Rak gruczołu naczyniówkowego
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Rak splotu naczyniówkowego (CPC) to rzadki, złośliwy guz ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, klasyfikowany jako stopień III WHO, charakteryzujący się agresywnym wzrostem, inwazją mózgu i rozprzestrzenianiem przez płyn mózgowo-rdzeniowy. CPC stanowi 0,3-0,6% wszystkich guzów mózgu, a u niemowląt odsetek ten wzrasta do 10-20%. Patogeneza obejmuje mutacje TP53 w około 50% przypadków, które wiążą się z gorszym rokowaniem, a u pacjentów bez mutacji TP53 często występuje wariant TP53 p.R72 i polimorfizm MDM2 SNP309. U dorosłych obserwuje się mutacje promotora TERT, fuzje genów CCDC47-PRKCA oraz mutacje PTEN. Dodatkowo, mutacje punktowe w genie EPHA7 mogą przyczyniać się do progresji CPC. Charakterystyczna jest podwyższona niestabilność genomowa, w tym amplifikacje chromosomu 1 oraz hiperdiploidia chromosomów 7, 8, 9, 12 i 20. Analiza metylacji DNA wyróżnia trzy podgrupy nowotworów splotu naczyniówkowego, z CPC cechującym się hipometylacją elementów transpozonowych i najgorszym rokowaniem. Zaburzenia programu multiciliogenezy GMNC-MCIDAS oraz nadekspresja c-MYC odgrywają kluczową rolę w patogenezie i agresywności CPC, co może stanowić potencjalny cel terapeutyczny.

Patofizjologia raka splotu naczyniówkowego (Choroid Plexus Carcinoma)

Rak splotu naczyniówkowego (Choroid Plexus Carcinoma, CPC) jest rzadkim, złośliwym nowotworem ośrodkowego układu nerwowego wywodzącym się z nabłonka splotu naczyniówkowego. Nowotwór ten klasyfikowany jest jako guz III stopnia według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) i charakteryzuje się agresywnym wzrostem oraz zdolnością do inwazji okolicznych tkanek mózgu.123 CPC stanowi zaledwie około 0,3-0,6% wszystkich guzów mózgu, a u niemowląt odsetek ten wzrasta do 10-20%.45

Zmiany genetyczne w CPC

Patogeneza raka splotu naczyniówkowego jest złożona i obejmuje wiele mechanizmów molekularnych, z których najczęściej identyfikowanym jest dysfunkcja genu supresorowego TP53.67 Mutacje genu TP53 występują w około 50% przypadków CPC i są związane z gorszym rokowaniem.89 Interesujący jest fakt, że u pacjentów z CPC bez mutacji TP53, często (nawet w 90% przypadków) występuje kombinacja wariantu TP53 p.R72 i polimorfizmu MDM2 SNP309, co również prowadzi do dysfunkcji białka TP53.10

Badania molekularne wykazały, że w CPC występują zasadnicze różnice genetyczne w porównaniu do łagodniejszych postaci nowotworów splotu naczyniówkowego (CPP – choroid plexus papilloma):11

  • U dzieci z CPC brak jest nawracających zmian genetycznych poza mutacjami TP5312
  • U dorosłych z CPC często występują mutacje promotora TERT lub rzadko opisywane fuzje genów CCDC47-PRKCA, które są związane z bardziej agresywnym przebiegiem klinicznym13
  • W niektórych przypadkach CPC u dorosłych obserwuje się mutacje w genie PTEN, który koduje enzym hamujący wzrost guzów w ludzkich tkankach14

Dodatkowo, badanie z 2023 roku wykazało, że u pacjentów z CPC bez mutacji TP53 mogą występować mutacje punktowe w genie EPHA7, co sugeruje, że mutacja EPHA7 może prowadzić do utraty jego właściwości supresorowych i przyczynić się do progresji nowotworu.15

Niestabilność genomowa w CPC

W CPC obserwuje się podwyższoną niestabilność genomową, wykrywaną zarówno przy użyciu klasycznych technik cytogenetycznych, jak i metod opartych na mikromacierzach. Ta niestabilność jest związana z wiekiem pacjenta – pediatryczne CPC często wykazują hipodiploidię.16 Badania wykazały, że w CPC występują częste zmiany w liczbie kopii chromosomów, w tym:

