Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Eye Cancer: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17292-eye-cancer

  Diagnosing and treating eye cancers early can often prevent the spread. […] An eye disease specialist (ophthalmologist) or an ocular oncologist diagnoses eye cancer. They may perform a variety of procedures to rule out other, more common eye conditions before arriving at a cancer diagnosis. […] During an eye exam, a healthcare provider examines your eye closely, looking for signs of cancer. […] The results of imaging procedures and the information from your eye exam are often enough to diagnose eye cancer. […] During a biopsy, a healthcare provider removes a sample of tissue from the tumor and tests it for cancer cells. […] Cancer staging helps providers determine how advanced cancer is. […] Providers stage cancer by assessing various factors. […] Providers diagnose most eye cancers in people over 50.

• #2 What is Eye Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer.html

  Eye Cancer Diagnosis […] Eye cancer is a rare disease. Its important to get care from doctors who have experience treating this disease. […] Patients with these risk factors may benefit from cancer screenings by an ophthalmologist trained in diagnosing cancer. […] Most cancers affecting the eye and orbital area are rare and require treatment at centers familiar with the best treatment and diagnosis options. […] MD Anderson’s ophthalmologists customize your treatment to include the latest technology and methods to treat eye cancer, which may include: […] And we are constantly researching new ways to diagnose and treat eye cancer.

• #3 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Most eye cancers are melanomas (also known as ocular melanomas or intraocular melanomas). […] If you have an abnormal area on your eye that might be cancer, your doctor will examine it and might do tests to find out if it is melanoma or some other eye condition. […] There are many tests used for diagnosing eye melanoma. […] If eye cancer is found, more tests might be done to learn more about it and whether it has spread to other areas of the body. […] Usually, the first step in diagnosing eye melanoma is an exam by an ophthalmologist. […] If an eye exam suggests you might have eye cancer, more tests such as imaging tests or other procedures might be done to confirm the diagnosis. […] Imaging tests use sound waves, x-rays, magnetic fields, or radioactive particles to create pictures of the inside of your body.

• #4 Eye Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer/eye-cancer-diagnosis.html

  Because the diagnosis depends on the doctors expertise, patients with suspected cases of eye cancer should work with an ophthalmologist (an M.D. specializing on the eye) who has been specialty trained in diagnosing cancers of the eyeball. […] Your ophthalmologist may perform a dilated retinal exam and ultrasound imaging to help diagnose tumors of the eyeball. […] Imaging exams can help doctors identify the location, size and shape of suspected cancer tissue. Imaging tests used to diagnose eye cancer include: […] During a biopsy, a small tissue sample is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. […] Molecular diagnosis to look for specific mutation of tumor cells that help doctors understand the risk of metastasis or plan treatment. […] These can be used to tell if the patient has an inherited form of eye cancer.

• #5 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] During an eye exam for eye melanoma, a healthcare professional may first examine the outside of the eye. […] An eye exam also involves looking inside the eye with the help of special equipment. […] Fundus photography can show an eye melanoma. The test might be repeated to watch a melanoma over time. […] An eye ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the eye. […] Angiography is a test that makes pictures of the blood vessels. […] Optical coherence tomography is an imaging test that uses light waves to make pictures of the eye. It can make pictures of the uvea and the retina that might show an eye melanoma. […] A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body.

• #6 Eye Cancer: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17292-eye-cancer

  Diagnosing and treating eye cancers early can often prevent the spread. […] An eye disease specialist (ophthalmologist) or an ocular oncologist diagnoses eye cancer. They may perform a variety of procedures to rule out other, more common eye conditions before arriving at a cancer diagnosis. […] During an eye exam, a healthcare provider examines your eye closely, looking for signs of cancer. […] The results of imaging procedures and the information from your eye exam are often enough to diagnose eye cancer. […] During a biopsy, a healthcare provider removes a sample of tissue from the tumor and tests it for cancer cells. […] Cancer staging helps providers determine how advanced cancer is. […] Providers stage cancer by assessing various factors. […] Providers diagnose most eye cancers in people over 50.

• #7 Eye Cancer Diagnosis, Detection, and Tests | AHN

  https://www.ahn.org/services/cancer/types/eye/diagnosis

  The physician uses a special microscope that provides a magnified, 3-D view of all parts of the eye. This noninvasive exam allows the ophthalmologist (eye doctor) to take a close look at the tissue to determine if a biopsy is needed. […] A combination of X-rays and computer technology produces detailed images of the eye, socket, and surrounding bones, so we can identify the exact location of the cancer. […] Once we have made the diagnosis and confirmed the presence and stage of cancer, you are ready to begin treatment.

• #8 Tests for eye cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-eye-cancer

  You usually have a number of tests to diagnose eye cancer. Eye cancer is also called ocular cancer. This is because ocular is the medical name for the eye. […] The tests you might have to diagnose eye cancer include: an eye examination, ultrasound scan, a test to look at the blood vessels in your eye. This is a fluorescein angiogram. […] Most people with eye cancer are diagnosed after having a routine eye test done by an optometrist. […] If you see your GP, they may examine your eye using a handheld device called an ophthalmoscope. This shines a light into the back of your eye. […] After your examination, your GP may refer you to a specialist. This is usually an ophthalmologist or a specialist eye cancer doctor (an ocular oncologist). […] Your specialist usually does more tests. These might include: an eye examination, an ultrasound scan of the eye, a fluorescein angiogram, taking a sample of tissue called a biopsy, blood tests.

• #9 Eye cancer (ocular melanoma) – symptoms, staging, treatment | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/melanoma/eye-cancer

  Eye cancer is rare. About 850 people are diagnosed with eye cancer in the UK each year. There are different cancers that can affect the eye. Eye melanoma is the most common type. It is also called ocular melanoma. […] You usually start by seeing your optician or GP. If they are unsure what the problem is, they will refer you to a specialist eye doctor at the hospital. This doctor is called an ophthalmologist. […] If the ophthalmologist thinks you have eye melanoma, they will refer you to a national eye cancer centre straight away. These are based in eye hospitals or in a general hospital, depending on where you live. […] At the hospital, a doctor will examine your eye using a small handheld lens and light. This is called an ophthalmoscope. Or they may ask you to look into a large microscope that sits on a table.

• #10 Eye Cancer Diagnosis | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China

  https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-diagnosis/eye-cancer-diagnosis/

  Eye cancer is a rare malignant tumor, but if eyes are not reflex normally, eyeballs are prominent, or any masses are appeared in the eyes, one should go to department of ophthalmology for detail examinations for eye cancer. […] Diagnostic methods of eye cancer […] Professional ophthalmologic examination: Doctors mainly check the location, size, shape, hardness, tenderness of the tumor and the adjacent tissue adhesion in the eyelids and orbits. Also, auscultation on noise near the eyelids and orbits should be done. In addition, doctors have to check if the cancer has local and distant metastases. If necessary, related doctors should be invited to have a combined consultation to distinguish if the tumor is a primary or metastatic one. […] Check the eyesight, range of vision, direction and degree of the proptosis, movements of the eyes, pressure of the eyes, and fundus of the eyes in all sides. Have a scleral transillumination or radionuclide determination of 32P, or type B ultrasonic examination in a pinch.

• #11 Eye Cancer Diagnosis | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China

  https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-diagnosis/eye-cancer-diagnosis/

  Eye cancer is a rare malignant tumor, but if eyes are not reflex normally, eyeballs are prominent, or any masses are appeared in the eyes, one should go to department of ophthalmology for detail examinations for eye cancer. […] Diagnostic methods of eye cancer […] Professional ophthalmologic examination: Doctors mainly check the location, size, shape, hardness, tenderness of the tumor and the adjacent tissue adhesion in the eyelids and orbits. Also, auscultation on noise near the eyelids and orbits should be done. In addition, doctors have to check if the cancer has local and distant metastases. If necessary, related doctors should be invited to have a combined consultation to distinguish if the tumor is a primary or metastatic one. […] Check the eyesight, range of vision, direction and degree of the proptosis, movements of the eyes, pressure of the eyes, and fundus of the eyes in all sides. Have a scleral transillumination or radionuclide determination of 32P, or type B ultrasonic examination in a pinch.

• #12 How to Detect Eye Cancer & How to Treat It | UTSW Medical Center Medblog

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/eye-cancer-treatment/

  Eye cancers are rare and complex to treat, so patients need specially trained ophthalmologists to achieve the best outcomes. […] About half of all eye cancers are detected during routine exams before a patient notices any symptoms. Others may show up as slight vision changes that begin to affect your daily life. As with many types of cancer, early detection is key to treatment success. […] The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial delays and missed exams for preventive and ongoing vision care, which resulted in more eye cancers being diagnosed at advanced stages. […] Treatment, particularly in advanced cases, requires unique expertise and a multidisciplinary team to manage all aspects of how the disease affects a patients life. […] Through continued research and collaborative patient care, we are working to improve current prevention guidelines and detection processes for all types of eye cancers.

• #13 Healthy Driven Blogs

  https://www.eehealth.org/blog/2020/08/facts-about-eye-cancer/

  Caucasians tend to be more at risk for eye cancer than Hispanics or African Americans. […] There is no widely recommended screening for eye cancer, but yearly eye exams (particularly for those with identified risk factors) can play a key role in early detection. […] If your doctor suspects eye cancer, he may order imaging tests or an ultrasound of the eye to aid with diagnosis. […] Those diagnosed with primary eye cancer, where the cancer begins in the eye and has not spread, have a high survival rate. Treatment options for eye cancer may include simple observation to see if the tumor grows, surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or medications.

• #14 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Most eye cancers are melanomas (also known as ocular melanomas or intraocular melanomas). […] If you have an abnormal area on your eye that might be cancer, your doctor will examine it and might do tests to find out if it is melanoma or some other eye condition. […] There are many tests used for diagnosing eye melanoma. […] If eye cancer is found, more tests might be done to learn more about it and whether it has spread to other areas of the body. […] Usually, the first step in diagnosing eye melanoma is an exam by an ophthalmologist. […] If an eye exam suggests you might have eye cancer, more tests such as imaging tests or other procedures might be done to confirm the diagnosis. […] Imaging tests use sound waves, x-rays, magnetic fields, or radioactive particles to create pictures of the inside of your body.

• #15 Diagnosis of eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/diagnosis

  A fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be done to diagnose eye cancer, especially when the results from other tests arent clear. […] Genetic tests look for changes in genes, chromosomes or proteins that are sometimes found in people with cancer. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] An MRI is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body, including the brain and spinal cord. […] A chest x-ray may be done to find out if eye cancer has spread to the lung. […] A PET scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] A PET-CT scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body.

• #16 Eye Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer/eye-cancer-diagnosis.html

  Because the diagnosis depends on the doctors expertise, patients with suspected cases of eye cancer should work with an ophthalmologist (an M.D. specializing on the eye) who has been specialty trained in diagnosing cancers of the eyeball. […] Your ophthalmologist may perform a dilated retinal exam and ultrasound imaging to help diagnose tumors of the eyeball. […] Imaging exams can help doctors identify the location, size and shape of suspected cancer tissue. Imaging tests used to diagnose eye cancer include: […] During a biopsy, a small tissue sample is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. […] Molecular diagnosis to look for specific mutation of tumor cells that help doctors understand the risk of metastasis or plan treatment. […] These can be used to tell if the patient has an inherited form of eye cancer.

• #17 Eye cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/eye-cancer/

  Around 850 cases of eye cancer (ocular cancer) are diagnosed in the UK each year. […] Eye cancer does not always cause obvious symptoms and may only be picked up during a routine eye test. […] If your GP or optician (optometrist) suspects you have a serious problem with your eyes, they’ll refer you to a specialist eye doctor called an ophthalmologist for an assessment. […] If they suspect you have melanoma of the eye, they’ll refer you to a specialist centre for eye cancer. […] It’s likely you’ll have a number of different tests at the centre, including: an eye examination to look at the structures of your eyes in more detail and check for abnormalities, an ultrasound scan of your eye a small probe placed over your closed eye uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the inside of your eye; this allows your doctor to find out more about the position of the tumour and its size, a fluorescein angiogram where photographs of the suspected cancer are taken using a special camera after dye has been injected into your bloodstream to highlight the tumour. […] Occasionally, a thin needle may be used to remove a small sample of cells from the tumour (biopsy). The genetic information in these cells is analysed to give an indication of the chances of the cancer spreading or coming back.

• #18 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Ultrasound is a very common test to help diagnose eye melanomas. […] This test is very useful for diagnosing eye melanomas because they tend to look a certain way on ultrasound. […] A biopsy is often not needed to diagnose eye melanomas because they can usually be diagnosed based on the results of a thorough eye exam and imaging tests. […] Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #19 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] During an eye exam for eye melanoma, a healthcare professional may first examine the outside of the eye. […] An eye exam also involves looking inside the eye with the help of special equipment. […] Fundus photography can show an eye melanoma. The test might be repeated to watch a melanoma over time. […] An eye ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the eye. […] Angiography is a test that makes pictures of the blood vessels. […] Optical coherence tomography is an imaging test that uses light waves to make pictures of the eye. It can make pictures of the uvea and the retina that might show an eye melanoma. […] A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body.

• #20 Ocular Oncology – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/eye-conditions/ocular-oncology/

  Your eye doctor will look for signs of melanoma through specialized diagnostic tests and equipment. […] An ultrasound of the eye is a procedure that uses high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) to produce an image of your inner eye. […] A biopsy is performed to obtain information about the tumor and if it is likely to spread to other parts of the body. […] Treatment options typically involve radiation and/or surgery that work to eliminate the cancer, but in doing so, can damage the vision in your eye. […] Plaque radiation therapy is the most common type of radiation therapy used for ocular melanoma. […] If you are experiencing any vision problems, or notice a change to the appearance of your eyes, make an appointment with an eye doctor as soon as possible.

