Rak jądra – Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rak jądra
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rak jądra, najczęstszy nowotwór złośliwy u mężczyzn w wieku 15-35 lat, charakteryzuje się bardzo dobrym rokowaniem, z ponad 95% skutecznością leczenia i 5-letnim przeżyciem netto na poziomie 97% w Kanadzie. Rokowanie zależy od typu histologicznego (seminoma vs non-seminoma), stadium zaawansowania oraz lokalizacji przerzutów. Seminoma cechuje się lepszą prognozą, z 5-letnim przeżyciem około 90% przy przerzutach ograniczonych do węzłów chłonnych lub płuc. W przypadku non-seminoma, obecność przerzutów pozagonadalnych, zwłaszcza w śródpiersiu, oraz wysokie poziomy markerów nowotworowych wiążą się z gorszym rokowaniem. 5-letnie przeżycie względne wynosi >99% dla nowotworu ograniczonego do jądra, 96% przy zajęciu węzłów chłonnych zaotrzewnowych i 73% przy przerzutach do odległych narządów.

Rokowanie raka jądra (Rak jądra – rokowanie i przewidywanie wyników leczenia)

Statystyki przeżycia
Czynniki prognostyczne
Klasyfikacja prognostyczna IGCCCG
Wpływ wieku na rokowanie
Trendy i statystyki
Podsumowanie czynników prognostycznych
Kolejne rozdziały

Rokowanie raka jądra (Rak jądra – rokowanie i przewidywanie wyników leczenia)

Rak jądra (nowotwór jądra) jest jednym z nowotworów o najlepszym rokowaniu wśród wszystkich typów nowotworów złośliwych. Jest to najczęstszy nowotwór złośliwy dotykający mężczyzn w wieku 15-35 lat, choć może występować również u nastolatków, osób transpłciowych, niebinarnych i interseksualnych posiadających jądra.¹² Pomimo poważnego charakteru każdej choroby nowotworowej, rak jądra jest leczony skutecznie w ponad 95% przypadków. Przy wczesnym wykryciu i leczeniu wskaźnik wyleczenia wzrasta nawet do 98%.³

Statystyki przeżycia

Dane dotyczące przeżywalności w raku jądra są imponujące. W Kanadzie 5-letnie przeżycie netto wynosi 97%, co oznacza, że około 97% mężczyzn zdiagnozowanych z rakiem jądra przeżyje co najmniej 5 lat od diagnozy.⁴ Podobne dane obserwuje się w innych krajach:

Około 95% mężczyzn przeżywa 1 rok lub dłużej po diagnozie
Około 95% mężczyzn przeżywa 5 lat lub dłużej po diagnozie
Około 90% mężczyzn przeżywa 10 lat lub dłużej po diagnozie⁵

Historyczne dane pokazują znaczący postęp w leczeniu tego nowotworu – w latach 70. XX wieku około 69,2% mężczyzn z rakiem jądra przeżywało ponad 10 lat, natomiast w latach 2010. odsetek ten wzrósł do niemal 98,2%, prawdopodobnie dzięki wprowadzeniu wielolekowej chemioterapii.⁶

Wskaźnik 5-letniej przeżywalności względnej dla raka jądra wynosi 94,9%, przy czym wskaźnik zgonów wynosi zaledwie 0,3 na 100 000 mężczyzn rocznie (dane z lat 2019-2023, standaryzowane względem wieku).⁷

Czynniki prognostyczne

Rokowanie w raku jądra zależy od wielu czynników. Do najważniejszych należą:

Typ histologiczny

Rak jądra typu seminoma (nasieniaka) ma lepsze rokowanie niż typ non-seminoma (nienasieniaka). Seminoma często lepiej reaguje na leczenie, zwykle rozwija się wolniej, rzadziej daje przerzuty i ma lepszą prognozę. Nasieniaki najczęściej rozwijają się u mężczyzn w wieku 25-45 lat.⁸⁹

W przypadku non-seminoma, guzy pozagonadalne powstające w śródpiersiu (środkowej części klatki piersiowej) mają gorsze rokowanie niż te, które powstają w jądrze lub w przestrzeni zaotrzewnowej.¹⁰

Stadium zaawansowania

Rokowanie jest silnie zależne od stopnia zaawansowania choroby w momencie diagnozy. 5-letnie przeżycie względne w zależności od stadium wynosi:

Stadium zaawansowania	Przeżycie 5-letnie
Nowotwór ograniczony do jądra	>99%
Nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się na węzły chłonne zaotrzewnowe	96%
Nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się do odległych narządów (np. płuc) lub węzłów chłonnych	73%

