herein, we will review the pathogenesis of UM, with an emphasis on novel molecular targets for diagnosis and treatment, as well as its clinical presentation, prognostic factors, and current diagnostic modalities. […] Survival rate for UM depends on a variety of factors, ranging from clinical, molecular, histopathological, and genetic characteristics. Tumor location influences prognosis, with tumors located within 1 mm of the optic nerve head (juxtapapillary) or having any tumor portion located in the ciliary body being associated with a low survival rate. Tumor location is also known to influence time of disease detection; iris melanomas are typically diagnosed one to two decades earlier, which may contribute to lower metastasis rates and greater prognosis. Another important feature to consider during prognostication is somatic mutations. Risk of UM metastasis has been shown to be linked to few somatic mutations in the presence of chromosome 3 monosomy or partial monosomy. Increased risk of metastasis was shown in tumors harboring 6p loss, 6q loss, 8p loss, and 8q gain, whereas the risk of metastasis was decreased in tumors with 6p gains.
  • #47 Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/8/1758
    The presence of circulating neoplastic-immune hybrid cells (CHCs) in the blood—corresponding to dual nature hybrid cells (DNCs) in the primary tumor—and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) in the pathogenesis of metastatic UM. CHCs, generated by cell fusion, are neoplastic cells that express combined neoplastic and immune cell features, which makes their identification possible through co-expression of tumor and leukocyte cell-surface markers. Their presence in the bloodstream of affected patients can be used to assess metastatic UM risk. […] Liquid biopsies may provide a non-invasive, easily available, quantifiable metric for monitoring and prognosticating patients with UM. It is likely that further studies in this field will provide available clinical tools to guide patient care. However, limitations exist, making their near-future clinical application difficult. In early clinical presentation, the sensitivity for ctDNA detection is poor given low concentrations in peripheral blood. Furthermore, the isolation of TEVs requires an analysis platform, such as ELISA, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), or nanoparticle tracking analysis. However, FACS analysis can be costly and was shown to exhibit inconsistency in exosome detection, whereas NTA requires a significant processing time, making its translation to clinical practice much more difficult.
  • #48 Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/8/1758
    The presence of circulating neoplastic-immune hybrid cells (CHCs) in the blood—corresponding to dual nature hybrid cells (DNCs) in the primary tumor—and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) in the pathogenesis of metastatic UM. CHCs, generated by cell fusion, are neoplastic cells that express combined neoplastic and immune cell features, which makes their identification possible through co-expression of tumor and leukocyte cell-surface markers. Their presence in the bloodstream of affected patients can be used to assess metastatic UM risk. […] Liquid biopsies may provide a non-invasive, easily available, quantifiable metric for monitoring and prognosticating patients with UM. It is likely that further studies in this field will provide available clinical tools to guide patient care. However, limitations exist, making their near-future clinical application difficult. In early clinical presentation, the sensitivity for ctDNA detection is poor given low concentrations in peripheral blood. Furthermore, the isolation of TEVs requires an analysis platform, such as ELISA, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), or nanoparticle tracking analysis. However, FACS analysis can be costly and was shown to exhibit inconsistency in exosome detection, whereas NTA requires a significant processing time, making its translation to clinical practice much more difficult.
  • #49 Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/8/1758
    Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, with an incidence of nearly 5 cases per million individuals in the United States. Mortality from metastatic UM was shown to be of 30% at 5 years in a Swedish cohort. Furthermore, 40% fatality rates in UM were shown in patients 10 to 15 years following primary diagnosis. Colorectal and liver metastasis are the leading causes of death in UM patients. Furthermore, UM comes with a psychosocial burden on affected patients, with a great impact on their quality of life. Although numerous advances in the treatment of UM have been made over the past few years, such as the development of tebentafusp—an immune system regulator—the prognosis of UM remains poor. Current beliefs are in favor of the presence of micrometastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, as a result of the hematogenous spread of cancer cells. Delays in diagnosis and treatment are suggested to be major contributors to metastatic disease as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets in combination with highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools.