Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29671528/

  Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor among males 15 to 34 years of age, with an estimated 8,850 new cases and 410 deaths during 2017 in the United States. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends against routine screening in asymptomatic men. Men with symptoms should receive a complete history and physical examination. Scrotal ultrasonography is the preferred initial imaging study. If a solid intratesticular mass is discovered, orchiectomy is both diagnostic and therapeutic. Staging through chest radiography, chemistry panel, liver function tests, and tumor markers guides treatment. Active surveillance, chemotherapy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, and radiation therapy are treatment options following orchiectomy. […] Family physicians often play a role in the care of cancer survivors and should be familiar with monitoring for recurrence and future complications, including secondary malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular risk, and infertility and subfertility.

• #2 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  Testicular cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men aged 15 to 45 years. […] With effective management, the prognosis is excellent with 90% cure rate and 95% five-year survival rate. […] Initial evaluation includes history and physical examination, tumor marker assessment, and scrotal ultrasound. Once a solid intratesticular tumor is identified, radical inguinal orchiectomy is performed both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. […] Testicular imaging with trans-scrotal ultrasound is the primary imaging modality to identify testicular cancer when suspected on physical examination. […] Ultrasound imaging, when combined with a physical examination, provides nearly 100% sensitivity in the diagnosis of testicular cancer. […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy is both therapeutic and provides tissue for histopathological diagnosis.

• #3 Testicular cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/symptoms-causes/syc-20352986

  Testicular cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the testicles. […] The first sign of testicular cancer often is a bump or lump on a testicle. […] Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when it spreads to other parts of the body. Treatments depend on the type of testicular cancer that you have and how far it has spread. Common treatments include surgery and chemotherapy. […] Pain, swelling or lumps in your testicle or groin area may be a sign or symptom of testicular cancer or other medical conditions requiring treatment. […] Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer include: A lump or swelling in either testicle, A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, A dull ache in the lower belly or groin, Sudden swelling in the scrotum, Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum, Enlargement or tenderness of the breast tissue, Back pain.

• #4 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12183-testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer is the most common cancer affecting men aged 15 to 35. The most common sign to look out for is a painless lump in your testicle. Testicular cancer thats diagnosed and treated early has an excellent cure rate. […] Like any cancer, testicle cancer is a serious condition. Fortunately, testicular cancer is highly treatable and curable. […] The most common sign of testicular cancer is a painless lump in your testicle. […] Delays in diagnosis allow cancer cells time to spread, making the disease harder to treat. […] Your provider may diagnose testicular cancer after investigating a lump or other change in your testicle you found during a self-exam. Sometimes testicular cancer gets diagnosed during a routine physical exam. […] Common procedures and tests to help diagnose testicular cancer include: A physical exam and history, Ultrasound, Inguinal orchiectomy and biopsy.

• #5 Testicular cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/symptoms-causes/syc-20352986

  Testicular cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the testicles. […] The first sign of testicular cancer often is a bump or lump on a testicle. […] Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when it spreads to other parts of the body. Treatments depend on the type of testicular cancer that you have and how far it has spread. Common treatments include surgery and chemotherapy. […] Pain, swelling or lumps in your testicle or groin area may be a sign or symptom of testicular cancer or other medical conditions requiring treatment. […] Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer include: A lump or swelling in either testicle, A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, A dull ache in the lower belly or groin, Sudden swelling in the scrotum, Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum, Enlargement or tenderness of the breast tissue, Back pain.

• #6 Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and staging of testicular germ cell tumors – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-staging-of-testicular-germ-cell-tumors

  The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and staging of testicular cancer will be presented here. […] Testicular tumors usually present as a nodule or painless swelling of one testicle, which may be noted incidentally by the patient or by his sexual partner. Occasionally, a male with a previously small atrophic testis will note enlargement. Approximately 30 to 40 percent of patients complain of a dull ache or heavy sensation in the lower abdomen, perianal area, or scrotum, while acute pain is the presenting symptom in 10 percent. […] The presenting manifestations of testicular cancer are attributable to metastatic disease in approximately 10 percent of patients. Symptoms vary with the site of metastasis:

• #7 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthinfo.universityhealthsystem.com/library/diseasesconditions/adult/34,18195-1

  How is testicular cancer diagnosed? If your healthcare provider thinks you might have testicular cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. The process starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. You’ll be asked about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. […] A physical exam will be done. It will include checking your testicles for swelling, sore areas, or lumps. If there is a lump, your healthcare provider will note its size and location. Your provider may also look carefully at your belly (abdomen), groin, and other parts of your body. This is to look for signs that cancer may have spread. […] You may have one or more of these tests: […] An ultrasound is often the first test done if you have a lump on or near your testicle. This test uses sound waves to make images of the inside of your body. It can show if the lump is filled with fluid or is a solid mass. Solid lumps are more likely to be cancer.

