Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Global incidence and trends of ocular cancer: A bibliometric analysis | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/global-incidence-and-trends-of-ocular-cancer-a-bibliometric-analysis/

  Ocular cancer represents a significant threat to vision and life among various eye diseases. […] This study provides a thorough examination of the current state of research pertaining to the epidemiology of ocular and conjunctival cancers. […] Our analysis reveals key trends in the epidemiology of ocular cancer across countries and identifies prominent keywords. […] The top publication platforms include the British Journal of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, and Ophthalmology. […] Key terms in ocular cancer research focus on prevalence, survival, and epidemiology, while conjunctival cancer studies emphasize malignant melanoma, conjunctiva, and epidemiology. […] This analysis represents the first comprehensive bibliometric review mapping the trends and the knowledge structure in ocular cancer research, specifically from an epidemiological viewpoint.

• #2 Eye Cancer: Overview | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/e/eye-cancer-overview.html

  Primary eye cancer is a very rare kind of cancer that starts somewhere in or on the eye or in the skin of cells around the eye. It most often starts inside the eyeball itself. This is called primary intraocular cancer. Because its so rare, its best to seek treatment from an eye cancer specialist. […] The risk factors for eye cancer include: White skin, Light-colored eyes, Older age, Being a man, Having many abnormal moles (dysplastic nevus syndrome), Abnormal brown spots on the uvea (oculodermal melanocytosis or nevus of Ota), BAP1 cancer syndrome. […] Theres no known way to prevent eye cancer. […] There are no regular screening tests for eye cancer in people at average risk. Screening is done to check for disease in people who dont have symptoms. […] Your eye care provider (ophthalmologist) should check for signs of cancer during regular eye exams.

• #3 Eye cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/eye-cancer/incidence

  Eye cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] For eye cancer, there are few established risk factors therefore differences between countries largely reflect differences in diagnosis and data recording. […] Eye cancer European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 30% in the UK between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For eye cancer there are few established risk factors, therefore increasing incidence in the 1980s and 1990s may largely reflect improvements in diagnosis and data recording. […] The number of new eye cancer cases on average each year in the UK is projected to rise from around 1,300 cases in 2023-2025 to around 2,100 cases in 2038-2040. […] Eye cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 50% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040, to 3 cases per 100,000 people on average each year by 2038-2040.

• #4 Key Statistics for Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Societys estimates for primary eye cancer (cancer that starts in the eye) in the United States for 2025 are: […] About 3,140 new cancers (mainly melanomas) of the eye and orbit (eye socket) (1,620 in males and 1,520 in females) […] About 490 deaths from cancers of the eye and orbit (270 in males and 220 in females) […] Primary eye cancers can occur at any age, but some types are more likely during childhood, while others are more common in adults. […] Retinoblastomas and medulloepitheliomas usually develop in young children, but the risk for most other types of eye cancer increases as people get older. […] Melanoma is the most common cancer of the eye and orbit in adults, but most melanomas (more than 9 out of 10) start in the skin. Melanoma of the eye is much more common in White people than in Black people. […] Secondary eye cancers (cancers that start in another part of the body and then spread to the eye) are actually more common than primary eye cancers.

• #5 Eye cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/eye-cancer

  There are around 880 new eye cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s more than 2 every day (2017-2019). […] Eye cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for eye cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 85 to 89 (2017-2019). […] Each year more than a fifth (22%) of all new eye cancer cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, eye cancer incidence rates have increased by almost a third (30%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by more than a quarter (29%), and rates in males have increased by more than a quarter (27%) (2017-2019). […] Over the last decade, eye cancer incidence rates have increased by almost two-fifths (37%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by around two-fifths (41%), and rates in males have increased by around a third (34%) (2017-2019).

• #6 The Epidemiology of Eye Cancer, Eyelid Cancer, and Ophthalmic Lymphoma in a Chinese Population in Hong Kong: A Population-Based Registry Study 2005–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11895851/

  To investigate the incidence rate, histopathological types, and time trends of primary eye cancer, eyelid cancer, and ophthalmic lymphoma among the Chinese population. […] A total of 442 eye cancers and 1103 eyelid cancers were included. Among these cancers, 295 cases were ophthalmic lymphoma. The age-standardized annual incidence rate was 4.04 per 1,000,000 population for eye cancer, 6.30 for eyelid cancer, and 1.89 for ophthalmic lymphoma. […] In the Chinese population, the incidence of eye cancer has remained stable, whereas eyelid cancer and ophthalmic lymphoma are increasing. Lymphoma has been the most common histological type in recent years, in contrast to findings in Western populations. […] During the study period from 2005 to 2018, a total of 442 eye cancers and 1103 eyelid cancers were identified.

• #7 Incidence of eye cancer in Taiwan: an 18-year review | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6700619

  Purpose To describe the incidence and histologic patterns of eye cancers in Chinese in Taiwan. […] The average annual age-standardized incidence of eye cancers was 2.46 per million population (2.57 for male and 2.33 for female). […] The time trends of the incidence of eye cancers were relatively stable over the 18-year period in Taiwan. Retinoblastoma, melanoma, and lymphoma were the three most common eye cancers in this Chinese population. […] This study showed that the annual age-standardized incidence of eye cancers was 2.46 per million population in Taiwan. […] The time trend of the incidence of eye cancers was relatively stable over the 18-year period, although annual variation existed. […] This study identified three most common eye malignancies as retinoblastoma (35.3%), melanoma (17.9%), and lymphoma (13.8%).

• #8

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/eye_cancer/eye-cancer-overview.html

  Ocular (uveal) melanoma is rare. Each year, around 125-150 Australians are diagnosed with this type of cancer (about 5-6 cases per million people). It is more likely to be diagnosed in men than women, and can occur at any age, but the risk increases with age. […] Ongoing surveillance for ocular melanoma involves a schedule of tests and scans, eye tests and physical examinations.

