Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most eye cancers. But there are some risks factors that can increase your risk of developing it. These include being older or having certain medical conditions. […] The possible risk factors for eye melanoma include: […] People who have abnormal brown spots (pigmentation) on their uvea (called oculodermal melanocytosis) or iris (called iris naevus) are at an increased risk of developing eye melanoma. […] Doctors have identified a rare inherited condition called BAP1 cancer syndrome. Families with this have a change (mutation) in the BAP1 gene. People with this gene change have an increased risk of uveal melanoma, skin melanoma and some other cancers. […] Exposure to artificial UV radiation, such as sunbeds, increases the risk of eye melanoma. […] Sun and UV exposure has been linked to a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the eye.

• #2 What Causes Eye Cancer? | Ocular Melanoma Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  While we know about some of the risk factors for eye cancer (especially melanoma of the eye, or intraocular melanoma), the exact cause of most eye cancers is not known. […] A great deal of research is being done to learn more about genes inside cells and how changes in them can cause the cells to become eye cancer cells. […] But if certain genes arent working the way they should, cells can grow out of control, which can lead to cancer. […] Some people inherit gene changes (mutations) that increase their risk for eye cancer. […] A mutated BAP1 gene doesnt work normally, which can allow cells to grow out of control. […] Most gene changes linked to eye cancer are acquired during a person’s life. […] Scientists are studying these and other DNA changes to learn more about them and how they might lead to eye cancer. […] Some changes might be caused by something in a persons environment, like intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

• #3 Eye melanoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372371

  Eye melanoma is a kind of eye cancer that starts in cells within the eye that make melanin. […] It’s not clear what causes eye melanoma. […] Eye melanoma happens when cells in the eye develop changes in their DNA. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. […] Eye melanoma most often happens in the cells of the middle layer of the eye, called the uvea. […] Risk factors for eye melanoma include: […] Certain inherited skin conditions. […] Certain genetic changes. […] Exposure to ultraviolet light. […] Healthcare professionals haven’t found anything that can prevent eye melanoma.

• #4 Eye Cancer: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17292-eye-cancer

  Eye cancer includes several rare types of cancers that begin in your eye, including your eyeball and the structures surrounding your eyeball. Eye cancer starts when cells multiply out of control and form a tumor. Tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Unlike benign tumors, malignant tumors can grow and the cancer can spread throughout your body. […] As with cancers in general, eye cancer occurs when cells begin to divide and multiply out of control, eventually forming a mass called a tumor. Pieces of the tumor can break off and spread to your lymph nodes and bloodstream. The cancer cells can travel to other parts of your body via your bloodstream and lymphatic system, causing new tumors to form in other organs. When this happens, healthcare providers say that your cancer has spread or metastasized. Its a sign of a more advanced disease.

• #5 What Causes Eye Cancer? | Ocular Melanoma Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  While we know about some of the risk factors for eye cancer (especially melanoma of the eye, or intraocular melanoma), the exact cause of most eye cancers is not known. […] A great deal of research is being done to learn more about genes inside cells and how changes in them can cause the cells to become eye cancer cells. […] But if certain genes arent working the way they should, cells can grow out of control, which can lead to cancer. […] Some people inherit gene changes (mutations) that increase their risk for eye cancer. […] A mutated BAP1 gene doesnt work normally, which can allow cells to grow out of control. […] Most gene changes linked to eye cancer are acquired during a person’s life. […] Scientists are studying these and other DNA changes to learn more about them and how they might lead to eye cancer. […] Some changes might be caused by something in a persons environment, like intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

• #6 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most eye cancers. But there are some risks factors that can increase your risk of developing it. These include being older or having certain medical conditions. […] The possible risk factors for eye melanoma include: […] People who have abnormal brown spots (pigmentation) on their uvea (called oculodermal melanocytosis) or iris (called iris naevus) are at an increased risk of developing eye melanoma. […] Doctors have identified a rare inherited condition called BAP1 cancer syndrome. Families with this have a change (mutation) in the BAP1 gene. People with this gene change have an increased risk of uveal melanoma, skin melanoma and some other cancers. […] Exposure to artificial UV radiation, such as sunbeds, increases the risk of eye melanoma. […] Sun and UV exposure has been linked to a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the eye.

• #7 Risk Factors for Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  This is a rare inherited condition in which family members are at increased risk for eye melanoma, as well as melanoma of the skin, mesothelioma, kidney cancer, and some other cancers. […] Different types of moles (nevi) and pigmented areas in the eye have been linked with an increased risk of eye melanoma. […] Welders, who can be exposed to intense ultraviolet (UV) light when they work, have been found to have a higher risk of eye melanoma. […] Too much exposure to UV light from sunlight (or sunlamps) is a known risk factor for melanoma of the skin. It has also been suggested as a possible risk factor for melanoma of the eye, but studies so far have shown mixed results. […] Some people with eye melanoma have a history of melanoma of the skin, but its not clear if having skin melanoma increases your risk of eye melanoma.

• #8 What is Eye Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer.html

  More than two dozen types of cancer can develop in the different structures in and around the eye. Among these are subtypes of melanoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma. […] Uveal melanoma: Also called choroidal melanoma, this is the most common primary intraocular eye cancer in adults. It accounts for about 5% of all melanoma cases. […] Retinoblastoma: Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina, a light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye. Among children, it is the most common malignant tumor that starts in eye. […] A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a specific disease. Risk factors for cancers of the eye include: Having light skin and/or blue eyes […] Exposure to certain viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV) may increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva. […] Certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing specific eye cancers, including Von Hippel Lindau disease and mutations to the RB1 and BAP-1 genes, which help suppress tumor formation.

• #9 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have HIV are at a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva of the eye. […] People who have an organ transplant need to take drugs to stop their immune systems rejecting the new organ. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) may cause squamous cell carcinoma of the eye in combination with other factors. […] Anyone whose immune system is not working as well as it should may be more likely to develop lymphoma of the eye. […] This is a very rare eye cancer caused by a virus. […] Some children are born with a change (mutation) in the retinoblastoma gene. […] About 40 out of 100 children diagnosed (about 40%) have this heritable (genetic) type. […] The rest, 60 out of every 100 retinoblastomas (60%), are the non heritable (non genetic) type. […] Stories about possible cancer causes are often in the media and it can be hard to know whats true and whats not.

• #10 Retinoblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351008

  Retinoblastoma is caused by changes inside the cells in the eye. It’s not always clear what causes the changes that lead to this eye cancer. […] Retinoblastoma starts when cells in the eye get changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] For most instances of retinoblastoma, it’s not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to cancer. However, it’s possible for children to inherit DNA changes from their parents. These changes can increase the risk of retinoblastoma.

• #11 Retinoblastoma (eye cancer in children) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/retinoblastoma-eye-cancer-children

  Retinoblastoma is cancer of the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive lining at the back of the eye. […] In about four out of 10 of cases, retinoblastoma is caused by a faulty gene, which often affects both eyes (bilateral). […] The faulty gene may be inherited from a parent, or a change to the gene (mutation) may occur at an early stage of the child’s development in the womb. […] It’s not known what causes the remaining 60 per cent of retinoblastoma cases. In these cases, there’s no faulty gene and only one eye is affected (unilateral).