• #8 EAU Guidelines on Testicular Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/testicular-cancer/chapter/diagnostic-evaluation

  Testicular cancer usually presents as a painless testicular mass or incidental finding on ultrasound (US). Pain, either scrotal or abdominal/back, may occur and result in delayed diagnosis. Gynaecomastia may be present in a small number of patients. Clinical assessment should thus include abdominal, chest and supraclavicular examination. […] High-frequency (10 MHz) testicular US is recommended. Scrotal US is also recommended for all men with retroperitoneal or visceral masses with/or without elevated serum -hCG or Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the absence of a palpable testicular mass. […] Serum AFP, beta subunit of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (-hCG) and LDH should be determined before orchidectomy as they support the diagnosis of TC and may be indicative of GCT histology. […] Tumour markers need to be repeated following orchidectomy providing staging and prognostic information.

• #9 EAU Guidelines on Testicular Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/testicular-cancer/chapter/diagnostic-evaluation

  Testicular cancer usually presents as a painless testicular mass or incidental finding on ultrasound (US). Pain, either scrotal or abdominal/back, may occur and result in delayed diagnosis. Gynaecomastia may be present in a small number of patients. Clinical assessment should thus include abdominal, chest and supraclavicular examination. […] High-frequency (10 MHz) testicular US is recommended. Scrotal US is also recommended for all men with retroperitoneal or visceral masses with/or without elevated serum -hCG or Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the absence of a palpable testicular mass. […] Serum AFP, beta subunit of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (-hCG) and LDH should be determined before orchidectomy as they support the diagnosis of TC and may be indicative of GCT histology. […] Tumour markers need to be repeated following orchidectomy providing staging and prognostic information.

• #10 EAU Guidelines on Testicular Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/testicular-cancer/chapter/diagnostic-evaluation

  Testicular cancer usually presents as a painless testicular mass or incidental finding on ultrasound (US). Pain, either scrotal or abdominal/back, may occur and result in delayed diagnosis. Gynaecomastia may be present in a small number of patients. Clinical assessment should thus include abdominal, chest and supraclavicular examination. […] High-frequency (10 MHz) testicular US is recommended. Scrotal US is also recommended for all men with retroperitoneal or visceral masses with/or without elevated serum -hCG or Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the absence of a palpable testicular mass. […] Serum AFP, beta subunit of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (-hCG) and LDH should be determined before orchidectomy as they support the diagnosis of TC and may be indicative of GCT histology. […] Tumour markers need to be repeated following orchidectomy providing staging and prognostic information.

• #11 Testicular Cancer Diagnosis | Testicular Cancer Testing | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Ultrasound of the testicles […] An ultrasound is often the first test done if the doctor thinks you might have testicular cancer. […] Some blood tests can help diagnose testicular tumors. […] When these tumor markers are in the blood, it suggests that there’s a testicular tumor. […] Most types of cancer are diagnosed by removing a small piece of the tumor and looking at it under a microscope for cancer cells. […] The doctor can often get a good idea of whether it’s testicular cancer based on the ultrasound and blood tumor marker tests, so instead of a biopsy the doctor will very likely recommend surgery (a radical inguinal orchiectomy) to remove the tumor as soon as possible. […] If testicular cancer is found, your doctor will order imaging tests of other parts of your body to check for spread outside the testicle. […] Imaging tests use x-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves, or radioactive substances to create pictures of the inside of your body. […] CT scans can be used to help determine the stage (extent) of the cancer by showing if it has spread to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or other organs.

• #12 Testicular cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352991

  You might find lumps, swelling or other symptoms of testicular cancer on your own. They can be detected during an exam by a health care provider too. You’ll need other tests to see if testicular cancer is causing your symptoms. […] Tests used to diagnose testicular cancer include: […] Ultrasound gives your provider more clues about any lumps around the testicle. It can help your provider see whether the lumps look like something that isn’t cancer or if they look like cancer. An ultrasound shows whether the lumps are inside or outside the testicle. Lumps inside the testicle are more likely to be testicular cancer. […] A blood test can detect proteins made by testicular cancer cells. This type of test is called a tumor marker test. Tumor markers for testicular cancer include beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase.

• #13 Testicular cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer

  The main way testicular cancer is diagnosed is via a lump or mass inside a testis. More generally, if a young adult or adolescent has a single enlarged testicle, which may or may not be painful, this should give doctors reason to suspect testicular cancer. […] The nature of any palpated lump in the scrotum is often evaluated by scrotal ultrasound, which can determine the exact location, size, and some characteristics of the lump, such as cystic vs solid, uniform vs heterogeneous, sharply circumscribed, or poorly defined. The extent of the disease is evaluated by CT scans, which are used to locate metastases. […] Blood tests are also used to identify and measure tumor markers (usually proteins present in the bloodstream) that are specific to testicular cancer. Alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin (the „pregnancy hormone”), and LDH-1 are the typical tumor markers used to spot testicular germ cell tumors.