  • Amplifikacja chromosomu 117
  • W niektórych przypadkach, skupiska komórek złośliwych z mutacją TP53 wykazują hiperdiploidy z nawracającymi wzmocnieniami chromosomów 7, 8, 9, 12 i 2018

Zmiany w liczbie kopii chromosomów (SCNAs) odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju i progresji CPC.19

Profil metylacji DNA w CPC

Analiza metylacji DNA klasyfikuje CPC jako odrębną jednostkę molekularną, różną zarówno od CPP, jak i atypowego CPP (aCPP).20 W najnowszych badaniach zidentyfikowano trzy odrębne podgrupy nowotworów splotu naczyniówkowego na podstawie profili metylacji:

  • Klaster 1: guzy niskiego ryzyka, głównie CPP i aCPP, występujące u małych dzieci, zlokalizowane nadnamiotowo, o doskonałym rokowaniu
  • Klaster 2: guzy występujące u dorosłych, głównie podnamiotowo, o rokowaniu od średniego do doskonałego
  • Klaster 3: zawierający CPC, CPP i aCPP, występujący najczęściej nadnamiotowo u małych dzieci, często z nieprawidłowościami p53 i najgorszym rokowaniem21

Ponadto, w CPC zaobserwowano hipometylację w głównych regionach powtórzeń, w tym długich rozproszonych elementach jądrowych (LINE), krótkich rozproszonych elementach jądrowych (SINE), długich powtórzeniach terminalnych (LTR) i retrotranspozonach w porównaniu do CPP. Sugeruje to, że utrata epigenetycznego wyciszania elementów transpozonowych może odgrywać rolę w rozwoju CPC.22

Mechanizmy progresji Choroid Plexus Carcinoma

Zmiany DNA i ich konsekwencje

Rak splotu naczyniówkowego rozwija się, gdy komórki w mózgu doświadczają zmian w DNA. DNA komórki zawiera instrukcje, które informują komórkę, co ma robić. W komórkach nowotworowych zmiany w DNA dają inne instrukcje, nakazujące komórkom nowotworowym szybki wzrost i namnażanie. Komórki nowotworowe mogą przetrwać, gdy zdrowe komórki umarłyby, co prowadzi do nadmiernej liczby komórek. Komórki nowotworowe tworzą masę zwaną guzem, który może rosnąć, atakować i niszczyć zdrowe tkanki.23

W CPC obserwuje się znaczącą nadekspresję genów związanych z regulacją cyklu komórkowego i szlakami przejścia nabłonkowo-mezenchymalnego w porównaniu do CPP, co przyczynia się do jego agresywnego charakteru.24

Zaburzenia szlaku GMNC-MCIDAS w CPC

Nowe badania wykazały, że zakłócenie programu multiciliogenezy GMNC-MCIDAS odgrywa kluczową rolę w rozwoju CPC. W przeciwieństwie do wielorzęskowych komórek (MCC) w nabłonku splotu naczyniówkowego, CPC u ludzi charakteryzuje się pojedynczymi rzęskami, częstymi mutacjami TP53 i zaburzeniami programu multiciliogenezy kierowanego przez sieć transkrypcyjną GMNC-MCIDAS.25

GMNC i MCIDAS są wczesnymi regulatorami transkrypcyjnymi różnicowania komórek MCC w różnych tkankach. Badania na myszach wykazały, że połączone defekty w sygnalizacji NOTCH i Sonic Hedgehog generują guzy podobne do CPC u ludzi. NOTCH hamuje wielorzęskowość w komórkach nowotworowych poprzez hamowanie ekspresji GMNC i MCIDAS, podczas gdy nadekspresja Gmnc-Mcidas ratuje defekty wielorzęskowości i hamuje proliferację komórek nowotworowych.26

Badanie ludzkich guzów splotu naczyniówkowego ujawniło nieprawidłową aktywność NOTCH w podzbiorze guzów, a badania na myszach wykazały, że stała ekspresja NOTCH1 prowadziła do brodawczaka splotu naczyniówkowego (CPP), który powstał z jednorzęskowych prekursorów w płytce dachowej tyłomózgowia.27

Te odkrycia podkreślają kluczową rolę upośledzonego programu multiciliogenezy GMNC-MCIDAS w rozwoju CPC i sugerują, że można to wykorzystać terapeutycznie w celu zahamowania proliferacji i promowania różnicowania guza.28