• #12 Eye Cancer: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17292-eye-cancer

  Scientists are still researching to understand what causes otherwise healthy cells to become cancer cells. […] Researchers have identified several risk factors that may increase your likelihood of developing eye cancer: Age: Providers diagnose most eye cancers in people over 50. The exception is retinoblastoma, which affects children under age 5. Skin color: Youre more likely to get eye cancer if youre white and if you have pale skin. Eye color: People with light eyes (blue, green) are more likely to get eye cancer than people with dark eyes (brown). Inherited conditions: Dysplastic nevus syndrome, an inherited condition that involves having several atypical-looking moles, can increase your risk of some eye cancers. BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome can increase your risk of multiple cancers, including uveal melanoma. Sunning and tanning: Its possible that exposure to UV rays from the sun or tanning beds can increase your risk of intraocular melanoma. Medical researchers need to conduct more research to know for sure.

• #13 Risk Factors for Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  There are a few known risk factors for eye cancer, particularly melanoma of the eye (also known as ocular melanoma or intraocular melanoma). […] The risk of eye melanoma is higher in people with lighter colored skin (and who sunburn or freckle easily) than in people with darker skin tones. […] People with light colored eyes are somewhat more likely to develop melanoma of the eye than are people with darker eye color. […] Eye melanomas can occur at any age, but the risk goes up as people get older. […] Eye melanoma is slightly more common in men than in women. […] People with this inherited condition have many abnormal moles (dysplastic nevi) on their skin. […] People with this syndrome are at increased risk of skin melanoma. They also seem to have a higher risk of developing melanoma of the eye.

• #14 Ultraviolet radiation causes rare type of eye cancer – Cancer Research UK – Cancer Newsfacebook icontwitter iconlinkedin iconfacebook icontwitter iconinstagram iconlinkedin iconyoutube iconfundraising regulator icon

  https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2021/01/11/ultraviolet-radiation-causes-rare-type-of-eye-cancer/

  Ultraviolet radiation can cause a rare type of eye cancer, conjunctival melanoma, according to research funded by Cancer Research UK and others and published in Nature Communications today (Monday). […] UV radiation is known to be the key environmental cause of melanoma of the skin, but its role in the development of rarer forms of melanoma in the eye was not known. […] This new study has revealed strikingly similar genetic changes in conjunctival melanoma to that of cutaneous (skin) melanoma caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Surprisingly, the researchers found similar genetic changes in tissue samples from people with conjunctival melanoma to the genetic changes that occur in melanoma of the skin attributed to UV radiation. […] They showed that people with conjunctival melanoma driven by UV radiation have mutations in the BRAF and RAS genes, which are often seen in skin melanoma.

• #15 Eye Cancer: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17292-eye-cancer

  Scientists are still researching to understand what causes otherwise healthy cells to become cancer cells. […] Researchers have identified several risk factors that may increase your likelihood of developing eye cancer: Age: Providers diagnose most eye cancers in people over 50. The exception is retinoblastoma, which affects children under age 5. Skin color: Youre more likely to get eye cancer if youre white and if you have pale skin. Eye color: People with light eyes (blue, green) are more likely to get eye cancer than people with dark eyes (brown). Inherited conditions: Dysplastic nevus syndrome, an inherited condition that involves having several atypical-looking moles, can increase your risk of some eye cancers. BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome can increase your risk of multiple cancers, including uveal melanoma. Sunning and tanning: Its possible that exposure to UV rays from the sun or tanning beds can increase your risk of intraocular melanoma. Medical researchers need to conduct more research to know for sure.

• #16 Healthy Driven Blogs

  https://www.eehealth.org/blog/2020/08/facts-about-eye-cancer/

  Eye cancer is a type of cancer that affects the eye and can cause a loss of sight. […] It is an uncommon type of cancer with no known cause. […] The most common form of eye cancer is melanoma (also called ocular melanomas) that typically starts in the uvea, or the middle layer of the eyeball. […] Secondary eye cancers are cancers that have started elsewhere and spread to the eye and are more common than cancer that begins in the eye. […] Age. The average age for diagnosis of eye cancer is 55. Diagnosis of eye cancer is rare in children and adults older than 70 years of age. […] Eye color. People with light colored eyes are at a higher risk than those with dark colored eyes. […] Family history. Eye cancer can run in families, but it is usually rare. […] Inherited conditions, such as dysplastic nevus syndrome (a condition that causes abnormal moles on the skin) or BAP1 cancer syndrome (a rare inherited condition) are associated with an increased risk for eye cancer. […] Race. Caucasians tend to be more at risk for eye cancer than Hispanics or African Americans. […] Too much exposure to sunlight or UV rays, while a known risk factor for skin cancer, may also be a possible risk factor for eye cancer, but more research is needed to be certain.

• #17 Eye Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/head-and-neck-cancers/eye-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact causes of eye cancer are unknown, but existing conditions or risk factors may contribute to the development of cancer. […] Risk factors for eye cancer include: […] Intraocular melanoma most often affects people ages 50 and older. […] Certain medical conditions may increase the risk of developing primary intraocular melanoma, including: […] Intraocular melanoma can run in families, although it is rare. When it does run in families, it is usually due to a mutation or change in a gene called BAP1.

• #18 Risk Factors for Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  There are a few known risk factors for eye cancer, particularly melanoma of the eye (also known as ocular melanoma or intraocular melanoma). […] The risk of eye melanoma is higher in people with lighter colored skin (and who sunburn or freckle easily) than in people with darker skin tones. […] People with light colored eyes are somewhat more likely to develop melanoma of the eye than are people with darker eye color. […] Eye melanomas can occur at any age, but the risk goes up as people get older. […] Eye melanoma is slightly more common in men than in women. […] People with this inherited condition have many abnormal moles (dysplastic nevi) on their skin. […] People with this syndrome are at increased risk of skin melanoma. They also seem to have a higher risk of developing melanoma of the eye.

• #19 What Are the 10 Symptoms of Eye Cancer?

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_are_the_symptoms_of_eye_cancer/article_em.htm

  Eye cancer occurs when cells in the eye grow out of control. […] The exact cause of most eye cancers is unknown. […] Risk factors for developing eye cancers include: Race/ethnicity […] The risk is higher in people who have fair skin than it is in African Americans, Hispanics, or Asian Americans. […] Eye color […] People with light-colored eyes such as blue, green, or gray, are slightly more likely to develop eye cancer than people with darker eye and skin color. […] Age […] Risk increases as people age. […] Most cases of eye cancer are diagnosed in people in their 50s. […] Gender […] Slightly more common in men than in women. […] Unusual moles […] People who have irregularly-shaped or unusually-colored moles on the skin are at increased risk of developing eye melanoma along with skin cancer.

• #20 Uveal melanoma: relatively rare but deadly cancer | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2016275

  Although it is a relatively rare disease, primarily found in the Caucasian population, uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults with a mean age-adjusted incidence of 5.1 cases per million per year. […] The host susceptibility factors for uveal melanoma include fair skin, light eye color, inability to tan, ocular or oculodermal melanocytosis, cutaneous or iris or choroidal nevus, and BRCA1-associated protein 1 mutation. […] The incidence of uveal melanoma followed a north-to-south decreasing gradient from a minimum of 2 per million per year in Spain and southern Italy to a maximum of 8 per million per year in Norway and Denmark. […] The ratio of uveal melanoma in Black:White patients is estimated at 1:15 to 1:50. […] The host susceptibility factors for uveal melanoma include fair skin, blond hair, light eye color, and inability to tan.

