Rak gruczołu naczyniówkowego
Epidemiologia

Rak splotu naczyniówkowego (CPC) to rzadki, złośliwy nowotwór ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, stanowiący 0,3-0,6% wszystkich guzów mózgu i klasyfikowany przez WHO jako stopień III. CPC występuje głównie u dzieci, ze szczytem zapadalności w pierwszym roku życia (6,1/milion), a mediana wieku diagnozy wynosi około 3 lat. Występuje częściej w komorach bocznych u dzieci, a u dorosłych w czwartej komorze. Standaryzowany współczynnik zapadalności (AAIR) wynosi 0,008-0,010 na 100 000 osobolat, znacznie mniej niż łagodne brodawczaki splotu naczyniówkowego (CPP) z AAIR 0,034. Główne czynniki ryzyka to młody wiek i predyspozycje genetyczne, zwłaszcza mutacje genu TP53 związane z zespołem Li-Fraumeni, który pogarsza rokowanie (5-letnie przeżycie ~30% vs. 40-60% bez zespołu). CPC cechuje się gorszym rokowaniem niż CPP, z 5-letnim przeżyciem całkowitym 58-61% (CPP ~90%).

Epidemiologia raka splotu naczyniówkowego – przegląd ogólny

Rak splotu naczyniówkowego (CPC, choroid plexus carcinoma) jest rzadkim, złośliwym nowotworem ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, pochodzącym z nabłonka splotu naczyniówkowego. Guzy te stanowią zaledwie 0,3-0,6% wszystkich guzów mózgu1. W klasyfikacji Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) CPC sklasyfikowany jest jako guz stopnia III, będący najbardziej agresywną i złośliwą postacią wśród nowotworów splotu naczyniówkowego21.

Rak splotu naczyniówkowego występuje znacznie rzadziej niż łagodne brodawczaki splotu naczyniówkowego (CPP). Stanowi około 15-30% wszystkich guzów splotu naczyniówkowego, podczas gdy brodawczaki CPP stanowią około 80%34. Stosunek występowania CPC do CPP wynosi około 1:5 we wszystkich grupach wiekowych5.

Wskaźniki zachorowalności

Według danych z rejestru Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) w Stanach Zjednoczonych, standaryzowany względem wieku współczynnik zapadalności (AAIR) dla CPC wynosi 0,008-0,010 na 100 000 osobolat67. Dla porównania, AAIR dla brodawczaków splotu naczyniówkowego (CPP) jest wyższy i wynosi 0,034 na 100 000 osobolat7. Roczna zapadalność na guzy splotu naczyniówkowego wynosi około 0,3 przypadku na 1 milion osób8.

W Stanach Zjednoczonych każdego roku diagnozuje się 75-80 przypadków guzów splotu naczyniówkowego u dzieci i młodych dorosłych poniżej 21. roku życia9. Szacuje się, że około 2340 osób żyje z tym typem guza w USA10.

Rozkład wiekowy

Rak splotu naczyniówkowego dotyka przede wszystkim dzieci, ze szczególnym nasileniem występowania w pierwszych latach życia111. Mediana wieku w momencie diagnozy wynosi około 3 lat112, a średni wiek to około 14,8 lat13. Większość przypadków CPC diagnozuje się u pacjentów poniżej 5. roku życia912.

CPC wykazuje wyraźną tendencję do występowania u niemowląt – stanowi 10-20% wszystkich guzów mózgu u niemowląt1. Szczyt zapadalności przypada na pierwszy rok życia, osiągając wartość 6,1 na milion8. W przeciwieństwie do CPC, brodawczaki splotu naczyniówkowego (CPP) diagnozuje się u pacjentów w starszym wieku – mediana wieku dla CPP wynosi 25 lat, a średnia 28,4 lat13.

Przypadki CPC u dorosłych są niezwykle rzadkie, co często sprawia trudności diagnostyczne13.

Rozkład płci

W większości badań nie wykazano istotnej różnicy w częstości występowania CPC między płciami58. Wskaźnik występowania CPC u mężczyzn w stosunku do kobiet wynosi około 1,2:114, co wskazuje na niewielką przewagę występowania u płci męskiej.

Lokalizacja guza

Raki splotu naczyniówkowego występują głównie w komorach bocznych mózgu1215, ale mogą również rozwijać się w czwartej komorze lub w okolicy trzeciej komory12. Lokalizacja guza różni się w zależności od wieku pacjenta – u dzieci guzy częściej występują w komorach bocznych, natomiast u dorosłych częściej w czwartej komorze lub w kącie mostowo-móżdżkowym1617.

Mimo że większość CPC rozwija się wewnątrz komór mózgowych, opisywano również przypadki występowania w lokalizacjach ektopowych, takich jak wewnątrzczaszkowe, zewnątrzkomorowe lub w kanale kręgowym318.

Czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje genetyczne

Głównym czynnikiem ryzyka wystąpienia raka splotu naczyniówkowego jest młody wiek, szczególnie poniżej 2. roku życia19. Znaczący odsetek przypadków CPC wiąże się jednak z predyspozycjami genetycznymi.

Zespoły genetyczne

Rak splotu naczyniówkowego jest silnie związany z określonymi zespołami genetycznymi:

  • Zespół Li-Fraumeni (mutacja germinalna genu TP53) – wykazano wyraźny związek między tym zespołem a zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju CPC14920
  • Zespół Aicardiego (prawdopodobnie związany z nieprawidłowościami chromosomu X)1421

Pacjenci z zespołem Li-Fraumeni mają gorsze rokowanie, a 5-letni wskaźnik przeżycia spada do około 30% w porównaniu z 40-60% u pacjentów bez tego zespołu22.

Mutacje genetyczne

Wśród czynników genetycznych związanych z CPC najczęściej wymienia się mutacje genu TP5311. Dzieci z mutacją germinalną TP53 wymagają kierowania na poradnictwo genetyczne oraz nadzoru pod kątem innych nowotworów związanych z tą mutacją9.

Monitorowanie i wyniki leczenia

Monitorowanie pacjentów z rakiem splotu naczyniówkowego ma kluczowe znaczenie dla określenia skuteczności leczenia i wczesnego wykrywania nawrotów.

Wskaźniki przeżycia

Rak splotu naczyniówkowego charakteryzuje się istotnie gorszym rokowaniem w porównaniu z innymi guzami splotu naczyniówkowego. Odsetek 5-letniego przeżycia całkowitego (OS) dla pacjentów z CPC wynosi 58-61%1323, podczas gdy dla brodawczaków splotu naczyniówkowego (CPP) wskaźnik ten sięga 90%13.

Dłuższe przeżycie obserwuje się w perspektywie 5-letniej i 10-letniej w przypadku pacjentów poddanych całkowitej resekcji guza (GTR) bez radioterapii, gdzie wskaźniki przeżycia wynoszą odpowiednio 70% i 67%13. Natomiast u pacjentów poddanych jedynie częściowej resekcji, 5-letni wskaźnik przeżycia spada do około 26%5.

Czynniki prognostyczne

Analiza danych z rejestrów SEER pozwoliła zidentyfikować kilka istotnych czynników prognostycznych dla pacjentów z CPC:

  • Stopień resekcji guzacałkowita resekcja guza (GTR) wiąże się ze znacznie lepszym przeżyciem całkowitym niż częściowa resekcja235
  • Wiek – pacjenci w młodszym wieku mają zazwyczaj lepsze rokowanie24
  • Rasa – niektóre badania wskazują, że przynależność do grupy rdzenne Amerykanów/rdzennych mieszkańców Alaski wiąże się z gorszym OS u pacjentów z CPC23
  • Wielkość guza – większe guzy zwykle wiążą się z gorszym rokowaniem24
  • Liczba guzów – obecność wielu ognisk nowotworowych jest negatywnym czynnikiem prognostycznym24
  • Zastosowanie chemioterapii – wpływ chemioterapii na przeżycie pozostaje kontrowersyjny, ale niektóre badania wskazują na korzyści z jej stosowania2425
  • Inwazja mózgu i rozsiew w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym – uznawane są za niekorzystne czynniki prognostyczne11

Strategie monitorowania

Ze względu na wysokie ryzyko nawrotu, pacjenci z CPC wymagają regularnego i ścisłego monitorowania obrazowego. Zaleca się częste badania neurologiczne i obrazowanie metodą rezonansu magnetycznego, zwłaszcza w pierwszym roku po leczeniu26.

Szczególnie istotne jest częste monitorowanie u:

  • Niemowląt z rozpoznanym CPC
  • Dzieci z objawami innymi niż wodogłowie
  • Dzieci z potencjalnymi zespołami genetycznymi26

Zaleca się badania kliniczne i rezonans magnetyczny co najmniej co 3 miesiące przez pierwszy rok od rozpoznania26. Wczesne wykrycie nawrotu guza, zanim dojdzie do jego rozsiania i istotnych zmian w wielkości oraz unaczynieniu, umożliwia szybką interwencję chirurgiczną, gdy guz jest jeszcze podatny na resekcję endoskopową27.

Wpływ metod leczenia na przeżywalność

Wpływ różnych metod leczenia na przeżywalność pacjentów z rakiem splotu naczyniówkowego jest przedmiotem wielu badań epidemiologicznych.

Wpływ leczenia chirurgicznego

Zakres resekcji chirurgicznej ma największy wpływ na przeżycie pacjentów z CPC13. Całkowita resekcja guza (GTR) jest najsilniejszym predyktorem przeżycia całkowitego1516. Pacjenci poddani GTR mają 86% wskaźnik przeżycia, podczas gdy w przypadku częściowej resekcji wskaźnik ten spada do 26%5.

Należy jednak zauważyć, że około połowa wszystkich całkowitych resekcji kończy się niepowodzeniem z powodu wyzwań chirurgicznych związanych z operowaniem dużych, unaczynionych guzów u pacjentów o medianie wieku poniżej 2 lat15. Często nawrót guza następuje w ciągu 2 lat od pierwotnej operacji5.

Wpływ radioterapii

Rola radioterapii w leczeniu CPC pozostaje kontrowersyjna. Niektóre badania sugerują, że zastosowanie radioterapii adiuwantowej u pacjentów z CPC poddanych operacji nie wiąże się z istotną poprawą OS (p = 0,17)13, podczas gdy inne wskazują na korzystny wpływ radioterapii na przeżycie1628.

Warto zauważyć, że w podgrupie pacjentów z CPC, tych którzy otrzymali napromienianie, obserwowano lepsze wyniki niż u tych bez napromieniania, zarówno po całkowitej, jak i niepełnej resekcji29.

Wpływ chemioterapii

Chemioterapia jest coraz częściej stosowana w leczeniu guzów splotu naczyniówkowego, szczególnie od czasu opracowania badania CPT-SIOP-200028. Niektóre analizy wykazały istotną poprawę OS przy zastosowaniu terapii neoadiuwantowej25.

