Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Testicular Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 9,720. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 0.5%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 600. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 0.1%. […] The rate of new cases of testicular cancer was 6.0 per 100,000 men per year. […] Testicular cancer represents 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 9,720 new cases of testicular cancer and an estimated 600 people will die of this disease. […] Testicular cancer is most frequently diagnosed among men aged 20 to 34. […] The death rate was 0.3 per 100,000 men per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of testicular cancer deaths is highest among men aged 20-34. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new testicular cancer cases have been rising on average 0.7% each year over 2013-2022. […] Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 2.7% each year over 2014-2023.

• #2 Global patterns in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 2020 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277970/

  With 74 500 new cases worldwide in 2020, testicular cancer ranks as the 20th leading cancer type, but is the most common cancer in young men of European ancestry. […] While testicular cancer incidence has been rising in many populations, mortality trends, at least those in high-income settings, have been in decline since the 1970s following the introduction of platinum-based chemotherapy. […] In 2020, testicular cancer was the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 44 in 62 countries worldwide. […] Incidence rates were highest in West-, North- and South-Europe and Oceania (age-standardised rate, ASR 7/100 000), followed by North America (5.6/100 000 and lowest (2/100 000) in Asia and Africa. […] The mortality rates were highest in Central and South America (0.84 and 0.54 per 100 000, respectively), followed by Eastern and Southern Europe, and Western and Southern Africa.

• #3 The Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585983/

  Testicular cancer is the most common neoplasm among young men aged 15-40 years. Overall, it is a rare malignancy and represents about 1% of the adult neoplasms and 5% of urological tumors. In 2020, the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) recorded 74,458 new cases worldwide. Incidences vary greatly across the globe, ranging from 3 to 12 new cases per 100,000 males/per year in Western societies. In contrast, figures are very low in Asian and African countries. European White men seems to be more affected overall, independently of the country of residence and migration compared to other ethnicities. Incidence is increasing worldwide, and some countries, such as Slovenia and the Netherlands, registered a doubling of testicular cancer cases in the last two decades. Reasons are still unclear. Cryptorchidism (undescended testis), which increases the chances of developing testicular cancer by 3.7-7.5 times compared to the general male population, is the only risk factor unanimously recognized. Despite the increase in incidence, testicular cancer remains a relatively indolent disease with mortality figures substantially unchanged for over three decades.

• #4 The Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585983/

  Testicular cancer is classified into two main histopathological groups: germ cell and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumor represents the vast majority with 90-95% of the total cases. Over the last five decades the incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing in the developed world, while mortality rates since 1970 have declined owing to major improvements in chemotherapeutic regimes. The latest data from SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) Program recorded an overall survival of 95%. […] At present the prevailing hypothesis about testicular cancer is that the risk is mostly or solely determined prenatally or in utero. The only unanimously recognized risk factor is a congenital anomaly, Cryptorchidism (undescended testis), which increases the chances of developing testicular cancer by 3.7-7.5 times compared to the general male population.

• #5 Epidemiology and risk factors for testicular cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-and-risk-factors-for-testicular-germ-cell-tumors

  Epidemiology and risk factors for testicular cancer […] Germ cell tumors (GCTs) account for 95 percent of testicular cancers and include both seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs). Testicular sex cord-stromal tumors are the other predominant type of primary testicular malignancy. […] The epidemiology and risk factors for the development of testicular germ cell tumors are discussed here. […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid malignancy affecting males between the ages of 15 and 35. In the United States, approximately 9800 males are diagnosed with testicular cancer each year. Due to effective multimodality therapy, there are only 600 deaths annually due to testicular cancer. Most patients with testicular cancer present with disease confined to the testicle (stage I disease).

• #6 The Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585983/

  Testicular cancer is the most common neoplasm among young men aged 15-40 years. Overall, it is a rare malignancy and represents about 1% of the adult neoplasms and 5% of urological tumors. In 2020, the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) recorded 74,458 new cases worldwide. Incidences vary greatly across the globe, ranging from 3 to 12 new cases per 100,000 males/per year in Western societies. In contrast, figures are very low in Asian and African countries. European White men seems to be more affected overall, independently of the country of residence and migration compared to other ethnicities. Incidence is increasing worldwide, and some countries, such as Slovenia and the Netherlands, registered a doubling of testicular cancer cases in the last two decades. Reasons are still unclear. Cryptorchidism (undescended testis), which increases the chances of developing testicular cancer by 3.7-7.5 times compared to the general male population, is the only risk factor unanimously recognized. Despite the increase in incidence, testicular cancer remains a relatively indolent disease with mortality figures substantially unchanged for over three decades.

• #7 Global patterns in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 2020 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277970/

  With 74 500 new cases worldwide in 2020, testicular cancer ranks as the 20th leading cancer type, but is the most common cancer in young men of European ancestry. […] While testicular cancer incidence has been rising in many populations, mortality trends, at least those in high-income settings, have been in decline since the 1970s following the introduction of platinum-based chemotherapy. […] In 2020, testicular cancer was the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 44 in 62 countries worldwide. […] Incidence rates were highest in West-, North- and South-Europe and Oceania (age-standardised rate, ASR 7/100 000), followed by North America (5.6/100 000 and lowest (2/100 000) in Asia and Africa. […] The mortality rates were highest in Central and South America (0.84 and 0.54 per 100 000, respectively), followed by Eastern and Southern Europe, and Western and Southern Africa.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/ucci/fulltext/2024/02030/epidemiology_of_testicular_cancer__incidence,_risk.7.aspx

  Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men aged 15-40, with a steady rise in incidence rates. […] Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men aged 15-40 in many parts of the world, particularly in European, North American, and South American countries. It constitutes 5% of urological cancers, accounting for 1% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in males in the United Kingdom. In 2020, there were 74,458 reported new cases of testicular cancer globally, resulting in a global age-standardized incidence rate of 1.8 per 100,000 person-years. […] Over the last 2-3 decades, there has been a consistent rise in incidence rates, although the precise cause remains unclear. […] The risk of testicular cancer in White males is around four to five times that of Black and Asian-American males.

• #9 Epidemiology and risk factors for testicular cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-and-risk-factors-for-testicular-germ-cell-tumors

  Worldwide, there are approximately 75,000 cases of testicular cancer and over 9000 deaths per year. Geographic areas with the lowest incidence of testicular GCT in 2020 include Africa and Asia (age standardized incidence rate [ASIR] of 0 to 1.7), areas with an intermediate incidence include North America and Eastern Europe (ASIR of 1.7 to 5.8), and areas with the highest incidence include the Scandinavian countries, Western Europe, parts of South America, and Australia-New Zealand (ASIR of 5.8 to 13.2). […] The incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing globally, but the cause is unclear.

• #10 Testicular cancer in the world: an epidemiological review – WCRJ

  https://www.wcrj.net/article/1180

  Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among male, which occurs between 15-44 years. It is essential to know the incidence, mortality, and risk factors of this disease for proper health planning and effective interventions to reduce its incidence. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality of testicular cancer and its risk factors worldwide. […] The incidence of testicular cancer was much lower in Asian, African and Central American countries than European one. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of testicular cancer was 1.5 per 100,000 people in the world. The highest incidence rate was observed in Europe (7.2-8.7) and the lowest incidence in Africa (0.3-0.6) and Asia (0.4-1.7). The incidence of testicular cancer has increasing trend in Europe and the United States.

• #11 Global patterns in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 2020 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277970/

  The lowest mortality rates were in Northern Europe, Northern Africa and Eastern Asia (0.16, 0.14, 0.9 per 100 000, respectively). […] At the country level, incidence rates varied over 100-fold, from 10/100 000 in Norway, Slovenia, Denmark and Germany to 0.10/100 000 in Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Lesotho. […] Mortality rates were highest in Fiji, Argentina and Mexico. […] Our results indicate a higher mortality burden in countries undergoing economic transitions and reinforce the need for more equitable access to testicular cancer diagnosis and treatment globally.

• #12 The Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585983/

  Testicular cancer is the most common type of neoplasm among young men (aged 15-40 years) in many parts of the world. Overall, it represents 1% of adult neoplasms and 5% of urological tumors, with incidence ranging from 3 to 11 new cases per 100,000 males/per year in Western societies. In 2020, the highest incidence rates were recorded in the European Area with Norway, Slovenia, and Denmark occupying the first three positions. […] Testicular cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in men between 15 and 35 years in the USA. In 2020, 10,617 new cases of testicular cancer were recorded, which represented 14.3% of the total cases diagnosed worldwide. Its incidence seems to constantly increase. […] Testicular cancer is a rare malignancy representing only the 5% of all urological cancers. However, its incidence increases dramatically in specific age groups. It is the commonest cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 40 years. European white men seem to be the most affected and the overall incidence has been steadily increasing over the last 2-3 decades. Some countries such as Slovenia and the Netherlands witnessed their cases doubling over the same period of time. Unfortunately, the causes are still unclear. Very few risk factors have been identified at present. The only unanimously recognized risk factor is Cryptorchidism (undescended testis), which can increase the chances of developing testicular cancer by 3.7-7.5 times compared to the average population. Fortunately, despite the increase in incidence, testicular cancer remains a relatively indolent disease with mortality figures substantially unchanged for over three decades.