• #21 Tests for eye cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-eye-cancer

  A fluorescein angiogram is a test to look at the blood vessels in your eye. […] You may have a sample of tissue or fluid taken from your eye. This is a biopsy. Your doctor sends this sample to the laboratory where a specialist doctor called a pathologist looks at it under a microscope. […] The tests you have help your doctor find out if you have eye cancer and how far it has grown. This is the stage of the cancer. […] This is important because doctors recommend your treatment according to the stage of the cancer.

• #22 Cancer Society NZ — Diagnosing eye melanoma

  https://www.cancer.org.nz/cancer/types-of-cancer/eye-melanoma/diagnosing-eye-melanoma/

  If you have any symptoms of eye melanoma, they need to be checked by your doctor. […] Your doctor will suggest several tests and scans to check for any abnormal changes. […] Eye exam A doctor will look at your eye using a small hand-held lens and light (ophthalmoscope). The doctor may use special eye drops to open (dilate) your pupil. […] Fluorescein angiography Once the eye is dilated using eye drops, a dye (fluorescein) is injected into a vein in your arm. Images are taken of the eye as the dye moves through the blood vessels at the back of the eye. […] Ultrasound scan A small probe is pressed against your closed eyelid. This painless scan uses sound waves to make a picture of the inside of your eye. […] Biopsy A biopsy involves taking a small piece of tissue or cells using a thin needle.

• #23 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] During an eye exam for eye melanoma, a healthcare professional may first examine the outside of the eye. […] An eye exam also involves looking inside the eye with the help of special equipment. […] Fundus photography can show an eye melanoma. The test might be repeated to watch a melanoma over time. […] An eye ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the eye. […] Angiography is a test that makes pictures of the blood vessels. […] Optical coherence tomography is an imaging test that uses light waves to make pictures of the eye. It can make pictures of the uvea and the retina that might show an eye melanoma. […] A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body.

• #24 Eye Cancer: Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/eye-cancer-5095588

  Diagnosing eye cancer can be difficult because its symptoms mimic those of other eye conditions. Typically, cancers of the eye are detected during routine vision screenings. People with known genetic traits or conditions that increase their risk of developing eye cancers may undergo additional genetic screenings. […] Your ophthalmologist will perform the following exams to tests to diagnose eye cancer: […] Ophthalmologic examination: Your ophthalmologist may use an opthalmoscope, a handheld device that provides light and magnification, to examine your eye. […] Eye and orbital ultrasound: Ultrasounds use sound waves to help your healthcare provider visualize internal structures, and can be particularly useful for diagnosing melanomas of the eye. […] Optical coherence tomography: This type of imaging uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of your retina.

• #25 Diagnosis of eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/diagnosis

  A fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be done to diagnose eye cancer, especially when the results from other tests arent clear. […] Genetic tests look for changes in genes, chromosomes or proteins that are sometimes found in people with cancer. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] An MRI is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body, including the brain and spinal cord. […] A chest x-ray may be done to find out if eye cancer has spread to the lung. […] A PET scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] A PET-CT scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body.

• #26 Diagnosis of Eye Tumors | Ocular Oncology | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/ocular-oncology/diagnosis-eye-tumors/

  UT Southwesterns ocular oncology team excels at diagnosing eye tumors and determining an individualized course of treatment for each patient. […] To diagnose an eye tumor, numerous tests using advanced ophthalmic imaging equipment are often required. […] Patients with eye tumors often require imaging of other parts of the body to evaluate for the presence of other tumors or abnormalities, and they may require genetic testing to evaluate for conditions that can affect other parts of the body. […] Imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron-emission tomography (PET) may be recommended in certain patients. While such tests are rarely required to diagnose the eye tumor, they are often helpful in determining the extent of involvement of other parts of the body. […] Some types of eye tumors can be associated with genetic mutations (damage to genes in the DNA) that can be detected from a source of normal tissue, such as blood, sputum, or a swab of the inside of the cheek (buccal swab).

• #27 Diagnosis of eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/diagnosis

  A fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be done to diagnose eye cancer, especially when the results from other tests arent clear. […] Genetic tests look for changes in genes, chromosomes or proteins that are sometimes found in people with cancer. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] An MRI is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body, including the brain and spinal cord. […] A chest x-ray may be done to find out if eye cancer has spread to the lung. […] A PET scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] A PET-CT scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body.

• #28 Eye Cancer | Mays Cancer Center

  https://cancer.uthscsa.edu/cancer-care/types-and-treatments/eye-cancer

  Imaging tests: Advanced imaging, like MRI, CT or PET scans, can show doctors if or where cancer has spread beyond the eye, such as the lymph nodes. […] Your care team considers where and how big a tumor is and the cancer type before explaining your treatment options. […] Our doctors sometimes recommend medical oncology treatments (such as chemotherapy) or radiation therapy (like brachytherapy) to treat eye tumors. In some cases, chemotherapy helps surgeons remove cancer while preserving vital structures.

• #29 Diagnosis of eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/diagnosis

  A fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be done to diagnose eye cancer, especially when the results from other tests arent clear. […] Genetic tests look for changes in genes, chromosomes or proteins that are sometimes found in people with cancer. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] An MRI is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body, including the brain and spinal cord. […] A chest x-ray may be done to find out if eye cancer has spread to the lung. […] A PET scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] A PET-CT scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body.

• #30 Cancer Society NZ — Diagnosing eye melanoma

  https://www.cancer.org.nz/cancer/types-of-cancer/eye-melanoma/diagnosing-eye-melanoma/

  PET-CT scan A PET-CT scan uses a radioactive dye injected into your arm that will show up in areas affected by cancer. You may have to travel for this scan. […] MRI scan A scan using magnetic fields and radio waves to build a picture of the organs inside the body. […] If your test results show cancer, this can be a difficult time, and feelings can change from one moment to the next. […] Based on your test results, the treatment team will give the cancer a stage between 1 to 4. […] The stage tells you the cancer’s size and whether it has spread to other parts of your body. […] Knowing the eye melanoma stage will help your treatment team decide what treatment options are best for you. […] If the test results show eye melanoma, you may wish to speak with your treatment team about the prognosis. […] The doctors will look at the type and stage of the cancer as well as your age and general health to give a prognosis, but no doctor can predict the exact outcome for you.

• #31 Diagnosis of eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/diagnosis

  A fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be done to diagnose eye cancer, especially when the results from other tests arent clear. […] Genetic tests look for changes in genes, chromosomes or proteins that are sometimes found in people with cancer. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] An MRI is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body, including the brain and spinal cord. […] A chest x-ray may be done to find out if eye cancer has spread to the lung. […] A PET scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] A PET-CT scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body.