Badania wskazują, że chemioterapia w leczeniu CPC jest wykonalna i skuteczna, a niektóre badane schematy (np. CarbEV) wykazują przewagę nad innymi (np. CycEV). Co ważne, podgrupa pacjentów z CPC może być wyleczona bez konieczności napromieniania8.

Kompleksowe podejście

Najlepsze wyniki osiąga się przy zastosowaniu kompleksowego podejścia terapeutycznego:

  • Maksymalna resekcja chirurgiczna jako pierwszy krok leczenia1
  • Adiuwantowa chemioterapia i/lub radioterapia u pacjentów wysokiego ryzyka (CPC, niecałkowicie usunięty atypowy brodawczak lub przerzutowy guz splotu naczyniówkowego)830
  • Schematy terapeutyczne ułatwiające bezpieczną i skuteczną operację drugiego spojrzenia (np. chemioterapia neoadiuwantowa lub embolizacja tętnicza)15

Warto zauważyć, że OS jest porównywalny dla CPC z całkowitą resekcją guza oraz z częściową resekcją w połączeniu z terapią adiuwantową23.

Narzędzia do monitorowania epidemiologicznego

W badaniach epidemiologicznych raka splotu naczyniówkowego wykorzystuje się różne bazy danych i rejestry.

Baza danych SEER

Najważniejszym źródłem danych epidemiologicznych na temat CPC jest baza danych Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) prowadzona przez Narodowy Instytut Raka w USA1325. Baza ta gromadzi dane dotyczące nowotworów z rejestrów populacyjnych, obejmując około 28% populacji USA25.

Baza SEER dostarcza cennych informacji na temat charakterystyki klinicznej, metod leczenia i wyników pacjentów z CPC. Analizy danych z SEER pozwoliły zidentyfikować czynniki prognostyczne i opracować nomogramy do przewidywania rokowania u pacjentów z CPC725.

Centralny Rejestr Guzów Mózgu Stanów Zjednoczonych (CBTRUS)

Dane dotyczące zapadalności na CPC są również gromadzone przez Centralny Rejestr Guzów Mózgu Stanów Zjednoczonych (Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States) we współpracy z Centrami Kontroli i Zapobiegania Chorobom (CDC) oraz Narodowym Instytutem Raka6.

Nomogramy jako narzędzia prognostyczne

W oparciu o dane z rejestrów epidemiologicznych opracowano nomogramy do kwantyfikacji rokowania u pacjentów z CPC725. Nomogramy te uwzględniają niezależne czynniki prognostyczne, takie jak wiek, rasa, typ histopatologiczny, wielkość guza, liczba guzów, zakres resekcji chirurgicznej i zastosowanie chemioterapii24.

Nomogram opracowany dla pacjentów z CPC wykazał akceptowalną dokładność w szacowaniu prawdopodobieństwa przeżycia w okresach 5- i 10-letnich, z C-indeksem 0,608 (95% CI: 0,446-0,77)25.

Dane międzynarodowe

Częstość występowania CPC wykazuje pewne różnice geograficzne, choć ogólnie pozostaje rzadkim nowotworem na całym świecie.

Globalna zapadalność

Dane z różnych krajów potwierdzają rzadkość występowania CPC. Częstość występowania guzów splotu naczyniówkowego u dzieci jest podobna w Chinach (1,5%) i we Francji (2,3%)31.

Współpraca międzynarodowa

Ze względu na rzadkość występowania CPC, istnieje potrzeba międzynarodowej współpracy w celu gromadzenia danych i opracowania standardów leczenia. Międzynarodowe Towarzystwo Onkologii Pediatrycznej (SIOP) prowadzi działania mające na celu utworzenie międzynarodowej grupy roboczej zajmującej się guzami splotu naczyniówkowego32.

Badanie CPT-SIOP-2000 miało na celu ustalenie algorytmu leczenia jako wytycznych dla pacjentów z CPC28. Wyniki tego badania potwierdziły skuteczność chemioterapii w leczeniu CPC i wykazały, że podgrupa pacjentów może być wyleczona bez napromieniania8.

Przyszłe kierunki badań i nadzoru

Pomimo postępów w zrozumieniu epidemiologii CPC, wciąż istnieje wiele obszarów wymagających dalszych badań.

Standaryzacja leczenia

Obecnie nie istnieją ustalone standardy leczenia CPC ze względu na brak kontrolowanych badań klinicznych15. Konieczne są prospektywne badania w celu określenia optymalnej kombinacji chirurgii z terapiami adiuwantowymi, w tym chemioterapią13.

Szczególnie potrzebne są badania dotyczące standaryzacji strategii radioterapii i chemioterapii u dorosłych pacjentów z CPC33.

Charakterystyka molekularna

Lepsze zrozumienie czynników molekularnych związanych z CPC może pomóc w opracowaniu bardziej ukierunkowanych terapii. Sekwencjonowanie całego eksonu (WES) i ukierunkowane sekwencjonowanie mogą ujawnić unikalne i trwałe zmiany genetyczne związane z nawracającymi guzami27.

Zaawansowane techniki obrazowania

Zaawansowane techniki obrazowania MR, takie jak obrazowanie perfuzyjne (PWI), mogą dostarczyć dodatkowych informacji o unaczynieniu guza, co może pomóc w diagnostyce różnicowej4. Badania wykazały, że perfuzyjne obrazowanie MR metodą ASL może odróżnić przedoperacyjnie raki splotu naczyniówkowego od brodawczaków, co pomaga chirurgowi dostosować strategię operacyjną (np. możliwa przedoperacyjna embolizacja)34.