¹¹

Rak jądra, który rozprzestrzenił się (dał przerzuty) do narządów innych niż płuca, ma zwykle gorsze rokowanie. Miejsce występowania przerzutów jest głównym czynnikiem prognostycznym w przypadku seminoma.¹²

Markery nowotworowe

Poziom określonych markerów nowotworowych we krwi jest istotnym czynnikiem prognostycznym, szczególnie w przypadku non-seminoma. Wysokie poziomy markerów nowotworowych są związane z gorszym rokowaniem.¹³

Markery zapalne

Nowsze badania wskazują na znaczenie markerów procesu zapalnego jako czynników prognostycznych w raku jądra:

Stosunek neutrofili do limfocytów (NLR) – podwyższony NLR wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem, zaawansowanym stadium choroby, obecnością przerzutów do węzłów chłonnych lub przerzutów odległych, rozwojem guza w przeciwległym jądrze, krótszym czasem do zgonu związanego z nowotworem, gorszym całkowitym przeżyciem i słabszą odpowiedzią na chemioterapię¹⁴¹⁵
SII (Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index) – wysoki poziom SII jest niezależnym predyktorem gorszego przeżycia całkowitego¹⁶
RDW (szerokość dystrybucji krwinek czerwonych) – może być używany jako czynnik predykcyjny i/lub prognostyczny¹⁷

W analizie wieloczynnikowej Cox, wysokie wartości leukocytów (HR 1,274; 95% CI 1,057-1,535; p=0,011), liczby neutrofilów (1,470; 95% CI 1,092-1,980; p=0,011), NLR (84,5; 95% CI 2,23-193,4; p=0,017) i SII (12,15; 95% CI 1,17-126,26; p=0,037) pozostały niezależnymi czynnikami prognostycznymi dla przeżycia całkowitego, oprócz grup ryzyka IGCCCG.¹⁸

Inne czynniki prognostyczne

W przypadku nienasieniaków w stadium I, inwazja naczyń limfatycznych i krwionośnych (LVI) jest uznawana za najsilniejszy czynnik prognostyczny. Obecność LVI pozwala podzielić pacjentów na dwie grupy ryzyka:

grupa wysokiego ryzyka (LVI+) z około 47,5% ryzykiem nawrotu
grupa niskiego ryzyka (LVI-) z około 16,9% ryzykiem nawrotu¹⁹

Obecność raka zarodkowego (EC) w guzie pierwotnym może służyć jako drugi, podrzędny czynnik prognostyczny. Pięć z ośmiu badań wykazało istotny związek między obecnością EC a nawrotem choroby. Wartość predykcyjna była jeszcze wyższa, gdy obecność EC połączono z LVI i RTI (inwazją sieci jądra), osiągając współczynnik ryzyka 5,65 (95% CI 3,74-8,53) z 5-letnią częstością nawrotów wynoszącą 50%.²⁰²¹

Klasyfikacja prognostyczna IGCCCG

Międzynarodowa Grupa Konsensusu ds. Raka Komórek Rozrodczych (International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group, IGCCCG) opracowała system klasyfikacji oparty na czynnikach prognostycznych. System ten pomaga lekarzom podejmować decyzje dotyczące leczenia zaawansowanych guzów z komórek rozrodczych.²²

IGCCCG dzieli guzy z komórek rozrodczych jądra na 3 grupy prognostyczne:

Dobra prognoza

W przypadku seminoma, dobra prognoza oznacza, że nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się tylko do węzłów chłonnych lub płuc. Prawie 90 na 100 mężczyzn (prawie 90%) przeżywa 5 lat lub dłużej po diagnozie.²³

Średnia prognoza

Dotyczy głównie non-seminoma z określonymi cechami zaawansowania i poziomem markerów nowotworowych.

Zła prognoza

Dla seminoma nie istnieje klasyfikacja złej prognozy. Dla non-seminoma, zła prognoza oznacza, że spełniony jest co najmniej jeden z następujących warunków:

Guz pierwotny znajduje się w obszarze między płucami (śródpiersiu)
Nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się do narządów innych niż płuca
Co najmniej jeden poziom markera nowotworowego jest bardzo wysoki²⁴²⁵

Wpływ wieku na rokowanie

Wiek w momencie diagnozy ma wpływ na rokowanie. W Anglii ponad 9 na 10 (97%) mężczyzn zdiagnozowanych z rakiem jądra w wieku 15-44 lub 45-54 lat przeżywa swoją chorobę przez dziesięć lub więcej lat, w porównaniu z prawie trzema czwartymi (73,0%) mężczyzn zdiagnozowanych w wieku 65-99 lat (dane z lat 2013-2017).²⁶ Odsetek zgonów z powodu raka jądra jest najwyższy wśród mężczyzn w wieku 20-34 lat.²⁷