• #13 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  Testicular cancers are an uncommon malignancy, representing only 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the United States. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that about 9190 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed during 2023 in the United States. The lifetime chance of developing testicular cancer is about one in 250 and the risk of dying is very low about one in 5,000. Most cases occur in men aged 20-34 years; the median age at diagnosis is approximately 32 years. […] In the United States, the incidence increased by 100% from 1988 to 2001. Diagnoses of seminomas increased 124% during that period and diagnoses of nonseminomas increased by 64%. No significant increase occurred in the incidence of early-stage disease in proportion to all diagnoses in this population, indicating that the increase was not due to more widespread screening or earlier detection. The rate of increase has slowed in recent years.

• #14 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 18 geographic areas, the age-adjusted annual incidence of testicular cancer from 2016-2020 was 6.0 per 100,000 men. However, the incidence varies widely by race/ethnicity. […] Studies of testicular cancer in selected global populations from 1973-2007 have shown a clear trend toward an increased incidence in most populations evaluated. In recent years, however, rates have plateaued in some areas and even decreased in a few. […] Epidemiologic observations have suggested that environmental factors are instrumental in determining risk for testicular cancers. However, epidemiologic evidence does not consistently support any specific risk factor. […] The incidence of testicular cancer is fivefold higher in whites than in African Americans; however, African Americans tend to present with higher-grade disease and have much worse prognosis than whites. […] Testicular cancer can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years; about 50% of cases occur in men 20-34 years old. There is also a secondary peak in incidence after age 60.

• #15 Testicular Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 9,720. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 0.5%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 600. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 0.1%. […] The rate of new cases of testicular cancer was 6.0 per 100,000 men per year. […] Testicular cancer represents 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 9,720 new cases of testicular cancer and an estimated 600 people will die of this disease. […] Testicular cancer is most frequently diagnosed among men aged 20 to 34. […] The death rate was 0.3 per 100,000 men per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of testicular cancer deaths is highest among men aged 20-34. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new testicular cancer cases have been rising on average 0.7% each year over 2013-2022. […] Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 2.7% each year over 2014-2023.

• #16 Testicular Cancer Incidence Rising in the U.S., Especially Among Hispanic Men – NCI

  https://dceg.cancer.gov/news-events/news/2025/tgct-hispanic-men

  Incidence of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), one of the most common cancers among young men in the United States, has increased significantly over the past few decades. […] However, new evidence indicates that, for the first time, incidence rates among Hispanic men have risen to match those of NHW men, marking a significant development in the descriptive epidemiology of testicular cancer in the U.S. […] The investigators found that the age-standardized incidence rate of TGCT increased from 4.71 per 100,000 person-years in 1992 to 6.22 per 100,000 person-years in 2021. […] The study findings underscore the need for continued investigation into the factors contributing to the rising incidence of TGCT in most racial/ethnic groups in the U.S., especially Hispanic men.

• #17 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 18 geographic areas, the age-adjusted annual incidence of testicular cancer from 2016-2020 was 6.0 per 100,000 men. However, the incidence varies widely by race/ethnicity. […] Studies of testicular cancer in selected global populations from 1973-2007 have shown a clear trend toward an increased incidence in most populations evaluated. In recent years, however, rates have plateaued in some areas and even decreased in a few. […] Epidemiologic observations have suggested that environmental factors are instrumental in determining risk for testicular cancers. However, epidemiologic evidence does not consistently support any specific risk factor. […] The incidence of testicular cancer is fivefold higher in whites than in African Americans; however, African Americans tend to present with higher-grade disease and have much worse prognosis than whites. […] Testicular cancer can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years; about 50% of cases occur in men 20-34 years old. There is also a secondary peak in incidence after age 60.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/ucci/fulltext/2024/02030/epidemiology_of_testicular_cancer__incidence,_risk.7.aspx

  Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men aged 15-40, with a steady rise in incidence rates. […] Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men aged 15-40 in many parts of the world, particularly in European, North American, and South American countries. It constitutes 5% of urological cancers, accounting for 1% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in males in the United Kingdom. In 2020, there were 74,458 reported new cases of testicular cancer globally, resulting in a global age-standardized incidence rate of 1.8 per 100,000 person-years. […] Over the last 2-3 decades, there has been a consistent rise in incidence rates, although the precise cause remains unclear. […] The risk of testicular cancer in White males is around four to five times that of Black and Asian-American males.

• #19 Testicular cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer

  Testicular cancer has the highest prevalence in the U.S. and Europe, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s, with the highest rates of prevalence in Scandinavia, Germany, and New Zealand. […] Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years. […] In the United States, about 8,900 cases are diagnosed a year. The risk of testicular cancer in white men is approximately 45 times the risk in black men, and more than three times that of Asian American men. […] In the UK, approximately 2,000 people are diagnosed a year. Over a lifetime, the risk is roughly 1 in 200 (0.5%).

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-015-0533-4

  Testicular cancer (TC) remains perplexing, both in terms of what causes the disease and why certain populations are at greater risk of developing it. In New Zealand, an unusual ethnic disparity exists, whereby the indigenous Mori population suffer the highest rates of disease. In this study, we further describe the epidemiology of TC in the New Zealand context. […] Mori males aged 1544 were 80 % more likely to be diagnosed with TC compared to European/Other males [age-standardized relative risk (RR) 1.80, 95 % CI 1.582.05]. By contrast, disease burden was comparatively low among Pacific and Asian populations. Mori had a greater incidence of both seminoma (RR 1.88, 95 % CI 1.522.22) and non-seminoma (RR 1.67, 95 % CI 1.352.07) germ cell tumors than the European/Other population, reducing the likelihood that our observed disparity is driven by differential propensity to one given sub-type among Mori. Mori had poorer survival outcomes [cancer-specific adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.29, 95 % CI 1.144.59] than the European/Other population. […] Understanding the drivers of New Zealands unusual incidence disparitiesparticularly between Mori and Pacificcould further our understanding of the key exposures involved in TC etiology.

• #21 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 18 geographic areas, the age-adjusted annual incidence of testicular cancer from 2016-2020 was 6.0 per 100,000 men. However, the incidence varies widely by race/ethnicity. […] Studies of testicular cancer in selected global populations from 1973-2007 have shown a clear trend toward an increased incidence in most populations evaluated. In recent years, however, rates have plateaued in some areas and even decreased in a few. […] Epidemiologic observations have suggested that environmental factors are instrumental in determining risk for testicular cancers. However, epidemiologic evidence does not consistently support any specific risk factor. […] The incidence of testicular cancer is fivefold higher in whites than in African Americans; however, African Americans tend to present with higher-grade disease and have much worse prognosis than whites. […] Testicular cancer can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years; about 50% of cases occur in men 20-34 years old. There is also a secondary peak in incidence after age 60.

• #22 Testicular Cancer: It’s Time to Talk About it | Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey

  https://www.cinj.org/testicular-cancer-its-time-talk-about-it

  Testicular cancer is largely a disease of young men. Though testicular cancer can impact males of any age, it generally affects young men who are in their 20s and 30s. The average age at the time of diagnosis of testicular cancer is about 33 according to the American Cancer Society. […] Treatment is highly effective. Most men with testicular cancer, even those with advanced disease, can be cured with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination of these treatments. Surveillance may be appropriate for some men after the diagnosis has been established. After treatment, the majority of men return back to a normal healthy life with unaffected sexual function and fertility being preserved in most.

• #23 The Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585983/

  Testicular cancer is the most common neoplasm among young men aged 15-40 years. Overall, it is a rare malignancy and represents about 1% of the adult neoplasms and 5% of urological tumors. In 2020, the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) recorded 74,458 new cases worldwide. Incidences vary greatly across the globe, ranging from 3 to 12 new cases per 100,000 males/per year in Western societies. In contrast, figures are very low in Asian and African countries. European White men seems to be more affected overall, independently of the country of residence and migration compared to other ethnicities. Incidence is increasing worldwide, and some countries, such as Slovenia and the Netherlands, registered a doubling of testicular cancer cases in the last two decades. Reasons are still unclear. Cryptorchidism (undescended testis), which increases the chances of developing testicular cancer by 3.7-7.5 times compared to the general male population, is the only risk factor unanimously recognized. Despite the increase in incidence, testicular cancer remains a relatively indolent disease with mortality figures substantially unchanged for over three decades.

• #24 Global patterns in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 2020 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277970/

  With 74 500 new cases worldwide in 2020, testicular cancer ranks as the 20th leading cancer type, but is the most common cancer in young men of European ancestry. […] While testicular cancer incidence has been rising in many populations, mortality trends, at least those in high-income settings, have been in decline since the 1970s following the introduction of platinum-based chemotherapy. […] In 2020, testicular cancer was the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 44 in 62 countries worldwide. […] Incidence rates were highest in West-, North- and South-Europe and Oceania (age-standardised rate, ASR 7/100 000), followed by North America (5.6/100 000 and lowest (2/100 000) in Asia and Africa. […] The mortality rates were highest in Central and South America (0.84 and 0.54 per 100 000, respectively), followed by Eastern and Southern Europe, and Western and Southern Africa.

• #25 Global patterns in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 2020 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277970/

  With 74 500 new cases worldwide in 2020, testicular cancer ranks as the 20th leading cancer type, but is the most common cancer in young men of European ancestry. […] While testicular cancer incidence has been rising in many populations, mortality trends, at least those in high-income settings, have been in decline since the 1970s following the introduction of platinum-based chemotherapy. […] In 2020, testicular cancer was the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 44 in 62 countries worldwide. […] Incidence rates were highest in West-, North- and South-Europe and Oceania (age-standardised rate, ASR 7/100 000), followed by North America (5.6/100 000 and lowest (2/100 000) in Asia and Africa. […] The mortality rates were highest in Central and South America (0.84 and 0.54 per 100 000, respectively), followed by Eastern and Southern Europe, and Western and Southern Africa.