Poradnictwo genetyczne

Rozwój skutecznych strategii poradnictwa genetycznego dla rodzin pacjentów z CPC, zwłaszcza tych związanych z zespołem Li-Fraumeni, jest istotnym obszarem przyszłych badań920.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 :: BTRT :: Brain Tumor Research and Treatment
    https://btrt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.14791/btrt.2019.7.e23
    Choroid plexus tumors are rare, accounting for only 0.30.6% of all brain tumors and 1020% of those in infants. Choroid plexus tumors include choroid plexus papilloma (CPP), atypical CPP, and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). Of these subtypes, CPCs are the most aggressive and malignant at a World Health Organization grade III. CPC primarily occurs in children, and the median age of patients with CPC is 3 years, highlighting the rarity of adult-onset CPC. As CPC is derived from choroid plexus epithelium, it usually presents with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obstruction and progresses through CSF metastasis. Mechanical obstruction of the CSF is a common cause of symptoms, including headache, diplopia, and ataxia, and is followed by hydrocephalus. Because of their origin in the choroid plexus epithelium, the majority of CPCs are located within the ventricle. A diffuse border between the tumor and normal brain tissue reflects brain invasion. Maximal surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the recommended treatment but has yet to be standardized.
  • #2 Choroid plexus tumors: A spectrum from benign to malignant
    https://accscience.com/journal/TD/2/2/10.36922/td.1057
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPT) are believed to originate from outgrowths of the choroid plexus. […] The World Health Organization classifies CPTs into three grades, namely, grades I, II, or III, based on their mitotic activity, which determine the benign or malignant nature of the tumors. […] CPTs classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) include choroid plexus papillomas (CPP), atypical CPPs (aCPP), and malignant choroid plexus carcinomas (CPC). […] Despite the variations in histology, immunohistochemistry, imaging, treatment, and prognosis, CPTs cannot be reliably distinguished based solely on clinical presentation. […] Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of each tumor subtype, along with the current management approach and emerging treatments.
  • #3 Choroid plexus carcinoma: A case report and literature review
    https://www.oatext.com/Choroid-plexus-carcinoma-A-case-report-and-literature-review.php
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare tumor representing less than 1% of all brain tumors. In adult, the incidence is extremely rare making the diagnosis difficult. Majority of choroid plexus tumor is found in the ventricle. However, ectopic sites such as intracranial extraventricular or spine have been reported. […] Choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare tumor especially in adult. In total population, choroid plexus tumor only represents less than 1% of all brain tumors. Out of all choroid plexus tumors, only 15-30% is carcinoma. In adult however, due to its extremely rare occurrence, the diagnosis of choroid plexus carcinoma should be made with caution as it more frequently resembles a metastatic papillary tumor such as from kidney and thyroid. […] Most of choroid plexus tumor arises in intraventricular, but cases have been reported as arising from ectopic sites such as intracranial but extraventricular and also in spinal canal without intracranial lesion.
  • #4 Choroid Plexus Neoplasms: Toward a Distinction between Carcinoma and Papilloma Using Arterial Spin-Labeling | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    http://www.ajnr.org/content/36/9/1786
    Pediatric choroid plexus papillomas and carcinomas are highly vascularized neoplasms, which are difficult to distinguish with conventional imaging. […] Choroid plexus neoplasms are rare intraventricular tumors, which account for approximately 2% of pediatric brain tumors but are comparatively more common in neonates (5%20% of perinatal brain tumors). […] Benign papillomas are reported to account for approximately 80% of neoplasms, and carcinomas, 20%. […] Conventional imaging alone does not allow differentiating these 2 entities, and a pathologic examination is always needed. […] A preoperative diagnosis could be very useful, even if surgery is performed for all cases. […] Differentiation of the 2 tumors on imaging could change management. […] Therefore, advanced MR imaging techniques such as perfusion-weighted imaging could provide additional information on tumor vascularization that may help in the differential diagnosis.
  • #5 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_carcinoma
    Choroid plexus tumors have an annual incidence of about 0.3 per 1 million cases. It is seen mainly in children under the age of 5, representing 5% of all pediatric tumors and 20% of tumors in children less than 1 year old. There has been no link between sex and occurrence. […] Although choroid plexus carcinomas are significantly more aggressive and have half the survival rate as choroid plexus papillomas, they are outnumbered in incidence by 5:1 in all age groups. Clinical studies have shown that patients who receive a total resection of a tumor have an 86% survival rate, while patients who only receive a partial resection have a 26% 5-year survival rate. Many incomplete resections result in recurrence within 2 years of primary surgery.
  • #6 Incidence and survival of choroid plexus tumors in the United States – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36659972/
    There are limited data available on incidence and survival of patients with choroid plexus tumors (CPT). This study provides the most current epidemiological analysis of choroid plexus tumors from 2004 to 2017 in the United States. […] Data on 2013 patients with CPT were acquired from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Cancer Institute, from 2004 to 2017. […] CPP had the highest overall incidence (AAIR: 0.034, 95% CI: 0.033-0.036), followed by CPC (AAIR: 0.008, 95% CI: 0.008-0.009) and aCPP (AAIR: 0.005, 95% CI: 0.005-0.006). […] Overall survival was worse among patients with CPC, being five times more likely to die compared to patients with CPP (HR: 5.23, 95% CI: 4.05-7.54,P.001). […] This analysis is the most current and comprehensive study in the US on the incidence and survival for CPT. Population based statistics provide critical information in understanding disease characteristics, which impact patient care and prognosis.
  • #7 Developing a nomogram based on SEER database for predicting prognosis in choroid plexus tumors | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-63218-1