Trendy i statystyki

Używając modeli statystycznych do analizy, wskaźniki nowych przypadków raka jądra skorygowane o wiek rosły średnio o 0,7% rocznie w latach 2013-2022. Wskaźniki zgonów skorygowane o wiek rosły średnio o 2,7% rocznie w latach 2014-2023.²⁸

W 2025 roku szacuje się, że będzie 9 720 nowych przypadków raka jądra i około 600 osób umrze z powodu tej choroby.²⁹

Podsumowanie czynników prognostycznych

Główne czynniki wpływające na rokowanie w raku jądra to:

Typ histologiczny (seminoma vs non-seminoma)
Stadium zaawansowania
Lokalizacja przerzutów (płuca vs inne narządy)
Poziom markerów nowotworowych
Inwazja naczyń limfatycznych i krwionośnych (LVI)
Obecność raka zarodkowego w guzie pierwotnym
Markery stanu zapalnego (NLR, SII, RDW)
Wiek pacjenta³⁰³¹³²³³³⁴

Należy podkreślić, że rokowanie zależy od wielu czynników i tylko lekarz znający historię medyczną pacjenta, typ i stadium nowotworu oraz inne cechy nowotworu, wybrane metody leczenia i odpowiedź na leczenie może połączyć wszystkie te informacje ze statystykami przeżycia, aby określić indywidualne rokowanie.³⁵³⁶