Rola c-MYC w nowotworach splotu naczyniówkowego

Deregulacja ekspresji c-MYC okazała się funkcjonalnie istotna dla rdzeniaków i glejaków wielopostaciowych, najczęstszych wewnętrznych guzów mózgu odpowiednio u dzieci i dorosłych.29 Badania wykazały, że nadekspresja c-MYC w nabłonku splotu naczyniówkowego indukuje brodawczaki splotu naczyniówkowego zależne od zapalenia mediowanego przez komórki T w modelu mysim.30

Wykazano również, że c-MYC ulega ekspresji w znacznej części ludzkich guzów splotu naczyniówkowego, a ta podgrupa guzów charakteryzuje się zapalnym transkryptomem i znaczącymi naciekami zapalnymi.31 Dane te sugerują, że łagodne guzy splotu naczyniówkowego wyrażające c-MYC mogą być podatne na leczenie medyczne lekami przeciwzapalnymi.32

Eksperymenty wykazały, że niski poziom nadekspresji c-MYC w nabłonku splotu naczyniówkowego indukuje CPP z wysoką penetracją. Obserwowano zwiększoną proliferację i zredukowaną apoptozę w komórkach z nadekspresją c-MYC, a zwiększone tworzenie kolonii w teście miękkiego agaru potwierdziło potencjał transformacji wprowadzonej modyfikacji genetycznej.33

Mechanizmy inwazji i przerzutowania

CPC charakteryzuje się agresywnym wzrostem i zdolnością do inwazji okolicznych tkanek mózgu oraz rozprzestrzeniania się przez płyn mózgowo-rdzeniowy (PMR). Ze względu na swoje pochodzenie z nabłonka splotu naczyniówkowego, większość CPC jest zlokalizowana wewnątrz komór mózgowych. Rozlana granica między guzem a normalną tkanką mózgu odzwierciedla inwazję mózgu.34

Guzy najczęściej rozprzestrzeniają się przez PMR. W rezultacie przerzuty często występują wzdłuż ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, szczególnie w oponie miękkiej. W rzadkich przypadkach zgłaszano przerzuty rozprzestrzeniające się do jamy brzusznej i miejsc pozaczaszkowych.35

CPC może również indukować wodogłowie poprzez różne mechanizmy, w tym blokadę normalnego przepływu PMR, nadprodukcję PMR przez guz, spontaniczne krwawienie i rozszerzenie komór.36

Cechy histopatologiczne Choroid Plexus Carcinoma

Mikroskopowe cechy CPC

Dokładna diagnoza histopatologiczna jest niezbędna w przypadku CPC. Nowotwór ten powinien być zawsze uwzględniany w diagnostyce różnicowej guza brodawkowatego wewnątrzkomorowego.37 Charakterystyczne cechy histopatologiczne CPC obejmują:

Badanie histopatologiczne CPC ujawnia zacieranie wzoru brodawkowatego, ze słabo ustrukturyzowanymi płatami komórek nowotworowych i obszarami martwiczymi. W przeciwieństwie do tego, badanie histopatologiczne CPP ujawnia architekturę brodawkowatą złożoną z delikatnych włóknisto-naczyniowych wypustek łącznotkankowych pokrytych pojedynczą warstwą jednolitych komórek nabłonkowych.50

Różnice w unaczynieniu między CPC a CPP

Zaawansowane techniki obrazowania MR, takie jak obrazowanie perfuzyjne, mogą dostarczyć dodatkowych informacji na temat unaczynienia guza, co może pomóc w diagnostyce różnicowej. Wykazano wyższy względny przepływ krwi w mózgu (rCBF) mierzony za pomocą ASL (arterial spin labeling) w rakach w porównaniu do brodawczaków, co pozwala na rozróżnienie między rakami a brodawczakami splotu naczyniówkowego.51

Substraty histopatologiczne mogą wyjaśniać różnice między brodawczakami a rakami w rCBV (regionalnej objętości krwi w mózgu) mierzonej za pomocą ASL. Istotnie, raki mają tendencję do posiadania większej liczby mikronaczyń i bardzo odmiennej organizacji, z częstą proliferacją śródbłonkową naczyń włosowatych i martwicą naczyń.52