• #21 What is Eye Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer.html

  More than two dozen types of cancer can develop in the different structures in and around the eye. Among these are subtypes of melanoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma. […] Uveal melanoma: Also called choroidal melanoma, this is the most common primary intraocular eye cancer in adults. It accounts for about 5% of all melanoma cases. […] Retinoblastoma: Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina, a light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye. Among children, it is the most common malignant tumor that starts in eye. […] A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a specific disease. Risk factors for cancers of the eye include: Having light skin and/or blue eyes […] Exposure to certain viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV) may increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva. […] Certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing specific eye cancers, including Von Hippel Lindau disease and mutations to the RB1 and BAP-1 genes, which help suppress tumor formation.

• #22 Eye and Vision-Related Cancer | Cancer

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/eye-and-vision-related-cancer

  Eye cancers include those covering the surface of the eye and those that happen internally. […] Rarely, inherited genes cause cancers in the eye. […] Researchers are currently investigating other potential causes of ocular cancer. […] Some potential risk factors of eye cancer include: Age, Ethnicity, Having certain types of moles, Eye color. […] Eye cancers are more common in people between the ages of 50 and 80. […] White people are more likely to develop certain cancers of the eye, such as uveal melanoma, than people of other ethnicities. […] Certain kinds of eye and skin moles and freckles may increase your risk of developing eye melanoma. […] People with blue and green eyes have a higher risk of developing certain eye cancers.

• #23 Risk Factors for Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  There are a few known risk factors for eye cancer, particularly melanoma of the eye (also known as ocular melanoma or intraocular melanoma). […] The risk of eye melanoma is higher in people with lighter colored skin (and who sunburn or freckle easily) than in people with darker skin tones. […] People with light colored eyes are somewhat more likely to develop melanoma of the eye than are people with darker eye color. […] Eye melanomas can occur at any age, but the risk goes up as people get older. […] Eye melanoma is slightly more common in men than in women. […] People with this inherited condition have many abnormal moles (dysplastic nevi) on their skin. […] People with this syndrome are at increased risk of skin melanoma. They also seem to have a higher risk of developing melanoma of the eye.

• #24 Eye Cancer: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17292-eye-cancer

  Scientists are still researching to understand what causes otherwise healthy cells to become cancer cells. […] Researchers have identified several risk factors that may increase your likelihood of developing eye cancer: Age: Providers diagnose most eye cancers in people over 50. The exception is retinoblastoma, which affects children under age 5. Skin color: Youre more likely to get eye cancer if youre white and if you have pale skin. Eye color: People with light eyes (blue, green) are more likely to get eye cancer than people with dark eyes (brown). Inherited conditions: Dysplastic nevus syndrome, an inherited condition that involves having several atypical-looking moles, can increase your risk of some eye cancers. BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome can increase your risk of multiple cancers, including uveal melanoma. Sunning and tanning: Its possible that exposure to UV rays from the sun or tanning beds can increase your risk of intraocular melanoma. Medical researchers need to conduct more research to know for sure.

• #25 Eye cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/eye-cancer/

  Around 850 cases of eye cancer (ocular cancer) are diagnosed in the UK each year. […] Cancer can also sometimes develop in the tissues surrounding your eyeball or spread to the eye from other parts of the body, such as the lungs or breasts. […] Eye melanoma occurs when the pigment-producing cells in the eyes divide and multiply too rapidly. This produces a lump of tissue known as a tumour. […] It’s not clear exactly why this occurs, but the following factors may increase the risk of it happening: lighter eye colour if you have blue, grey or green eyes, you have a higher risk of developing eye melanoma compared with people who have brown eyes; white or pale skin eye melanoma mostly affects white people and is more common in those with fair skin; unusual moles if you have irregularly shaped or unusually coloured moles, you’re more at risk of developing melanoma skin cancer and eye melanoma; use of sunbeds there’s some evidence to suggest that exposing yourself to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunbeds, for example, can increase your risk of eye melanoma; overexposure to sunlight this increases your risk of skin cancer, and may also be a risk factor for eye melanoma. […] The risk of developing eye melanoma also increases with age, with most cases being diagnosed in people in their 50s.

• #26 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most eye cancers. But there are some risks factors that can increase your risk of developing it. These include being older or having certain medical conditions. […] The possible risk factors for eye melanoma include: […] People who have abnormal brown spots (pigmentation) on their uvea (called oculodermal melanocytosis) or iris (called iris naevus) are at an increased risk of developing eye melanoma. […] Doctors have identified a rare inherited condition called BAP1 cancer syndrome. Families with this have a change (mutation) in the BAP1 gene. People with this gene change have an increased risk of uveal melanoma, skin melanoma and some other cancers. […] Exposure to artificial UV radiation, such as sunbeds, increases the risk of eye melanoma. […] Sun and UV exposure has been linked to a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the eye.

• #27 Ultraviolet radiation causes rare type of eye cancer – Cancer Research UK – Cancer Newsfacebook icontwitter iconlinkedin iconfacebook icontwitter iconinstagram iconlinkedin iconyoutube iconfundraising regulator icon

  https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2021/01/11/ultraviolet-radiation-causes-rare-type-of-eye-cancer/

  Ultraviolet radiation can cause a rare type of eye cancer, conjunctival melanoma, according to research funded by Cancer Research UK and others and published in Nature Communications today (Monday). […] UV radiation is known to be the key environmental cause of melanoma of the skin, but its role in the development of rarer forms of melanoma in the eye was not known. […] This new study has revealed strikingly similar genetic changes in conjunctival melanoma to that of cutaneous (skin) melanoma caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Surprisingly, the researchers found similar genetic changes in tissue samples from people with conjunctival melanoma to the genetic changes that occur in melanoma of the skin attributed to UV radiation. […] They showed that people with conjunctival melanoma driven by UV radiation have mutations in the BRAF and RAS genes, which are often seen in skin melanoma.

• #28 UVR causes rare type of eye cancer

  https://frontlinegenomics.com/uvr-causes-rare-type-of-eye-cancer/

  According to research funded by Cancer Research UK and others, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been found to cause a rare type of eye cancer – conjunctival melanoma. […] UVR-induced DNA damage is a clinically relevant factor that distinguishes the different melanoma subtypes. […] In a study, published in Nature Communications, researchers performed whole-genome sequencing on mucosal melanomas from the conjunctiva (tissue largely UVR exposed) to test the hypothesis that UVR drives melanomagenesis independent of tissue microenvironment. […] The data showed similar genetic changes in conjunctival melanoma to that of cutaneous melanoma. Specifically, it revealed a predominance of UVR-associated single base substitution signature 7 (SBS7) in the majority of the samples. […] Professor Richard Marais, CRUK Manchester Institute, stated: “By showing that UV radiation can cause conjunctival melanoma, we have added to our understanding of the known dangers of the sun for our eyes.”

• #29 Risk Factors for Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  This is a rare inherited condition in which family members are at increased risk for eye melanoma, as well as melanoma of the skin, mesothelioma, kidney cancer, and some other cancers. […] Different types of moles (nevi) and pigmented areas in the eye have been linked with an increased risk of eye melanoma. […] Welders, who can be exposed to intense ultraviolet (UV) light when they work, have been found to have a higher risk of eye melanoma. […] Too much exposure to UV light from sunlight (or sunlamps) is a known risk factor for melanoma of the skin. It has also been suggested as a possible risk factor for melanoma of the eye, but studies so far have shown mixed results. […] Some people with eye melanoma have a history of melanoma of the skin, but its not clear if having skin melanoma increases your risk of eye melanoma.