• #9 Incidence of squamous-cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva and other eye cancers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/254-incidence-of-squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-the-conjunctiva-and-other-eye-cancers-in-the-nih-aarp-diet-and-health-study

  Purpose: To investigate the risk factors for squamous-cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCCC) and other eye cancers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. […] The incidence was 37.3 per 106 for all eye cancers (N = 178), 8.4 per 106 for SCCC (N = 40) and 28.9 per 106 for other eye cancers (N = 138). […] The incidence of all eye cancers was associated with male sex and older age. The same patterns were observed for SCCC. […] To conclude, eye cancers including SCCC are rare with incidence associated with males, older age and residing at lower latitude or high erythemal exposures areas complementary to previous studies. These characteristics might be surrogates of exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

• #10 Epidemiology of ocular cancer in Cali | Eye News

  https://www.eyenews.uk.com/reviews/journal-reviews/post/epidemiology-of-ocular-cancer-in-cali

  The aim of this study was to describe the population trends of incidence and survival rates of ocular cancer in Cali, Columbia. […] Between 1962 and 2019, 586 ocular tumours were registered in Cali, of which 81.7% were histologically confirmed which is comparable to studies based in Taiwan and New York. […] The average annual incidence rate was 7.8 per million for males and 6.9 per million for females. […] A significant increase in the incidence was only noted for men (annual percentage change (APC) 2.8, 95% CI=0.94.7). […] Age-standardised incidence increased over time for the whole population (APC 1.9, 95% CI=0.63.2, p0.05), possibly associated with the advent of new and improved technologies for diagnosis of ocular tumours. […] Retinoblastoma (21%) was the most common neoplasm, and remains a relevant public health issue, with an incidence twice that seen in the US. […] The survival rate was about 83.2% and mortality did not show a decreasing trend over time (p0.05).

• #11 Epidemiology of uveal melanoma in Brazil | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous | Full Text

  https://journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40942-020-00261-w

  Epidemiological data is critical for planning early treatment strategies and allocating medical resources. This study intended to understand the characteristics of uveal melanoma in Brazil. […] Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy and represents approximately 5% of all melanoma cases. […] A heterogeneous incidence of 4.3 to 10.6 cases of uveal melanoma per million of people is verified each year globally depending on the studied population, inclusion criteria and methodology used for the study. […] Epidemiological studies in the Brazilian population are mostly related with skin melanoma and mucosal melanoma and data for uveal melanomas are scarce and inconsistent. […] Higher incidence is observed in the southern states of Brazil and a trend for increased incidence is observed but studies suggest more data is necessary for tracing strategies for better public health management and understanding the epidemiology of the disease.

• #12 OMF | Ocular Melanoma Foundation – disease

  https://ocularmelanoma.org/disease

  Ocular melanoma is the most common primary cancer of the eye in adults. It is diagnosed in about 2,500 adults every year in the United States and occurs most often in lightly pigmented individuals with a median age of 55 years. […] Ocular melanoma (OM for short) is a cancer of the eye diagnosed in approximately 2,000-2,500 adults annually in the United States. In both the U.S. and Europe, this equates to about 5 – 7.5 cases per million people per year and, for people over 50 years old, the incidence rate increases to around 21 per million per year. […] Approximately 2,500 adults are diagnosed with ocular melanoma every year. There is no known cause, though incidence is highest among people with lighter skin and blue eyes. […] Approximately 50% of patients with OM will develop metastases by 10 to 15 years after diagnosis (a small percentage of people will develop metastases even later i.e. 20-25 years after their initial diagnosis). Metastatic disease is universally fatal. This 50% mortality rate is unchanged despite treatment advances in treating the primary eye tumor. More research is needed urgently to improve patient outcomes.

• #13 Retinoblastoma (Eye Cancer in Children) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer found in children. It originates in the part of the eye called the retina. About 300 children are diagnosed with retinoblastoma in the United States each year. The disease occurs most often in children younger than 4 years old, and accounts for about 3 percent of all cancers in children from birth to 14 years old. The average age of children diagnosed with retinoblastoma is 18 months old and boys and girls are affected equally. […] The diagnosis of retinoblastoma is made by examining the eyes. If your baby has a family history of retinoblastoma, your baby should be examined shortly after birth by an ophthalmologist (medical eye doctor) who specializes in cancers of the eye. […] After a retinoblastoma has been detected, the doctor will determine the extent of the disease in the eye and if the disease has spread (metastasized) outside the eye. This is called staging, and it helps doctors plan treatment.

• #14 The Epidemiology of Eye Cancer, Eyelid Cancer, and Ophthalmic Lymphoma in a Chinese Population in Hong Kong: A Population-Based Registry Study 2005–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11895851/

  The overall average annual incidence rate of eye cancers was 4.44 per 1,000,000 population. […] The incidence rates of eyelid cancer and ophthalmic lymphoma increased. […] The most common histologies were lymphoma for eye cancer and basal cell carcinoma for eyelid cancer. The most common histological subtype of ophthalmic lymphoma was extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. […] The overall average annual incidence rate was 2.96 per 1,000,000 population for ophthalmic lymphoma. There was no significant difference between males and females. The age-standardized incidence rate for ophthalmic lymphoma was overall 1.89 per 1,000,000 population. […] An increasing trend in the incidence of ophthalmic lymphoma was observed during the study period, with an annual percent change of 2%.

• #15 The Epidemiology of Eye Cancer, Eyelid Cancer, and Ophthalmic Lymphoma in a Chinese Population in Hong Kong: A Population-Based Registry Study 2005–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11895851/

  The overall average annual incidence rate of eye cancers was 4.44 per 1,000,000 population. […] The incidence rates of eyelid cancer and ophthalmic lymphoma increased. […] The most common histologies were lymphoma for eye cancer and basal cell carcinoma for eyelid cancer. The most common histological subtype of ophthalmic lymphoma was extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. […] The overall average annual incidence rate was 2.96 per 1,000,000 population for ophthalmic lymphoma. There was no significant difference between males and females. The age-standardized incidence rate for ophthalmic lymphoma was overall 1.89 per 1,000,000 population. […] An increasing trend in the incidence of ophthalmic lymphoma was observed during the study period, with an annual percent change of 2%.