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPT) are rare and highly vascularized neoplasms that have three histologically confirmed diagnoses, including choroid plexus papilloma, atypical choroid plexus papilloma, and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). […] This study aimed to determine the epidemiology and survival of patients with CPTs and develop a nomogram to quantify the prognosis of the patients with CPT. […] Data of 808 patients who were diagnosed as CPT between 2000 and 2020 was obtained from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. […] The independent prognostic factors for patients with CPT are age, tumor size, surgery, chemotherapy, tumor number, pathologies, and race. […] Among the three histopathological tumors, patients with CPC had the worst prognosis. […] The age-adjusted incidence rates of CPPs, ACPPs, and CPCs were 0.034, 0.005, and 0.010 per 100,000 person-years, respectively.
  • #8
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-021-03942-0
    Standards for chemotherapy against choroid plexus tumors (CPT) have not yet been established. […] High risk was defined as choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC), incompletely resected APP, and all metastatic CPT. […] The prognosis of CPC remains dismal when tumor resection is the only treatment modality, and the role, sequence, and intensity of primary chemotherapy remain debatable. […] Chemotherapy for Choroid Plexus Carcinoma is feasible and effective. CarbEV is superior to CycEV. A subset of CPC can be cured without irradiation. […] The age-standardized incidence rate is 1.0 per million, with an incidence peak in the first year of life at 6.1 per million. […] The study data solidify known demographics: patients were young (median age 2.1 years), without gender predominance, CPC were mostly located in the lateral ventricles.
  • #9 Choroid Plexus Tumors in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™
    https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/choroid-plexus-tumor.html
    Every year 75 to 80 children and young adults under 21 in the U.S. are diagnosed with a choroid plexus tumor. They are most common in infants. But people can develop choroid plexus tumors at any age. […] Most choroid plexus carcinomas occur in infants and children younger than 5. Increased risk for choroid plexus carcinoma is associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, an inherited syndrome. […] Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is more aggressive. But the chance of cure is about 50-70%. […] Choroid plexus carcinoma is a more aggressive cancer. Most of these patients will receive many types of treatments. […] Children with a germline TP53 mutation or Li-Fraumeni syndrome need a referral for genetic counseling. They also need surveillance for other associated cancers.
  • #10 Choroid Plexus Tumor: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/choroid-plexus-tumors
    Choroid plexus carcinoma are malignant (cancerous). This means they are fast-growing tumors that are more likely to spread to other areas of the CNS. […] In contrast, up to one-fifth of grade 3 choroid plexus tumors have already spread to multiple CNS locations at the time of discovery. […] Choroid plexus tumors occur in both children and adults but are more common in children during the first year of life. An estimated 2,340 people are living with this tumor in the United States.
  • #11 Choroid plexus carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/choroid-plexus-carcinoma?lang=us
    Choroid plexus carcinomas occur predominantly in children, typically in the first 5 years of life. They are rare, far less common than choroid plexus papillomas (which account for 80% of primary choroid plexus tumors), representing only 1-4% of pediatric brain tumors 5,7. […] Choroid plexus carcinomas are rapidly growing tumors with a 40% 5-year survival. TP53 mutation, brain invasion and CSF seeding are considered poor prognostic factors 3-5.
  • #12 Choroid plexus tumors of childhood | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/choroid-plexus-tumors-of-childhood
    Choroid plexus tumors make up less than 2% of all childhood brain tumors. The choroid plexus papilloma outnumbers the choroid plexus carcinoma by a ratio of 4 to 1. Seventy percent or more of childhood choroid plexus tumors occur in children less than 2 years of age, with a median age of onset of diagnosis ranging from 7 to 17.5 months. Carcinomas are more likely to be diagnosed before 5 years of age than papillomas. […] Choroid plexus carcinomas arise primarily in the lateral ventricles, but may also arise in the fourth ventricle, or in the third ventricular region. In one series, the majority of patients with carcinomas were less than 3 years of age at the time of diagnosis, although three of 11 children were older than 7.5 years at the time of detection.
  • #13 Choroid plexus tumor epidemiology and outcomes: implications for surgical and radiotherapeutic management – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25270349/
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are rare neoplasms of the central nervous system whose optimal management is not well defined. The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Database from 1978 to 2009 was queried to define population-based outcomes for all patients with CPTs. A total of 349 patients with CPTs were identified (120 CPCs, 26 aCPPs, and 203 CPPs). Patients with CPC presented at a younger age (median 3, mean 14.8 years) relative to CPP (median 25, mean 28.4 years; p 0.0001). Histology was a significant predictor of OS, with 5-year OS rates of 90, 77, and 58 % for CPP, aCPP, and CPC, respectively. Older age and male sex were prognostic for worse OS and CSS for CPP. Only extent of surgery had a significant impact on survival for CPC. The use of adjuvant RT in patients with CPC undergoing surgery was not associated with a significantly improved OS (p = 0.17). For patients undergoing GTR without RT as part of an initial course of therapy, estimated 5- and 10-year OS were 70 % (7 %) and 67 % (8 %), respectively. Prospective data are required to define the optimal combination of surgery with adjuvant therapies, including chemotherapy.
  • #14 Pathology Outlines – Choroid plexus tumors (papilloma, atypical papilloma, carcinoma)
    https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cnstumorchoroidplexuspapillomas.html
    Choroid plexus carcinoma predominantly occurs in children (J Neurooncol 2015;121:151) […] It accounts for 2 – 5% of all pediatric brain tumors (J Neurosurg Pediatr 2012;10:398) […] There is a relatively higher incidence in infants (J Neurooncol 2015;121:151) […] The male to female ratio is 1.2:1 (J Neurooncol 2015;121:151) […] Genetic susceptibility includes Aicardi syndrome (probable X chromosome abnormalities) (Brain Dev 2005;27:164) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome (germ line TP53 mutation) (J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1995).