Różnice w ekspresji genów między CPC a CPP

Analiza różnicowej ekspresji genów ujawniła znaczącą nadekspresję genów związanych z regulacją cyklu komórkowego i szlakami przejścia nabłonkowo-mezenchymalnego w CPC w porównaniu do CPP.53 Badania wykazały również różnicową ekspresję AK1 jako czynnika odróżniającego CPP od CPC, potencjalnie pod wpływem zarówno czynników genomowych, jak i epigenomowych. Analiza sugeruje, że regulacja AK1 w górę w CPP w porównaniu do CPC jest indukowana przez amplifikację chromosomu 9, a także hipometylację AK1.54

Potencjalne czynniki etiologiczne

Przyczyny CPC są stosunkowo nieznane, chociaż podejrzewa się czynniki dziedziczne. Czasami występują one w połączeniu z innymi dziedzicznymi nowotworami, w tym zespołem Li-Fraumeni i złośliwymi guzami rabdoidnymi.55

Zespół Li-Fraumeni to autosomalnie dominujące zaburzenie spowodowane mutacją zarodkową w genie supresorowym nowotworu TP53 na chromosomie 17p13.56 W jednej serii 42 dzieci, sześciu (16,7%) miało fenotypowe lub genotypowe cechy zgodne z zespołem Li-Fraumeni. Czterech z 11 z rakami splotu naczyniówkowego miało pozytywny wynik na mutacje zarodkowe TP53.57

Etiologia niektórych guzów splotu naczyniówkowego została powiązana z zakażeniami wirusem SV40, ale może być również pod wpływem innych czynników, takich jak zespoły związane z chromosomem X.58 Możliwe skojarzenie ze szlakiem zapalnym zostało również opisane.59

Konsekwencje kliniczne i terapeutyczne

Patofizjologia CPC ma bezpośrednie implikacje kliniczne i terapeutyczne. Rak splotu naczyniówkowego jest agresywnym nowotworem o złym rokowaniu, szczególnie jeśli jest niecałkowicie wycięty.60

U dzieci z CPC celem jest usunięcie jak największej części guza, jednak zwykle wymagają one dodatkowego leczenia.61 Wskaźnik przeżycia po operacji wynosi 60-65%.62 Tylko około jedna czwarta dzieci przeżywa pięć lat od początkowej diagnozy, chociaż dzieci, które pomyślnie przeszły całkowitą resekcję guza, mają znacznie korzystniejsze rokowanie, z pięcioletnim wskaźnikiem przeżycia wynoszącym około 60%.63

Leczenie CPC często obejmuje operację, a następnie chemioterapię, radioterapię lub obie metody, co spełnia kryteria wpisu 113.13 C.64 Histologia była najważniejszym czynnikiem prognostycznym, ponieważ roczne, pięcioletnie i dziesięcioletnie prognozowane wskaźniki przeżycia wynosiły 90, 81 i 77% w brodawczaku splotu naczyniówkowego w porównaniu do zaledwie 71, 41 i 35% w raku splotu naczyniówkowego.65

Operacja była istotna prognostycznie zarówno dla brodawczaka splotu naczyniówkowego, jak i raka splotu naczyniówkowego. Radioterapia była związana ze znacznie lepszym przeżyciem w rakach splotu naczyniówkowego.66 Nawrót po leczeniu pierwotnym był złym czynnikiem prognostycznym u pacjentów z rakiem splotu naczyniówkowego, ale nie u pacjentów z brodawczakiem splotu naczyniówkowego.67

Obecnie prowadzone są nowe badania kliniczne testujące chemioterapię dotętniczą w leczeniu CPC. Ta kombinacja leków została już z powodzeniem zastosowana w leczeniu siatkówczaka, niszczącego guza, który wcześniej wymagał usunięcia dotkniętego oka. Istnieje nadzieja, że ta sama kombinacja będzie bezpiecznym i wykonalnym leczeniem dla pacjentów z nowo zdiagnozowanym, rezydualnym lub nawracającym atypowym brodawczakiem splotu naczyniówkowego i rakiem splotu naczyniówkowego.68

Pierwotnym celem wynikowym dla tego badania fazy I jest ustalenie bezpieczeństwa procedury, a pacjenci będą monitorowani przez rok pod kątem wszelkich działań niepożądanych. Pacjenci będą również monitorowani pod kątem zmniejszenia wielkości guza i unaczynienia (ponieważ zmniejszenie przepływu krwi do guza pozbawia go składników odżywczych i pomaga zapobiegać wzrostowi).69