Kolejne rozdziały

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Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12183-testicular-cancer
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer affecting men aged 15 to 35. […] Testicular cancer that’s diagnosed and treated early has an excellent cure rate. […] Like any cancer, testicle cancer is a serious condition. Fortunately, testicular cancer is highly treatable and curable. […] The prognosis for testicular cancer is excellent. This form of cancer is treated successfully in more than 95% of cases. Even people with unfavorable risk factors have, on average, a 50% chance of being cured. […] Testicular cancer is curable. While a cancer diagnosis is always serious, the good news about testicular cancer is that it is treated successfully in 95% of cases. If treated early, the cure rate rises to 98%. […] Testicular cancer can be fatal, but this is rare. Still, early detection makes a big difference in your prognosis. The earlier you see your provider and receive a diagnosis, the greater your chances of being cancer-free.
#2 Testicular Cancer – Rare Cancers Australia
http://knowledge.rarecancers.org.au/knowledgebase/cancer-types/119/testicular-cancer
Testicular cancers are generally diagnosed in men between the ages of 25-40, however, it can affect anyone with testicles â including men, teenagers, transgender women, non-binary individuals, and intersex people â at any age. […] In general, seminomas develop between the ages of 25-45, and are slow growing, rarely metastasise, and usually have a good prognosis. […] While they are aggressive, they may have a good prognosis when caught early. […] While this type of tumour is highly aggressive, they can have a good prognosis. […] While it is often aggressive, it can have a good prognosis when caught early. […] These types of tumours are often benign (non-cancerous) and slow growing, however, in rare instances they can be cancerous. Malignant (cancerous) Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours usually donât respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and may have a poorer prognosis than other testicular cancers.
#3 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12183-testicular-cancer
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer affecting men aged 15 to 35. […] Testicular cancer that’s diagnosed and treated early has an excellent cure rate. […] Like any cancer, testicle cancer is a serious condition. Fortunately, testicular cancer is highly treatable and curable. […] The prognosis for testicular cancer is excellent. This form of cancer is treated successfully in more than 95% of cases. Even people with unfavorable risk factors have, on average, a 50% chance of being cured. […] Testicular cancer is curable. While a cancer diagnosis is always serious, the good news about testicular cancer is that it is treated successfully in 95% of cases. If treated early, the cure rate rises to 98%. […] Testicular cancer can be fatal, but this is rare. Still, early detection makes a big difference in your prognosis. The earlier you see your provider and receive a diagnosis, the greater your chances of being cancer-free.
#4 Survival statistics for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
Survival statistics for testicular cancer are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] In Canada, the 5-year net survival for testicular cancer is 97%. This means that about 97% of men diagnosed with testicular cancer will survive for at least 5 years. […] Testicular cancer often responds well to cancer treatments and has a very good outcome. Survival varies with each stage of testicular cancer. The following factors (whether the cancer is localized, regional or distant) can also affect survival for testicular cancer. Generally, the earlier testicular cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome. […] Survival by stage of testicular cancer is reported as 5-year relative survival. Relative survival looks at how likely people with cancer are to survive after their diagnosis compared to people in the general population who do not have cancer, but who share similar characteristics (such as age and sex).
#5 Survival | Testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/survival
Survival for testicular cancer is very high. […] The outlook for testicular cancer is one of the best for all cancers. […] around 95 out of 100 men (around 95%) will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after they are diagnosed […] around 95 out of 100 men (around 95%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after diagnosis […] around 90 out of 100 men (around 90%) will survive their cancer for 10 years or more after diagnosis. […] Your prognosis is worked out slightly differently, depending on whether you have: pure seminoma testicular cancer or non seminoma testicular cancer. […] No one with pure seminoma is classified as having a poor prognosis. […] Good prognosis means that the seminoma has spread only to the lymph nodes or the lungs. […] almost 90 out of every 100 men (almost 90%) survive for 5 years or more after diagnosis.
#6 Testicular cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/testicular-cancer
Around 9 in 10 (91.3%) men diagnosed with testicular cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] More than 9 in 10 (97%) men in England diagnosed with testicular cancer aged 15-44 or 45-54 survive their disease for ten years or more, compared with almost three-quarters (73.0%) of men diagnosed aged 65-99 (2013-2017). […] Testicular cancer survival has increased in the last 50 years in the UK, probably because of combination chemotherapy. […] In the 1970s, around 7 in 10 (69.2%) men diagnosed with testicular cancer survived their disease beyond ten years, by the 2010s it was almost all (98.2%). […] More than 9 in 10 men in England diagnosed with testicular cancer for five years or more; the proportions are similar in the least deprived group (96.8%) compared with the most deprived group (96.5%).
#7 Testicular Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 9,720 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 600 […] 5-Year Relative Survival 94.9% […] Relative survival is an estimate of the percentage of patients who would be expected to survive the effects of their cancer. It excludes the risk of dying from other causes. […] 94.9% 5-Year Relative Survival […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 9,720 new cases of testicular cancer and an estimated 600 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 0.3 per 100,000 men per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of testicular cancer deaths is highest among men aged 20-34. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new testicular cancer cases have been rising on average 0.7% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 2.7% each year over 2014-2023. […] Testicular cancer forms in tissues of one or both testicles. Most testicular cancers begin in germ cells (cells that make sperm) and are called testicular germ cell tumors.