  • #15 Durability of an endoscopic management strategy for recurrent choroid plexus carcinoma with a comprehensive molecular characterization: illustrative case in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 5 Issue 10 (2023) Journals
    https://thejns.org/caselessons/view/journals/j-neurosurg-case-lessons/5/10/article-CASE22508.xml
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are rare, accounting for 3% of all brain tumors in children. Choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs) differ from other classifications of CPT in that they frequently arise in the lateral ventricles, are invasive, and have a poor prognosis. Although there is no established standard of care given the paucity of controlled trials, the current goal of CPC management is successful gross-total resection (GTR) since it is the strongest predictor of overall survival. Unfortunately, approximately one-half of all GTRs fail because of the surgical challenges that arise when operating on these large, vascular tumors in patients whose median age is less than 2 years. In response to this, therapeutic schemes to facilitate safe and effective second-look surgery (i.e., neoadjuvant chemotherapy or arterial embolization) are advocated.
  • #16 Choroid plexus tumours | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/6600609
    Choroid plexus tumours are rare epithelial brain tumours and limited information is available regarding their biology and the best treatment. […] A thorough review of the medical literature (19661998) revealed 566 well-documented choroid plexus tumours. […] Most patients with a supratentorial tumour were children, while the most common sites in adults were the fourth ventricle and the cerebellar pontine angle. […] Histology was the most important prognostic factor, as one, five, and 10-year projected survival rates were 90, 81, and 77% in choroid plexus-papilloma (n=353) compared to only 71, 41, and 35% in choroid plexus-carcinoma respectively (P0.0005). […] Surgery was prognostically relevant for both choroid plexus-papilloma (P=0.0005) and choroid plexus-carcinoma (P=0.0001). […] Radiotherapy was associated with significantly better survival in choroid plexus-carcinomas.
  • #17 Neuro-Ophthalmological Manifestations of Choroid Plexus Papilloma – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Neuro-Ophthalmological_Manifestations_of_Choroid_Plexus_Papilloma
    CPPs are rare and represent only 0.4-0.6% of all CNS tumors. They occur more commonly in children and constitute 3-4% of childhood CNS tumors. CPPs are more prevalent in children under the age of 5, with a median age of diagnosis of 3.5 years. In adults, CPPs constitute 0.5-1% of CNS tumors. […] The tumors develop within the ventricular system and arise at locations where choroid plexus epithelium is present, most commonly in the atrium of the lateral ventricles in children compared to the fourth ventricle in adults. CPPs are thought to occur at the CPA due to direct extension from the foramen of Luschka or from tumor seeding along the pathway of CSF flow. […] Choroid plexus carcinomas (grade III) are malignant and have a higher chance of recurrence. GTR has a favorable impact on survival, but is only achieved in less than 50% of cases. Adjuvant therapy with radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be indicated, although studies report varying success in prolonging survival and improving outcomes.
  • #18 Choroid plexus carcinoma: A case report and literature review
    https://www.oatext.com/Choroid-plexus-carcinoma-A-case-report-and-literature-review.php
    The location of CPT are usually intraventricular; however extraventricular has been reported in several literatures. […] 12% of patients with CPC estimated to have metastasis at presentation with the frequency is higher in supratentorial lesion. […] The presentations of symptoms vary and fall into 2 major categories which are intracranial hypertension and focal neurological deficit. […] In investigating the tumor, both CT scan and MRI is needed, and sometimes angiography will be useful especially if we are suspecting a highly vascularized tumor. […] Owing to its low incidence, guideline in managing choroid plexus carcinoma is not well established. Best treatment option is still gross total resection, with Bettegowda, et al. defining it as reduction of more than 75% in tumor size. […] Other therapeutic options have been used as adjunct to surgery includes chemotherapy and radiotherapy particularly in patients with residual tumor.
  • #19 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/choroid-plexus-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20578760
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare type of brain cancer that happens mainly in children. […] Choroid plexus carcinoma happens most often in children under 2 years old. […] Factors that increase the risk of choroid plexus carcinoma include young age. […] Some choroid plexus carcinomas are linked to certain genetic changes that can run in families, such as with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
  • #20 Choroid Plexus Tumors | UCSF Brain Tumor Center
    https://braintumorcenter.ucsf.edu/condition/choroid-plexus-tumors
    Choroid plexus carcinoma, although relatively rare, is more common in patients with Li-Fraumani syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that increases risk for a variety of cancers. […] Children with choroid plexus carcinoma may be screened to help guide future treatment. Parents of children with choroid plexus carcinoma may also benefit from genetic counseling. […] For patients with choroid plexus carcinoma, long-term outcomes depend on a variety of factors, including the size and location of the tumor, whether it spread (or metastasized) to other brain regions, and whether it was completely removed during surgery. In general, complete surgical removal of the tumor offers the best patient outcomes. […] However, patients with choroid plexus carcinoma often require more aggressive treatments, such as chemotherapy and/or radiation after surgery. Although these treatments can be effective for many patients, some survivors are at risk for developing long-term side effects.
  • #21 Choroid Plexus Tumors | Radiology Key
    https://radiologykey.com/choroid-plexus-tumors/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is primarily associated with familial cancer syndromes and affects the pediatric age group. […] Choroid plexus carcinoma has a guarded prognosis. […] This tumor primarily affects children, with about 80% of all choroid plexus tumors occurring in the first decade of life. […] Most choroid plexus tumors occur sporadically, except in two hereditary syndromes: Aicardi syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. […] Affected age group: Pediatric CPPs tend to occur in the lateral, or less frequently in the third, ventricle.