• #16 Incidence of eye cancer in Taiwan: an 18-year review | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6700619

  Purpose To describe the incidence and histologic patterns of eye cancers in Chinese in Taiwan. […] The average annual age-standardized incidence of eye cancers was 2.46 per million population (2.57 for male and 2.33 for female). […] The time trends of the incidence of eye cancers were relatively stable over the 18-year period in Taiwan. Retinoblastoma, melanoma, and lymphoma were the three most common eye cancers in this Chinese population. […] This study showed that the annual age-standardized incidence of eye cancers was 2.46 per million population in Taiwan. […] The time trend of the incidence of eye cancers was relatively stable over the 18-year period, although annual variation existed. […] This study identified three most common eye malignancies as retinoblastoma (35.3%), melanoma (17.9%), and lymphoma (13.8%).

• #17 Eye cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/eye-cancer

  There are around 880 new eye cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s more than 2 every day (2017-2019). […] Eye cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for eye cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 85 to 89 (2017-2019). […] Each year more than a fifth (22%) of all new eye cancer cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, eye cancer incidence rates have increased by almost a third (30%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by more than a quarter (29%), and rates in males have increased by more than a quarter (27%) (2017-2019). […] Over the last decade, eye cancer incidence rates have increased by almost two-fifths (37%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by around two-fifths (41%), and rates in males have increased by around a third (34%) (2017-2019).

• #18 Incidence of squamous-cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva and other eye cancers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/254-incidence-of-squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-the-conjunctiva-and-other-eye-cancers-in-the-nih-aarp-diet-and-health-study

  Purpose: To investigate the risk factors for squamous-cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCCC) and other eye cancers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. […] The incidence was 37.3 per 106 for all eye cancers (N = 178), 8.4 per 106 for SCCC (N = 40) and 28.9 per 106 for other eye cancers (N = 138). […] The incidence of all eye cancers was associated with male sex and older age. The same patterns were observed for SCCC. […] To conclude, eye cancers including SCCC are rare with incidence associated with males, older age and residing at lower latitude or high erythemal exposures areas complementary to previous studies. These characteristics might be surrogates of exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

• #19 Key Statistics for Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Societys estimates for primary eye cancer (cancer that starts in the eye) in the United States for 2025 are: […] About 3,140 new cancers (mainly melanomas) of the eye and orbit (eye socket) (1,620 in males and 1,520 in females) […] About 490 deaths from cancers of the eye and orbit (270 in males and 220 in females) […] Primary eye cancers can occur at any age, but some types are more likely during childhood, while others are more common in adults. […] Retinoblastomas and medulloepitheliomas usually develop in young children, but the risk for most other types of eye cancer increases as people get older. […] Melanoma is the most common cancer of the eye and orbit in adults, but most melanomas (more than 9 out of 10) start in the skin. Melanoma of the eye is much more common in White people than in Black people. […] Secondary eye cancers (cancers that start in another part of the body and then spread to the eye) are actually more common than primary eye cancers.

• #20 Ocular Melanoma Epidemiology Forecast Market Report

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/02/11/3024351/28124/en/Ocular-Melanoma-Epidemiology-Forecast-Market-Report-2020-2034-Focus-on-United-States-Germany-France-Italy-Spain-United-Kingdom-and-Japan.html

  Among the 7MM, the United States accounted for the highest number of diagnosed incident cases of ocular melanoma, which is 49.0% of the diagnosed incident cases of ocular melanoma in 2023. […] Ocular melanoma, while rare, is the most common primary cancer of the eye in adults, primarily affecting the uveal tract. The condition originates from melanocytes, pigment-producing cells, and can potentially metastasize, commonly to the liver. […] Ocular melanoma predominantly affects older individuals, with a higher incidence in fair-skinned individuals and those with lighter eye colors. Risk factors include dysplastic nevus syndrome, certain cutaneous nevi, and a family history of systemic and ocular cancers, possibly linked to genetic mutations like BAP1, GNAQ, and GNA11 alterations. […] In 2023, the United States accounted for the highest number of diagnosed incident cases of ocular melanoma in the 7MM. […] In the United States, ocular melanoma primarily affects individuals aged 40-70 years, constituting approximately ~60% of the total cases.

• #21 Uveal Melanoma Study – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/ccg/research/genome-sequencing/tcga/studied-cancers/uveal-melanoma-study

  Uveal melanoma is rare, it is the most common eye cancer in adults. In the United States, approximately 1,700 people are diagnosed each year. When uveal melanoma becomes metastatic, almost all patients die within one year. Individuals who are Caucasian, older, have fair skin that tans easily, or have light eye color tend to be more at risk of uveal melanoma. […] Uveal melanoma is molecularly distinct from cutaneous melanoma, with: lower somatic mutation density, no ultraviolet radiation mutational signature, a discrete set of significantly mutated genes. […] Specific gene expression patterns and molecular pathways associate with differential time to metastasis. […] Distinct global DNA methylation profiles, copy number alterations, and cellular pathway activity profiles can distinguish certain subtypes of the cancer.

• #22 Global incidence and trends of ocular cancer: A bibliometric analysis | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/global-incidence-and-trends-of-ocular-cancer-a-bibliometric-analysis/

  Ocular cancer is a distinct one as it endangers vision and life. […] Among these, ocular melanoma is the most common primary eye cancer in adults, with approximately 83% arising in the uvea, 5% originating intraconjunctivally, and around 10% developing elsewhere in an eye. […] Conjunctival melanoma, one of the ocular surface tumors accounting for its malignant and aggressive character, scores the highest, with a local recurrence rate close to 50% within ten years after the primary treatment. […] The available literature suggests that ocular melanoma occurs more frequently among Caucasians and less so for other racial groups. […] Our study addresses a critical gap in ocular oncology research by analyzing regional disparities in research output and their impact on global trends. […] This analysis highlights underrepresented areas, emphasizing the need for increased local research and international collaboration.

• #23 What is Eye Cancer? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/eye-cancer.html

  More than two dozen types of cancer can develop in the different structures in and around the eye. Among these are subtypes of melanoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma. […] Eye cancer is a rare disease. Its important to get care from doctors who have experience treating this disease. MD Andersons uveal melanoma program is amongst the oldest eye cancer programs in the in the nation and one of the only based entirely in a dedicated cancer hospital. […] Patients with these risk factors may benefit from cancer screenings by an ophthalmologist trained in diagnosing cancer. […] Many cancers can metastasize, or spread, to the eye. The most common are breast, lung and gastrointestinal cancers. Patients with metastatic tumors receive personalized care that may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy and laser therapy.