• #26 Global patterns in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 2020 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277970/

  The lowest mortality rates were in Northern Europe, Northern Africa and Eastern Asia (0.16, 0.14, 0.9 per 100 000, respectively). […] At the country level, incidence rates varied over 100-fold, from 10/100 000 in Norway, Slovenia, Denmark and Germany to 0.10/100 000 in Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Lesotho. […] Mortality rates were highest in Fiji, Argentina and Mexico. […] Our results indicate a higher mortality burden in countries undergoing economic transitions and reinforce the need for more equitable access to testicular cancer diagnosis and treatment globally.

• #27 Testicular Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 9,720. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 0.5%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 600. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 0.1%. […] The rate of new cases of testicular cancer was 6.0 per 100,000 men per year. […] Testicular cancer represents 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 9,720 new cases of testicular cancer and an estimated 600 people will die of this disease. […] Testicular cancer is most frequently diagnosed among men aged 20 to 34. […] The death rate was 0.3 per 100,000 men per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of testicular cancer deaths is highest among men aged 20-34. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new testicular cancer cases have been rising on average 0.7% each year over 2013-2022. […] Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 2.7% each year over 2014-2023.

• #28 Testicular cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer is the not among the 20 most common causes of cancer death in males in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer deaths in males in the UK (2017-2019). […] Testicular cancer accounts for less than 1% of all cancer deaths in females and males combined in the UK (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1970s, testicular cancer mortality rates have decreased by more than four-fifths (82%) in males in the UK (2017-2019). […] Testicular cancer survival has increased in the last 50 years in the UK, probably because of combination chemotherapy. […] In the 1970s, around 7 in 10 (69.2%) men diagnosed with testicular cancer survived their disease beyond ten years, by the 2010s it was almost all (98.2%). […] Testicular cancer is not clearly linked to any preventable risk factors. […] No modifiable factors have been conclusively linked with testicular cancer risk, though many factors have been studied. The most well-established risk factor for testicular cancer is cryptorchidism.

• #29 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  Testicular cancers are an uncommon malignancy, representing only 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the United States. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that about 9190 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed during 2023 in the United States. The lifetime chance of developing testicular cancer is about one in 250 and the risk of dying is very low about one in 5,000. Most cases occur in men aged 20-34 years; the median age at diagnosis is approximately 32 years. […] In the United States, the incidence increased by 100% from 1988 to 2001. Diagnoses of seminomas increased 124% during that period and diagnoses of nonseminomas increased by 64%. No significant increase occurred in the incidence of early-stage disease in proportion to all diagnoses in this population, indicating that the increase was not due to more widespread screening or earlier detection. The rate of increase has slowed in recent years.

• #30 Epidemiology and risk factors for testicular cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-and-risk-factors-for-testicular-germ-cell-tumors

  Worldwide, there are approximately 75,000 cases of testicular cancer and over 9000 deaths per year. Geographic areas with the lowest incidence of testicular GCT in 2020 include Africa and Asia (age standardized incidence rate [ASIR] of 0 to 1.7), areas with an intermediate incidence include North America and Eastern Europe (ASIR of 1.7 to 5.8), and areas with the highest incidence include the Scandinavian countries, Western Europe, parts of South America, and Australia-New Zealand (ASIR of 5.8 to 13.2). […] The incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing globally, but the cause is unclear.

• #31

  https://journals.lww.com/ucci/fulltext/2024/02030/epidemiology_of_testicular_cancer__incidence,_risk.7.aspx

  Globally, the incidence patterns of testicular cancer vary significantly across different regions and populations. […] Testicular cancer mortality rates vary significantly worldwide. […] The highest rates are observed in Central America (0.84/100,000), South America (0.54/100,000) and parts of Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, and Africa. […] The etiology of testicular cancer is unknown, but there are several known risk factors, epidemiological and genetic. […] Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles, is the most established risk factor for testicular cancer, with studies indicating a relative risk (RR) ranges from 2.75 to 8 times higher compared to the general population. […] A family history of testicular cancer significantly increases risk. […] Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in young men, albeit being a rare malignancy representing only 5% of all urological cancers. The overall incidence has been steadily increasing over the last 2-3 decades, with European white men being the most affected demographic.

• #32 The Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585983/

  Testicular cancer is the most common neoplasm among young men aged 15-40 years. Overall, it is a rare malignancy and represents about 1% of the adult neoplasms and 5% of urological tumors. In 2020, the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) recorded 74,458 new cases worldwide. Incidences vary greatly across the globe, ranging from 3 to 12 new cases per 100,000 males/per year in Western societies. In contrast, figures are very low in Asian and African countries. European White men seems to be more affected overall, independently of the country of residence and migration compared to other ethnicities. Incidence is increasing worldwide, and some countries, such as Slovenia and the Netherlands, registered a doubling of testicular cancer cases in the last two decades. Reasons are still unclear. Cryptorchidism (undescended testis), which increases the chances of developing testicular cancer by 3.7-7.5 times compared to the general male population, is the only risk factor unanimously recognized. Despite the increase in incidence, testicular cancer remains a relatively indolent disease with mortality figures substantially unchanged for over three decades.

• #33 Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testicular-cancer-guideline

  Risk factors for developing testis cancer include germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), history of undescended testis (UDT)/ cryptorchidism, family history, and a personal history of testis cancer. Infertility is associated with the presence of GCT, though this association is thought to arise from inherent testicular dysfunction. GCNIS is the precursor lesion from which the majority of GCTs arise. Among men with invasive GCT, GCNIS is found in adjacent testicular parenchyma in 80-90%. Among men with GCNIS, the risk of developing invasive GCT is approximately 50% within 5 years. Men with cryptorchidism have a four to six fold increased risk of developing testis cancer in the affected testicle, but the relative risk (RR) falls to two to three fold if orchiopexy is performed before puberty. Studies assessing the cancer risk of UDT in the contralateral testis are conflicting, though a meta-analysis of cryptorchidism studies showed the contralateral descended testis is also at slightly increased risk of developing cancer (RR 1.74; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.98). Men with a first-degree relative with GCT are at an increased risk of developing testis cancer and at an earlier age. Men with a personal history of testis cancer are at a 12-fold increased risk of developing GCT in the contralateral testis, but the 15-year cumulative incidence is only 2%.

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/ucci/fulltext/2024/02030/epidemiology_of_testicular_cancer__incidence,_risk.7.aspx

  Globally, the incidence patterns of testicular cancer vary significantly across different regions and populations. […] Testicular cancer mortality rates vary significantly worldwide. […] The highest rates are observed in Central America (0.84/100,000), South America (0.54/100,000) and parts of Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, and Africa. […] The etiology of testicular cancer is unknown, but there are several known risk factors, epidemiological and genetic. […] Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles, is the most established risk factor for testicular cancer, with studies indicating a relative risk (RR) ranges from 2.75 to 8 times higher compared to the general population. […] A family history of testicular cancer significantly increases risk. […] Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in young men, albeit being a rare malignancy representing only 5% of all urological cancers. The overall incidence has been steadily increasing over the last 2-3 decades, with European white men being the most affected demographic.

• #35 Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testicular-cancer-guideline

  Risk factors for developing testis cancer include germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), history of undescended testis (UDT)/ cryptorchidism, family history, and a personal history of testis cancer. Infertility is associated with the presence of GCT, though this association is thought to arise from inherent testicular dysfunction. GCNIS is the precursor lesion from which the majority of GCTs arise. Among men with invasive GCT, GCNIS is found in adjacent testicular parenchyma in 80-90%. Among men with GCNIS, the risk of developing invasive GCT is approximately 50% within 5 years. Men with cryptorchidism have a four to six fold increased risk of developing testis cancer in the affected testicle, but the relative risk (RR) falls to two to three fold if orchiopexy is performed before puberty. Studies assessing the cancer risk of UDT in the contralateral testis are conflicting, though a meta-analysis of cryptorchidism studies showed the contralateral descended testis is also at slightly increased risk of developing cancer (RR 1.74; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.98). Men with a first-degree relative with GCT are at an increased risk of developing testis cancer and at an earlier age. Men with a personal history of testis cancer are at a 12-fold increased risk of developing GCT in the contralateral testis, but the 15-year cumulative incidence is only 2%.

• #36 Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testicular-cancer-guideline

  Risk factors for developing testis cancer include germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), history of undescended testis (UDT)/ cryptorchidism, family history, and a personal history of testis cancer. Infertility is associated with the presence of GCT, though this association is thought to arise from inherent testicular dysfunction. GCNIS is the precursor lesion from which the majority of GCTs arise. Among men with invasive GCT, GCNIS is found in adjacent testicular parenchyma in 80-90%. Among men with GCNIS, the risk of developing invasive GCT is approximately 50% within 5 years. Men with cryptorchidism have a four to six fold increased risk of developing testis cancer in the affected testicle, but the relative risk (RR) falls to two to three fold if orchiopexy is performed before puberty. Studies assessing the cancer risk of UDT in the contralateral testis are conflicting, though a meta-analysis of cryptorchidism studies showed the contralateral descended testis is also at slightly increased risk of developing cancer (RR 1.74; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.98). Men with a first-degree relative with GCT are at an increased risk of developing testis cancer and at an earlier age. Men with a personal history of testis cancer are at a 12-fold increased risk of developing GCT in the contralateral testis, but the 15-year cumulative incidence is only 2%.