• #14 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  Testicular cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men aged 15 to 45 years. […] With effective management, the prognosis is excellent with 90% cure rate and 95% five-year survival rate. […] Initial evaluation includes history and physical examination, tumor marker assessment, and scrotal ultrasound. Once a solid intratesticular tumor is identified, radical inguinal orchiectomy is performed both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. […] Testicular imaging with trans-scrotal ultrasound is the primary imaging modality to identify testicular cancer when suspected on physical examination. […] Ultrasound imaging, when combined with a physical examination, provides nearly 100% sensitivity in the diagnosis of testicular cancer. […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy is both therapeutic and provides tissue for histopathological diagnosis.

• #15 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://library.ouhealth.com/Library/TestsProcedures/34,18195-1

  How is testicular cancer diagnosed? If your healthcare provider thinks you might have testicular cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. The process starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. You’ll be asked about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. […] A physical exam will be done. It will include checking your testicles for swelling, sore areas, or lumps. If there is a lump, your healthcare provider will note its size and location. Your provider may also look carefully at your belly (abdomen), groin, and other parts of your body. This is to look for signs that cancer may have spread. […] You may have one or more of these tests: […] An ultrasound is often the first test done if you have a lump on or near your testicle. This test uses sound waves to make images of the inside of your body. It can show if the lump is filled with fluid or is a solid mass. Solid lumps are more likely to be cancer.

• #16 Diagnosis and Treatment of Testicular Cancer | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0215/p469.html

  Patients with a testicular mass initially should receive scrotal ultrasonography, which will determine whether the mass is intra- or extratesticular. Intratesticular masses are presumed to be testicular cancer until proved otherwise. […] Testicular cancer is categorized using the TNMS (primary tumor, regional nodes, metastasis, serum tumor markers) staging system created by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. […] Serum tumor markers are usually obtained before orchiectomy and include alpha fetoprotein, -hCG, and lactate dehydrogenase. In early stages of cancer, levels of these proteins tend to be in the normal range. […] After testicular cancer is diagnosed, the patient should receive computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis to detect metastasis to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and chest radiography.

• #17 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  Primary testicular tumors are the most common solid malignant tumor in men 20 to 35 years of age in the United States. […] Ultrasound can distinguish intrinsic from extrinsic testicular lesions and can identify masses within testes. Once the diagnosis of testicular cancer is suspected, a high-resolution CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis and a chest x-ray are ordered as part of the initial staging workup. Radical inguinal orchiectomy is the definitive procedure to permit histologic evaluation of the primary tumor and to provide local tumor control. […] With stage I seminoma, cure can sometimes be achieved by radical inguinal orchiectomy alone. Patients with more advanced disease require adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Testicular cancers are very sensitive to chemotherapy and are curable even when metastatic.

• #18 Diagnosing Testicular Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  A CT scan uses X-rays and a computer to create three-dimensional, cross-sectional images of the body. Your doctor may perform CT scans of your pelvis, abdomen, and chest to see if cancer has spread beyond the testicles. Sometimes, a special dye called a contrast agent is injected into the bloodstream to enhance the detail on the CT image.

• #19 Tests for testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-testicular-cancer

  You might have a CT scan of your abdomen, chest and pelvis to find out if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. You might have an MRI scan of your abdomen, chest and pelvis. It can help your doctor to find out: more information if the ultrasound and CT scan does not show whether you have cancer, whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. […] Tumour markers are substances that are produced by: the cancer, or by other cells in response to the cancer. Tumour markers are usually proteins that can be found in the blood, urine or body tissues. Some people with testicular cancer have high levels of 3 different markers: alpha feta protein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Not all testicular cancers make these chemicals. You could have testicular cancer without raised marker levels. Other conditions can raise tumour marker levels too. So this test can’t diagnose testicular cancer on its own. You need to have other tests alongside it. […] The tests you have help your doctor find out if you have testicular cancer and how far it has grown. This is the stage of the cancer. This is important because doctors recommend your treatment according to the stage of the cancer.

• #20 Testicular Cancer Diagnosis: Tests, Imaging and More

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection

  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to examine soft tissues within the body. […] Positron emission tomography (PET/CT) scans may help find small metastases or determine if enlarged lymph nodes contain cancer cells. […] Ultrasound, also known as sonography, is a non-invasive procedure that uses the reflected echoes of high-frequency sound waves to produce images of internal organs. […] X-rays of the chest may be performed to determine whether the cancer cells have spread to the lungs.

• #21 EAU Guidelines on Testicular Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/testicular-cancer/chapter/diagnostic-evaluation

  In addition to staging, marker levels are used to define risk stratification and prognosis. […] Testicular prosthesis should be offered to all patients receiving unilateral or bilateral orchidectomy. […] Contralateral biopsy has been advocated to exclude GCNIS and is routine policy in some countries. […] No high-level evidence studies supporting screening programs exists. In contrast, young males should be informed about the importance of testicular self-examination. Testicular self-examination is recommended in high-risk groups which include a history of cryptorchidism, as well as those with a personal or family history of TC. […] Serum tumour markers (AFP, -hCG and LDH) should be determined before and after orchidectomy and throughout follow-up. They are used for accurate staging, risk stratification, to monitor treatment and to detect relapse.