• #32 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Ultrasound is a very common test to help diagnose eye melanomas. […] This test is very useful for diagnosing eye melanomas because they tend to look a certain way on ultrasound. […] A biopsy is often not needed to diagnose eye melanomas because they can usually be diagnosed based on the results of a thorough eye exam and imaging tests. […] Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #33

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/eye_cancer/eye-cancer-overview.html

  Ocular melanoma can be difficult to diagnose as it forms in the part of the eye that isnt visible to you or others. […] If your doctor or optometrist thinks that you may have ocular melanoma, they will carry out certain tests. […] The ophthalmologist will carry out more tests that may include: […] most of the time, the ophthalmologist can make a diagnosis from what they see when they examine your eye, from photographs and ultrasound pictures. However, sometimes a biopsy is performed. In a biopsy, some tissue is removed from the affected area so it can be examined more closely under a microscope.

• #34 Ocular Diagnosis – Melanoma Research Foundation

  https://melanoma.org/ocular-melanoma/diagnosis-ocular/

  Ocular melanoma (OM) is most often detected by an optometrist or an ophthalmologist during a dilated eye exam. […] After an OM diagnosis, your doctor may want to take an X-ray, MRI or CT scan of the body to check the body for signs of cancer beyond the eye. […] Unlike other forms of melanoma, a biopsy is not usually taken to diagnose OM. Rather, OM tends to be a clinical diagnosis meaning it is often made based on signs and symptoms. […] Healthcare providers can determine a patients risk for metastatic disease based upon the size and location of the tumor. From a biopsy, they can also test the genes in the tumor itself to help determine the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis. […] The size of the eye tumor may also impact the prognosis and risk of metastasis. For example, a large tumor has a higher risk of spreading than a small tumor. […] Although there are currently no therapies approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic OM, several are being studied in clinical trials. Therefore, knowing your mutation status may be helpful.

• #35 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Ultrasound is a very common test to help diagnose eye melanomas. […] This test is very useful for diagnosing eye melanomas because they tend to look a certain way on ultrasound. […] A biopsy is often not needed to diagnose eye melanomas because they can usually be diagnosed based on the results of a thorough eye exam and imaging tests. […] Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #36 Diagnosis of eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding the cause of a health problem. […] Its important for the healthcare team to rule out other reasons for a health problem before making a diagnosis of eye cancer. […] Diagnostic tests for eye cancer are usually done when: a routine eye exam suggests a problem with the eye (how most eye cancers are found) […] the symptoms of eye cancer are present. […] The following tests are usually used to rule out or diagnose eye cancer. […] Most types of cancer need a biopsy to confirm a cancer diagnosis. But some cancers in the eye can be diagnosed with only an eye exam or imaging test. […] A biopsy is most often done: when a diagnosis cant be made with other tests […] when the doctor recommends cytogenetic tests […] to remove a suspicious area surrounding the eye, such as the eyelid.

• #37 Diagnosis of eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/diagnosis

  A fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be done to diagnose eye cancer, especially when the results from other tests arent clear. […] Genetic tests look for changes in genes, chromosomes or proteins that are sometimes found in people with cancer. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] An MRI is used to: find out the size of an eye tumour […] see if eye cancer has spread to nearby parts of the body […] look for cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body, including the brain and spinal cord. […] A chest x-ray may be done to find out if eye cancer has spread to the lung. […] A PET scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to distant areas of the body. […] A PET-CT scan is sometimes used to look for eye cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body.

• #38 Eye Cancer: Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/eye-cancer-5095588

  Fluorescein angiography: Your ophthalmologist uses a special camera to take pictures of your retina during this imaging test. […] Biopsy: The types of biopsy used to diagnose eye cancer include fine needle aspiration, excisional biopsy, and incisional biopsy. […] Liquid biopsy: This is a test done on a sample of blood to look for pieces of DNA from tumor cells that are in the blood. A liquid biopsy may be used to help find cancer at an early stage.

• #39 Diagnosis and Staging – WE C Hope

  https://wechope.org/retinoblastoma/care/diagnosis/

  Correctly staging retinoblastoma is vital to define most appropriate medical care for the child. Various tests are used to diagnose retinoblastoma and find out more about the cancer, such as number, size and position of tumours, and whether cancer has spread outside the eye. This process is called staging, and helps doctors decide which treatments are most appropriate. […] Retinoblastoma is rare among cancers because it can be diagnosed based on what the doctor observes on clinical exam and imaging tests. A biopsy (tissue sample) is not needed, and may actually allow tumour cells to spread outside the eye. The tumor is only safely studied after the eye has been removed. […] Staging cancer summarizes the information doctors gain from various tests and examinations. This process helps the medical team and patient families define potential for cure and eye salvage before treatment begins, and identify the best treatment options.

• #40 Retinoblastoma Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/retinoblastoma/diagnosis

  We have performed more than 15,000 examinations for retinoblastoma over the past 100 years. […] Unlike other types of cancer, retinoblastoma is rarely diagnosed with a tissue sample. Although a sample can aid diagnosis, there is concern about spreading the cancer when taking out the tissue. It is very important that an experienced ophthalmic oncologist confirm the diagnosis, as there are other eye conditions that look like retinoblastoma but aren’t. […] An ophthalmic examination is the best and most thorough way to diagnose your child. […] If your child is diagnosed with retinoblastoma, our experts will perform an MRI of the head. This is done to confirm the diagnosis and to check if the tumors have spread to the brain. […] Ultrasound, which uses sound waves to outline what’s inside the eye, can confirm if retinoblastoma tumors are present and can determine their thickness or height.

• #41 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Ultrasound is a very common test to help diagnose eye melanomas. […] This test is very useful for diagnosing eye melanomas because they tend to look a certain way on ultrasound. […] A biopsy is often not needed to diagnose eye melanomas because they can usually be diagnosed based on the results of a thorough eye exam and imaging tests. […] Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #42 Eye Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer/eye-cancer-diagnosis.html

  Because the diagnosis depends on the doctors expertise, patients with suspected cases of eye cancer should work with an ophthalmologist (an M.D. specializing on the eye) who has been specialty trained in diagnosing cancers of the eyeball. […] Your ophthalmologist may perform a dilated retinal exam and ultrasound imaging to help diagnose tumors of the eyeball. […] Imaging exams can help doctors identify the location, size and shape of suspected cancer tissue. Imaging tests used to diagnose eye cancer include: […] During a biopsy, a small tissue sample is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. […] Molecular diagnosis to look for specific mutation of tumor cells that help doctors understand the risk of metastasis or plan treatment. […] These can be used to tell if the patient has an inherited form of eye cancer.

• #43 Retinoblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351013

  Retinoblastoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] A healthcare professional carefully examines your child’s eyes during an eye exam. […] Imaging tests make pictures of the inside of the body. For retinoblastoma, imaging tests are used to look at the eye and the area around it. The images might show the size of the cancer and whether it has grown beyond the eye. Imaging tests may include ultrasound and MRI, among others. […] Genetic testing uses a sample of blood or saliva to look for variations in the DNA. Genetic testing for retinoblastoma looks for variations in a part of the DNA called the RB1 gene. […] If genetic testing shows your child has variations in the RB1 gene in all of the cells in the body, this helps the healthcare team plan your child’s treatment.