• #37 Family history of cancer and risk of paediatric and young adult’s testicular cancer: A Norwegian cohort study | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-019-0445-2

  The aim of this study was to examine the association of a family history of cancer with the risk of testicular cancer in young adults. […] A history of TC in male relatives was significantly associated with a diagnosis of TC among children and young adults, including brothers (6.3-fold), sons (4.7-fold), fathers (4.4-fold), paternal uncles (2.0-fold) and maternal uncles (1.9-fold). […] We found an increased risk of TC among children and young adults with a family history of TC, carcinoma, mesothelioma, sarcoma, malignant melanoma and malignant neuroepithelial tumours. […] Germ-cell testicular cancer (TC) is the most common form of cancer in young males in industrialised countries. […] The strongest risk factors are a family history of the disorder, a previously diagnosed TC, and cryptorchism.

• #38 Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testicular-cancer-guideline

  Risk factors for developing testis cancer include germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), history of undescended testis (UDT)/ cryptorchidism, family history, and a personal history of testis cancer. Infertility is associated with the presence of GCT, though this association is thought to arise from inherent testicular dysfunction. GCNIS is the precursor lesion from which the majority of GCTs arise. Among men with invasive GCT, GCNIS is found in adjacent testicular parenchyma in 80-90%. Among men with GCNIS, the risk of developing invasive GCT is approximately 50% within 5 years. Men with cryptorchidism have a four to six fold increased risk of developing testis cancer in the affected testicle, but the relative risk (RR) falls to two to three fold if orchiopexy is performed before puberty. Studies assessing the cancer risk of UDT in the contralateral testis are conflicting, though a meta-analysis of cryptorchidism studies showed the contralateral descended testis is also at slightly increased risk of developing cancer (RR 1.74; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.98). Men with a first-degree relative with GCT are at an increased risk of developing testis cancer and at an earlier age. Men with a personal history of testis cancer are at a 12-fold increased risk of developing GCT in the contralateral testis, but the 15-year cumulative incidence is only 2%.

• #39

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/health-professionals/clinical-resources/cancer-management-manual/genitourinary/testis

  Cancer of the testis is relatively uncommon in B.C., but the incidence rate has almost quadrupled in the past 40 years. Mortality has fallen during the same period as effective treatments have evolved. Patients with testicular atrophy of any cause such as cryptorchism, mumps orchitis, or ectopic testis have an increased risk for developing testis cancer. Vasectomy has been ruled out as a cause of testicular cancer. There is also a 3-5% risk for testis cancer patients to develop a contralateral testis cancer. First degree relatives of a testis cancer patient have a 3-10 fold increase in risk for developing a testis cancer. […] Testicular self-examination is the recommended method of early detection for testicular cancer but no evidence is available as to its efficiency. Due to the overall low incidence and high cure rate of testis cancer there is no need for additional preventive measures besides self examination for first-degree relatives.

• #40 EAU Guidelines on Testicular Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/testicular-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-amp-pathology

  Testicular cancer represents 1% of adult neoplasms and 5% of urological tumours, with three to ten new cases per 100,000 males/per year in Western societies. The incidence of TC has increased during recent decades, predominantly in industrialised countries, and it continues to rise. At diagnosis, 1-2% are bilateral and 90-95% of cases are germ cell tumours (GCT). The peak incidence is in the third decade of life for non-seminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT) and mixed GCT patients, and in the fourth decade for seminoma testis (ST) patients. In 5% of GCT patients, the primary site is at an extragonadal location. […] Risk factors for GCNIS-derived GCTs are components of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome, which encompasses cryptorchidism, hypospadias, decreased spermatogenesis and impaired fertility or disorders of sex development. Additional risk factors include a family history of TC among first-degree relatives and the presence of a contralateral testicular tumour or GCNIS although the risk was lower if TC patients previously had received platinum-based chemotherapy. Genome-wide association studies revealed detectable susceptibility loci leading to an increased relative risk to develop TC.

• #41 Testicular Cancer: Incidence, Epidemiology and Symptoms | Dr Saadvik Raghuram

  https://drsaadvikraghuram.com/blog/understanding-testicular-cancer-incidence-epidemiology-and-testicular-cancer-symptoms/

  The worldwide incidence of testicular cancer is lowest in Africa and Asia and highest in the Scandinavian countries, Germany, Switzerland, and New Zealand. The cause of the increasing global incidence of testicular cancer is unclear. […] Risk factors for testicular cancer include having an undescended testicle, a family history of testicular cancer, previous testicular cancer, and certain congenital abnormalities of the testes. […] Its crucial to seek medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms. Early detection and treatment significantly improve the prognosis for testicular cancer. […] In conclusion, while testicular cancer is not a common disease, it is essential to be aware of its incidence, risk factors, and symptoms. Regular self-examinations and prompt medical attention for any abnormalities can help ensure early detection and successful treatment.

• #42 Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testicular-cancer-guideline

  Risk factors for developing testis cancer include germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), history of undescended testis (UDT)/ cryptorchidism, family history, and a personal history of testis cancer. Infertility is associated with the presence of GCT, though this association is thought to arise from inherent testicular dysfunction. GCNIS is the precursor lesion from which the majority of GCTs arise. Among men with invasive GCT, GCNIS is found in adjacent testicular parenchyma in 80-90%. Among men with GCNIS, the risk of developing invasive GCT is approximately 50% within 5 years. Men with cryptorchidism have a four to six fold increased risk of developing testis cancer in the affected testicle, but the relative risk (RR) falls to two to three fold if orchiopexy is performed before puberty. Studies assessing the cancer risk of UDT in the contralateral testis are conflicting, though a meta-analysis of cryptorchidism studies showed the contralateral descended testis is also at slightly increased risk of developing cancer (RR 1.74; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.98). Men with a first-degree relative with GCT are at an increased risk of developing testis cancer and at an earlier age. Men with a personal history of testis cancer are at a 12-fold increased risk of developing GCT in the contralateral testis, but the 15-year cumulative incidence is only 2%.

• #43 Risk and mortality of testicular cancer in patients with neurodevelopmental or other psychiatric disorders | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-023-02260-8

  Both testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) and neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with urogenital malformations. Few studies have investigated the association between psychiatric disorders and TGCT. We investigated whether history of any psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorder is associated with increased risk or mortality of TGCT. […] History of a neurodevelopmental disorder (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities) was associated with an increased risk of seminoma (OR: 1.54; 1.09-2.19). […] Patient history of any psychiatric disorder was associated with an increased all-cause and TGCT-specific death. […] We report an association between neurodevelopmental disorders and testicular seminoma, and an increased TGCT-specific mortality for TGCT patients with psychiatric disorders.

• #44 Risk and mortality of testicular cancer in patients with neurodevelopmental or other psychiatric disorders | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-023-02260-8

  The prognosis of TGCT is currently excellent, but some individuals present with a widely disseminated disease, requiring extensive treatment to be cured. […] Patients with severe psychiatric disorders may also have difficulties accepting cancer treatments. […] Our aim was to investigate if history of any neurodevelopmental or other psychiatric disorder is associated with increased risk of TGCT and increased mortality. […] A history of any psychiatric disorder overall was present in 8.8% of the patients and 8.3% of the controls indicating no significant increased risk of TGCT (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.96-1.17). […] However, neurodevelopmental disorders were seen among 1.1% of the seminoma patients and among 0.7% of their controls and psychotic disorders were seen among 0.6% of the seminoma patients and among 1.0% of their controls.

• #45 EAU Guidelines on Testicular Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/testicular-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-amp-pathology

  Testicular cancer represents 1% of adult neoplasms and 5% of urological tumours, with three to ten new cases per 100,000 males/per year in Western societies. The incidence of TC has increased during recent decades, predominantly in industrialised countries, and it continues to rise. At diagnosis, 1-2% are bilateral and 90-95% of cases are germ cell tumours (GCT). The peak incidence is in the third decade of life for non-seminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT) and mixed GCT patients, and in the fourth decade for seminoma testis (ST) patients. In 5% of GCT patients, the primary site is at an extragonadal location. […] Risk factors for GCNIS-derived GCTs are components of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome, which encompasses cryptorchidism, hypospadias, decreased spermatogenesis and impaired fertility or disorders of sex development. Additional risk factors include a family history of TC among first-degree relatives and the presence of a contralateral testicular tumour or GCNIS although the risk was lower if TC patients previously had received platinum-based chemotherapy. Genome-wide association studies revealed detectable susceptibility loci leading to an increased relative risk to develop TC.

• #46 The Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585983/

  Testicular cancer is classified into two main histopathological groups: germ cell and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumor represents the vast majority with 90-95% of the total cases. Over the last five decades the incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing in the developed world, while mortality rates since 1970 have declined owing to major improvements in chemotherapeutic regimes. The latest data from SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) Program recorded an overall survival of 95%. […] At present the prevailing hypothesis about testicular cancer is that the risk is mostly or solely determined prenatally or in utero. The only unanimously recognized risk factor is a congenital anomaly, Cryptorchidism (undescended testis), which increases the chances of developing testicular cancer by 3.7-7.5 times compared to the general male population.

• #47 Monitoring (surveillance) for testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/treatment/monitoring

  Monitoring (surveillance) for testicular cancer is important after surgery to remove your testicle. These regular tests check for early signs of the cancer coming back so that it can be found and treated early. Doctors call this surveillance. […] You usually have surveillance for at least 5 years. You have regular tests and appointments, depending on your situation. It is very important to go to all your appointments. […] You might have surveillance if you have stage 1 testicular cancer and the risk of your cancer coming back is low. […] It’s very important to go to your monitoring appointments. If the cancer comes back it will be found when it’s small and treatment can cure it. […] You usually see your doctor every 3 months if you have non seminoma and every 6 months if you have seminoma.