#8 Prognosis and survival for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival
If you have testicular cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The following are prognostic factors for testicular cancer. […] Non-seminomas that start in the testicle or in the back of the abdomen (called the retroperitoneum) have a better prognosis than an extragonadal germ cell tumour that starts in the middle of the chest between the lungs (called the mediastinum). […] Seminomas often respond better to treatment than non-seminomas. As a result, seminomas usually have a better prognosis.
#9 Testicular Cancer – Rare Cancers Australia
http://knowledge.rarecancers.org.au/knowledgebase/cancer-types/119/testicular-cancer
Testicular cancers are generally diagnosed in men between the ages of 25-40, however, it can affect anyone with testicles â including men, teenagers, transgender women, non-binary individuals, and intersex people â at any age. […] In general, seminomas develop between the ages of 25-45, and are slow growing, rarely metastasise, and usually have a good prognosis. […] While they are aggressive, they may have a good prognosis when caught early. […] While this type of tumour is highly aggressive, they can have a good prognosis. […] While it is often aggressive, it can have a good prognosis when caught early. […] These types of tumours are often benign (non-cancerous) and slow growing, however, in rare instances they can be cancerous. Malignant (cancerous) Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours usually donât respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and may have a poorer prognosis than other testicular cancers.
#10 Prognosis and survival for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival
If you have testicular cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The following are prognostic factors for testicular cancer. […] Non-seminomas that start in the testicle or in the back of the abdomen (called the retroperitoneum) have a better prognosis than an extragonadal germ cell tumour that starts in the middle of the chest between the lungs (called the mediastinum). […] Seminomas often respond better to treatment than non-seminomas. As a result, seminomas usually have a better prognosis.
#11 Survival statistics for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
The cancer has only spread to lymph nodes in the back of the abdomen (retroperitoneum). 96% […] The cancer has spread to organs or lymph nodes farther from the testicle (such as the lungs). 73%. […] Talk to your doctor about your prognosis. A prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, the type of cancer, the stage, certain characteristics of the cancer, the treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.
#12 Prognosis and survival for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival
Testicular cancer that has spread (metastasized) to organs other than the lungs usually has a poor prognosis. Where the cancer has spread is the main prognostic factor for seminomas. […] Doctors will consider the levels of certain tumour markers in the blood when they estimate prognosis for non-seminomas. High tumour marker levels are linked with a poor prognosis with a non-seminoma. […] The International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (IGCCCG) developed a classification system based on prognostic factors. It describes how well the cancer is expected to respond to treatment. This system helps doctors make decisions about treatment for advanced germ cell tumours. […] IGCCCG divides testicular germ cell tumours into 3 prognosis groups: […] There is no poor prognosis grouping for seminoma testicular cancer. At least one of the following must be true: The primary tumour is in the area between the lungs. The tumour has spread to organs other than the lungs. At least one tumour marker level is very high.
#13 Prognosis and survival for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival
Testicular cancer that has spread (metastasized) to organs other than the lungs usually has a poor prognosis. Where the cancer has spread is the main prognostic factor for seminomas. […] Doctors will consider the levels of certain tumour markers in the blood when they estimate prognosis for non-seminomas. High tumour marker levels are linked with a poor prognosis with a non-seminoma. […] The International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (IGCCCG) developed a classification system based on prognostic factors. It describes how well the cancer is expected to respond to treatment. This system helps doctors make decisions about treatment for advanced germ cell tumours. […] IGCCCG divides testicular germ cell tumours into 3 prognosis groups: […] There is no poor prognosis grouping for seminoma testicular cancer. At least one of the following must be true: The primary tumour is in the area between the lungs. The tumour has spread to organs other than the lungs. At least one tumour marker level is very high.
#14 Diagnostic and prognostic role of NLR in testicular cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11502077/
NLR was higher in tCa patients compared to healthy controls and benign testis pathologies, and decreased significantly after orchiectomy. An elevated NLR predicts poor prognosis, advanced stage, presence of nodal or distant metastases, contralateral tumor development, lower time-to-cancer specific death, worse OS, and poorer response to chemotherapy. […] NLR has a significant diagnostic and prognostic value in tCa. […] Our systematic review confirms that NLR is a key diagnostic and prognostic factor in tCa. NLR was higher in tCa patients compared to healthy controls and those with benign testis pathologies, which decreased significantly after orchiectomy. An elevated NLR predicts poor prognosis, advanced stage, presence of nodal or distant metastases, contralateral tumor development, lower time-to-cancer specific death, worse OS, and poorer response to chemotherapy.
#15 Diagnostic and prognostic role of NLR in testicular cancer
https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/etat/Article/1002270