  • #22 Choroid Plexus Carcinoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/choroid-plexus-carcinoma
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare, aggressive brain cancer that most often affects infants and children. […] Choroid plexus carcinoma is rare. There are three types of choroid plexus tumors and, in general, they account for less than 1% of all brain tumors. Of the three types of choroid plexus tumors, choroid plexus carcinomas are the rarest and the only kind that’s cancerous. These tumors are more likely to affect infants and children. […] The five-year survival rate for people with choroid plexus carcinoma is 40% to 60%. This means as many as 6 in 10 people are still alive five years after receiving the diagnosis. That rate decreases to 30% if you also have Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
  • #23 Prognostic Factors and Nomogram for Choroid Plexus Tumors: A Population-Based Retrospective Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database Analysis
    https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/items/c274dd8c-03dc-477f-9aad-811155d810e7
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are rare neoplasms found in the central nervous system, comprising 1% of all brain tumors. […] From the years 2000 to 2019, 679 patients with CPT were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database. […] Among these patients, 456 patients had CPP, 75 patients had aCPP, and 142 patients had CPC. […] Histology was a significant predictor of OS, with 5-year OS rates of 90, 79, and 61% for CPP, aCPP, and CPC, respectively. […] American Indian/Alaskan Native race was linked to poorer OS for patients with CPC. […] Meanwhile, in patients with CPC, gross total resection (GTR) was associated with significantly better OS than subtotal resection (STR) only. […] Furthermore, OS is equivalent for CPC with GTR and STR plus adjuvant therapy.
  • #24 Developing a nomogram based on SEER database for predicting prognosis in choroid plexus tumors | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-63218-1
    By contrast, CPCs are more malignant and invasive. […] The 5-year overall rate of patients with CPCs was 0.613. […] In our study, histology types were found to be an important prognostic factor for OS, which is consistent with previously published findings. […] We found that OS was superior for CPPs to ACPPs and for ACPPs to CPCs. […] For patients with CPT of different pathologic types, surgery was chosen over radiotherapy or chemotherapy. […] The results showed that surgery had a significant effect on prognosis. […] Therefore, we believe that pursuing GTR surgery remains the first choice for the clinical treatment of CPT. […] We developed a nomogram for predicting the prognosis of CPT patients, which can be an individual, convenient, and more intuitive visual tool. […] Age, race, pathologies, tumor size, tumor number, surgery, and the use of chemotherapy are independent prognostic factors in patients with CPT. […] Based on our analysis, radiotherapy and chemotherapy did not seem to provide more survival benefit to patients with CPT.
  • #25 Prognostic Factors and Nomogram for Choroid Plexus Tumors: A Population-Based Retrospective Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database Analysis
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/610
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are rare neoplasms found in the central nervous system, comprising 1% of all brain tumors. […] The National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (NCI SEER) database compiles data on cancer from population-based registries, covering around 28% of the US population. This extensive dataset offers a valuable chance to study CPTs on a larger scale, examining clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. […] This study is one of the largest retrospective cohort analyses looking at patients with CPTs. As expected, CPCs had significantly worse OS compared to CPP and aCPP. […] Our study showed a significant improvement in OS with the use of neoadjuvant therapy. […] The nomogram built for patients with CPC also demonstrated acceptable accuracy in estimating the survival probability at 5-year and 10-year intervals with a C-index of 0.608 with a 95% CI of 0.446 to 0.77. […] This study demonstrates the survival difference between patients with CPP compared to patients with CPC. It highlights some of the optimum treatment options available for the treatment of both CPP and CPC.
  • #26 Rapidly growing, multifocal, benign choroid plexus tumor in an infant: case report in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics Volume 23 Issue 5 (2019) Journals
    https://thejns.org/pediatrics/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/23/5/article-p622.xml
    Choroid plexus tumors are pathologically divided into WHO grade I choroid plexus papilloma (CPP), WHO grade II atypical CPP (aCPP), and WHO grade III choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). […] Tumors arising from the choroid plexus are rare, comprising approximately 0.4%-0.6% of all brain tumors. However, they account for 13% of all intracranial tumors arising in the first year of life. […] Most choroid plexus tumors present with signs of hydrocephalus and thus require immediate treatment. Resection is considered curative for CPP and is the recommended therapy. […] The treatment of choice in symptomatic patients is surgery. Resection is often curative in benign CPPs. […] The recommended duration of follow-up and rate of imaging in a patient with a presumed choroid plexus tumor without hydrocephalus are unknown. We believe that imaging should be performed frequently for tumors discovered in infants, children with symptoms other than hydrocephalus, and children with potential genetic syndromes. We recommend clinical examination and MRI at least every 3 months for the first year in these patients. […] Rapid progression does not necessarily indicate a malignant tumor.
  • #27 Durability of an endoscopic management strategy for recurrent choroid plexus carcinoma with a comprehensive molecular characterization: illustrative case in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 5 Issue 10 (2023) Journals
    https://thejns.org/caselessons/view/journals/j-neurosurg-case-lessons/5/10/article-CASE22508.xml
    Recurrence of CPC is common, but there are sparse reports of long-term outcomes for patients who have had recurrence, particularly in nonsyndromic cases. Likewise, there is limited knowledge regarding molecular drivers of tumor recurrence. Here we present a rare case of CPC with multiple local and distal recurrences over an approximate 10-year period, successfully managed with repeated endoscopic removals. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and targeted sequencing results reveal unique and persistent genetic alterations associated with this multiply recurrent tumor. […] We advocate for frequent surveillance with neuroimaging in these patients because this strategy can detect CPC recurrence early in the natural history of the tumor, prior to dissemination and substantial changes in size and vascularity, thus facilitating expedient second-look surgery while the tumor is still amenable to endoscopic resection. In conjunction with adolescent age of onset, this management strategy emphasizing early repeat endoscopic intervention generated a favorable and durable outcome for our patient.