• #30 DOSSIER Cancer de l’œil, causes & traitements | Eyes-Road – Another vision of EDI

  https://eyes-road.eu/dossier-cancer-de-loeil-causes-traitements-659-31938/

  Finally, it should be noted that a profession is very risky. In fact, the profession of welder offers a higher than average risk of being affected by eye cancer, more particularly intraocular melanoma. Ultraviolet exposure enhances it and this activity has been classified as a definite carcinogen for eye cancer. […] Other behaviors, such as tanning, whether artificial or natural, are suspected of increasing the risk of certain eye cancers. Ultraviolet rays from tanning booths and sunlamps can damage the eyes and promote basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. […] Finally, it has been discovered that certain industrial workers exposed to products such as polychlorinated biphenyls (or PCBs) may have an increased risk of developing eye cancer.

• #31 Eye (Ocular) Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/eye-ocular-cancer

  Eye cancer is rare. In fact, there are only about 3,500 new cases a year, a fraction of the estimated 1.7 million-plus cases of cancer that are diagnosed in the U.S. each year. […] The most common cancers affecting the eye actually don’t start there. Instead, these cancers originate elsewhere in the body especially the breasts and lungs and spread to the eye, most often to the uvea. […] Some studies suggest that welders have a slightly increased risk of uveal melanoma. Though the cause is not known, it is thought that this may be due to ultraviolet radiation from welding tools, or other environmental causes. […] There is no strong evidence that people who have had a lot of sun exposure are at higher risk for eye cancer. However, researchers have discovered a genetic predisposition to eye cancer in patients who have had skin melanoma and other types of cancer. […] Eye cancer is difficult to prevent, as researchers are still trying to understand how it develops.

• #32 DOSSIER Cancer de l’œil, causes & traitements | Eyes-Road – Another vision of EDI

  https://eyes-road.eu/dossier-cancer-de-loeil-causes-traitements-659-31938/

  Finally, it should be noted that a profession is very risky. In fact, the profession of welder offers a higher than average risk of being affected by eye cancer, more particularly intraocular melanoma. Ultraviolet exposure enhances it and this activity has been classified as a definite carcinogen for eye cancer. […] Other behaviors, such as tanning, whether artificial or natural, are suspected of increasing the risk of certain eye cancers. Ultraviolet rays from tanning booths and sunlamps can damage the eyes and promote basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. […] Finally, it has been discovered that certain industrial workers exposed to products such as polychlorinated biphenyls (or PCBs) may have an increased risk of developing eye cancer.

• #33 Eye Cancer: Types, Causes, and Treatment | MMJ Eye Hospital

  https://www.mmjoshieyeinstitute.com/blog/eye-cancer-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Genetic disorders: Genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome have been linked to an elevated risk of some eye malignancies. […] Chemical Exposure: Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, such as those used in the production of plastics, textiles, or metal, may contribute to an increased risk of eye cancer. […] Eye problems: Some pre-malignant eye problems such as uveitis or ocular surface lesions may increase the chance of developing conjunctival or intraocular malignancy. […] Gender and Race: Certain kinds of eye cancer, such as conjunctival melanoma, have been found to be more prevalent in specific genders or racial/ethnic groups.

• #34 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most eye cancers. But there are some risks factors that can increase your risk of developing it. These include being older or having certain medical conditions. […] The possible risk factors for eye melanoma include: […] People who have abnormal brown spots (pigmentation) on their uvea (called oculodermal melanocytosis) or iris (called iris naevus) are at an increased risk of developing eye melanoma. […] Doctors have identified a rare inherited condition called BAP1 cancer syndrome. Families with this have a change (mutation) in the BAP1 gene. People with this gene change have an increased risk of uveal melanoma, skin melanoma and some other cancers. […] Exposure to artificial UV radiation, such as sunbeds, increases the risk of eye melanoma. […] Sun and UV exposure has been linked to a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the eye.

• #35 Uveal melanoma: relatively rare but deadly cancer | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2016275

  Oculodermal melanocytosis represents a congenital pigmentary abnormality with slate-grey pigmentation of the periocular skin, sclera, uvea, orbit, meninges, palate, and tympanic membrane and is an important risk factor for development of uveal melanoma. […] An association between uveal melanoma and atypical cutaneous nevi (dysplastic nevi), common cutaneous nevi, and cutaneous freckles has been established. […] The increased occurrence of uveal melanoma in lighter-skinned people and those with light (blue or grey) colored eyes may be related to less melanin being present in the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium, which results in less protection from ultraviolet light, and increased risk of developing uveal melanoma. […] Various studies have explored the particular association between ultraviolet light exposure and occurrence of uveal melanoma.

• #36 Risks for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/risks

  Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Some things increase your risk and some things decrease it. […] The following can increase your risk for eye cancer. Most of these risks can’t be changed. But in some cases there are things you can do to lower your risk. […] Primary acquired melanosis increases the risk of melanoma of the conjunctiva, a type of eye cancer. […] Ocular melanocytosis increases the risk of developing intraocular melanoma, the most common type of eye cancer. […] People with fair or light-coloured skin have a higher risk of developing intraocular melanoma than people with other skin types. […] Tanning beds and sun lamps give off ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which can damage the eyes and increase the risk for intraocular melanoma.

• #37 Eye cancer (ocular melanoma) – symptoms, staging, treatment | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/melanoma/eye-cancer

  Eye melanoma is more common in people who have atypical mole syndrome. People with this condition usually have more than 100 moles on their body. […] Conjunctival melanoma usually develops from a rare condition called primary acquired melanosis (PAM). This causes many brown or dark patches (pigmentation) on the conjunctiva, usually in one eye. PAM can be monitored so that any signs of it changing are found early and treated.

• #38 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have HIV are at a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva of the eye. […] People who have an organ transplant need to take drugs to stop their immune systems rejecting the new organ. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) may cause squamous cell carcinoma of the eye in combination with other factors. […] Anyone whose immune system is not working as well as it should may be more likely to develop lymphoma of the eye. […] This is a very rare eye cancer caused by a virus. […] Some children are born with a change (mutation) in the retinoblastoma gene. […] About 40 out of 100 children diagnosed (about 40%) have this heritable (genetic) type. […] The rest, 60 out of every 100 retinoblastomas (60%), are the non heritable (non genetic) type. […] Stories about possible cancer causes are often in the media and it can be hard to know whats true and whats not.

• #39 Risks for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/risks

  People with skin moles have a higher risk of developing melanoma in the uvea (called uveal melanoma). […] Welders have a higher than average risk of developing eye cancer, particularly intraocular melanoma. […] People with an HIV infection have a higher risk of developing lymphoma of the eye and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the conjunctiva. […] The following have been linked with eye cancer, but more research is needed to know for sure that they are risks: family history of ocular melanoma, genetic mutations (changes), certain jobs, like commercial cooking or working with chemicals.

• #40 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-eye-cancer.aspx

  There are no definitive causes of eye cancers. […] However, there are certain risk factors that are associated with eye cancers. Individuals with these traits are more prone to develop these cancers. […] There is however no direct association with these risk factors. This means that all those who have these risk factors may not develop eye cancers. […] Those with conditions like dysplastic nevus syndrome are at a higher risk of eye melanomas. […] Eye melanomas may also be inherited and may run in some families. […] People with weakened or suppressed immune system like those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), those on anti-rejection drugs after an organ transplant or elderly are at greater risk of primary intraocular lymphoma. […] Risk of squamous cell cancer of the eyes also rises with depressed immunity. […] Retinoblastoma This type of eye cancer affects young children. The risk of this disease is carried in a faulty gene. This disease thus is inherited and leads to loss of vision or even death of the child if not detected and treated early.