• #24 Eye cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/eye-cancer

  There are around 880 new eye cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s more than 2 every day (2017-2019). […] Eye cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for eye cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 85 to 89 (2017-2019). […] Each year more than a fifth (22%) of all new eye cancer cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, eye cancer incidence rates have increased by almost a third (30%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by more than a quarter (29%), and rates in males have increased by more than a quarter (27%) (2017-2019). […] Over the last decade, eye cancer incidence rates have increased by almost two-fifths (37%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by around two-fifths (41%), and rates in males have increased by around a third (34%) (2017-2019).

• #25 Eye cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/eye-cancer

  Eye cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 50% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] There could be around 2,100 new cases of eye cancer every year in the UK by 2038-2040, projections suggest. […] There are around 130 eye cancer deaths in the UK every year, that’s more than 2 every week (2017-2019). […] Eye cancer is not among the 20 most common causes of cancer death in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer deaths (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for eye cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Each year around 4 in 10 of all eye cancer deaths (39%) in the UK are in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1970s, eye cancer mortality rates have decreased by half (50%) in the UK. Rates in females have decreased by almost three-fifths (55%), and rates in males have decreased by almost half (47%) (2017-2019).

• #26 Eye cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/eye-cancer/incidence

  Eye cancer is not among the 20 most common cancers in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] For eye cancer, there are few established risk factors therefore differences between countries largely reflect differences in diagnosis and data recording. […] Eye cancer European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 30% in the UK between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For eye cancer there are few established risk factors, therefore increasing incidence in the 1980s and 1990s may largely reflect improvements in diagnosis and data recording. […] The number of new eye cancer cases on average each year in the UK is projected to rise from around 1,300 cases in 2023-2025 to around 2,100 cases in 2038-2040. […] Eye cancer incidence rates are projected to rise by 50% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040, to 3 cases per 100,000 people on average each year by 2038-2040.

• #27 The Epidemiology of Eye Cancer, Eyelid Cancer, and Ophthalmic Lymphoma in a Chinese Population in Hong Kong: A Population-Based Registry Study 2005–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11895851/

  To investigate the incidence rate, histopathological types, and time trends of primary eye cancer, eyelid cancer, and ophthalmic lymphoma among the Chinese population. […] A total of 442 eye cancers and 1103 eyelid cancers were included. Among these cancers, 295 cases were ophthalmic lymphoma. The age-standardized annual incidence rate was 4.04 per 1,000,000 population for eye cancer, 6.30 for eyelid cancer, and 1.89 for ophthalmic lymphoma. […] In the Chinese population, the incidence of eye cancer has remained stable, whereas eyelid cancer and ophthalmic lymphoma are increasing. Lymphoma has been the most common histological type in recent years, in contrast to findings in Western populations. […] During the study period from 2005 to 2018, a total of 442 eye cancers and 1103 eyelid cancers were identified.

• #28 Incidence of eye cancer in Taiwan: an 18-year review | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6700619

  Purpose To describe the incidence and histologic patterns of eye cancers in Chinese in Taiwan. […] The average annual age-standardized incidence of eye cancers was 2.46 per million population (2.57 for male and 2.33 for female). […] The time trends of the incidence of eye cancers were relatively stable over the 18-year period in Taiwan. Retinoblastoma, melanoma, and lymphoma were the three most common eye cancers in this Chinese population. […] This study showed that the annual age-standardized incidence of eye cancers was 2.46 per million population in Taiwan. […] The time trend of the incidence of eye cancers was relatively stable over the 18-year period, although annual variation existed. […] This study identified three most common eye malignancies as retinoblastoma (35.3%), melanoma (17.9%), and lymphoma (13.8%).

• #29 Eye Cancer | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1007%2F978-981-97-1802-3_18

  Epidemiology: Globally eye cancer has very low incidence rates; over all incidence of eye cancer is less than 1% with 850 new cases per year. For the year 2020, the estimated number of new cases in the United States were 3400 cases (males: 1890 cases; females: 1510 cases) and the estimated mortality was 390 deaths (males: 210 deaths; females: 180 deaths). Eye cancer was slightly more predominant in males (53%) when compared to the females (47%). Based on the anatomic site, retinoblastoma and uveal melanoma are the most frequent types of eye cancer. Retinoblastoma contributes to nearly 4% of all the pediatric cancers. Incidence rate in children was 1 in 15,000-18,000 per year worldwide. Global incidence of the retinoblastoma is 9000 new cases per year. Each year, about 300 new retinoblastoma cases are reported in the United States. The incidence of retinoblastoma is equal in boys and girls. The 5-year survival rate of retinoblastoma was 96% in children. For retinoblastoma, the median age of diagnosis was 15 and 24 months for hereditary and sporadic forms, respectively. The incidence rate was higher in the regions of Southeast Asia and South America. The other common type of intraocular cancer is Uveal melanoma (UM), which is usually seen in adults. Uveal melanoma occurs in the uveal tract accounting to 85% of all ocular melanomas. The incidence rate was 4.3% in the United States (male: 4.9%; female: 3.7%). The incidence rate differs for different ethnic groups, mostly occurring in non-Hispanic whites (6.02%) followed by Hispanics (1.67%), Asians (0.38%), and Afro-Americans (0.31%). The median age of Uveal melanoma (UM) diagnosis in the US and Europe is 59-62 years. The mean age-adjusted annual incidence of UM is 5.1 cases per million. UM has an annual incidence of 5 per million; 650 new cases of UM were diagnosed and treated every year. In the age group of above 65 years, UM was more common in males and whites when compared to females and blacks, respectively.

• #30 Retrospective Analysis of Ocular Cancer in Saudi Arabia | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-retrospective-study-of-ocular-cancer-in-saudi-arabia-25-year-analysi-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Ocular malignancies are considered rare and there is limited knowledge about their distribution and underlying factors. Timely diagnosis and treatment of ocular malignancies are important because they endanger both vision and life. […] The incidence of ocular cancer among Saudi population ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 per 100,000 population except for 2018 when the incidence among males peaked to 2.2 per 100,000. […] The study revealed varying number of ocular cancer cases across the regions, with Riyadh having the highest number of cases at 35.39%, followed by Makkah at 17.03%. Age-specific incidence indicated a higher occurrence in the 0-4 age group at 55.21%, decreasing with age. […] The most frequently diagnosed ocular cancer was retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is an uncommon childhood eye tumor that develops in the retina.