  • #28
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-021-03942-0
    The use of chemotherapy in the treatment of choroid plexus tumors has increased since CPT-SIOP-2000 was designed. […] This study expands findings from our previous analysis of APP patients. […] In contrast to common belief, this prospective study did not confirm the impact of complete resection in CPC. […] The efficacy of irradiation has been suggested in retrospective analyses. This study confirmed a trend toward longer survival. […] Establishing a treatment algorithm as guidance was a major objective of the CPT-SIOP-2000 study.
  • #29 Choroid plexus tumours | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/6600609
    The symptom duration of patients with tumours located in the cerebellopontine angle was longer than in other patients. […] When survival was used as endpoint, patients with observation time equaling 0 were excluded. […] In the total group of CPT, metastasis was a significant factor in survival time (P=0.02), however, metastases were more frequent in CPC, and in subgroup analyses the numbers became too small for meaningful analysis. […] Treatment modalities analysed in this study included surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. […] Of those, surgery showed the most striking differences. […] In CPC patients, those that received irradiation did better than those without irradiation in both subgroups, after complete and incomplete resection. […] The projected 2-year survival rate for these patients was 54%, as compared to 62% for CPC patients in which relapse was not mentioned.
  • #30 Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma an Uncommon Entity: A Case Report
    https://pubs.sciepub.com/ajmcr/9/10/5/index.html
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) account for 2-4% of all brain neoplasms in the pediatric age group, and 14% of brain tumors occurring in the 1st year of life. […] On the basis of their histological features, as per 2016 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system, these tumors are classified as choroid plexus papilloma (CPP; WHO Grade I), atypical CPP (ACPP; WHO Grade II), and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC; WHO Grade III). […] The prognosis for children with papilloma is excellent, and a 5-year survival rate for children with choroid plexus carcinoma is 50%, and all deaths usually occur within 7 months of operation. […] The patients with choroid plexus carcinomas who underwent complete gross resection of the tumor had a better prognosis than did those with subtotal resection. […] Recommended treatment of all choroid plexus tumors is to start with radical surgical resection, followed by adjuvant treatment in case of choroid plexus carcinoma, and a „wait and see” approach in case of choroid plexus papilloma.
  • #31 Choroid Plexus Papilloma: Practice Essentials, Problem, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/250795-overview
    Choroid plexus papillomas are rare, accounting for about 1% of all brain tumors, 2-6% of pediatric brain tumors, and 0.5% of adult brain tumors. They most often occur in children, with a predilection for younger ages. CPPs make up 4-6% of intracranial neoplasms in children younger than 2 years and 12-13% of intracranial neoplasms in children younger than 1 year. […] The frequency of CPPs in children is similar in China (1.5%) and in France (2.3%). […] The male-to-female incidence ratio of CPP is 1.2:1.
  • #32 Choroid plexus tumours | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/6600609
    Relapse after primary treatment was a poor prognostic factor in choroid plexus-carcinoma patients but not in choroid plexus-papilloma patients. […] Treatment of choroid plexus tumours should start with radical surgical resection. This should be followed by adjuvant treatment in case of choroid plexus-carcinoma, and a wait and see approach in choroid plexus-papilloma. […] The current treatment of choroid plexus tumours is based on little evidence. […] In general it is believed that surgical resection is an important element of treatment. […] Postoperatively, infants with choroid plexus carcinoma are frequently treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and adult patients are treated with irradiation therapy. […] We performed a systematic literature review to assess prognostic factors and treatment efficacy in choroid plexus tumours as a basis for stimulating an international consensus to form the basis of an international trial working group mainly within the International Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOP).
  • #33 KoreaMed Synapse
    https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1121901
    Choroid plexus tumors are rare, accounting for only 0.30.6% of all brain tumors and 1020% of those in infants. […] Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) primarily occurs in children, and the median age of patients with CPC is 3 years, highlighting the rarity of adult-onset CPC. […] CPC is associated with poor prognosis, and the 5-year survival rate for patients with CPCs is approximately 40%. […] The extent of tumor removal is associated with significantly superior overall survival (OS); whereas, the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy on OS remains controversial. […] Current CPC treatment is based on data from pediatric patients who are heavily treated with chemotherapy, and the role of chemotherapy has not been established in adult CPCs. […] Evidence from the few reported cases of adult-onset CPC suggests that, even after gross total removal of the lesion with adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the outcome of adult CPC varies. […] It is evident that further studies are necessary to establish standardized radiation and chemotherapy strategies in adult CPC patients.
  • #34 Choroid Plexus Neoplasms: Toward a Distinction between Carcinoma and Papilloma Using Arterial Spin-Labeling | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    http://www.ajnr.org/content/36/9/1786
    The objective of our study was to analyze the perfusion pattern of pediatric choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma with perfusion weighted-imaging, by using ASL or DSC-PWI. […] ASL perfusion MR imaging can discriminate preoperatively between choroid plexus carcinomas and papillomas; this finding helps the surgeon to adapt his or her operative strategy (possible preoperative embolization).