• #22 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p261.html

  Scrotal ultrasonography is the preferred initial imaging study for evaluating a testicular mass. It can confirm the presence of a mass, determine intra- vs. extratesticular location, and explore the contralateral testis. […] Before orchiectomy, evaluation includes a chemistry panel, liver function tests, and tumor markers, including measurement of beta human chorionic gonadotropin, lactate dehydrogenase (may be elevated in seminoma), and alpha fetoprotein (may be elevated in nonseminoma). […] The TNMS (tumor, nodes, metastasis, serum biomarkers) system is used to stage testicular cancer. […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy, including removal of the spermatic cord to the internal inguinal ring, is the primary treatment for any malignant tumor found on surgical exploration of a testicular mass.

• #23 Testicular cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352991

  You might find lumps, swelling or other symptoms of testicular cancer on your own. They can be detected during an exam by a health care provider too. You’ll need other tests to see if testicular cancer is causing your symptoms. […] Tests used to diagnose testicular cancer include: […] Ultrasound gives your provider more clues about any lumps around the testicle. It can help your provider see whether the lumps look like something that isn’t cancer or if they look like cancer. An ultrasound shows whether the lumps are inside or outside the testicle. Lumps inside the testicle are more likely to be testicular cancer. […] A blood test can detect proteins made by testicular cancer cells. This type of test is called a tumor marker test. Tumor markers for testicular cancer include beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase.

• #24 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/urologic-cancer/testicular-cancer/treatment

  How is Testicular Cancer Diagnosed? Diagnosis At first, you may discover a lump in your testicle, or your doctor may find it during a routine physical exam. To find out if a lump is cancerous, your doctor may recommend: […] A physical exam and health history to check your general health and look for signs of disease. Your doctor will examine the testicles to check for lumps, swelling, or pain. A history of past illnesses will also be taken. […] Blood tests to find out the levels of certain substances, called tumor markers, in your blood. Testicular cancers make high levels of specific proteins called tumor markers. A higher level than usual of a tumor marker may be a sign of testicular cancer. Non-seminoma cancers tend to have higher levels of blood markers than pure seminomas. The following tumor markers are used to detect testicular cancer:

• #25 Tests for testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-testicular-cancer

  You might have a CT scan of your abdomen, chest and pelvis to find out if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. You might have an MRI scan of your abdomen, chest and pelvis. It can help your doctor to find out: more information if the ultrasound and CT scan does not show whether you have cancer, whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. […] Tumour markers are substances that are produced by: the cancer, or by other cells in response to the cancer. Tumour markers are usually proteins that can be found in the blood, urine or body tissues. Some people with testicular cancer have high levels of 3 different markers: alpha feta protein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Not all testicular cancers make these chemicals. You could have testicular cancer without raised marker levels. Other conditions can raise tumour marker levels too. So this test can’t diagnose testicular cancer on its own. You need to have other tests alongside it. […] The tests you have help your doctor find out if you have testicular cancer and how far it has grown. This is the stage of the cancer. This is important because doctors recommend your treatment according to the stage of the cancer.

• #26 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://library.ouhealth.com/Library/TestsProcedures/34,18195-1

  Blood levels of certain proteins tend to change if you have testicular cancer. These proteins are called tumor markers. The main tumor markers for testicular cancer are alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin. Another marker is an enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase. […] Your healthcare providers may be able to tell what kind of testicular cancer you have based on these marker levels. These blood tests will be repeated after surgery to done to remove the testicle. They might be repeated during treatment to see how well treatment is working. They can also be checked after treatment to watch for signs that the cancer might be back. […] If a lump is found and the healthcare provider thinks it’s cancer, a surgeon will most likely try to remove it. Most often this is done by removing the entire testicle and spermatic cord. This surgery is called a radical inguinal orchiectomy. The testicle and cord are taken out through a cut (incision) above your pubic area. This surgery is not done through the scrotum. This is because if you have cancer, the surgery could spread the cancer cells to your scrotum or your other testicle.

• #27 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  Unlike other cancers for which a biopsy (the removal of a sample of cells for examination) is performed, when testicular cancer is suspected the entire testicle is removed in a procedure called an orchiectomy through an incision in the groin and pulling the testicle up from the scrotum. […] The removed testicle will be sent to our pathology laboratory for a thorough examination under a microscope. A pathologist is a specially trained doctor who identifies cancerous cells and tumors. […] Most testicular cancers are classified as germ cell tumors. […] In order to decide what treatment is best for you, it is important to know whether or not your testicular cancer has spread beyond the testicle. […] Testicular cancer is divided or staged into groups based on how far the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Here are the basic stages for testicular cancer: Stage 1 means that the X-rays/CT scans do not show any evidence of cancer beyond the testicle. This stage is cured more than 99% of the time. Stage 2 means that the CT scan has identified cancer that has spread beyond the testicle to the lymph nodes in the abdomen. These lymph nodes are usually located in the area near large blood vessels. Stage 2 testicular cancer is also very curable. Stage 3 means that the cancer has spread beyond the testicle and abdominal lymph nodes to additional areas in the body. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer by another doctor, and would like a second opinion, please contact us at Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center. Our team provides second opinions for all stages and kinds of testicular cancer.