NLR was higher in tCa patients compared to healthy controls and benign testis pathologies, and decreased significantly after orchiectomy. […] An elevated NLR predicts poor prognosis, advanced stage, presence of nodal or distant metastases, contralateral tumor development, lower time-to-cancer specific death, worse OS, and poorer response to chemotherapy. […] NLR has a significant diagnostic and prognostic value in tCa. […] NLR could not differentiate between seminomas and non-seminomatous tCa. […] Based on the findings of the studies stated above, patients with cancer had a higher value of NLR compared to either healthy patients or those with benign pathologies. So, we may infer a strong link between systemic inflammation assessed by NLR and tCa. […] NLR appears to be an independent predictor of malignancy of testicular masses.
#16 Systemic inflammatory markers have independent prognostic value in patients with metastatic testicular germ cell tumours undergoing first-line chemotherapy | British Journal of Cancer
https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc2017467
The prognostic utility of systemic inflammatory markers has so far not been investigated in patients with metastatic testicular germ cell tumours (GCTs). […] In univariate Cox regression, low haemoglobin and albumin as well as high leukocytes, N, NLR, SII and CRP were associated with a shorter OS. […] In multivariable Cox regression analyses, high leukocyte (hazard ratio (HR) 1.274 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0571.535); P=0.011) and N count (1.470 (1.0921.980); P=0.011), higher NLR (84.5 (2.23193.4); P=0.017) and SII (12.15 (1.17126.26); P=0.037) remained independent prognostic predictors for OS besides the IGCCCG risk groups. […] Systemic inflammatory markers might have prognostic utility for patients with metastatic GCT. […] The majority of patients diagnosed with metastatic GCT can be cured due to highly effective chemotherapy treatments.
#17 SciELO Brazil – Predictive and prognostic impact of preoperative complete blood count based systemic inflammatory markers in testicular cancer Predictive and prognostic impact of preoperative complete blood count based systemic inflammatory markers in te
https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/nwLB5bFcNmbjbDvPBz5g33z/?lang=en
PurposeTo determine the utility of preoperative complete blood count (CBC) based systemic inflammatory markers in the prediction of testicular cancer and its prognosis. […] Several systemic inflammatory markers, which are obtained by routinely performed cost-effective blood tests, could demonstrate incremental predictive and prognostic information adjuvant to preoperativly achieved testicular tumor markers. […] The major findings of the present study are that: i) RDW, NR and NLR are significantly higher in testicular tumor patients compared to healthy control subjects, and ii) especially NLR and RDW could be used as a predictive and/or prognostic factor showing the highest sensitivity and specificity, respectively. […] Despite the adequate patient size, the retrospective nature and the inability of comparing extently matched metastatic and non-metastatic patients, according to NLR and other inflammatory markers, are considered the main limitations of the present study. Additionally, due to treatment strategies of testicular masses we could not consider the circadien rhythm of neutrophils and lymphocytes during blood sample collection. Apart from these, it could be interesting to evaluate preoperative to postoperative alterations of NLR and other CBC based inflammatory parameters after tumor removal and to compare the sensitivity and specificicity against established routine testis tumor markers.
#18 Systemic inflammatory markers have independent prognostic value in patients with metastatic testicular germ cell tumours undergoing first-line chemotherapy | British Journal of Cancer
https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc2017467
The prognostic utility of systemic inflammatory markers has so far not been investigated in patients with metastatic testicular germ cell tumours (GCTs). […] In univariate Cox regression, low haemoglobin and albumin as well as high leukocytes, N, NLR, SII and CRP were associated with a shorter OS. […] In multivariable Cox regression analyses, high leukocyte (hazard ratio (HR) 1.274 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0571.535); P=0.011) and N count (1.470 (1.0921.980); P=0.011), higher NLR (84.5 (2.23193.4); P=0.017) and SII (12.15 (1.17126.26); P=0.037) remained independent prognostic predictors for OS besides the IGCCCG risk groups. […] Systemic inflammatory markers might have prognostic utility for patients with metastatic GCT. […] The majority of patients diagnosed with metastatic GCT can be cured due to highly effective chemotherapy treatments.
#19
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9712284/
To systematically evaluate evidence on prognostic factors for tumor recurrence in clinical stage I nonseminoma patients other than lymphovascular invasion (LVI). […] Five out of eight studies found a significant association of embryonal carcinoma (EC) in the primary tumor with relapse. […] No additional factors that meet the prognostic value of LVI, especially when determined by immunohistochemistry, could be identified through our systematic search. The presence of EC might serve as a second, subordinate prognostic factor for clinical use as the data situation is less abundant than the one of LVI. […] The application of LVI allows to form two risk cohorts, segregating the overall 25-30% relapse risk of nonseminoma stage I patients to high-risk group (LVI+) with a ~ 47.5% relapse risk and a low-risk group (LVI-) with a ~ 16.9% relapse risk.
#20
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9712284/
To systematically evaluate evidence on prognostic factors for tumor recurrence in clinical stage I nonseminoma patients other than lymphovascular invasion (LVI). […] Five out of eight studies found a significant association of embryonal carcinoma (EC) in the primary tumor with relapse. […] No additional factors that meet the prognostic value of LVI, especially when determined by immunohistochemistry, could be identified through our systematic search. The presence of EC might serve as a second, subordinate prognostic factor for clinical use as the data situation is less abundant than the one of LVI. […] The application of LVI allows to form two risk cohorts, segregating the overall 25-30% relapse risk of nonseminoma stage I patients to high-risk group (LVI+) with a ~ 47.5% relapse risk and a low-risk group (LVI-) with a ~ 16.9% relapse risk.
#21
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9712284/