• #31 Epidemiology of uveal melanoma in Brazil | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous | Full Text

  https://journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40942-020-00261-w

  Epidemiological data is critical for planning early treatment strategies and allocating medical resources. This study intended to understand the characteristics of uveal melanoma in Brazil. […] Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy and represents approximately 5% of all melanoma cases. […] A heterogeneous incidence of 4.3 to 10.6 cases of uveal melanoma per million of people is verified each year globally depending on the studied population, inclusion criteria and methodology used for the study. […] Epidemiological studies in the Brazilian population are mostly related with skin melanoma and mucosal melanoma and data for uveal melanomas are scarce and inconsistent. […] Higher incidence is observed in the southern states of Brazil and a trend for increased incidence is observed but studies suggest more data is necessary for tracing strategies for better public health management and understanding the epidemiology of the disease.

• #32 Eye Cancer Survival Rates | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

  Most eye cancers are melanomas (also known as ocular melanomas or intraocular melanomas). […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for eye cancer (ocular melanoma) in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment. […] People now being diagnosed with eye cancer may have a better outlook than these numbers show. Treatments have improved over time, and these numbers are based on people who were diagnosed and treated at least 5 years earlier.

• #33 Eye cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/eye-cancer

  Eye cancer mortality rates are projected to rise by 16% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] There could be around around 190 deaths of eye cancer every year in the UK by 2038-2040, projections suggest. […] 6 in 10 (60%) people diagnosed with eye cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2009-2013). […] Eye cancer ten-year survival in England is similar in females and males (2009-2013). […] For eye cancer, like other cancer sites, survival trends reflect a combination of changes in treatment and stage distribution. These factors themselves can vary by age, sex and deprivation.

• #34 Is Eye Cancer Curable? Factors for Reversing the Condition

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/is-eye-cancer-curable

  Here’s a look at the 5-year relative survival rates for ocular melanoma in the United States from 2012-2018 based on the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database: Localized (contained to the eye) 85%, Regional (contained to the eye and surrounding tissue) 67%, Distant (spread to other tissues) 16%, All stages 81%. […] Eye cancer is a rare type of cancer. Its often curable if its diagnosed when the cancer is small and contained to your eye. It becomes harder to treat if the cancer spreads to distant tissues. […] Many factors influence how easy your cancer is to treat. Your age, type of cancer, and cancer stage all have a large impact on your survival.

• #35 OMF | Ocular Melanoma Foundation – disease

  https://ocularmelanoma.org/disease

  Ocular melanoma is the most common primary cancer of the eye in adults. It is diagnosed in about 2,500 adults every year in the United States and occurs most often in lightly pigmented individuals with a median age of 55 years. […] Ocular melanoma (OM for short) is a cancer of the eye diagnosed in approximately 2,000-2,500 adults annually in the United States. In both the U.S. and Europe, this equates to about 5 – 7.5 cases per million people per year and, for people over 50 years old, the incidence rate increases to around 21 per million per year. […] Approximately 2,500 adults are diagnosed with ocular melanoma every year. There is no known cause, though incidence is highest among people with lighter skin and blue eyes. […] Approximately 50% of patients with OM will develop metastases by 10 to 15 years after diagnosis (a small percentage of people will develop metastases even later i.e. 20-25 years after their initial diagnosis). Metastatic disease is universally fatal. This 50% mortality rate is unchanged despite treatment advances in treating the primary eye tumor. More research is needed urgently to improve patient outcomes.

• #36 Retinoblastoma: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is a type of eye cancer that starts in your retina, the light-sensing layer of cells at the back of your eye. Its the most common childhood eye cancer. […] Retinoblastoma is rare. There are about 3.3 cases per 1 million people under age 20. In that age group, there are a little over 300 new cases annually in the U.S. and slightly under 9,000 new cases worldwide. […] The outlook for retinoblastoma depends strongly on how long it takes to diagnose and treat it, but the odds, in general, are very good. The overall survival rate for pediatric retinoblastoma is 95%. The odds of a good outcome including avoiding loss of vision are best with a diagnosis before age 2. […] People who survive retinoblastoma will need lifelong surveillance for new cancers. This usually involves yearly scans or other tests that can detect new tumors. Your provider can tell you what surveillance measures they recommend for your case.

• #37 Research eyes risk of second cancers occurring in retinoblastoma patients

  https://www.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/research-eyes-risk-second-cancers-occurring-retinoblastoma-patients

  The 10-year survival rate for patients with hereditary retinoblastoma is excellent, but these individuals are at increased risk for developing secondary cancers and have elevated mortality compared to age-matched individuals in the general population. […] Based on this information, evidence-based guidelines for longterm surveillance and follow-up of retinoblastoma survivors should take gender into account, said Dr. Kleinerman, deputy branch chief, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD. […] Information on the incidence of second cancers in retinoblastoma survivors and rates of mortality related to the subsequent cancers is available from the National Cancer Institute Long-term Follow-up Study of Retinoblastoma Survivors.

• #38 Eye cancer statistics | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/statistics

  It can take several years to collect and confirm cancer data, so the number of new cancer cases (incidence) and deaths (mortality) from recent years may not be available for some time. […] The most recent incidence statistics for eye cancer are from 2019: 325 Canadians were diagnosed with eye cancer. 165 men were diagnosed with eye cancer. 160 women were diagnosed with eye cancer. […] The most recent mortality statistics for eye cancer are from 2022: 52 Canadians died from eye cancer. 21 men died from eye cancer. 31 women died from eye cancer.