• #48 Active surveillance for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/treatment/active-surveillance

  You may be offered active surveillance if you have normal tumour markers and CT scan results after surgery to remove the testicle (called an orchiectomy). Active surveillance means that your healthcare team watches the cancer closely rather than giving treatment right away. They will use tests and exams to check if testicular cancer is progressing or your condition is getting worse. Treatment is given when the cancer comes back (relapses). […] You may be offered active surveillance for stages 1 or 2A testicular cancer after a radical inguinal orchiectomy (an orchiectomy). It is the preferred treatment for stage 1 testicular cancer after surgery because it helps avoid problems or side effects that can happen with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. There is no evidence so far that people wont live as long when they get active surveillance compared to other treatments. And there is no evidence that active surveillance has other negative effects if or when you start treatment or on your cancer outcome in general. […] There are no standard active surveillance schedules for testicular cancer. Active surveillance may last for 5 to 10 years. You may have follow-up visits every 2 to 6 months for the first 3 years and then less often for the remaining years.

• #49 Surveillance for Testicular Cancer | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/testicular-cancer/treatment/surveillance/

  If you had an orchidectomy and the cancer was completely removed, you may not need any further treatment. Instead, you will have active surveillance, with regular physical examinations, blood tests (for tumour markers) and imaging (CT scans and/or chest x-rays) for 5–10 years. […] Active surveillance can help find if there is any cancer remaining (residual cancer). It can also help work out if the cancer has come back (recurrence). How often you will need check-ups and tests will depend on whether you had seminoma or non-seminoma testicular cancer. Your doctor will talk to you about a suitable schedule for you. […] It’s important to follow the surveillance schedule outlined by your doctor. It may be tempting to skip appointments if you are feeling better, you were diagnosed with early-stage cancer, or you are busy. However, if cancer does come back, active surveillance can help to find it early when it is easier to treat.

• #50 Active surveillance for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/treatment/active-surveillance

  You may be offered active surveillance if you have normal tumour markers and CT scan results after surgery to remove the testicle (called an orchiectomy). Active surveillance means that your healthcare team watches the cancer closely rather than giving treatment right away. They will use tests and exams to check if testicular cancer is progressing or your condition is getting worse. Treatment is given when the cancer comes back (relapses). […] You may be offered active surveillance for stages 1 or 2A testicular cancer after a radical inguinal orchiectomy (an orchiectomy). It is the preferred treatment for stage 1 testicular cancer after surgery because it helps avoid problems or side effects that can happen with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. There is no evidence so far that people wont live as long when they get active surveillance compared to other treatments. And there is no evidence that active surveillance has other negative effects if or when you start treatment or on your cancer outcome in general. […] There are no standard active surveillance schedules for testicular cancer. Active surveillance may last for 5 to 10 years. You may have follow-up visits every 2 to 6 months for the first 3 years and then less often for the remaining years.

• #51 Testicular Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Survival Rate & Stages

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cancer_of_the_testicle/article_em.htm

  Because of its high cure rate, testicular cancer is considered the model of successful treatment for cancer originating in a solid organ. […] Surveillance is sometimes called „watchful waiting” or „observation.” What it means is that the patient receives no further treatment after orchiectomy but must adhere to a very strict schedule of follow-up visits with a urologist. […] Surveillance is not recommended for all men with testicular cancer. Generally, it is reserved for men with stage I disease at low risk of recurrence. […] Statistically, men who choose surveillance for select stage I cancer have just as good a chance of ultimate cure as men who proceed with immediate treatment. […] Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for stage III disease. […] Follow-up in testicular cancer varies and is based on the type of cancer, cancer’s response to treatment, and the physician’s preference.

• #52 Monitoring (surveillance) for testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/treatment/monitoring

  Monitoring (surveillance) for testicular cancer is important after surgery to remove your testicle. These regular tests check for early signs of the cancer coming back so that it can be found and treated early. Doctors call this surveillance. […] You usually have surveillance for at least 5 years. You have regular tests and appointments, depending on your situation. It is very important to go to all your appointments. […] You might have surveillance if you have stage 1 testicular cancer and the risk of your cancer coming back is low. […] It’s very important to go to your monitoring appointments. If the cancer comes back it will be found when it’s small and treatment can cure it. […] You usually see your doctor every 3 months if you have non seminoma and every 6 months if you have seminoma.

• #53 Monitoring (surveillance) for testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/treatment/monitoring

  You have follow up for 5 years. Over time, the risk of the cancer coming back goes down. Your appointments become less frequent. […] If your tumour markers go up or scans show that the cancer has come back, you will need more treatment. You usually have chemotherapy. […] After treatment, you have regular check ups to look for signs of the cancer coming back.

• #54 Active surveillance for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/treatment/active-surveillance

  You may be offered active surveillance if you have normal tumour markers and CT scan results after surgery to remove the testicle (called an orchiectomy). Active surveillance means that your healthcare team watches the cancer closely rather than giving treatment right away. They will use tests and exams to check if testicular cancer is progressing or your condition is getting worse. Treatment is given when the cancer comes back (relapses). […] You may be offered active surveillance for stages 1 or 2A testicular cancer after a radical inguinal orchiectomy (an orchiectomy). It is the preferred treatment for stage 1 testicular cancer after surgery because it helps avoid problems or side effects that can happen with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. There is no evidence so far that people wont live as long when they get active surveillance compared to other treatments. And there is no evidence that active surveillance has other negative effects if or when you start treatment or on your cancer outcome in general. […] There are no standard active surveillance schedules for testicular cancer. Active surveillance may last for 5 to 10 years. You may have follow-up visits every 2 to 6 months for the first 3 years and then less often for the remaining years.

• #55 Monitoring (surveillance) for testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/treatment/monitoring

  Monitoring (surveillance) for testicular cancer is important after surgery to remove your testicle. These regular tests check for early signs of the cancer coming back so that it can be found and treated early. Doctors call this surveillance. […] You usually have surveillance for at least 5 years. You have regular tests and appointments, depending on your situation. It is very important to go to all your appointments. […] You might have surveillance if you have stage 1 testicular cancer and the risk of your cancer coming back is low. […] It’s very important to go to your monitoring appointments. If the cancer comes back it will be found when it’s small and treatment can cure it. […] You usually see your doctor every 3 months if you have non seminoma and every 6 months if you have seminoma.

• #56 Surveillance for Testicular Cancer | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/testicular-cancer/treatment/surveillance/

  If you had an orchidectomy and the cancer was completely removed, you may not need any further treatment. Instead, you will have active surveillance, with regular physical examinations, blood tests (for tumour markers) and imaging (CT scans and/or chest x-rays) for 5–10 years. […] Active surveillance can help find if there is any cancer remaining (residual cancer). It can also help work out if the cancer has come back (recurrence). How often you will need check-ups and tests will depend on whether you had seminoma or non-seminoma testicular cancer. Your doctor will talk to you about a suitable schedule for you. […] It’s important to follow the surveillance schedule outlined by your doctor. It may be tempting to skip appointments if you are feeling better, you were diagnosed with early-stage cancer, or you are busy. However, if cancer does come back, active surveillance can help to find it early when it is easier to treat.

• #57 Active surveillance for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/treatment/active-surveillance

  You may be offered active surveillance if you have normal tumour markers and CT scan results after surgery to remove the testicle (called an orchiectomy). Active surveillance means that your healthcare team watches the cancer closely rather than giving treatment right away. They will use tests and exams to check if testicular cancer is progressing or your condition is getting worse. Treatment is given when the cancer comes back (relapses). […] You may be offered active surveillance for stages 1 or 2A testicular cancer after a radical inguinal orchiectomy (an orchiectomy). It is the preferred treatment for stage 1 testicular cancer after surgery because it helps avoid problems or side effects that can happen with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. There is no evidence so far that people wont live as long when they get active surveillance compared to other treatments. And there is no evidence that active surveillance has other negative effects if or when you start treatment or on your cancer outcome in general. […] There are no standard active surveillance schedules for testicular cancer. Active surveillance may last for 5 to 10 years. You may have follow-up visits every 2 to 6 months for the first 3 years and then less often for the remaining years.

• #58 Active Surveillance after Testicular Cancer Treatment | Nuts & Bolts

  https://nutsandbolts.movember.com/testicular-cancer-journey/active-surveillance/

  If you had an orchiectomy and the cancer was completely removed along with your testicle, you may not need further treatment. Instead, your doctor may monitor you with regular blood tests (checking tumor markers), chest X-rays and CT scans for at least five years. This is called a surveillance policy, and its not as bad as it sounds. […] Follow-up care is extremely important after treatment of testicular cancer because even if it comes back, its often still curable. This is why finding it early is so important. […] Make a special effort to keep all appointments with your cancer care team and follow their instructions carefully. Your main job at these check-ups is to report any new or recurring symptoms as soon as you notice them. Most of the time, if the cancer comes back, it does so in the first two years. Still, there is always an outside chance the cancer can come back later. Theres also a small chance that you will develop a new cancer in the other testicle. If you do notice any changes, you know what to do tell your doctor straight away.

• #59 The role of diagnostic imaging in the primary testicular cancer: initial staging, response assessment and surveillance – Thomas – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/27358/html

  Diagnostic imaging plays a pivotal role in the initial diagnosis and staging of testicular cancer as well as in assessment of treatment response and follow-up surveillance. […] CT remains the modality of choice for assessing retroperitoneal lymph nodes. […] The NCCN recommends initial staging for both seminomas and nonseminoma germ cell tumors (NSGCT) with contrast enhanced, CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis. […] CT is the accepted primary modality to monitor response to therapy and to evaluate for tumor recurrence in testicular cancers. […] For patients undergoing surveillance, the NCCN recommends serial imaging with abdominopelvic CT scans typically for 3-5 years after treatment. […] The use of MRI in surveillance assessment is similar to that of staging and response assessment for the reasons described above, including limitations related to cost and availability.