• #28 Testicular cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/testicular-cancer

  If you notice any changes, you should visit your GP who will examine your testicles for any lumps or swelling. Other tests used to diagnose testicular cancer include: […] To confirm the presence of a mass. […] Blood tests for the tumour markers alpha-fetoprotein, beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and lactate dehydrogenase. […] The only way to definitely diagnose testicular cancer is by surgical removal of the affected testicle. While many other types of cancers are diagnosed by biopsy (removing a small piece of tissue from the tumour), cutting into a testicle could spread the cancer to other parts of the body. Hence the whole testicle needs to be removed if cancer is strongly suspected. […] After finding out you have testicular cancer, you may feel shocked, confused, anxious or upset. These are normal reactions and a diagnosis of testicular cancer affects everyone in different ways. […] In addition to the results of the diagnostic tests above, a chest x-ray and CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis are done to determine whether and how far the cancer has spread.

• #29 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  Testicular cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men aged 15 to 45 years. […] With effective management, the prognosis is excellent with 90% cure rate and 95% five-year survival rate. […] Initial evaluation includes history and physical examination, tumor marker assessment, and scrotal ultrasound. Once a solid intratesticular tumor is identified, radical inguinal orchiectomy is performed both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. […] Testicular imaging with trans-scrotal ultrasound is the primary imaging modality to identify testicular cancer when suspected on physical examination. […] Ultrasound imaging, when combined with a physical examination, provides nearly 100% sensitivity in the diagnosis of testicular cancer. […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy is both therapeutic and provides tissue for histopathological diagnosis.

• #30 Diagnosis and Treatment of Testicular Cancer | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0215/p469.html

  Patients with a testicular mass initially should receive scrotal ultrasonography, which will determine whether the mass is intra- or extratesticular. Intratesticular masses are presumed to be testicular cancer until proved otherwise. […] Testicular cancer is categorized using the TNMS (primary tumor, regional nodes, metastasis, serum tumor markers) staging system created by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. […] Serum tumor markers are usually obtained before orchiectomy and include alpha fetoprotein, -hCG, and lactate dehydrogenase. In early stages of cancer, levels of these proteins tend to be in the normal range. […] After testicular cancer is diagnosed, the patient should receive computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis to detect metastasis to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and chest radiography.

• #31 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  Primary testicular tumors are the most common solid malignant tumor in men 20 to 35 years of age in the United States. […] Ultrasound can distinguish intrinsic from extrinsic testicular lesions and can identify masses within testes. Once the diagnosis of testicular cancer is suspected, a high-resolution CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis and a chest x-ray are ordered as part of the initial staging workup. Radical inguinal orchiectomy is the definitive procedure to permit histologic evaluation of the primary tumor and to provide local tumor control. […] With stage I seminoma, cure can sometimes be achieved by radical inguinal orchiectomy alone. Patients with more advanced disease require adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Testicular cancers are very sensitive to chemotherapy and are curable even when metastatic.

• #32 Testicular Cancer – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/genitourinary-cancers/testicular-cancer

  If cancer is confirmed, abdominal, pelvic, and chest CT is needed for clinical staging using the standard TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) system. […] Patients with nonseminomas have about a 30% risk of recurrence despite having what appears to be localized disease. Seminomas recur in about 15% of such patients. […] Assess scrotal masses by ultrasonography and if they are testicular, do a chest x-ray and measure AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), beta-HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). Assess scrotal masses by ultrasonography and if they are testicular, do a chest x-ray and measure AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), beta-HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). […] Primary treatment is radical inguinal orchiectomy, followed by surveillance, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.

• #33 Testicular cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352991

  If your health care provider thinks a lump on your testicle may be cancerous, you might have surgery to remove the testicle. The testicle is sent to a lab for testing. The tests can show whether it’s cancerous. […] Tests on your cancer cells give your health care team information about the type of testicular cancer that you have. Your care team considers your cancer type when deciding on your treatment. […] Once your doctor confirms your diagnosis, the next step is to see whether the cancer has spread beyond the testicle. This is called the cancer’s stage. It helps your health care team understand your prognosis and how likely your cancer is to be cured. […] Tests for staging testicular cancer include: […] The stages of testicular cancer range from 0 to 3. In general, stage 0 and stage 1 cancers only affect the testicle and the area around it. At these early stages, the cancer hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Stage 2 testicular cancers have spread to the lymph nodes. When testicular cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it is stage 3.