• #39 SciELO Brasil – Analysis of the mortality by eye cancer from 2010 to 2019 in Brazil Analysis of the mortality by eye cancer from 2010 to 2019 in Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbof/a/s48gT5Vp3J5nSSxwMmLTxcR/?lang=en

  There were 1,859 deaths from malignant neoplasm of eye and adnexa (C69), in Brazil, from 2010 to 2019, affecting 1,062 (57.1%) men. […] The number of deaths due to malignant neoplasm of eye and adnexa slightly increased through the years of 2010 to 2019, in Brazil. […] Overall, there were 1,859 deaths by malignant neoplasms of eye and adnexa, in Brazil, from 2010 to 2019, which represented 00.0148% of the 12,479,256 deaths that occurred from all causes at the same time range of the data analyzed. […] The site of neoplasm was unspecified (C69.9) in 719 cases, representing the most frequent etiology in the C69 group (38.67%). […] The malignant neoplasm of the orbit (C69.6) was the second most common cause of death (22.59%), followed by malignant neoplasm of retina (C69.2) (14.73%). […] The number of deaths from malignant neoplasm of eye and adnexa presented a slight increase, followed by a proportional elevation in its proportional mortality, through the years of 2010 to 2019, in Brazil.

• #40 Consensus statement for metastatic surveillance of uveal melanoma in Scotland

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10050391/

  Ophthalmic treatments are successful in managing uveal melanomas achieving good local control. However, a large number still metastasise, primarily to the liver, resulting in mortality. There is no consensus across the world on the mode, frequency, duration or utility of regular liver surveillance for metastasis and there are no published protocols. […] The consensus statement recommends a risk-stratified approach to surveillance for these patients dividing them into low to medium-risk and high-risk groups defining the mode and duration of surveillance for each. It supplements the UK-wide Uveal Melanoma National Guidelines and allows a more uniform consensus-based approach to surveillance in Scotland. […] The GDG concluded that some of the evidence in the literature appeared to suggest that offering surveillance to all patients may be futile. However, there was a consensus supporting the concept of conducting surveillance with an emphasis on liver screening. It recommended that all patients, irrespective of risk, should have a holistic assessment to discuss the risk, benefits and consequences of entry into a surveillance programme.

• #41 Cancer Incidence – Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registries Limited-Use – Catalog

  https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/cancer-incidence-surveillance-epidemiology-and-end-results-seer-registries-limited-use

  Cancer Incidence – Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registries Limited-Use […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute collects and distributes high quality, comprehensive cancer data from a number of population-based cancer registries. […] The SEER Program is the only comprehensive source of population-based information in the United States that includes stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis and survival rates within each stage.

• #42 UCLA Center for Eye Epidemiology – Ophthalmology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/eye/about-us/academic-centers/ucla-center-eye-epidemiology

  The UCLA Center for Eye Epidemiology was established in 1997 to promote interdisciplinary investigations into blinding diseases of public health importance. […] The Center maintains and improves vision health through public health research and intervention, and serves as a coordinating body for expanding and sharing information. […] Members draw on their diverse backgrounds and complementary skills to promote an understanding of issues related to vision health as it affects individuals, communities, and society. […] The Center encourages collaborative research among faculty and investigators from various UCLA departments and other institutions around the world to advance knowledge related to the causes and prevention of specific eye diseases.

• #43 Epidemiology Research Core

  https://www.karmanos.org/karmanos/epidemiology-research-core

  The Epidemiology Research Core (ERC) mission is to support population-based research by accessing Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System (MDCSS) cancer cases and their data for use in approved research. The ERC provides epidemiology expertise and collaborates with researchers conducting investigations in cancer prevention, etiology, treatment and outcomes. […] The MDCSS data system contains all cancer diagnosis and survivorship information for the Detroit metropolitan area from 1973 forward. The data is housed in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program Data Management System (SEER*DMS). SEER*DMS is a relational database that supports central cancer registry operations and includes features for importing, editing, consolidating, exporting, and reporting on cancer-related data. […] The Epidemiology Research Core is supported, in part, by NIH Center grant P30 CA022453 to the Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University.

• #44 Positive Predictive Value of an Algorithm Used for Cancer Surveillance in the U.S. Armed Forces | Health.mil

  https://staging-mobile.health.mil/sitecore/content/MHSHome/News/Articles/2019/12/01/Positive-Predictive-Value-of-an-Algorithm-Used-for-Cancer-Surveillance?type=All&page=21

  Recent large-scale epidemiologic studies of cancer incidence in the U.S. Armed Forces have used International Classification of Disease, 9th and 10th Revision (ICD-9 and ICD-10, respectively) diagnostic codes from administrative medical encounter data archived in the Defense Medical Surveillance System. […] The cancer case definition algorithm published by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch had a high PPV for capturing cases of common cancers and a low-to-moderate PPV for rarer cancers. […] In the absence of a comprehensive centralized registry, cancer surveillance in the Department of Defense can rely on the Defense Medical Surveillance System for common cancer types. […] The AFHSB cancer case definition algorithm is a valuable surveillance tool for accurately identifying the most common cancers, although it has a lower PPV for rarer cancers.

• #45 Positive Predictive Value of an Algorithm Used for Cancer Surveillance in the U.S. Armed Forces | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2019/12/01/Positive-Predictive-Value-of-an-Algorithm-Used-for-Cancer-Surveillance?page=23

  Recent large-scale epidemiologic studies of cancer incidence in the U.S. Armed Forces have used International Classification of Disease, 9th and 10th Revision (ICD-9 and ICD-10, respectively) diagnostic codes from administrative medical encounter data archived in the Defense Medical Surveillance System. […] The cancer case definition algorithm published by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch had a high PPV for capturing cases of common cancers and a low-to-moderate PPV for rarer cancers. […] In the absence of a comprehensive centralized registry, cancer surveillance in the Department of Defense can rely on the Defense Medical Surveillance System for common cancer types. Algorithm-derived cases of rarer cancers may require verification by chart review. […] The AFHSB cancer case definition algorithm is a valuable surveillance tool for accurately identifying the most common cancers, although it has a lower PPV for rarer cancers.

• #46 Active surveillance (watchful waiting) for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/treatment/active-surveillance

  If you have eye cancer but dont have any symptoms, you may be offered active surveillance (watchful waiting). This means that your healthcare team watches your cancer closely rather than giving treatment right away. They will use tests and exams to check if the tumour starts to grow. Treatment is given when you develop symptoms or the cancer changes. […] This approach helps avoid problems or side effects that can happen with treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy. There is no evidence so far that people wont live as long when they get active surveillance compared to other treatments. And there is no evidence that active surveillance has other negative effects if or when you start treatment. […] You may be offered active surveillance if: the tumour is small, is not causing any symptoms and hasnt spread outside of the eye; the tumour is growing very slowly; the tumour is in the only eye with useful vision; you are older or very ill, which may make it hard to cope with treatment.