• #44 Diagnosis of Eye Tumors | Ocular Oncology | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/ocular-oncology/diagnosis-eye-tumors/

  UT Southwesterns ocular oncology team excels at diagnosing eye tumors and determining an individualized course of treatment for each patient. […] To diagnose an eye tumor, numerous tests using advanced ophthalmic imaging equipment are often required. […] Patients with eye tumors often require imaging of other parts of the body to evaluate for the presence of other tumors or abnormalities, and they may require genetic testing to evaluate for conditions that can affect other parts of the body. […] Imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron-emission tomography (PET) may be recommended in certain patients. While such tests are rarely required to diagnose the eye tumor, they are often helpful in determining the extent of involvement of other parts of the body. […] Some types of eye tumors can be associated with genetic mutations (damage to genes in the DNA) that can be detected from a source of normal tissue, such as blood, sputum, or a swab of the inside of the cheek (buccal swab).

• #45 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma – Patients – The American Society of Retina Specialists

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/40/intraocular-uveal-melanoma

  The ocular tumor is then staged—a process that defines the extent of tumor based on its length, width, and height. […] An ocular oncologist will typically make and discuss a diagnosis at the time of the completed examination. […] However, advances in genetic testing can only be utilized with the availability of a tumor tissue sample. […] For patients with high-risk tumors, or those requiring surgery, further testing is indicated to determine whether the eye tumor is present outside of the eye (metastatic screening) or to ensure the patient can be safely taken to the operating room for treatment. […] Most patients do not need an additional evaluation after their diagnosis to be appropriately treated. […] A major advance in ocular oncology has been the use of tumor genetics to define the genetic risk of tumors spreading outside of the eye (metastasis).

• #46 Retinoblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351013

  Retinoblastoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] A healthcare professional carefully examines your child’s eyes during an eye exam. […] Imaging tests make pictures of the inside of the body. For retinoblastoma, imaging tests are used to look at the eye and the area around it. The images might show the size of the cancer and whether it has grown beyond the eye. Imaging tests may include ultrasound and MRI, among others. […] Genetic testing uses a sample of blood or saliva to look for variations in the DNA. Genetic testing for retinoblastoma looks for variations in a part of the DNA called the RB1 gene. […] If genetic testing shows your child has variations in the RB1 gene in all of the cells in the body, this helps the healthcare team plan your child’s treatment.

• #47 Eye Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer/eye-cancer-diagnosis.html

  If you are diagnosed with eye cancer, your doctor will determine the stage of the disease. Staging is a way of classifying how much disease is in the body and where it has spread when it is diagnosed. This information helps your doctor plan the best type of treatment for you. […] The most common staging system used for ocular cancers is the one set up and approved by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). The TNM system of the AJCC is based on three key pieces of information: […] MD Anderson patients have access to clinical trials offering promising new treatments that cannot be found anywhere else.

• #48 Eye Cancer: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17292-eye-cancer

  Diagnosing and treating eye cancers early can often prevent the spread. […] An eye disease specialist (ophthalmologist) or an ocular oncologist diagnoses eye cancer. They may perform a variety of procedures to rule out other, more common eye conditions before arriving at a cancer diagnosis. […] During an eye exam, a healthcare provider examines your eye closely, looking for signs of cancer. […] The results of imaging procedures and the information from your eye exam are often enough to diagnose eye cancer. […] During a biopsy, a healthcare provider removes a sample of tissue from the tumor and tests it for cancer cells. […] Cancer staging helps providers determine how advanced cancer is. […] Providers stage cancer by assessing various factors. […] Providers diagnose most eye cancers in people over 50.

• #49 Eye Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer/eye-cancer-diagnosis.html

  If you are diagnosed with eye cancer, your doctor will determine the stage of the disease. Staging is a way of classifying how much disease is in the body and where it has spread when it is diagnosed. This information helps your doctor plan the best type of treatment for you. […] The most common staging system used for ocular cancers is the one set up and approved by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). The TNM system of the AJCC is based on three key pieces of information: […] MD Anderson patients have access to clinical trials offering promising new treatments that cannot be found anywhere else.

• #50 Eye cancer (ocular melanoma) – symptoms, staging, treatment | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/melanoma/eye-cancer

  Eye tests can include taking photographs, scans and ultrasounds of the eye. You may have a test called an eye angiogram to check the blood vessels at the back of the eye (retina). It is rare to need a biopsy to diagnose eye cancer. But it may be done in some situations. […] The results of your tests help your doctors find out more about the size and position of the cancer and whether it has spread. This is called staging. Knowing the stage helps your doctors plan the best treatment for you. […] The TNM staging system is commonly used for eye melanoma. TNM stands for tumour, nodes, metastases. […] Your cancer doctor and nurse will explain the different treatments and their side effects. They will talk to you about things to think about when making treatment decisions. You and your doctor can then decide on the best treatment for you.

• #51 Diagnosis of eye cancer | Alpha Zone Eye Clinic

  https://www.alphazoneeyeclinic.com/diagnosis-of-eye-cancer/

  Once a patient present with symptoms of eye disease like blurring or loss or vision or change in the appearance of the eye, the ophthalmologist examines the eye carefully for eye cancers. […] Tests commonly used to diagnose intraocular melanoma include (1, 2, 3) […] Imaging studies like CT scan, PET scan or MRI of the abdomen, bones or other parts of the body is often indicated to exclude spread of the cancer to other parts of the body. […] Once the cancer is detected it needs to be staged. Staging helps doctors decide the extent of spread of cancer, its outcome and possible treatment strategy. […] Diagnostic tests are used to determine the stage of the eye cancer. […] The most common staging method is using the TNM grades. Here T stands for Tumor; N for nodes or lymph node involvement; and M for metastasis or spread of the tumor. […] Based on a combination of these features the cancer is staged into Stages I (e.g. T1, N0, M0), II (e.g. T2, N0, M0), III (e.g. T3, N0, M0) or IV (any T, N1, M0; or, any T, any N, M1).

• #52 Diagnosis of eye cancer | Alpha Zone Eye Clinic

  https://www.alphazoneeyeclinic.com/diagnosis-of-eye-cancer/

  Once a patient present with symptoms of eye disease like blurring or loss or vision or change in the appearance of the eye, the ophthalmologist examines the eye carefully for eye cancers. […] Tests commonly used to diagnose intraocular melanoma include (1, 2, 3) […] Imaging studies like CT scan, PET scan or MRI of the abdomen, bones or other parts of the body is often indicated to exclude spread of the cancer to other parts of the body. […] Once the cancer is detected it needs to be staged. Staging helps doctors decide the extent of spread of cancer, its outcome and possible treatment strategy. […] Diagnostic tests are used to determine the stage of the eye cancer. […] The most common staging method is using the TNM grades. Here T stands for Tumor; N for nodes or lymph node involvement; and M for metastasis or spread of the tumor. […] Based on a combination of these features the cancer is staged into Stages I (e.g. T1, N0, M0), II (e.g. T2, N0, M0), III (e.g. T3, N0, M0) or IV (any T, N1, M0; or, any T, any N, M1).