• #60 Negotiating Surveillance and Long-Term Follow-up for Testicular Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/negotiating-surveillance-and-longterm-followup-for-testicular-cancer

  The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines are the bible by which Testicular Cancer patients are treated and managed. The follow-up care recommendations within these guidelines only goes out to 5 years, and even within those 5 years, there’s been some significant adjustments to the recommendations over time. […] The latest testicular cancer guidelines (2-2017 as of this writing) states that „further study is required to define optimal follow-up durations.” In other words, they just don’t have the evidence to know what the best answer is here. […] Scan frequency has gone down quite a bit to minimize the risk of secondary malignancies from radiation exposure, especially from CT scans, but they don’t have the evidence to know where the sweet spot is, thus making these follow-up schedules very much open to debate and negotiation. Yes, your follow-up schedules for testicular cancer are negotiable.

• #61 Negotiating Surveillance and Long-Term Follow-up for Testicular Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/negotiating-surveillance-and-longterm-followup-for-testicular-cancer

  At the time of my diagnosis in 2011, the NCCN guidelines called for as many as 20 scans (chest x-rays) and follow-up appointments over 5 years. […] As of 2017, how many scans are recommended by the NCCN guidelines for someone like me now? […] Just 7, with 8th and 9th scans in Years 3 and 4 being optional, and no scans at all in Year 5. […] If you were diagnosed with testicular cancer a few years ago, there’s a chance that you might still be on a more scan-heavy schedule. If so, you might be able to modernize your follow-up schedule after review with your doctors. […] Testicular ultrasounds weren’t in the NCCN guidelines when I was diagnosed with testicular cancer back in 2011 other than for initial workup, but they’re included now for follow-up care as well, for obvious reasons. […] Testicular cancer survivors are at elevated risk for developing testicular cancer again on the other side versus the general population.

• #62 Dr. Rob Hamilton – Surveillance in Testicular Cancer — TCAF

  https://www.testicularcancerawarenessfoundation.org/blog/dr-rob-hamilton-it-takes-balls-podcast-guest

  In this episode of It Takes Balls, Dr. Rob Hamilton, a urologic oncologist at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto in Canada, takes a deep dive into the science, strategy, and nuance of testicular cancer surveillance. […] With a focus on active surveillance, he demystifies the term and explains how closely monitored checkups using blood markers, imaging, and physical exams can help reduce the risk of over-treatment. […] From managing relapse anxiety and reducing unnecessary CT scan radiation, to why Canadian guidelines emphasize quality of life and long-term survivorship, this conversation is rich with expert insight and practical clarity. […] Dr. Hamilton also unpacks the growing interest in alternatives like low-dose imaging, MRI, and even the potential of liquid biomarkers to reduce treatment burden without compromising outcomes. […] He also answers questions about testicular cancer specifically in Canada.

• #63 Negotiating Surveillance and Long-Term Follow-up for Testicular Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/negotiating-surveillance-and-longterm-followup-for-testicular-cancer

  At the time of my diagnosis in 2011, the NCCN guidelines called for as many as 20 scans (chest x-rays) and follow-up appointments over 5 years. […] As of 2017, how many scans are recommended by the NCCN guidelines for someone like me now? […] Just 7, with 8th and 9th scans in Years 3 and 4 being optional, and no scans at all in Year 5. […] If you were diagnosed with testicular cancer a few years ago, there’s a chance that you might still be on a more scan-heavy schedule. If so, you might be able to modernize your follow-up schedule after review with your doctors. […] Testicular ultrasounds weren’t in the NCCN guidelines when I was diagnosed with testicular cancer back in 2011 other than for initial workup, but they’re included now for follow-up care as well, for obvious reasons. […] Testicular cancer survivors are at elevated risk for developing testicular cancer again on the other side versus the general population.

• #64 Negotiating Surveillance and Long-Term Follow-up for Testicular Cancer

  https://www.curetoday.com/view/negotiating-surveillance-and-longterm-followup-for-testicular-cancer

  If you were diagnosed with testicular cancer a few years ago, there’s a chance that you might still be on a more scan-heavy schedule. If so, you might be able to modernize your follow-up schedule after review with your doctors. […] Testicular ultrasounds weren’t in the NCCN guidelines when I was diagnosed with testicular cancer back in 2011 other than for initial workup, but they’re included now for follow-up care as well, for obvious reasons. […] Testicular cancer survivors are at elevated risk for developing testicular cancer again on the other side versus the general population. […] The first condition for my formal discharge from oncology care, both from my wife and from my oncologist, was the insistence that I have an annual physical exam done by my primary care every year. […] Continuing with these tests are useful for catching a potential second primary testicular carcinoma that might have a slightly different signature, and that could be positive for these markers.

• #65 Monitoring testicular cancer (surveillance) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/monitoring-testicular-cancer

  If the risk of testicular cancer coming back is low, your doctor may suggest monitoring (surveillance) instead of having treatment, after surgery. […] If you have stage 1 testicular cancer (early stage) with a low risk of it coming back after orchidectomy, your doctor may recommend monitoring, sometimes called surveillance, instead of further cancer treatment. This is when you have regular checks for signs of the cancer coming back (recurrence). […] Monitoring aims to find any signs of cancer early, when it is easier to treat and cure. This means you avoid having adjuvant treatment, such as chemotherapy, which you may not need. You only have treatment if your tumour marker levels increase, or if scans show the cancer has come back. […] Only a small number of testicular cancers come back. If it does come back, finding it early means there is still a high chance of curing it. But you may need a longer course of chemotherapy.

• #66 Monitoring testicular cancer (surveillance) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/monitoring-testicular-cancer

  You usually need regular clinic appointments for several years. As time passes, the risk of the cancer coming back reduces. That means your appointments and tests will become less often. […] It is important to go to your surveillance appointments. If your address changes, make sure the hospital knows your new address. It is also important to tell your doctor if you get any new symptoms or feel unwell between appointments. You can arrange an earlier clinic appointment if you need to. Some appointments can happen by telephone in the first instance. The sooner a possible recurrence is diagnosed, the easier it is to treat.

• #67 Surveillance for Testicular Cancer | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/testicular-cancer/treatment/surveillance/

  If you had an orchidectomy and the cancer was completely removed, you may not need any further treatment. Instead, you will have active surveillance, with regular physical examinations, blood tests (for tumour markers) and imaging (CT scans and/or chest x-rays) for 5–10 years. […] Active surveillance can help find if there is any cancer remaining (residual cancer). It can also help work out if the cancer has come back (recurrence). How often you will need check-ups and tests will depend on whether you had seminoma or non-seminoma testicular cancer. Your doctor will talk to you about a suitable schedule for you. […] It’s important to follow the surveillance schedule outlined by your doctor. It may be tempting to skip appointments if you are feeling better, you were diagnosed with early-stage cancer, or you are busy. However, if cancer does come back, active surveillance can help to find it early when it is easier to treat.

• #68 Monitoring testicular cancer (surveillance) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/monitoring-testicular-cancer

  If the risk of testicular cancer coming back is low, your doctor may suggest monitoring (surveillance) instead of having treatment, after surgery. […] If you have stage 1 testicular cancer (early stage) with a low risk of it coming back after orchidectomy, your doctor may recommend monitoring, sometimes called surveillance, instead of further cancer treatment. This is when you have regular checks for signs of the cancer coming back (recurrence). […] Monitoring aims to find any signs of cancer early, when it is easier to treat and cure. This means you avoid having adjuvant treatment, such as chemotherapy, which you may not need. You only have treatment if your tumour marker levels increase, or if scans show the cancer has come back. […] Only a small number of testicular cancers come back. If it does come back, finding it early means there is still a high chance of curing it. But you may need a longer course of chemotherapy.

• #69 Active Surveillance after Testicular Cancer Treatment | Nuts & Bolts

  https://nutsandbolts.movember.com/testicular-cancer-journey/active-surveillance/

  If you had an orchiectomy and the cancer was completely removed along with your testicle, you may not need further treatment. Instead, your doctor may monitor you with regular blood tests (checking tumor markers), chest X-rays and CT scans for at least five years. This is called a surveillance policy, and its not as bad as it sounds. […] Follow-up care is extremely important after treatment of testicular cancer because even if it comes back, its often still curable. This is why finding it early is so important. […] Make a special effort to keep all appointments with your cancer care team and follow their instructions carefully. Your main job at these check-ups is to report any new or recurring symptoms as soon as you notice them. Most of the time, if the cancer comes back, it does so in the first two years. Still, there is always an outside chance the cancer can come back later. Theres also a small chance that you will develop a new cancer in the other testicle. If you do notice any changes, you know what to do tell your doctor straight away.

• #70 Negotiating Surveillance and Long-Term Follow-up for Testicular Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/negotiating-surveillance-and-longterm-followup-for-testicular-cancer

  The first condition for my formal discharge from oncology care, both from my wife and from my oncologist, was the insistence that I have an annual physical exam done by my primary care every year. […] For my stage of disease and level of treatments, one is more likely to see a false positive from a chest x-ray at this point than disease recurrence, and so I opted out of any more chest x-rays. […] Testicular ultrasounds are now mentioned as well. Sound like something worth doing? It was for me, and I’ll get to that below. […] It’s not mentioned anywhere in NCCN, and not something that oncologists ever really pay much attention to, but get a full hormone panel done. […] The point is, just start collecting as much hormonal data about yourselves as you can now, as it will potentially be very useful later. […] A big part of that is having an annual physical done, and should be a part of every cancer surveillance exit plan.