• #34 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  Unlike other cancers for which a biopsy (the removal of a sample of cells for examination) is performed, when testicular cancer is suspected the entire testicle is removed in a procedure called an orchiectomy through an incision in the groin and pulling the testicle up from the scrotum. […] The removed testicle will be sent to our pathology laboratory for a thorough examination under a microscope. A pathologist is a specially trained doctor who identifies cancerous cells and tumors. […] Most testicular cancers are classified as germ cell tumors. […] In order to decide what treatment is best for you, it is important to know whether or not your testicular cancer has spread beyond the testicle. […] Testicular cancer is divided or staged into groups based on how far the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Here are the basic stages for testicular cancer: Stage 1 means that the X-rays/CT scans do not show any evidence of cancer beyond the testicle. This stage is cured more than 99% of the time. Stage 2 means that the CT scan has identified cancer that has spread beyond the testicle to the lymph nodes in the abdomen. These lymph nodes are usually located in the area near large blood vessels. Stage 2 testicular cancer is also very curable. Stage 3 means that the cancer has spread beyond the testicle and abdominal lymph nodes to additional areas in the body. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer by another doctor, and would like a second opinion, please contact us at Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center. Our team provides second opinions for all stages and kinds of testicular cancer.

• #35 Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and staging of testicular germ cell tumors – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-staging-of-testicular-germ-cell-tumors

  Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and staging of testicular germ cell tumors […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid malignancy affecting males between the ages of 15 and 35, although it accounts for only 1 percent of all cancers in males. Testicular cancer is also one of the most curable solid tumors, with five-year survival rates of approximately 95 percent. […] Germ cell tumors (GCTs) account for 95 percent of testicular cancers. They may consist of one predominant histologic pattern or represent a mix of multiple histologic types. For treatment purposes, two broad categories of testis tumors are recognized: pure seminoma (no nonseminomatous elements present) and all others, which together are termed nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs). In most series, the ratio of seminoma to NSGCT is approximately one.

• #36 Testicular cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352991

  Testicular cancer treatment often involves surgery and chemotherapy. Which treatment options are best for you depends on the type of testicular cancer you have and its stage. […] Operations used to treat testicular cancer include: […] Surgery to remove the testicle. This procedure is called a radical inguinal orchiectomy. It’s the first treatment for most testicular cancers. […] Chemotherapy treatment uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy travels throughout the body. It can kill cancer cells that may have spread beyond the testicle. […] Radiation therapy is sometimes used to treat the seminoma type of testicular cancer. Radiation therapy may be recommended after surgery to remove your testicle. […] Immunotherapy is sometimes used for advanced testicular cancer. It might be an option if the cancer doesn’t respond to other treatments.

• #37 Testicular cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352991

  If your health care provider thinks a lump on your testicle may be cancerous, you might have surgery to remove the testicle. The testicle is sent to a lab for testing. The tests can show whether it’s cancerous. […] Tests on your cancer cells give your health care team information about the type of testicular cancer that you have. Your care team considers your cancer type when deciding on your treatment. […] Once your doctor confirms your diagnosis, the next step is to see whether the cancer has spread beyond the testicle. This is called the cancer’s stage. It helps your health care team understand your prognosis and how likely your cancer is to be cured. […] Tests for staging testicular cancer include: […] The stages of testicular cancer range from 0 to 3. In general, stage 0 and stage 1 cancers only affect the testicle and the area around it. At these early stages, the cancer hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Stage 2 testicular cancers have spread to the lymph nodes. When testicular cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it is stage 3.

• #38 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  Unlike other cancers for which a biopsy (the removal of a sample of cells for examination) is performed, when testicular cancer is suspected the entire testicle is removed in a procedure called an orchiectomy through an incision in the groin and pulling the testicle up from the scrotum. […] The removed testicle will be sent to our pathology laboratory for a thorough examination under a microscope. A pathologist is a specially trained doctor who identifies cancerous cells and tumors. […] Most testicular cancers are classified as germ cell tumors. […] In order to decide what treatment is best for you, it is important to know whether or not your testicular cancer has spread beyond the testicle. […] Testicular cancer is divided or staged into groups based on how far the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Here are the basic stages for testicular cancer: Stage 1 means that the X-rays/CT scans do not show any evidence of cancer beyond the testicle. This stage is cured more than 99% of the time. Stage 2 means that the CT scan has identified cancer that has spread beyond the testicle to the lymph nodes in the abdomen. These lymph nodes are usually located in the area near large blood vessels. Stage 2 testicular cancer is also very curable. Stage 3 means that the cancer has spread beyond the testicle and abdominal lymph nodes to additional areas in the body. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer by another doctor, and would like a second opinion, please contact us at Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center. Our team provides second opinions for all stages and kinds of testicular cancer.