• #53 Diagnosis and staging | Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation for Childhood Cancer

  https://www.alexslemonade.org/childhood-cancer/guides/childhood-cancer/chapter-5-retinoblastoma/diagnosis-and-staging

  A process called staging is done to find out the extent of the disease. Results from the CT or MRI are used to establish the extent of disease in both eyes, orbits (bones around the eyes), optic nerves, and the brain. If the CT or MRI shows that the disease has spread outside the eye, the pediatric oncologist may perform a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), nuclear bone scan, bone marrow biopsy, and/or bone marrow aspiration. […] Treatment options for retinoblastoma depend on the location and size of the tumor and the extent of tumor cell growth near the original tumor (called tumor seeding). Tumors may be intraocular (within the eye) or extraocular (spread beyond the eye). In North America, the International Classification for Intraocular Retinoblastoma is the most widely used method for staging retinoblastoma in children.

• #54 The Pathologist | Improved Outlook for Eye Cancer Diagnostics

  https://thepathologist.com/issues/2025/articles/apr/improved-outlook-for-eye-cancer-diagnostics/

  Researchers at the University of Liverpool have launched an initiative to advance our understanding of cancers of the eye. The Eye Cancer Artificial Intelligence Digital (EYE-CAN-AID) Bioresource, combines a digital eye cancer biobank with AI-driven analysis. It is hoped the resource will help to develop better diagnostic tools to inform personalized treatments. […] EYE-CAN-AID offers a multimodal digital bioresource, which can allow for the detailed assessment of eye cancers at all levels and at different stages of the disease. Furthermore, by applying artificial intelligence to these images, it is hoped that they will reveal novel information that can be used to diagnose these tumors earlier and improve patient outcomes. […] Artificial intelligence has already been tested in the research arena, whereby it looks at whether AI can aid the judgment in differentiating between a freckle at the back of the eye versus a small cancer. Initial results on Liverpool data indicate that it can do this with high accuracy; however, to validate this model further, we are extending to images collated at Moorfields Eye Hospital.

• #55 Explainable AI for Retinoblastoma Diagnosis: Interpreting Deep Learning Models with LIME and SHAP

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10253103/

  Retinoblastoma is a rare and aggressive form of childhood eye cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent vision loss and even death. […] Deep learning models have shown promising results in detecting retinoblastoma from fundus images, but their decision-making process is often considered a black box that lacks transparency and interpretability. […] Early detection and treatment of retinoblastoma is crucial for preserving vision and preventing metastasis, but it remains challenging due to the complex and diverse clinical features of the disease. […] Fundus photography is a non-invasive and widely used imaging technique for diagnosing and monitoring retinoblastoma, which involves capturing images of the retina using a specialized camera and analyzing them for abnormalities.

• #56 The Pathologist | Improved Outlook for Eye Cancer Diagnostics

  https://thepathologist.com/issues/2025/articles/apr/improved-outlook-for-eye-cancer-diagnostics/

  Researchers at the University of Liverpool have launched an initiative to advance our understanding of cancers of the eye. The Eye Cancer Artificial Intelligence Digital (EYE-CAN-AID) Bioresource, combines a digital eye cancer biobank with AI-driven analysis. It is hoped the resource will help to develop better diagnostic tools to inform personalized treatments. […] EYE-CAN-AID offers a multimodal digital bioresource, which can allow for the detailed assessment of eye cancers at all levels and at different stages of the disease. Furthermore, by applying artificial intelligence to these images, it is hoped that they will reveal novel information that can be used to diagnose these tumors earlier and improve patient outcomes. […] Artificial intelligence has already been tested in the research arena, whereby it looks at whether AI can aid the judgment in differentiating between a freckle at the back of the eye versus a small cancer. Initial results on Liverpool data indicate that it can do this with high accuracy; however, to validate this model further, we are extending to images collated at Moorfields Eye Hospital.

• #57 Explainable AI for Retinoblastoma Diagnosis: Interpreting Deep Learning Models with LIME and SHAP

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10253103/

  However, accurate and reliable interpretation of fundus images requires extensive training and expertise, which is often limited in resource-constrained settings. […] Deep learning models have shown remarkable progress in every domain, particularly in medical image analysis, including retinoblastoma detection from fundus images. […] These models learn to automatically extract relevant features and patterns from the input images and use them to make predictions with high accuracy and speed. […] However, their decision-making process is often considered a black box that lacks transparency and interpretability, which can hinder their clinical adoption and trust. […] To address this challenge, several explainable AI techniques have been developed to generate local and global explanations for the predictions of deep learning models, including LIME (local interpretable model-agnostic explanations) and SHAP (Shapley additive explanations).

• #58 A BLOOD TEST TO DIAGNOSE EYE CANCER – Unicancer

  https://www.unicancer.fr/fr/newsletter_posts/a-blood-test-to-diagnose-eye-cancer-in-children/

  A blood test to diagnose retinoblastoma, the most common pediatric cancer: a new non-invasive method, based on analysis of circulating tumor DNA, is being studied at Institut Curie. […] Although the diagnosis is made following an examination of the optical fundus (along with an MRI or ocular ultrasound), access to the tumor tissue is very limited since biopsies are not possible, which means that the histopathological diagnosis of suspicious intraocular masses and onco-genetic trials for the family are difficult. […] It is indeed possible to detect circulating tumor DNA in the plasma of patients suffering from non-hereditary intraocular retinoblastoma. This new technique will be invaluable for assisting in the diagnosis of suspicious cases, for family genetic counseling or for monitoring a residual intraocular disease.

• #59 The Pathologist | Improved Outlook for Eye Cancer Diagnostics

  https://thepathologist.com/issues/2025/articles/apr/improved-outlook-for-eye-cancer-diagnostics/

  EYE-CAN-AID collates all the ocular images of eye cancer patients into one trusted research environment, linked together with clinical treatments and outcomes, genetics and histology of the tumors. This will allow for their detailed analyses with respect to a range of factors, including the tumor size and location with the eye, and how this influences therapy choice, treatment dose, treatment success, and side effects. It will also enable predictions of which patient group is most likely to respond best to certain treatments, including novel ones within clinical trials.

• #60 Explainable AI for Retinoblastoma Diagnosis: Interpreting Deep Learning Models with LIME and SHAP

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10253103/

  The study by Kaliki et al. explores the application of AI and ML in the diagnosis and management of retinoblastoma. […] Their results show promising accuracy rates and suggest that AI has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma. […] Despite these promising results, there is still a lack of studies that have applied explainable AI techniques to retinoblastoma detection. […] This research gap highlights the need for further studies that explore the use of explainable AI in retinoblastoma detection and its potential impact on clinical decision-making. […] We use a dataset of 800 fundus images, half of which are labeled with retinoblastoma and the other half are non-retinoblastoma. […] Our contributions include the development of a novel retinoblastoma detection approach that combines deep learning models with explainable AI techniques, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of LIME and SHAP in improving the interpretability and trustworthiness of the model. […] The LIME and SHAP visualizations provided local and global explanations for the models predictions, highlighting important regions for classification.