Consequent use of this broadly accepted risk-adapted approach is still far from an ideal state for tailored therapy in this young patient group. […] The presence of embryonal carcinoma (EC) is associated to LVI, as it is the most frequent tumor component that can be found within the blood or lymph vessels upon pathohistological examination. […] The predictive value was even higher, when presence of EC was combined with LVI and RTI, reaching a hazard ratio of 5.65 (95% CI 3.74-8.53) with a 5-year relapse rate (5-year RR) of 50%. […] In summary, all three approaches are characterized by an approximately 50-85% risk for overtreatment (for 1BEP or nsRPLND) or 15-50% risk for undertreatment (for Surveillance), leading to unnecessary adjuvant treatments in the former and to a higher burden of chemotherapy in the latter case.
#22 Prognosis and survival for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival
Testicular cancer that has spread (metastasized) to organs other than the lungs usually has a poor prognosis. Where the cancer has spread is the main prognostic factor for seminomas. […] Doctors will consider the levels of certain tumour markers in the blood when they estimate prognosis for non-seminomas. High tumour marker levels are linked with a poor prognosis with a non-seminoma. […] The International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (IGCCCG) developed a classification system based on prognostic factors. It describes how well the cancer is expected to respond to treatment. This system helps doctors make decisions about treatment for advanced germ cell tumours. […] IGCCCG divides testicular germ cell tumours into 3 prognosis groups: […] There is no poor prognosis grouping for seminoma testicular cancer. At least one of the following must be true: The primary tumour is in the area between the lungs. The tumour has spread to organs other than the lungs. At least one tumour marker level is very high.
#23 Survival | Testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/survival
Survival for testicular cancer is very high. […] The outlook for testicular cancer is one of the best for all cancers. […] around 95 out of 100 men (around 95%) will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after they are diagnosed […] around 95 out of 100 men (around 95%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after diagnosis […] around 90 out of 100 men (around 90%) will survive their cancer for 10 years or more after diagnosis. […] Your prognosis is worked out slightly differently, depending on whether you have: pure seminoma testicular cancer or non seminoma testicular cancer. […] No one with pure seminoma is classified as having a poor prognosis. […] Good prognosis means that the seminoma has spread only to the lymph nodes or the lungs. […] almost 90 out of every 100 men (almost 90%) survive for 5 years or more after diagnosis.
#24 Prognosis and survival for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival
Testicular cancer that has spread (metastasized) to organs other than the lungs usually has a poor prognosis. Where the cancer has spread is the main prognostic factor for seminomas. […] Doctors will consider the levels of certain tumour markers in the blood when they estimate prognosis for non-seminomas. High tumour marker levels are linked with a poor prognosis with a non-seminoma. […] The International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (IGCCCG) developed a classification system based on prognostic factors. It describes how well the cancer is expected to respond to treatment. This system helps doctors make decisions about treatment for advanced germ cell tumours. […] IGCCCG divides testicular germ cell tumours into 3 prognosis groups: […] There is no poor prognosis grouping for seminoma testicular cancer. At least one of the following must be true: The primary tumour is in the area between the lungs. The tumour has spread to organs other than the lungs. At least one tumour marker level is very high.
#25 Survival | Testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/survival
Poor prognosis means that: the primary cancer is in your chest (mediastinum) or the cancer has spread to somewhere in your body other than the lungs, such as the liver or brain. […] Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. […] The type and size of your testicular cancer also affects your likely survival. […] Taking part in clinical trials can help to improve the outlook for people with testicular cancer.
#26 Testicular cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/testicular-cancer
Around 9 in 10 (91.3%) men diagnosed with testicular cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] More than 9 in 10 (97%) men in England diagnosed with testicular cancer aged 15-44 or 45-54 survive their disease for ten years or more, compared with almost three-quarters (73.0%) of men diagnosed aged 65-99 (2013-2017). […] Testicular cancer survival has increased in the last 50 years in the UK, probably because of combination chemotherapy. […] In the 1970s, around 7 in 10 (69.2%) men diagnosed with testicular cancer survived their disease beyond ten years, by the 2010s it was almost all (98.2%). […] More than 9 in 10 men in England diagnosed with testicular cancer for five years or more; the proportions are similar in the least deprived group (96.8%) compared with the most deprived group (96.5%).
#27 Testicular Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 9,720 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 600 […] 5-Year Relative Survival 94.9% […] Relative survival is an estimate of the percentage of patients who would be expected to survive the effects of their cancer. It excludes the risk of dying from other causes. […] 94.9% 5-Year Relative Survival […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 9,720 new cases of testicular cancer and an estimated 600 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 0.3 per 100,000 men per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of testicular cancer deaths is highest among men aged 20-34. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new testicular cancer cases have been rising on average 0.7% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 2.7% each year over 2014-2023. […] Testicular cancer forms in tissues of one or both testicles. Most testicular cancers begin in germ cells (cells that make sperm) and are called testicular germ cell tumors.
#28 Testicular Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 9,720 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 600 […] 5-Year Relative Survival 94.9% […] Relative survival is an estimate of the percentage of patients who would be expected to survive the effects of their cancer. It excludes the risk of dying from other causes. […] 94.9% 5-Year Relative Survival […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 9,720 new cases of testicular cancer and an estimated 600 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 0.3 per 100,000 men per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of testicular cancer deaths is highest among men aged 20-34. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new testicular cancer cases have been rising on average 0.7% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 2.7% each year over 2014-2023. […] Testicular cancer forms in tissues of one or both testicles. Most testicular cancers begin in germ cells (cells that make sperm) and are called testicular germ cell tumors.