• #39 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p261.html

  Scrotal ultrasonography is the preferred initial imaging study for evaluating a testicular mass. It can confirm the presence of a mass, determine intra- vs. extratesticular location, and explore the contralateral testis. […] Before orchiectomy, evaluation includes a chemistry panel, liver function tests, and tumor markers, including measurement of beta human chorionic gonadotropin, lactate dehydrogenase (may be elevated in seminoma), and alpha fetoprotein (may be elevated in nonseminoma). […] The TNMS (tumor, nodes, metastasis, serum biomarkers) system is used to stage testicular cancer. […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy, including removal of the spermatic cord to the internal inguinal ring, is the primary treatment for any malignant tumor found on surgical exploration of a testicular mass.

• #40 Testicular Cancer – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/genitourinary-cancers/testicular-cancer

  If cancer is confirmed, abdominal, pelvic, and chest CT is needed for clinical staging using the standard TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) system. […] Patients with nonseminomas have about a 30% risk of recurrence despite having what appears to be localized disease. Seminomas recur in about 15% of such patients. […] Assess scrotal masses by ultrasonography and if they are testicular, do a chest x-ray and measure AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), beta-HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). Assess scrotal masses by ultrasonography and if they are testicular, do a chest x-ray and measure AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), beta-HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). […] Primary treatment is radical inguinal orchiectomy, followed by surveillance, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.

• #41 Testicular cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352991

  If your health care provider thinks a lump on your testicle may be cancerous, you might have surgery to remove the testicle. The testicle is sent to a lab for testing. The tests can show whether it’s cancerous. […] Tests on your cancer cells give your health care team information about the type of testicular cancer that you have. Your care team considers your cancer type when deciding on your treatment. […] Once your doctor confirms your diagnosis, the next step is to see whether the cancer has spread beyond the testicle. This is called the cancer’s stage. It helps your health care team understand your prognosis and how likely your cancer is to be cured. […] Tests for staging testicular cancer include: […] The stages of testicular cancer range from 0 to 3. In general, stage 0 and stage 1 cancers only affect the testicle and the area around it. At these early stages, the cancer hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Stage 2 testicular cancers have spread to the lymph nodes. When testicular cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it is stage 3.

• #42 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  Unlike other cancers for which a biopsy (the removal of a sample of cells for examination) is performed, when testicular cancer is suspected the entire testicle is removed in a procedure called an orchiectomy through an incision in the groin and pulling the testicle up from the scrotum. […] The removed testicle will be sent to our pathology laboratory for a thorough examination under a microscope. A pathologist is a specially trained doctor who identifies cancerous cells and tumors. […] Most testicular cancers are classified as germ cell tumors. […] In order to decide what treatment is best for you, it is important to know whether or not your testicular cancer has spread beyond the testicle. […] Testicular cancer is divided or staged into groups based on how far the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Here are the basic stages for testicular cancer: Stage 1 means that the X-rays/CT scans do not show any evidence of cancer beyond the testicle. This stage is cured more than 99% of the time. Stage 2 means that the CT scan has identified cancer that has spread beyond the testicle to the lymph nodes in the abdomen. These lymph nodes are usually located in the area near large blood vessels. Stage 2 testicular cancer is also very curable. Stage 3 means that the cancer has spread beyond the testicle and abdominal lymph nodes to additional areas in the body. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer by another doctor, and would like a second opinion, please contact us at Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center. Our team provides second opinions for all stages and kinds of testicular cancer.

• #43 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p261.html

  Treatment after orchiectomy is based on histology, staging, prognosis, and an individualized discussion with the patient on the benefits and harms of treatment options. […] All patients with testicular cancer must be followed closely for five years after primary treatment to monitor for recurrence.

• #44 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/urologic-cancer/testicular-cancer/treatment

  An ultrasound scan uses sound waves to create an image of the scrotum and testicles that shows its location and properties […] CT (computed tomography) scans use X-rays to create detailed images of the inside of your body. You will have a CT scan of your pelvis, abdomen, and chest to check if testicular cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of your body. […] MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), an imaging technique in which a radio frequency pulse emitted from the scanner in a strong magnetic field creates detailed images of soft tissues in the body. It may show more clearly than ultrasound if a tumor is cancerous and if it has spread to other parts of your body. […] Self-screening is considered a routine screening test for early detection of testicular cancer. Often patients find a lump in their testicle, or their doctor will find it during a routine physical exam. […] The most common sign of testicular cancer is swelling or a lump in a testicle, which typically does not cause pain. If you notice any changes in your testicles, you should see a doctor who will examine you and order tests to find the cause of the changes and confirm a testicular cancer diagnosis.

• #45 Testicular cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/testicular_cancer/diagnosing-testicular.html

  Testicular cancer has the highest survival rates of any cancer (other than common skin cancers). Regular monitoring and review (surveillance) is a major factor in ensuring good outcomes, so its vital that you attend all your follow-up appointments. […] In most cases, the only way to diagnose testicular cancer with certainty is to remove the testicle. This operation is called an orchidectomy. An orchidectomy is also the main treatment for testicular cancer that has not spread. […] After an orchidectomy, you will have side effects such as pain and bruising. These will ease over time. […] If the removal of the testicle shows that you have cancer, you will probably have more tests to see whether the cancer has spread. […] Testicular cancer usually has an excellent long-term prognosis. It is very important, however, to attend regular follow-up appointments.