• #61 Eye Cancer: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17292-eye-cancer

  Diagnosing and treating eye cancers early can often prevent the spread. […] An eye disease specialist (ophthalmologist) or an ocular oncologist diagnoses eye cancer. They may perform a variety of procedures to rule out other, more common eye conditions before arriving at a cancer diagnosis. […] During an eye exam, a healthcare provider examines your eye closely, looking for signs of cancer. […] The results of imaging procedures and the information from your eye exam are often enough to diagnose eye cancer. […] During a biopsy, a healthcare provider removes a sample of tissue from the tumor and tests it for cancer cells. […] Cancer staging helps providers determine how advanced cancer is. […] Providers stage cancer by assessing various factors. […] Providers diagnose most eye cancers in people over 50.

• #62 Eye Cancer: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17292-eye-cancer

  Your prognosis, or likely treatment outcome, depends on many factors, including the tumors size, location and how much its spread. […] The survival rates for the most common form of eye cancer, intraocular melanoma, are excellent when a provider diagnoses and treats the cancer when its still in your eyeball.

• #63 Healthy Driven Blogs

  https://www.eehealth.org/blog/2020/08/facts-about-eye-cancer/

  Eye cancer is a type of cancer that affects the eye and can cause a loss of sight. […] According to the American Cancer Society, 3,400 people (fairly equally split between men and women) will be diagnosed with eye cancer this year. […] The most common form of eye cancer is melanoma (also called ocular melanomas) that typically starts in the uvea, or the middle layer of the eyeball. […] Secondary eye cancers are cancers that have started elsewhere and spread to the eye and are more common than cancer that begins in the eye. […] The average age for diagnosis of eye cancer is 55. Diagnosis of eye cancer is rare in children and adults older than 70 years of age. […] Eye cancer can run in families, but it is usually rare. […] Inherited conditions, such as dysplastic nevus syndrome (a condition that causes abnormal moles on the skin) or BAP1 cancer syndrome (a rare inherited condition) are associated with an increased risk for eye cancer.

• #64 Eye cancer | UK Healthcare

  https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/markey-cancer-center/cancer-types/eye-cancer

  Eye cancer can affect any part of the eye, inside or out, and requires an experienced team of specialists, like those at the UK Markey Cancer Center. […] Markey has Kentucky’s first and only team of eye cancer specialists. You will benefit from in-depth knowledge and expertise that exclusively comes from specialists who diagnose and treat your specific type of eye cancer. […] We make sure you get the tests you need for a diagnosis on your first visit. […] The types of eye cancer we treat include: Intraocular cancer, Ocular surface tumors, Eyelid cancer, Orbital cancer, Metastatic cancer. […] Symptoms may include: Discoloration of the skin, Unusual lesions or changes to the eyelid, Swelling, A lump or bump on the eyelid. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the five-year survival rate for all stages of ocular melanoma or intraocular melanoma is 81 percent. […] Researchers don’t know how to prevent intraocular cancer, but yearly eye exams can help catch it early, when it’s easier to treat. […] Risk factors for eye cancer include: Age, Family history, Other cancers, Smoking.

• #65 Screening For Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/getting-diagnosed/screening

  There is no national screening programme for eye cancer in the UK. This is because there isnt a test that can pick up eye cancer at an early stage. […] There is no national screening programme in the UK for all types of eye cancer. These cancers are not common and there are no suitable screening tests available. […] The aim of screening for retinoblastoma is to spot cancer at an early stage. This means treatment is more likely to be successful and improve your childs chance of survival. […] Talk to your GP if you have a family history of retinoblastoma. They can refer your child to one of the two specialist retinoblastoma centres. […] Talk to your GP or optometrist if you think you are at increased risk of eye cancer. […] See your GP or optometrist if you have any possible symptoms of eye cancer.

• #66 Retinoblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351013

  When other treatments haven’t worked or when the retinoblastoma is too large to be treated by other methods, surgery to remove the eye may be used. […] Eye removal surgery for retinoblastoma includes: Surgery to remove the eye is called enucleation. […] Clinical trials are studies to test new treatments and new ways of using existing treatments. While clinical trials give your child a chance to try the latest in retinoblastoma treatments, they can’t guarantee a cure. […] If an eye problem is suspected, you may be referred to a doctor who diagnosis and treats eye conditions. This doctor is called an ophthalmologist. If retinoblastoma is suspected, your child may see a doctor who specializes in treating eye cancer. This doctor is called an ocular oncologist.

• #67 Ocular Oncology – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/eye-conditions/ocular-oncology/

  Ocular oncology involves the diagnosis and treatment of all tumors that occur in or around the eye tumors of the eyelid, conjunctiva, intraocular structures and orbit. […] Eye cancer survival rates depend on the type of tumor, and its size and location and the stage of the cancer at diagnosis. […] Retinoblastoma diagnosis is rare, accounting for 2% of all childhood cancers. […] Early detection enables a 95% cure rate. […] Ocular melanoma is a rare form of cancer that occurs in the pigment producing cells of your eyes. […] Eye melanoma is difficult to detect because it does not cause any early signs or symptoms. […] If you experience any of these symptoms above contact an eye doctor near you. […] Eye tumors are diagnosed by an experienced eye doctor, through a dilated eye exam.

• #68 Camera flash: Can it detect eye cancer?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/camera-flash-eye-cancer

  Flash photography can sometimes show a white glow in the eyes, which may indicate the presence of a condition, such as eye cancer or cataracts. […] Retinoblastoma is an eye cancer that begins in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. […] A 2022 study concludes that camera flash on mobile devices has the potential to serve as a screening tool for some eye conditions such as retinoblastoma. […] It is important to note that domestic cameras are not designed for medical diagnostics, and doctors diagnose conditions such as eye cancer through comprehensive medical examinations. […] While it is true that retinoblastoma can cause this white glow, it is essential to recognize that leukocoria does not automatically indicate cancer. […] Therefore, while a white glow in flash photographs may prompt concern, it is not a definitive sign of eye cancer.

• #69 Eye Cancer Diagnosis, Detection, and Tests | AHN

  https://www.ahn.org/services/cancer/types/eye/diagnosis

  At Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, our highly trained specialists are committed to diagnosing you as quickly as possible. An accurate diagnosis allows us to determine the most effective treatment for you and begin it immediately. […] At the Cancer Institute, our experienced team provides a fast and accurate diagnosis. […] Many eye cancers are first diagnosed as styes, abscesses, or irritation, which can delay getting the right diagnosis and beginning treatment. Our skilled ophthalmologists have decades of experience accurately diagnosing eye cancer, so you can begin fighting the cancer sooner. […] We first talk to you about your symptoms and perform an eye exam. Then we conduct diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of cancer and determine what type of eye cancer it is. […] Tests may include:

• #70

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/eye_cancer/eye-cancer-overview.html

  Ocular melanoma can be difficult to diagnose as it forms in the part of the eye that isnt visible to you or others. […] If your doctor or optometrist thinks that you may have ocular melanoma, they will carry out certain tests. […] The ophthalmologist will carry out more tests that may include: […] most of the time, the ophthalmologist can make a diagnosis from what they see when they examine your eye, from photographs and ultrasound pictures. However, sometimes a biopsy is performed. In a biopsy, some tissue is removed from the affected area so it can be examined more closely under a microscope.