• #41 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have HIV are at a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva of the eye. […] People who have an organ transplant need to take drugs to stop their immune systems rejecting the new organ. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) may cause squamous cell carcinoma of the eye in combination with other factors. […] Anyone whose immune system is not working as well as it should may be more likely to develop lymphoma of the eye. […] This is a very rare eye cancer caused by a virus. […] Some children are born with a change (mutation) in the retinoblastoma gene. […] About 40 out of 100 children diagnosed (about 40%) have this heritable (genetic) type. […] The rest, 60 out of every 100 retinoblastomas (60%), are the non heritable (non genetic) type. […] Stories about possible cancer causes are often in the media and it can be hard to know whats true and whats not.

• #42 What is Eye Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer.html

  More than two dozen types of cancer can develop in the different structures in and around the eye. Among these are subtypes of melanoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma. […] Uveal melanoma: Also called choroidal melanoma, this is the most common primary intraocular eye cancer in adults. It accounts for about 5% of all melanoma cases. […] Retinoblastoma: Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina, a light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye. Among children, it is the most common malignant tumor that starts in eye. […] A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a specific disease. Risk factors for cancers of the eye include: Having light skin and/or blue eyes […] Exposure to certain viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV) may increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva. […] Certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing specific eye cancers, including Von Hippel Lindau disease and mutations to the RB1 and BAP-1 genes, which help suppress tumor formation.

• #43 What is Eye Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer.html

  More than two dozen types of cancer can develop in the different structures in and around the eye. Among these are subtypes of melanoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma. […] Uveal melanoma: Also called choroidal melanoma, this is the most common primary intraocular eye cancer in adults. It accounts for about 5% of all melanoma cases. […] Retinoblastoma: Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina, a light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye. Among children, it is the most common malignant tumor that starts in eye. […] A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a specific disease. Risk factors for cancers of the eye include: Having light skin and/or blue eyes […] Exposure to certain viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV) may increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva. […] Certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing specific eye cancers, including Von Hippel Lindau disease and mutations to the RB1 and BAP-1 genes, which help suppress tumor formation.

• #44 Intraocular Melanoma: Treatment, Symptoms & Definition

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6134-intraocular-melanoma

  Intraocular melanoma is the most common type of eye cancer in adults. […] Intraocular melanoma is a rare cancer that forms inside the eye. It causes melanocytes (cells that produce pigment, or color) to grow out of control. […] What causes intraocular melanoma? Genes, which are made of DNA, give instruction to cells about how to multiply. But if a gene mutates (changes), it might allow cells to multiply out of control. That leads to cancer. […] With intraocular melanoma, mutated DNA give the wrong instructions to melanocytes in the eye. The melanocytes grow and form tumors. […] Research shows that intraocular melanoma spreads to other parts of the body in about 40% to 50% of cases. In about 90% of those cases, the cancer spreads to the liver. […] Intraocular melanoma is cancer inside the eye. It affects cells in the uvea, or the middle part of the eye. Symptoms can include vision loss or changes to the shape and appearance of the eye. Intraocular melanoma can spread to other parts of the body such as the liver. The most common treatments are radiation therapy and surgery.

• #45 Uveal melanoma: relatively rare but deadly cancer | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2016275

  Although it is a relatively rare disease, primarily found in the Caucasian population, uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults with a mean age-adjusted incidence of 5.1 cases per million per year. […] The host susceptibility factors for uveal melanoma include fair skin, light eye color, inability to tan, ocular or oculodermal melanocytosis, cutaneous or iris or choroidal nevus, and BRCA1-associated protein 1 mutation. […] The incidence of uveal melanoma followed a north-to-south decreasing gradient from a minimum of 2 per million per year in Spain and southern Italy to a maximum of 8 per million per year in Norway and Denmark. […] The ratio of uveal melanoma in Black:White patients is estimated at 1:15 to 1:50. […] The host susceptibility factors for uveal melanoma include fair skin, blond hair, light eye color, and inability to tan.

• #46 Ocular Melanoma | Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://shekareyehospital.com/ocular-melanoma/

  Ocular melanoma, also known as uveal or eye melanoma, is a type of cancer that forms in the melanocytes—the cells in the body that produce pigment. Although melanomas are usually associated with skin cancer, they can also develop in the eye. Ocular melanoma is the most common type of eye cancer in adults, though it is relatively rare overall. […] While the exact cause of ocular melanoma is unknown, certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing this disease. These include: […] Age: The risk of ocular melanoma increases as you age, with most people diagnosed being over 50 years old. […] Light eye colour. People with blue eyes or green eyes have a greater risk of melanoma of the eye. […] Being white. White people have a greater risk of eye melanoma than people of other races.

• #47 Uveal melanoma: relatively rare but deadly cancer | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2016275

  Oculodermal melanocytosis represents a congenital pigmentary abnormality with slate-grey pigmentation of the periocular skin, sclera, uvea, orbit, meninges, palate, and tympanic membrane and is an important risk factor for development of uveal melanoma. […] An association between uveal melanoma and atypical cutaneous nevi (dysplastic nevi), common cutaneous nevi, and cutaneous freckles has been established. […] The increased occurrence of uveal melanoma in lighter-skinned people and those with light (blue or grey) colored eyes may be related to less melanin being present in the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium, which results in less protection from ultraviolet light, and increased risk of developing uveal melanoma. […] Various studies have explored the particular association between ultraviolet light exposure and occurrence of uveal melanoma.

• #48 What is Eye Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer.html

  More than two dozen types of cancer can develop in the different structures in and around the eye. Among these are subtypes of melanoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma. […] Uveal melanoma: Also called choroidal melanoma, this is the most common primary intraocular eye cancer in adults. It accounts for about 5% of all melanoma cases. […] Retinoblastoma: Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina, a light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye. Among children, it is the most common malignant tumor that starts in eye. […] A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a specific disease. Risk factors for cancers of the eye include: Having light skin and/or blue eyes […] Exposure to certain viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV) may increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva. […] Certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing specific eye cancers, including Von Hippel Lindau disease and mutations to the RB1 and BAP-1 genes, which help suppress tumor formation.

• #49 Uveal melanoma: relatively rare but deadly cancer | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2016275

  However, published literature does not unequivocally implicate sunlight exposure as a risk factor for uveal melanoma. […] Some studies suggest that chronic ultraviolet light exposure is an independent risk factor for uveal melanoma, whereas other studies contradict this. […] The presence of monosomy 3 indicates high-risk melanoma, with an increased risk for metastasis.

• #50

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/ocular-melanoma/prevention.php

  While little is known about what exactly causes eye cancer, including ocular melanoma, researchers are learning more about the disease all the time and hope one day to establish ocular melanoma prevention guidelines. […] Ocular melanoma results when cells in the middle layer of the eyeball grow out of control. While it remains unclear what causes ocular cells to develop into cancer, researchers have identified several ocular melanoma risk factors. […] While sun exposure is an important risk factor for skin melanoma, it does not appear to cause ocular melanoma. Similarly, it is unclear if having skin melanoma increases a persons risk for developing ocular melanoma. […] Because experts dont know exactly what causes primary ocular melanoma, we cant make specific suggestions on how to prevent it.