• #71 Negotiating Surveillance and Long-Term Follow-up for Testicular Cancer

  https://www.curetoday.com/view/negotiating-surveillance-and-longterm-followup-for-testicular-cancer

  If you were diagnosed with testicular cancer a few years ago, there’s a chance that you might still be on a more scan-heavy schedule. If so, you might be able to modernize your follow-up schedule after review with your doctors. […] Testicular ultrasounds weren’t in the NCCN guidelines when I was diagnosed with testicular cancer back in 2011 other than for initial workup, but they’re included now for follow-up care as well, for obvious reasons. […] Testicular cancer survivors are at elevated risk for developing testicular cancer again on the other side versus the general population. […] The first condition for my formal discharge from oncology care, both from my wife and from my oncologist, was the insistence that I have an annual physical exam done by my primary care every year. […] Continuing with these tests are useful for catching a potential second primary testicular carcinoma that might have a slightly different signature, and that could be positive for these markers.

• #72 Negotiating Surveillance and Long-Term Follow-up for Testicular Cancer

  https://www.curetoday.com/view/negotiating-surveillance-and-longterm-followup-for-testicular-cancer

  It’s not mentioned anywhere in NCCN, and not something that oncologists ever really pay much attention to, but get a full hormone panel done. […] The more data points we have on ourselves, the easier it will be in the future to know what’s going on, if and when hormonal issues do develop. […] A big part of that is having an annual physical done, and should be a part of every cancer surveillance exit plan.

• #73

  https://cuaj.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/7246

  Imaging is an integral component of active surveillance (AS) following orchiectomy for stage 1 non-seminoma (NSGCT) and seminoma germ cell tumors. […] In routine clinical practice, patients with testicular cancer commonly receive imaging discordant to the protocol for AS, with a substantial proportion receiving both under- and overuse at various times during surveillance followup.

• #74

  https://cuaj.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/7246

  Imaging is an integral component of active surveillance (AS) following orchiectomy for stage 1 non-seminoma (NSGCT) and seminoma germ cell tumors. […] In routine clinical practice, patients with testicular cancer commonly receive imaging discordant to the protocol for AS, with a substantial proportion receiving both under- and overuse at various times during surveillance followup.

• #75 Dr. Rob Hamilton – Surveillance in Testicular Cancer — TCAF

  https://www.testicularcancerawarenessfoundation.org/blog/dr-rob-hamilton-it-takes-balls-podcast-guest

  In this episode of It Takes Balls, Dr. Rob Hamilton, a urologic oncologist at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto in Canada, takes a deep dive into the science, strategy, and nuance of testicular cancer surveillance. […] With a focus on active surveillance, he demystifies the term and explains how closely monitored checkups using blood markers, imaging, and physical exams can help reduce the risk of over-treatment. […] From managing relapse anxiety and reducing unnecessary CT scan radiation, to why Canadian guidelines emphasize quality of life and long-term survivorship, this conversation is rich with expert insight and practical clarity. […] Dr. Hamilton also unpacks the growing interest in alternatives like low-dose imaging, MRI, and even the potential of liquid biomarkers to reduce treatment burden without compromising outcomes. […] He also answers questions about testicular cancer specifically in Canada.

• #76 Seminoma Testicular Cancer | Alberta Health Services

  https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/cancer/Page18317.aspx

  The evidence-based recommendations described below outline the standard follow-up procedures for seminoma testicular cancer surveillance and are intended to assist you in providing optimal cancer follow-up care for your patient; these recommendations are not intended to be a substitute for clinical judgement. […] Once a patient has been discharged from Cancer Care Alberta, their primary care provider is asked to organize the following surveillance activities according to the schedule below: […] For patients presenting with any symptoms or signs of recurrence, such as elevated tumour markers or concerning imaging, re-referral to the cancer centre is required. […] Both radiation and chemotherapy may slightly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and the development of secondary cancers, so monitoring of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and body mass index, as well as smoking cessation counselling, is important. […] Treatment for testicular cancer can have significant effects on fertility and sexual function. […] Most patients who have treatment that could reduce fertility will have been offered sperm banking as an option. However, there are significant costs associated with sperm banking.

• #77 Seminoma Testicular Cancer | Alberta Health Services

  https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/cancer/Page18317.aspx

  The evidence-based recommendations described below outline the standard follow-up procedures for seminoma testicular cancer surveillance and are intended to assist you in providing optimal cancer follow-up care for your patient; these recommendations are not intended to be a substitute for clinical judgement. […] Once a patient has been discharged from Cancer Care Alberta, their primary care provider is asked to organize the following surveillance activities according to the schedule below: […] For patients presenting with any symptoms or signs of recurrence, such as elevated tumour markers or concerning imaging, re-referral to the cancer centre is required. […] Both radiation and chemotherapy may slightly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and the development of secondary cancers, so monitoring of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and body mass index, as well as smoking cessation counselling, is important. […] Treatment for testicular cancer can have significant effects on fertility and sexual function. […] Most patients who have treatment that could reduce fertility will have been offered sperm banking as an option. However, there are significant costs associated with sperm banking.

• #78 Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance in testicular cancer survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: study protocol of a prospective cross-sectional cohort study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01639-2

  Testicular cancer (TC) survivors have an increased risk of various second primary malignancies. A recent cohort study detected an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy with a hazard ratio of 3.9. CRC risk increased with higher cisplatin-dose. We know that colonoscopy surveillance in high-risk populations results in reduced incidence and mortality of CRC. TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy can potentially benefit from colonoscopy surveillance; however, to which extent is unknown. […] TC survivors treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy can benefit from CRC surveillance. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance and patient acceptance of CRC surveillance is of importance to develop surveillance recommendations. Insight into the carcinogenesis of cisplatin-related advanced colorectal lesions will contribute to CRC prevention in the increasing number of TC survivors.

• #79 Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance in testicular cancer survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: study protocol of a prospective cross-sectional cohort study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01639-2

  A cohort study detected an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy with a hazard ratio of 3.9 compared with the general population. […] Therefore we hypothesize that comparable to other high-risk groups for developing CRC, colonoscopy surveillance may be beneficial in the follow-up of TC survivors. […] Currently, the pathogenesis of CRC in TC survivors exposed to cisplatin is poorly understood. […] We designed a prospective study to determine the diagnostic yield of advanced neoplasia (advanced adenomas, advanced serrated lesions or CRC) in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy as these patients have an increased risk for developing CRC. […] The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic yield of advanced colorectal neoplasia by surveillance colonoscopy in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.

• #80 Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance in testicular cancer survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: study protocol of a prospective cross-sectional cohort study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01639-2

  A cohort study detected an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy with a hazard ratio of 3.9 compared with the general population. […] Therefore we hypothesize that comparable to other high-risk groups for developing CRC, colonoscopy surveillance may be beneficial in the follow-up of TC survivors. […] Currently, the pathogenesis of CRC in TC survivors exposed to cisplatin is poorly understood. […] We designed a prospective study to determine the diagnostic yield of advanced neoplasia (advanced adenomas, advanced serrated lesions or CRC) in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy as these patients have an increased risk for developing CRC. […] The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic yield of advanced colorectal neoplasia by surveillance colonoscopy in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.

• #81 Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance in testicular cancer survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: study protocol of a prospective cross-sectional cohort study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01639-2

  This protocol describes a prospective cross-sectional cohort study where we will evaluate the diagnostic yield of advanced neoplasia in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Furthermore, we will evaluate the effectiveness of FIT, patient acceptance and burden of colonoscopy and also the most cost-effective CRC surveillance strategy. Additionally, we aim to gain insights into the pathogenesis of CRC in TC survivors which includes determining platinum levels in plasma and urine. Through this study we aim to provide CRC surveillance recommendations.

• #82 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p261.html

  Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor among males 15 to 34 years of age. The age-adjusted annual incidence in the United States is 5.6 cases per 100,000 persons, with a peak of 14.6 cases per 100,000 persons 30 to 34 years of age. In 2017, there were an estimated 8,850 new cases of testicular cancer and 410 deaths. Whites, Hispanics, and American Indian/Alaska Natives have the highest rates of testicular cancer. The incidence of testicular cancer has increased over the past several decades for unclear reasons. With effective treatment, the overall five-year survival rate is 97%. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, National Cancer Institute, and American Academy of Family Physicians recommend against screening for testicular cancer (by a clinician or through self-examination) in asymptomatic adolescents and adults because of its low incidence and high survival rate.

• #83

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/health-professionals/clinical-resources/cancer-management-manual/genitourinary/testis

  Screening is advised in individuals who are deemed at high risk of testis tumours, e.g. affected first degree relative (especially an identical twin), history of a delayed or undescended testis, and particularly patients who have had a prior malignancy in the contralateral testicle. These individuals should perform monthly testicular self-examination. In addition, patients with a previous malignancy of the opposite testis should be examined by clinicians at regular intervals. […] All testicular tumours at any stage must be treated for cure. Testicular tumours are rare, but it is the most common solid tumour in men between 15-34 years of age. The majority of tumours are of germ cell origin and approximately equally divided between seminoma and non-seminoma. It is very unusual to see a malignant non-seminoma in a patient over 40 years of age.