• #46 Testicular Cancer Diagnosis | Fox Chase Cancer Center – Philadelphia PA

  https://www.foxchase.org/clinical-care/conditions/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  Typically, testicular cancer is initially identified because of a lump or swelling of the testicle, but some testicular cancers may not cause any symptoms until they are more advanced. […] Initial diagnostic tests include: […] Physical examination of the testes and the surrounding lymph nodes and tissues […] Ultrasound […] Blood tests for tumor markers […] Biopsy (to obtain a tissue sample) […] Imaging tests can also determine whether the cancer has spread beyond the testicles or whether treatment has been effective. […] Fox Chase Cancer Center radiologists and pathologists who specialize in reviewing testicular tissue can diagnose the type and stage of cancer.

• #47 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p261.html

  Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor among males 15 to 34 years of age, with an estimated 8,850 new cases and 410 deaths during 2017 in the United States. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends against routine screening in asymptomatic men. Men with symptoms should receive a complete history and physical examination. Scrotal ultrasonography is the preferred initial imaging study. If a solid intratesticular mass is discovered, orchiectomy is both diagnostic and therapeutic. […] Confirmation of an alternative diagnosis is required to exclude testicular cancer in patients with a scrotal mass. […] Scrotal ultrasonography is the preferred initial imaging study for evaluating a testicular mass. […] Evaluation should be guided by a complete history of the presenting symptoms and assessment for risk factors. Testicular examination should include the affected and unaffected testis for comparison.

• #48 Testicular Cancer – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/genitourinary-cancers/testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer begins as a scrotal mass, which is usually not painful. Diagnosis is by ultrasonography. […] Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer: Ultrasonography for scrotal masses, Exploration if testicular mass is present, Staging by abdominal, pelvic, and chest CT as well as tissue examination, Serum tumor markers such as AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) and beta-HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). […] The origin and nature of scrotal masses must be determined accurately because most testicular masses are malignant, but most extratesticular masses are not; distinguishing between the 2 during physical examination may be difficult. Scrotal ultrasonography can confirm testicular origin. If a testicular mass is confirmed, serum tumor markers (AFP, beta-HCG, and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) should be measured and a chest x-ray taken.

• #49 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12183-testicular-cancer

  Diagnosis also involves cancer staging. Staging provides important information that will guide treatment decisions, such as tumor size and whether the cancers spread. […] Treatment depends on several factors, including your health, treatment preferences, cancer stage and tumor type. […] Surgery to remove the cancerous testicle is the most common treatment for testicular cancer, regardless of cancer stage or tumor type. […] Testicular cancer isnt preventable, but you can perform testicular self-exams (TSE) to identify changes in your testicles that you should bring to your providers attention. […] The prognosis for testicular cancer is excellent. This form of cancer is treated successfully in more than 95% of cases. […] Testicular cancer is curable. While a cancer diagnosis is always serious, the good news about testicular cancer is that it is treated successfully in 95% of cases. […] The earlier you see your provider and receive a diagnosis, the greater your chances of being cancer-free.

• #50 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  In the past, metastatic testicular cancer was usually fatal, but advances in treatment, including high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue, have considerably improved the prognosis. […] The prognosis varies somewhat depending on the histologic type of cancer (seminoma versus nonseminoma), stage, and other features such as tumor marker and type of metastatic disease. By stage, 5-year relative survival is 99.2% for patients with localized testicular cancer, 96.0% for patients with cancer that has spread to regional lymph nodes, 73.4% for patients with distant metastatic disease, and 91.3% for unstaged disease.

• #51 Testicular cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/symptoms-causes/syc-20352986

  Usually testicular cancer only happens in one testicle. […] See your health care provider if you detect any symptoms that last longer than two weeks. These include pain, swelling or lumps in your testicles or groin area. […] Testicular cancer starts when something causes changes to the DNA of testicle cells. […] Nearly all testicular cancers begin in the germ cells. […] Some health care providers recommend regular testicle self-exams. […] If you notice any changes that last longer than two weeks, make an appointment with your health care provider.

• #52 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis

  https://healthinfo.universityhealthsystem.com/library/diseasesconditions/adult/34,18195-1

  How is testicular cancer diagnosed? If your healthcare provider thinks you might have testicular cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. The process starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. You’ll be asked about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. […] A physical exam will be done. It will include checking your testicles for swelling, sore areas, or lumps. If there is a lump, your healthcare provider will note its size and location. Your provider may also look carefully at your belly (abdomen), groin, and other parts of your body. This is to look for signs that cancer may have spread. […] You may have one or more of these tests: […] An ultrasound is often the first test done if you have a lump on or near your testicle. This test uses sound waves to make images of the inside of your body. It can show if the lump is filled with fluid or is a solid mass. Solid lumps are more likely to be cancer.

Zobacz więcej