• #51 What is Eye Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer.html

  More than two dozen types of cancer can develop in the different structures in and around the eye. Among these are subtypes of melanoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma. […] Uveal melanoma: Also called choroidal melanoma, this is the most common primary intraocular eye cancer in adults. It accounts for about 5% of all melanoma cases. […] Retinoblastoma: Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina, a light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye. Among children, it is the most common malignant tumor that starts in eye. […] A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a specific disease. Risk factors for cancers of the eye include: Having light skin and/or blue eyes […] Exposure to certain viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV) may increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva. […] Certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing specific eye cancers, including Von Hippel Lindau disease and mutations to the RB1 and BAP-1 genes, which help suppress tumor formation.

• #52 What is eye cancer? | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/what-is-eye-cancer

  Lymphoma is another type of cancer that can affect the eye. It is the second most common type of eye cancer. […] Rare types of eye cancer can also develop. These include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and sebaceous carcinoma. […] Retinoblastoma is the most common eye cancer in children. It starts in the cells of the retina. […] Other types of cancer can spread to the eye, but this is not the same disease as primary eye cancer. Cancer that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the eye is called eye metastasis. Eye metastasis is more common than primary eye cancer. Its usually not treated in the same way as primary eye cancer. Most often, cancer spreads to the eye from the breast, lung or gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

• #53 Retinoblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351008

  Retinoblastoma is caused by changes inside the cells in the eye. It’s not always clear what causes the changes that lead to this eye cancer. […] Retinoblastoma starts when cells in the eye get changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] For most instances of retinoblastoma, it’s not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to cancer. However, it’s possible for children to inherit DNA changes from their parents. These changes can increase the risk of retinoblastoma.

• #54 Retinoblastoma: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma happens when theres a change, or mutation, in one particular gene in a childs DNA. That genes job is to control cell division. When it doesnt work the way it should, cells in the retina grow out of control. […] In most cases, the gene damage happens at random and occurs in just one cell. That causes a tumor in one eye. […] Some children are born with the damaged gene in every cell of their body. These children are likely to have more than one tumor and to have them in both eyes. They also have a greater chance of getting other kinds of cancer. They can also pass the condition on to their own children.

• #55 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have HIV are at a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva of the eye. […] People who have an organ transplant need to take drugs to stop their immune systems rejecting the new organ. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) may cause squamous cell carcinoma of the eye in combination with other factors. […] Anyone whose immune system is not working as well as it should may be more likely to develop lymphoma of the eye. […] This is a very rare eye cancer caused by a virus. […] Some children are born with a change (mutation) in the retinoblastoma gene. […] About 40 out of 100 children diagnosed (about 40%) have this heritable (genetic) type. […] The rest, 60 out of every 100 retinoblastomas (60%), are the non heritable (non genetic) type. […] Stories about possible cancer causes are often in the media and it can be hard to know whats true and whats not.

• #56 Retinoblastoma: Causes, Signs and Care | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/pediatrics/specialty-care/cancer/common-childhood-cancers/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is caused by a mutation in a gene called RB1. This happens mostly by chance (sporadic) but sometimes the changed gene is passed down (inherited) from a parent. […] Most cases of retinoblastoma happen randomly, meaning a child is not born with the gene change. Mutations in the RB1 gene are found only in the eye tumor cells, not every cell of the body. Sporadic retinoblastoma usually affects one eye. […] Genetic retinoblastoma occurs when a child is born with a mutation in the RB1 gene. The mutation affects all body cells, not just the eye. This type of retinoblastoma can affect one or both eyes. Children with this type have a higher risk of developing other cancers later in life.

• #57 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have HIV are at a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva of the eye. […] People who have an organ transplant need to take drugs to stop their immune systems rejecting the new organ. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) may cause squamous cell carcinoma of the eye in combination with other factors. […] Anyone whose immune system is not working as well as it should may be more likely to develop lymphoma of the eye. […] This is a very rare eye cancer caused by a virus. […] Some children are born with a change (mutation) in the retinoblastoma gene. […] About 40 out of 100 children diagnosed (about 40%) have this heritable (genetic) type. […] The rest, 60 out of every 100 retinoblastomas (60%), are the non heritable (non genetic) type. […] Stories about possible cancer causes are often in the media and it can be hard to know whats true and whats not.

• #58 Retinoblastoma (eye cancer in children) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/retinoblastoma-eye-cancer-children

  Retinoblastoma is cancer of the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive lining at the back of the eye. […] In about four out of 10 of cases, retinoblastoma is caused by a faulty gene, which often affects both eyes (bilateral). […] The faulty gene may be inherited from a parent, or a change to the gene (mutation) may occur at an early stage of the child’s development in the womb. […] It’s not known what causes the remaining 60 per cent of retinoblastoma cases. In these cases, there’s no faulty gene and only one eye is affected (unilateral).

• #59 Retinoblastoma: Causes, Signs and Care | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/pediatrics/specialty-care/cancer/common-childhood-cancers/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is caused by a mutation in a gene called RB1. This happens mostly by chance (sporadic) but sometimes the changed gene is passed down (inherited) from a parent. […] Most cases of retinoblastoma happen randomly, meaning a child is not born with the gene change. Mutations in the RB1 gene are found only in the eye tumor cells, not every cell of the body. Sporadic retinoblastoma usually affects one eye. […] Genetic retinoblastoma occurs when a child is born with a mutation in the RB1 gene. The mutation affects all body cells, not just the eye. This type of retinoblastoma can affect one or both eyes. Children with this type have a higher risk of developing other cancers later in life.

• #60 Ultraviolet radiation causes rare type of eye cancer – Cancer Research UK – Cancer Newsfacebook icontwitter iconlinkedin iconfacebook icontwitter iconinstagram iconlinkedin iconyoutube iconfundraising regulator icon

  https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2021/01/11/ultraviolet-radiation-causes-rare-type-of-eye-cancer/

  Ultraviolet radiation can cause a rare type of eye cancer, conjunctival melanoma, according to research funded by Cancer Research UK and others and published in Nature Communications today (Monday). […] UV radiation is known to be the key environmental cause of melanoma of the skin, but its role in the development of rarer forms of melanoma in the eye was not known. […] This new study has revealed strikingly similar genetic changes in conjunctival melanoma to that of cutaneous (skin) melanoma caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Surprisingly, the researchers found similar genetic changes in tissue samples from people with conjunctival melanoma to the genetic changes that occur in melanoma of the skin attributed to UV radiation. […] They showed that people with conjunctival melanoma driven by UV radiation have mutations in the BRAF and RAS genes, which are often seen in skin melanoma.

• #61 UVR causes rare type of eye cancer

  https://frontlinegenomics.com/uvr-causes-rare-type-of-eye-cancer/

  According to research funded by Cancer Research UK and others, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been found to cause a rare type of eye cancer – conjunctival melanoma. […] UVR-induced DNA damage is a clinically relevant factor that distinguishes the different melanoma subtypes. […] In a study, published in Nature Communications, researchers performed whole-genome sequencing on mucosal melanomas from the conjunctiva (tissue largely UVR exposed) to test the hypothesis that UVR drives melanomagenesis independent of tissue microenvironment. […] The data showed similar genetic changes in conjunctival melanoma to that of cutaneous melanoma. Specifically, it revealed a predominance of UVR-associated single base substitution signature 7 (SBS7) in the majority of the samples. […] Professor Richard Marais, CRUK Manchester Institute, stated: “By showing that UV radiation can cause conjunctival melanoma, we have added to our understanding of the known dangers of the sun for our eyes.”