• #84 Estimates of over-time trends in incidence and mortality of testicular cancer from 1990 to 2030 – Cai – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/38521/html

  This study aims to explore and project the temporal trends in incidence and mortality of testicular cancer. Moreover, it can provide theoretical guidance for the rational allocation of health resources. […] This study analyzed existing data on testicular cancer morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2016 and predicted time-varying trends of age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) from 2017 to 2030 in different ages, regions and sociodemographic index (SDI) quintile sub-groups. […] By analyzing the available and reliable data in different ages, regions and SDI, this study shows a significant upward trend in incidence and a slow upward trend in mortality of testicular cancer from 1990 to 2016, and simultaneously, predicts the increase of ASIR and the downward trend of ASDR in 2017-2030.

• #85 Estimates of over-time trends in incidence and mortality of testicular cancer from 1990 to 2030 – Cai – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/38521/html

  Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young and middle-aged men. […] The testicular cancer incidence trend indicates that from 1990 through 2016, especially in adolescence and young people (49 years old), the incidence increased significantly. […] In this study, Among SDI countries, the largest increase in incident cases was in middle SDI and high SDI countries. […] This article analyzes the trends of different subgroups including ages, regions and SDI from 1990 to 2030 by combining existing data and estimated data. The time trends presented the testicular cancer epidemiology and can guide intervention programs and instruct cancer determinants and outcomes research. […] After detailed analysis of temporal trends in collecting and predicting data on future testicular cancer incidence and death rate in 2030, the outcomes show that the global incidence increased significantly in terms of population expansion and age structure changes, but not for multifactor mortality.

• #86 Estimates of over-time trends in incidence and mortality of testicular cancer from 1990 to 2030 – Cai – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/38521/html

  Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young and middle-aged men. […] The testicular cancer incidence trend indicates that from 1990 through 2016, especially in adolescence and young people (49 years old), the incidence increased significantly. […] In this study, Among SDI countries, the largest increase in incident cases was in middle SDI and high SDI countries. […] This article analyzes the trends of different subgroups including ages, regions and SDI from 1990 to 2030 by combining existing data and estimated data. The time trends presented the testicular cancer epidemiology and can guide intervention programs and instruct cancer determinants and outcomes research. […] After detailed analysis of temporal trends in collecting and predicting data on future testicular cancer incidence and death rate in 2030, the outcomes show that the global incidence increased significantly in terms of population expansion and age structure changes, but not for multifactor mortality.

• #87 Testicular Cancer Incidence Rising in the U.S., Especially Among Hispanic Men – NCI

  https://dceg.cancer.gov/news-events/news/2025/tgct-hispanic-men

  Incidence of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), one of the most common cancers among young men in the United States, has increased significantly over the past few decades. […] However, new evidence indicates that, for the first time, incidence rates among Hispanic men have risen to match those of NHW men, marking a significant development in the descriptive epidemiology of testicular cancer in the U.S. […] The investigators found that the age-standardized incidence rate of TGCT increased from 4.71 per 100,000 person-years in 1992 to 6.22 per 100,000 person-years in 2021. […] The study findings underscore the need for continued investigation into the factors contributing to the rising incidence of TGCT in most racial/ethnic groups in the U.S., especially Hispanic men.

• #88

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-015-0533-4

  Testicular cancer (TC) remains perplexing, both in terms of what causes the disease and why certain populations are at greater risk of developing it. In New Zealand, an unusual ethnic disparity exists, whereby the indigenous Mori population suffer the highest rates of disease. In this study, we further describe the epidemiology of TC in the New Zealand context. […] Mori males aged 1544 were 80 % more likely to be diagnosed with TC compared to European/Other males [age-standardized relative risk (RR) 1.80, 95 % CI 1.582.05]. By contrast, disease burden was comparatively low among Pacific and Asian populations. Mori had a greater incidence of both seminoma (RR 1.88, 95 % CI 1.522.22) and non-seminoma (RR 1.67, 95 % CI 1.352.07) germ cell tumors than the European/Other population, reducing the likelihood that our observed disparity is driven by differential propensity to one given sub-type among Mori. Mori had poorer survival outcomes [cancer-specific adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.29, 95 % CI 1.144.59] than the European/Other population. […] Understanding the drivers of New Zealands unusual incidence disparitiesparticularly between Mori and Pacificcould further our understanding of the key exposures involved in TC etiology.

• #89 Negotiating Surveillance and Long-Term Follow-up for Testicular Cancer

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/negotiating-surveillance-and-longterm-followup-for-testicular-cancer

  The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines are the bible by which Testicular Cancer patients are treated and managed. The follow-up care recommendations within these guidelines only goes out to 5 years, and even within those 5 years, there’s been some significant adjustments to the recommendations over time. […] The latest testicular cancer guidelines (2-2017 as of this writing) states that „further study is required to define optimal follow-up durations.” In other words, they just don’t have the evidence to know what the best answer is here. […] Scan frequency has gone down quite a bit to minimize the risk of secondary malignancies from radiation exposure, especially from CT scans, but they don’t have the evidence to know where the sweet spot is, thus making these follow-up schedules very much open to debate and negotiation. Yes, your follow-up schedules for testicular cancer are negotiable.

• #90 Dr. Rob Hamilton – Surveillance in Testicular Cancer — TCAF

  https://www.testicularcancerawarenessfoundation.org/blog/dr-rob-hamilton-it-takes-balls-podcast-guest

  In this episode of It Takes Balls, Dr. Rob Hamilton, a urologic oncologist at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto in Canada, takes a deep dive into the science, strategy, and nuance of testicular cancer surveillance. […] With a focus on active surveillance, he demystifies the term and explains how closely monitored checkups using blood markers, imaging, and physical exams can help reduce the risk of over-treatment. […] From managing relapse anxiety and reducing unnecessary CT scan radiation, to why Canadian guidelines emphasize quality of life and long-term survivorship, this conversation is rich with expert insight and practical clarity. […] Dr. Hamilton also unpacks the growing interest in alternatives like low-dose imaging, MRI, and even the potential of liquid biomarkers to reduce treatment burden without compromising outcomes. […] He also answers questions about testicular cancer specifically in Canada.

• #91 Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance in testicular cancer survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: study protocol of a prospective cross-sectional cohort study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01639-2

  The secondary objectives are to assess the effectiveness of FIT in detecting advanced neoplasia and to examine patient perception (burden, acceptance and satisfaction). […] In this prospective study, TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy will be offered a colonoscopy in order to evaluate the diagnostic yield in detecting advanced neoplasia as we hypothesize that this population benefits from CRC surveillance. […] Due to the increased CRC risk, we will evaluate the diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance. The diagnostic yield of advanced neoplasia detected during colonoscopy in TC survivors will be compared to the male population of the NordICC study, which contains males with an average risk for developing CRC. […] The MISCAN model will be adapted by specific CRC risk data and competing mortality risk data of TC survivors. We will then evaluate the CEA of both colonoscopy and FIT screening at different cut-off levels. This will result in an advice for further surveillance in TC survivors.

• #92 Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance in testicular cancer survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: study protocol of a prospective cross-sectional cohort study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01639-2

  This protocol describes a prospective cross-sectional cohort study where we will evaluate the diagnostic yield of advanced neoplasia in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Furthermore, we will evaluate the effectiveness of FIT, patient acceptance and burden of colonoscopy and also the most cost-effective CRC surveillance strategy. Additionally, we aim to gain insights into the pathogenesis of CRC in TC survivors which includes determining platinum levels in plasma and urine. Through this study we aim to provide CRC surveillance recommendations.

• #93 Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance in testicular cancer survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: study protocol of a prospective cross-sectional cohort study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01639-2

  The secondary objectives are to assess the effectiveness of FIT in detecting advanced neoplasia and to examine patient perception (burden, acceptance and satisfaction). […] In this prospective study, TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy will be offered a colonoscopy in order to evaluate the diagnostic yield in detecting advanced neoplasia as we hypothesize that this population benefits from CRC surveillance. […] Due to the increased CRC risk, we will evaluate the diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance. The diagnostic yield of advanced neoplasia detected during colonoscopy in TC survivors will be compared to the male population of the NordICC study, which contains males with an average risk for developing CRC. […] The MISCAN model will be adapted by specific CRC risk data and competing mortality risk data of TC survivors. We will then evaluate the CEA of both colonoscopy and FIT screening at different cut-off levels. This will result in an advice for further surveillance in TC survivors.

• #94 Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy surveillance in testicular cancer survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: study protocol of a prospective cross-sectional cohort study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01639-2

  A cohort study detected an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy with a hazard ratio of 3.9 compared with the general population. […] Therefore we hypothesize that comparable to other high-risk groups for developing CRC, colonoscopy surveillance may be beneficial in the follow-up of TC survivors. […] Currently, the pathogenesis of CRC in TC survivors exposed to cisplatin is poorly understood. […] We designed a prospective study to determine the diagnostic yield of advanced neoplasia (advanced adenomas, advanced serrated lesions or CRC) in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy as these patients have an increased risk for developing CRC. […] The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic yield of advanced colorectal neoplasia by surveillance colonoscopy in TC survivors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.

• #95 Risk and mortality of testicular cancer in patients with neurodevelopmental or other psychiatric disorders | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-023-02260-8

  This finding would in part confirm clinical observations suggesting an association between neurodevelopmental disorders and TGCT. However, as the difference in risk was relatively small, this may not be clinically relevant, and moreover, we cannot exclude the possibility that this finding was due to chance. Hence, our finding would have to be replicated in other studies in order to be confirmed.

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