#29 Testicular Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html
Estimated New Cases in 2025 9,720 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 600 […] 5-Year Relative Survival 94.9% […] Relative survival is an estimate of the percentage of patients who would be expected to survive the effects of their cancer. It excludes the risk of dying from other causes. […] 94.9% 5-Year Relative Survival […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 9,720 new cases of testicular cancer and an estimated 600 people will die of this disease. […] The death rate was 0.3 per 100,000 men per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of testicular cancer deaths is highest among men aged 20-34. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new testicular cancer cases have been rising on average 0.7% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 2.7% each year over 2014-2023. […] Testicular cancer forms in tissues of one or both testicles. Most testicular cancers begin in germ cells (cells that make sperm) and are called testicular germ cell tumors.
#30 Prognosis and survival for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival
If you have testicular cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The following are prognostic factors for testicular cancer. […] Non-seminomas that start in the testicle or in the back of the abdomen (called the retroperitoneum) have a better prognosis than an extragonadal germ cell tumour that starts in the middle of the chest between the lungs (called the mediastinum). […] Seminomas often respond better to treatment than non-seminomas. As a result, seminomas usually have a better prognosis.
#31 Prognosis and survival for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival
Testicular cancer that has spread (metastasized) to organs other than the lungs usually has a poor prognosis. Where the cancer has spread is the main prognostic factor for seminomas. […] Doctors will consider the levels of certain tumour markers in the blood when they estimate prognosis for non-seminomas. High tumour marker levels are linked with a poor prognosis with a non-seminoma. […] The International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (IGCCCG) developed a classification system based on prognostic factors. It describes how well the cancer is expected to respond to treatment. This system helps doctors make decisions about treatment for advanced germ cell tumours. […] IGCCCG divides testicular germ cell tumours into 3 prognosis groups: […] There is no poor prognosis grouping for seminoma testicular cancer. At least one of the following must be true: The primary tumour is in the area between the lungs. The tumour has spread to organs other than the lungs. At least one tumour marker level is very high.
#32 Survival | Testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/survival
Poor prognosis means that: the primary cancer is in your chest (mediastinum) or the cancer has spread to somewhere in your body other than the lungs, such as the liver or brain. […] Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. […] The type and size of your testicular cancer also affects your likely survival. […] Taking part in clinical trials can help to improve the outlook for people with testicular cancer.
#33 Systemic inflammatory markers have independent prognostic value in patients with metastatic testicular germ cell tumours undergoing first-line chemotherapy | British Journal of Cancer
https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc2017467
The prognostic utility of systemic inflammatory markers has so far not been investigated in patients with metastatic testicular germ cell tumours (GCTs). […] In univariate Cox regression, low haemoglobin and albumin as well as high leukocytes, N, NLR, SII and CRP were associated with a shorter OS. […] In multivariable Cox regression analyses, high leukocyte (hazard ratio (HR) 1.274 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0571.535); P=0.011) and N count (1.470 (1.0921.980); P=0.011), higher NLR (84.5 (2.23193.4); P=0.017) and SII (12.15 (1.17126.26); P=0.037) remained independent prognostic predictors for OS besides the IGCCCG risk groups. […] Systemic inflammatory markers might have prognostic utility for patients with metastatic GCT. […] The majority of patients diagnosed with metastatic GCT can be cured due to highly effective chemotherapy treatments.
#34
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9712284/
To systematically evaluate evidence on prognostic factors for tumor recurrence in clinical stage I nonseminoma patients other than lymphovascular invasion (LVI). […] Five out of eight studies found a significant association of embryonal carcinoma (EC) in the primary tumor with relapse. […] No additional factors that meet the prognostic value of LVI, especially when determined by immunohistochemistry, could be identified through our systematic search. The presence of EC might serve as a second, subordinate prognostic factor for clinical use as the data situation is less abundant than the one of LVI. […] The application of LVI allows to form two risk cohorts, segregating the overall 25-30% relapse risk of nonseminoma stage I patients to high-risk group (LVI+) with a ~ 47.5% relapse risk and a low-risk group (LVI-) with a ~ 16.9% relapse risk.
#35 Prognosis and survival for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival
If you have testicular cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The following are prognostic factors for testicular cancer. […] Non-seminomas that start in the testicle or in the back of the abdomen (called the retroperitoneum) have a better prognosis than an extragonadal germ cell tumour that starts in the middle of the chest between the lungs (called the mediastinum). […] Seminomas often respond better to treatment than non-seminomas. As a result, seminomas usually have a better prognosis.
#36 Survival statistics for testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
The cancer has only spread to lymph nodes in the back of the abdomen (retroperitoneum). 96% […] The cancer has spread to organs or lymph nodes farther from the testicle (such as the lungs). 73%. […] Talk to your doctor about your prognosis. A prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, the type of cancer, the stage, certain characteristics of the cancer, the treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.