• #47 Active surveillance (watchful waiting) for eye cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/eye/treatment/active-surveillance

  If you have eye cancer but dont have any symptoms, you may be offered active surveillance (watchful waiting). This means that your healthcare team watches your cancer closely rather than giving treatment right away. They will use tests and exams to check if the tumour starts to grow. Treatment is given when you develop symptoms or the cancer changes. […] This approach helps avoid problems or side effects that can happen with treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy. There is no evidence so far that people wont live as long when they get active surveillance compared to other treatments. And there is no evidence that active surveillance has other negative effects if or when you start treatment. […] You may be offered active surveillance if: the tumour is small, is not causing any symptoms and hasnt spread outside of the eye; the tumour is growing very slowly; the tumour is in the only eye with useful vision; you are older or very ill, which may make it hard to cope with treatment.

• #48 Consensus statement for metastatic surveillance of uveal melanoma in Scotland

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10050391/

  Ophthalmic treatments are successful in managing uveal melanomas achieving good local control. However, a large number still metastasise, primarily to the liver, resulting in mortality. There is no consensus across the world on the mode, frequency, duration or utility of regular liver surveillance for metastasis and there are no published protocols. […] The consensus statement recommends a risk-stratified approach to surveillance for these patients dividing them into low to medium-risk and high-risk groups defining the mode and duration of surveillance for each. It supplements the UK-wide Uveal Melanoma National Guidelines and allows a more uniform consensus-based approach to surveillance in Scotland. […] The GDG concluded that some of the evidence in the literature appeared to suggest that offering surveillance to all patients may be futile. However, there was a consensus supporting the concept of conducting surveillance with an emphasis on liver screening. It recommended that all patients, irrespective of risk, should have a holistic assessment to discuss the risk, benefits and consequences of entry into a surveillance programme.

• #49 Consensus statement for metastatic surveillance of uveal melanoma in Scotland

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10050391/

  Ophthalmic treatments are successful in managing uveal melanomas achieving good local control. However, a large number still metastasise, primarily to the liver, resulting in mortality. There is no consensus across the world on the mode, frequency, duration or utility of regular liver surveillance for metastasis and there are no published protocols. […] The consensus statement recommends a risk-stratified approach to surveillance for these patients dividing them into low to medium-risk and high-risk groups defining the mode and duration of surveillance for each. It supplements the UK-wide Uveal Melanoma National Guidelines and allows a more uniform consensus-based approach to surveillance in Scotland. […] The GDG concluded that some of the evidence in the literature appeared to suggest that offering surveillance to all patients may be futile. However, there was a consensus supporting the concept of conducting surveillance with an emphasis on liver screening. It recommended that all patients, irrespective of risk, should have a holistic assessment to discuss the risk, benefits and consequences of entry into a surveillance programme.

• #50

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/eye_cancer/eye-cancer-overview.html

  Ocular (uveal) melanoma is rare. Each year, around 125-150 Australians are diagnosed with this type of cancer (about 5-6 cases per million people). It is more likely to be diagnosed in men than women, and can occur at any age, but the risk increases with age. […] Ongoing surveillance for ocular melanoma involves a schedule of tests and scans, eye tests and physical examinations.

• #51 A Tale of Two Cities: Accumulation of Rare Eye Cancer Cases Under Investigation – SQ Online

  https://sqonline.ucsd.edu/2018/07/a-tale-of-two-cities-accumulation-of-rare-eye-cancer-cases-under-investigation/

  Public health officials are investigating a medical mystery that has spanned nearly two decades in Auburn, Alabama and Huntersville, North Carolina. Over 50 people in the two cities have been diagnosed with ocular melanoma, a rare form of eye cancer, since 1999. Ocular melanoma ordinarily has an incidence of 6 cases per 1 million people, so the diagnosis of at least 50 cases in just two locations is exceedingly unusual. […] Researchers, including epidemiologists at the Alabama Department of Public Health, are trying to determine why so many people linked to Auburn and Huntersville have developed ocular melanoma. The group of cases is not yet being defined as a cancer cluster. […] A previous report, released in June 2015 from the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, details the results of one investigation into the potential cancer cluster in Huntersville. The researchers determined that ocular melanoma cases diagnosed between the years 2009 and 2014 did not constitute a significantly above-average caseload, but they did point to excessive exposure to UV radiation as a risk factor for many of the patients included in the study.

• #52 Alabama health officials find no eye cancer clusters at Auburn University

  https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/alabama/2018/10/25/alabama-health-officials-find-no-eye-cancer-uveal-melanoma-clusters-auburn-university/1760211002/

  MONTGOMERY Alabama health officials announced this week that a study did not find evidence of an eye cancer cluster at Auburn University, despite a rash of reported cases of the rare and deadly cancer that drew national attention earlier this year. […] The Alabama Department of Public Health said the study „based on the best available information” did not find higher than expected rates of uveal melanoma among former students and university employees. […] Justin T. George, director of cancer epidemiology, said the study looked at identified cases among people who attended or worked at Auburn since 1980. […] From 2006 through 2015, there were 316 cases of uveal melanoma among Alabama residents for an average of 31.6 new cases each year, the department said. […] A limitation of the Auburn study is that cancer registries across the country do not capture where a person attended college. […] George said researchers remain comfortable in the finding. He said the cancer would have to occur in substantially higher numbers to qualify as a cluster.

• #53 Consensus statement for metastatic surveillance of uveal melanoma in Scotland

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10050391/

  Ophthalmic treatments are successful in managing uveal melanomas achieving good local control. However, a large number still metastasise, primarily to the liver, resulting in mortality. There is no consensus across the world on the mode, frequency, duration or utility of regular liver surveillance for metastasis and there are no published protocols. […] The consensus statement recommends a risk-stratified approach to surveillance for these patients dividing them into low to medium-risk and high-risk groups defining the mode and duration of surveillance for each. It supplements the UK-wide Uveal Melanoma National Guidelines and allows a more uniform consensus-based approach to surveillance in Scotland. […] The GDG concluded that some of the evidence in the literature appeared to suggest that offering surveillance to all patients may be futile. However, there was a consensus supporting the concept of conducting surveillance with an emphasis on liver screening. It recommended that all patients, irrespective of risk, should have a holistic assessment to discuss the risk, benefits and consequences of entry into a surveillance programme.