• #62 Ultraviolet radiation causes rare type of eye cancer – Cancer Research UK – Cancer Newsfacebook icontwitter iconlinkedin iconfacebook icontwitter iconinstagram iconlinkedin iconyoutube iconfundraising regulator icon

  https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2021/01/11/ultraviolet-radiation-causes-rare-type-of-eye-cancer/

  Ultraviolet radiation can cause a rare type of eye cancer, conjunctival melanoma, according to research funded by Cancer Research UK and others and published in Nature Communications today (Monday). […] UV radiation is known to be the key environmental cause of melanoma of the skin, but its role in the development of rarer forms of melanoma in the eye was not known. […] This new study has revealed strikingly similar genetic changes in conjunctival melanoma to that of cutaneous (skin) melanoma caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Surprisingly, the researchers found similar genetic changes in tissue samples from people with conjunctival melanoma to the genetic changes that occur in melanoma of the skin attributed to UV radiation. […] They showed that people with conjunctival melanoma driven by UV radiation have mutations in the BRAF and RAS genes, which are often seen in skin melanoma.

• #63 Ultraviolet radiation causes rare type of eye cancer – Cancer Research UK – Cancer Newsfacebook icontwitter iconlinkedin iconfacebook icontwitter iconinstagram iconlinkedin iconyoutube iconfundraising regulator icon

  https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2021/01/11/ultraviolet-radiation-causes-rare-type-of-eye-cancer/

  Ultraviolet radiation can cause a rare type of eye cancer, conjunctival melanoma, according to research funded by Cancer Research UK and others and published in Nature Communications today (Monday). […] UV radiation is known to be the key environmental cause of melanoma of the skin, but its role in the development of rarer forms of melanoma in the eye was not known. […] This new study has revealed strikingly similar genetic changes in conjunctival melanoma to that of cutaneous (skin) melanoma caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Surprisingly, the researchers found similar genetic changes in tissue samples from people with conjunctival melanoma to the genetic changes that occur in melanoma of the skin attributed to UV radiation. […] They showed that people with conjunctival melanoma driven by UV radiation have mutations in the BRAF and RAS genes, which are often seen in skin melanoma.

• #64 Eye cancer (ocular melanoma) – symptoms, staging, treatment | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/melanoma/eye-cancer

  Eye melanoma is more common in people who have atypical mole syndrome. People with this condition usually have more than 100 moles on their body. […] Conjunctival melanoma usually develops from a rare condition called primary acquired melanosis (PAM). This causes many brown or dark patches (pigmentation) on the conjunctiva, usually in one eye. PAM can be monitored so that any signs of it changing are found early and treated.

• #65 What is eye cancer? | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/what-is-eye-cancer

  Lymphoma is another type of cancer that can affect the eye. It is the second most common type of eye cancer. […] Rare types of eye cancer can also develop. These include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and sebaceous carcinoma. […] Retinoblastoma is the most common eye cancer in children. It starts in the cells of the retina. […] Other types of cancer can spread to the eye, but this is not the same disease as primary eye cancer. Cancer that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the eye is called eye metastasis. Eye metastasis is more common than primary eye cancer. Its usually not treated in the same way as primary eye cancer. Most often, cancer spreads to the eye from the breast, lung or gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

• #66 Risks for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/risks

  People with skin moles have a higher risk of developing melanoma in the uvea (called uveal melanoma). […] Welders have a higher than average risk of developing eye cancer, particularly intraocular melanoma. […] People with an HIV infection have a higher risk of developing lymphoma of the eye and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the conjunctiva. […] The following have been linked with eye cancer, but more research is needed to know for sure that they are risks: family history of ocular melanoma, genetic mutations (changes), certain jobs, like commercial cooking or working with chemicals.

• #67 Risks And Causes Of Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/risks-causes

  People who have HIV are at a higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva of the eye. […] People who have an organ transplant need to take drugs to stop their immune systems rejecting the new organ. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) may cause squamous cell carcinoma of the eye in combination with other factors. […] Anyone whose immune system is not working as well as it should may be more likely to develop lymphoma of the eye. […] This is a very rare eye cancer caused by a virus. […] Some children are born with a change (mutation) in the retinoblastoma gene. […] About 40 out of 100 children diagnosed (about 40%) have this heritable (genetic) type. […] The rest, 60 out of every 100 retinoblastomas (60%), are the non heritable (non genetic) type. […] Stories about possible cancer causes are often in the media and it can be hard to know whats true and whats not.

• #68 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-eye-cancer.aspx

  There are no definitive causes of eye cancers. […] However, there are certain risk factors that are associated with eye cancers. Individuals with these traits are more prone to develop these cancers. […] There is however no direct association with these risk factors. This means that all those who have these risk factors may not develop eye cancers. […] Those with conditions like dysplastic nevus syndrome are at a higher risk of eye melanomas. […] Eye melanomas may also be inherited and may run in some families. […] People with weakened or suppressed immune system like those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), those on anti-rejection drugs after an organ transplant or elderly are at greater risk of primary intraocular lymphoma. […] Risk of squamous cell cancer of the eyes also rises with depressed immunity. […] Retinoblastoma This type of eye cancer affects young children. The risk of this disease is carried in a faulty gene. This disease thus is inherited and leads to loss of vision or even death of the child if not detected and treated early.

• #69 Eye Cancer (Ocular Neoplasia) in Cats – Causes, Treatment and Associated Conditions – Vetster

  https://vetster.com/en/conditions/cat/eye-cancer-ocular-neoplasia

  Tumors of the eye, defined as abnormal cell growth in or around the eyes, are uncommon in cats. […] Most eye tumors are malignant, aggressive, fast-growing, and likely to spread throughout the body where they have serious consequences. […] Benign ocular tumors in cats are very uncommon. […] Contributing factors for some specific types of eye tumors include: Environmental factors, such as UV light exposure, increase risk of melanoma of the eye. […] Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) increases risk of cancer in general, including ocular lymphoma. […] The cause of most cancers is complex, and is often never identified. Most cases likely have a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributing to the development of cancer. […] Most ocular tumors in cats are not preventable, but decreasing UV light exposure and minimizing trauma to the eye helps prevent specific types. […] Spaying and neutering cats and vaccinating cats against feline leukemia virus may indirectly decrease the risk of certain eye tumors.

• #70 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-eye-cancer.aspx

  There are no definitive causes of eye cancers. […] However, there are certain risk factors that are associated with eye cancers. Individuals with these traits are more prone to develop these cancers. […] There is however no direct association with these risk factors. This means that all those who have these risk factors may not develop eye cancers. […] Those with conditions like dysplastic nevus syndrome are at a higher risk of eye melanomas. […] Eye melanomas may also be inherited and may run in some families. […] People with weakened or suppressed immune system like those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), those on anti-rejection drugs after an organ transplant or elderly are at greater risk of primary intraocular lymphoma. […] Risk of squamous cell cancer of the eyes also rises with depressed immunity. […] Retinoblastoma This type of eye cancer affects young children. The risk of this disease is carried in a faulty gene. This disease thus is inherited and leads to loss of vision or even death of the child if not detected and treated early.

• #71 OMF | Ocular Melanoma Foundation – Screening & Prevention

  https://ocularmelanoma.org/screening-prevention

  It is believed that certain risk factors including eye (iris) color, skin color, ancestry, tanning ability and a family history of ocular melanoma can predispose an individual to OM and the American Academy of Ophthalmology states that these factors may increase your risk for developing melanoma. […] The majority of OM is thought to occur by chance (often referred to as sporadic), and everyone is at some risk of developing eye cancer. […] OM risk factors include: Being exposed to natural sunlight or artificial sunlight (such as from tanning beds) over long periods of time; Having light-colored eyes (blue or green eyes); Older age; Caucasian descent; Having certain inherited skin conditions, such as dysplastic nevus syndrome, that cause abnormal moles; and Having abnormal skin pigmentation involving the eyelids and increased pigmentation on the uvea.