• #71 Camera flash: Can it detect eye cancer?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/camera-flash-eye-cancer

  Flash photography can sometimes show a white glow in the eyes, which may indicate the presence of a condition, such as eye cancer or cataracts. […] Retinoblastoma is an eye cancer that begins in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. […] A 2022 study concludes that camera flash on mobile devices has the potential to serve as a screening tool for some eye conditions such as retinoblastoma. […] It is important to note that domestic cameras are not designed for medical diagnostics, and doctors diagnose conditions such as eye cancer through comprehensive medical examinations. […] While it is true that retinoblastoma can cause this white glow, it is essential to recognize that leukocoria does not automatically indicate cancer. […] Therefore, while a white glow in flash photographs may prompt concern, it is not a definitive sign of eye cancer.

• #72 Retinoblastoma Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/retinoblastoma/diagnosis

  We have performed more than 15,000 examinations for retinoblastoma over the past 100 years. […] Unlike other types of cancer, retinoblastoma is rarely diagnosed with a tissue sample. Although a sample can aid diagnosis, there is concern about spreading the cancer when taking out the tissue. It is very important that an experienced ophthalmic oncologist confirm the diagnosis, as there are other eye conditions that look like retinoblastoma but aren’t. […] An ophthalmic examination is the best and most thorough way to diagnose your child. […] If your child is diagnosed with retinoblastoma, our experts will perform an MRI of the head. This is done to confirm the diagnosis and to check if the tumors have spread to the brain. […] Ultrasound, which uses sound waves to outline what’s inside the eye, can confirm if retinoblastoma tumors are present and can determine their thickness or height.

• #73 Eye Cancer | Mays Cancer Center

  https://cancer.uthscsa.edu/cancer-care/types-and-treatments/eye-cancer

  At Mays Cancer Center, home to UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, a team of highly trained specialists treats eye cancers with precision and compassion. […] Eye cancer treatment often involves surgery. Our surgeons have specialized training in eye cancer treatment and plastic and reconstructive surgery. We coordinate cancer treatment and reconstructive surgery, helping you access all the services you need within one health system. […] Our ophthalmologists perform a comprehensive eye exam to diagnose eye cancer. Our team also includes dermatologists (skin doctors) who are trained to diagnose skin cancers that affect the eyelid. […] Our specialists may recommend one or more tests, such as: Eye ultrasound: B-scan ultrasonography uses high-energy sound waves to detail the inside of the eye. Ultrasound images can show doctors a tumors location, size and shape and track changes over time.

• #74 How to Detect Eye Cancer & How to Treat It | UTSW Medical Center Medblog

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/eye-cancer-treatment/

  Patients diagnosed with ocular cancer should consider seeking care at a large, multidisciplinary center to get access to top specialists, cutting-edge research, and the most advanced technology. […] If you or a loved one is diagnosed with eye cancer, you want a team that will care for all aspects of the disease. […] Regular eye exams are an important part of everyones health, even if you have no symptoms. […] Finally, if you or a loved one is diagnosed with an eye cancer, reach out for a second opinion or an evaluation at a multidisciplinary center such as UT Southwestern.

• #75 Eye Melanoma | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/melanoma/types-melanoma/eye-melanoma

  Eye melanoma is also called uveal melanoma or ocular melanoma. It is a type of eye cancer. Its the most common eye cancer in adults. […] Memorial Sloan Kettering is a leading center for eye melanoma diagnosis and treatment. […] If you notice these symptoms, it is important to contact your doctor right away. The sooner your condition is treated, the better your chances for a cure. […] People with eye melanoma benefit from the expertise of a team of experts. Working together, our ophthalmic oncologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists, and neurologists create a coordinated, personalized treatment plan.

• #76 Eye Cancer – Diagnosis & Treatment | AHN

  https://www.ahn.org/services/cancer/types/eye

  At the Cancer Institute, we have an integrated approach to treating eye cancer. […] Our experienced team is skilled at diagnosing eye cancer quickly and accurately. […] We run a full range of tests to precisely diagnose the presence of eye cancer and determine what type it is. An accurate diagnosis helps us tailor the most appropriate treatment plan for you. […] Find out more about eye cancer diagnosis.

• #77 Get Eye Cancer Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/eye-cancer-treatment

  When you come to Cleveland Clinic for eye cancer diagnosis and treatment, youll work with a team of skilled providers wholl design your personalized care plan. […] Often, our providers can see some ocular tumors through your pupil during an eye exam. But to confirm a diagnosis, we may have you do more tests, including: […] At Cleveland Clinic, we want you to feel comfortable seeking the best possible care. Thats why we encourage second opinions and offer priority scheduling for these kind of appointments. […] When it comes to rare eye tumors, treatment options are evolving and because of limited data or studies, some of them are still considered experimental. […] Cleveland Clinics ophthalmic oncology providers will be by your side, from diagnosis and beyond, with the best care and compassionate support.

• #78 Eye cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/eye-cancer/

  Around 850 cases of eye cancer (ocular cancer) are diagnosed in the UK each year. […] Eye cancer does not always cause obvious symptoms and may only be picked up during a routine eye test. […] If your GP or optician (optometrist) suspects you have a serious problem with your eyes, they’ll refer you to a specialist eye doctor called an ophthalmologist for an assessment. […] If they suspect you have melanoma of the eye, they’ll refer you to a specialist centre for eye cancer. […] It’s likely you’ll have a number of different tests at the centre, including: an eye examination to look at the structures of your eyes in more detail and check for abnormalities, an ultrasound scan of your eye a small probe placed over your closed eye uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the inside of your eye; this allows your doctor to find out more about the position of the tumour and its size, a fluorescein angiogram where photographs of the suspected cancer are taken using a special camera after dye has been injected into your bloodstream to highlight the tumour. […] Occasionally, a thin needle may be used to remove a small sample of cells from the tumour (biopsy). The genetic information in these cells is analysed to give an indication of the chances of the cancer spreading or coming back.

• #79 Eye Cancer – Diagnosis & Treatment | AHN

  https://www.ahn.org/services/cancer/types/eye

  At the Cancer Institute, we have an integrated approach to treating eye cancer. […] Our experienced team is skilled at diagnosing eye cancer quickly and accurately. […] We run a full range of tests to precisely diagnose the presence of eye cancer and determine what type it is. An accurate diagnosis helps us tailor the most appropriate treatment plan for you. […] Find out more about eye cancer diagnosis.

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