• #54 Early detection of childhood eye cancer does not improve survival or prevent eye loss – Oncology Nurse Advisor

  https://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/news/early-detection-of-childhood-eye-cancer-does-not-improve-survival-or-prevent-eye-loss/

  Shortening the time from first appearance of symptoms to diagnosis has no bearing on survival or stage of disease in unilateral retinoblastoma, the most common form of childhood eye cancer, according to a new study. […] Our study suggests that screening children for retinoblastoma may not improve outcomes for the majority of patients, particularly for the more common form of the disease affecting one eye, said senior author Manuela A. Orjuela, MD, ScM, of Columbia University. […] The researchers found that for unilateral disease, the lag-time between when parents first noticed the disease and when the children were diagnosed had no bearing on disease stage or survival. […] There is also significant variation in how tumors respond to treatment, no matter how soon we initiate therapy, said first author Marco A. Ramrez-Ortiz, MD, chief of the department of Ophthalmology at the Hospital Infantil de Mxico. […] Intriguingly, the researchers found that stage and survival in both forms of retinoblastoma were predicted by the mothers education level. Mothers with less formal schooling had children with significantly higher stage disease and significantly worse survival.

• #55 Epidemiology of Intraocular Melanoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-82641-2_14

  Intraocular malignant melanoma (IMM) is a relatively rare tumor, but it affects an estimated 2000 people in the United States yearly. It is the most common primary tumor of the eye in adults (Shields 1983). The incidence of IMM has been studied in descriptive studies of populations and in case reports of individuals and families. Because of the rarity of the disease, few analytic studies have been undertaken. […] We recently completed a case-control study of 509 IMM patients and equal number of patients with detached retinas seen by Dr. Jerry Shields at the Ocular Oncology Service of the Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia. We include preliminary findings from that study in this review. […] Sunlight exposure as risk factor for intraocular malignant melanoma.

• #56 Ambient ultraviolet radiation and ocular melanoma incidence in the United States, 2000−2019 | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02959-9

  Ocular melanoma is a rare, but deadly cancer. This large cancer registry study examines the associations between solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and incidence of different anatomical sites of ocular melanoma by sex, age, laterality, and race and ethnicity. […] Incidence data were derived from 21 cancer registries in the US for the years 20002019. […] UVR was not associated with total ocular melanoma (N=18,089) comparing Q4 versus Q1 (IRR=0.98; 95%CI:0.94,1.03; p-trend=0.07) or conjunctival melanoma (IRR=0.99; 95%CI:0.82,1.19; p-trend=0.81). However, in analyses of continuous UVR (per 10mW/m2), risks were reduced for total ocular melanoma (IRR=0.97; 95% CI: 0.96, 0.99). […] Incidence was increased for ciliary body/iris melanoma in the highest UVR quartile (IRR=1.63; 95%CI:1.43,1.87; p-trend0.0001) and remained increased in non-Hispanic White individuals only.

• #57 Ambient ultraviolet radiation and ocular melanoma incidence in the United States, 2000−2019 | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02959-9

  Our results support and expand previous findings of associations of UVR using various surrogates on ocular melanoma risk and serve as a starting point for understanding the differences in the relationship between UVR and specific anatomical sites. […] Ocular melanoma is diagnosed in about 2000 new patients in the United States each year. […] Possible risk factors of ocular melanoma (mainly focused on uveal melanoma) include male sex, older age, light eye colour, sun-sensitive skin, higher numbers of cutaneous melanocytic nevi, ocular melanocytosis, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase BAP1 germline mutations, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). […] Epidemiological studies on the relationship between solar UVR and risk of ocular melanoma have been inconsistent. […] Our study may strengthen an etiological role of UVR in ciliary body/iris melanoma. However, this harmful association was not consistent with Vajdic et al. that found no association between several surrogates (e.g., latitude, occupational and recreational sun exposures, lifetime modelled ambient UVR, and eye protection) of UVR and risks of iris melanoma. […] In summary, this U.S. cancer registry study does not support UVR as a risk factor of total ocular melanoma. By anatomical sites, we found UVR to be associated with an increased risk of ciliary body/iris melanoma, but a reduced risk of choroidal melanoma.

• #58 Incidence of squamous-cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva and other eye cancers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/254-incidence-of-squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-the-conjunctiva-and-other-eye-cancers-in-the-nih-aarp-diet-and-health-study

  Purpose: To investigate the risk factors for squamous-cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCCC) and other eye cancers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. […] The incidence was 37.3 per 106 for all eye cancers (N = 178), 8.4 per 106 for SCCC (N = 40) and 28.9 per 106 for other eye cancers (N = 138). […] The incidence of all eye cancers was associated with male sex and older age. The same patterns were observed for SCCC. […] To conclude, eye cancers including SCCC are rare with incidence associated with males, older age and residing at lower latitude or high erythemal exposures areas complementary to previous studies. These characteristics might be surrogates of exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

• #59 Retrospective Analysis of Ocular Cancer in Saudi Arabia | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-retrospective-study-of-ocular-cancer-in-saudi-arabia-25-year-analysi-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  The predominance of squamous cell carcinoma in the other studies could be attributed to the overexposure to excessive sunlight in Africa. This is not the cases among Saudi, due to cultural and religious issue females cover their body and face reducing the body area exposed to the sun. […] Ocular cancer incidences in Saudi Arabia have drastically varied throughout the countrys various regions and age categories from 1998 to 2018, according to data on the disease. The highest incidence is observed in Riyadh, followed by Makkah, while certain regions have lower rates. Additionally, the incidence of ocular cancer varies among different age groups, with the highest occurrence in the 0-4 age group. The study also highlights fluctuations in the annual number of reported cases, suggesting potential influences from various factors. Furthermore, there are variations in the gender and nationality distribution among reported cases over the years. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for continued monitoring, research, and analysis of potential factors influencing ocular cancer occurrence in Saudi Arabia. Understanding the patterns and prevalence of ocular cancer in different regions and age groups can help healthcare authorities and policymakers devise targeted strategies for prevention, early detection, and treatment of this condition.

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