• #72 Eye cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/eye-cancer/

  Around 850 cases of eye cancer (ocular cancer) are diagnosed in the UK each year. […] Cancer can also sometimes develop in the tissues surrounding your eyeball or spread to the eye from other parts of the body, such as the lungs or breasts. […] Eye melanoma occurs when the pigment-producing cells in the eyes divide and multiply too rapidly. This produces a lump of tissue known as a tumour. […] It’s not clear exactly why this occurs, but the following factors may increase the risk of it happening: lighter eye colour if you have blue, grey or green eyes, you have a higher risk of developing eye melanoma compared with people who have brown eyes; white or pale skin eye melanoma mostly affects white people and is more common in those with fair skin; unusual moles if you have irregularly shaped or unusually coloured moles, you’re more at risk of developing melanoma skin cancer and eye melanoma; use of sunbeds there’s some evidence to suggest that exposing yourself to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunbeds, for example, can increase your risk of eye melanoma; overexposure to sunlight this increases your risk of skin cancer, and may also be a risk factor for eye melanoma. […] The risk of developing eye melanoma also increases with age, with most cases being diagnosed in people in their 50s.

• #73 What You Need to Know About Eye Cancer

  https://www.exceleye.com/2021/12/27/what-you-need-to-know-about-eye-cancer/

  The SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database, maintained by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) classifies eye cancer in 3 groups: localized (cancer that has not spread beyond the eye), regional (cancer that has spread outside the eye to nearby areas), and distant (cancer that has spread further into the body). […] […] Your chances of getting a form of eye cancer are 6 in 1 million, with only 3,500 new cases reported a year. […] […] Although your odds of getting eye cancer at any stage of your life is slim and in itself is difficult to prevent, it is important that you continue to do all the necessary things to take care of your eyes, including taking breaks from cell phone and computer screens, eating healthy, wearing sunglasses when exposed to UV rays, exercising regularly, and refraining from smoking.

• #74 Eye melanoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372371

  Eye melanoma is a kind of eye cancer that starts in cells within the eye that make melanin. […] It’s not clear what causes eye melanoma. […] Eye melanoma happens when cells in the eye develop changes in their DNA. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. […] Eye melanoma most often happens in the cells of the middle layer of the eye, called the uvea. […] Risk factors for eye melanoma include: […] Certain inherited skin conditions. […] Certain genetic changes. […] Exposure to ultraviolet light. […] Healthcare professionals haven’t found anything that can prevent eye melanoma.

• #75 What You Need to Know About Eye Cancer

  https://www.exceleye.com/2021/12/27/what-you-need-to-know-about-eye-cancer/

  The SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database, maintained by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) classifies eye cancer in 3 groups: localized (cancer that has not spread beyond the eye), regional (cancer that has spread outside the eye to nearby areas), and distant (cancer that has spread further into the body). […] […] Your chances of getting a form of eye cancer are 6 in 1 million, with only 3,500 new cases reported a year. […] […] Although your odds of getting eye cancer at any stage of your life is slim and in itself is difficult to prevent, it is important that you continue to do all the necessary things to take care of your eyes, including taking breaks from cell phone and computer screens, eating healthy, wearing sunglasses when exposed to UV rays, exercising regularly, and refraining from smoking.

• #76 Eye cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/eye-cancer/

  Around 850 cases of eye cancer (ocular cancer) are diagnosed in the UK each year. […] Cancer can also sometimes develop in the tissues surrounding your eyeball or spread to the eye from other parts of the body, such as the lungs or breasts. […] Eye melanoma occurs when the pigment-producing cells in the eyes divide and multiply too rapidly. This produces a lump of tissue known as a tumour. […] It’s not clear exactly why this occurs, but the following factors may increase the risk of it happening: lighter eye colour if you have blue, grey or green eyes, you have a higher risk of developing eye melanoma compared with people who have brown eyes; white or pale skin eye melanoma mostly affects white people and is more common in those with fair skin; unusual moles if you have irregularly shaped or unusually coloured moles, you’re more at risk of developing melanoma skin cancer and eye melanoma; use of sunbeds there’s some evidence to suggest that exposing yourself to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunbeds, for example, can increase your risk of eye melanoma; overexposure to sunlight this increases your risk of skin cancer, and may also be a risk factor for eye melanoma. […] The risk of developing eye melanoma also increases with age, with most cases being diagnosed in people in their 50s.

• #77 Risks for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/risks

  Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Some things increase your risk and some things decrease it. […] The following can increase your risk for eye cancer. Most of these risks can’t be changed. But in some cases there are things you can do to lower your risk. […] Primary acquired melanosis increases the risk of melanoma of the conjunctiva, a type of eye cancer. […] Ocular melanocytosis increases the risk of developing intraocular melanoma, the most common type of eye cancer. […] People with fair or light-coloured skin have a higher risk of developing intraocular melanoma than people with other skin types. […] Tanning beds and sun lamps give off ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which can damage the eyes and increase the risk for intraocular melanoma.

• #78 OMF | Ocular Melanoma Foundation – Screening & Prevention

  https://ocularmelanoma.org/screening-prevention

  While OM is not included in the list of 'preventable cancers’ as outlined by the Prevent Cancer Foundation, and as mentioned above there is no known cause of OM as there is, say, with lung cancer, whether you are a patient or not, OMF recommends you take precautionary — and perhaps ultimately preventative — measures against eye cancer.

• #79 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-eye-cancer.aspx

  There are no definitive causes of eye cancers. […] However, there are certain risk factors that are associated with eye cancers. Individuals with these traits are more prone to develop these cancers. […] There is however no direct association with these risk factors. This means that all those who have these risk factors may not develop eye cancers. […] Those with conditions like dysplastic nevus syndrome are at a higher risk of eye melanomas. […] Eye melanomas may also be inherited and may run in some families. […] People with weakened or suppressed immune system like those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), those on anti-rejection drugs after an organ transplant or elderly are at greater risk of primary intraocular lymphoma. […] Risk of squamous cell cancer of the eyes also rises with depressed immunity. […] Retinoblastoma This type of eye cancer affects young children. The risk of this disease is carried in a faulty gene. This disease thus is inherited and leads to loss of vision or even death of the child if not detected and treated early.

• #80

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/ocular-melanoma/prevention.php

  While little is known about what exactly causes eye cancer, including ocular melanoma, researchers are learning more about the disease all the time and hope one day to establish ocular melanoma prevention guidelines. […] Ocular melanoma results when cells in the middle layer of the eyeball grow out of control. While it remains unclear what causes ocular cells to develop into cancer, researchers have identified several ocular melanoma risk factors. […] While sun exposure is an important risk factor for skin melanoma, it does not appear to cause ocular melanoma. Similarly, it is unclear if having skin melanoma increases a persons risk for developing ocular melanoma. […] Because experts dont know exactly what causes primary ocular melanoma, we cant make specific suggestions on how to prevent it.

• #81 OMF | Ocular Melanoma Foundation – Screening & Prevention

  https://ocularmelanoma.org/screening-prevention

  While OM is not included in the list of 'preventable cancers’ as outlined by the Prevent Cancer Foundation, and as mentioned above there is no known cause of OM as there is, say, with lung cancer, whether you are a patient or not, OMF recommends you take precautionary — and perhaps ultimately preventative — measures against eye cancer.

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