CPC ma doskonałe wskaźniki przeżycia u pacjentów, którzy przeszli całkowitą resekcję guza, ale jest znacznie niższy u tych, którzy mają tylko częściowe resekcje. Jeśli można zmniejszyć objętość guza i unaczynienie przed operacją, możliwe jest osiągnięcie całkowitej resekcji u większej liczby pacjentów.70

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Choroid plexus carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/choroid-plexus-carcinoma?lang=us
    Choroid plexus carcinomas are malignant neoplasms arising from the choroid plexus. They originate from choroid plexus epithelium and typically arise de novo; rarely they may represent malignant transformation of a pre-existing choroid plexus papilloma. […] The most common underlying genetic mechanism identified in their formation is dysfunction of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (TP53).
  • #2 Choroid plexus carcinoma – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684041/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. […] A novel TP53 somatic mutation involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma.
  • #3 Choroid Plexus Tumor: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/choroid-plexus-tumors
    Choroid plexus carcinoma are malignant (cancerous). This means they are fast-growing tumors that are more likely to spread to other areas of the CNS. […] Genetic changes, notably mutation of the TP53 gene, have been linked to the formation of grade 3 choroid plexus carcinomas in about 50 percent of cases. […] Rarely, certain genetic changes that can be passed down through families have been linked to a higher chance of developing choroid plexus carcinomas.
  • #4 :: BTRT :: Brain Tumor Research and Treatment
    https://btrt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.14791/btrt.2019.7.e23
    Choroid plexus tumors are rare, accounting for only 0.30.6% of all brain tumors and 1020% of those in infants. Choroid plexus tumors include choroid plexus papilloma (CPP), atypical CPP, and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). Of these subtypes, CPCs are the most aggressive and malignant at a World Health Organization grade III. CPC primarily occurs in children, and the median age of patients with CPC is 3 years, highlighting the rarity of adult-onset CPC. As CPC is derived from choroid plexus epithelium, it usually presents with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obstruction and progresses through CSF metastasis. […] Because of their origin in the choroid plexus epithelium, the majority of CPCs are located within the ventricle. A diffuse border between the tumor and normal brain tissue reflects brain invasion. Maximal surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the recommended treatment but has yet to be standardized.
  • #5 Choroid plexus carcinoma: A case report and literature review
    https://www.oatext.com/Choroid-plexus-carcinoma-A-case-report-and-literature-review.php
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare tumor representing less than 1% of all brain tumors. In adult, the incidence is extremely rare making the diagnosis difficult. Majority of choroid plexus tumor is found in the ventricle. However, ectopic sites such as intracranial extraventricular or spine have been reported. […] Choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare tumor especially in adult. In total population, choroid plexus tumor only represents less than 1% of all brain tumors. Out of all choroid plexus tumors, only 15-30% is carcinoma. In adult however, due to its extremely rare occurrence, the diagnosis of choroid plexus carcinoma should be made with caution as it more frequently resembles a metastatic papillary tumor such as from kidney and thyroid. […] It has been suggested in a few literatures that for older children and adult, a gross total resection is the best method of treatment followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, surgical resection poses a challenge as it frequently intensely vascular tumor, leading to extreme and heavy bleeding during surgery, thus affecting patients survival.
  • #6 Choroid plexus carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/choroid-plexus-carcinoma?lang=us
    Choroid plexus carcinomas are malignant neoplasms arising from the choroid plexus. They originate from choroid plexus epithelium and typically arise de novo; rarely they may represent malignant transformation of a pre-existing choroid plexus papilloma. […] The most common underlying genetic mechanism identified in their formation is dysfunction of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (TP53).
  • #7 Choroid Plexus Tumor: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/choroid-plexus-tumors
    Choroid plexus carcinoma are malignant (cancerous). This means they are fast-growing tumors that are more likely to spread to other areas of the CNS. […] Genetic changes, notably mutation of the TP53 gene, have been linked to the formation of grade 3 choroid plexus carcinomas in about 50 percent of cases. […] Rarely, certain genetic changes that can be passed down through families have been linked to a higher chance of developing choroid plexus carcinomas.
  • #8 Choroid Plexus Tumors
    https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/209104
    Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (CPC) Germline mutations in TP53 have been reported in up to 50% of Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (CPC). […] Further, the combination of the TP53 p.R72 variant and the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism, two sequence variants known to confer TP53 dysfunction, have been shown in 90% of TP53 wildtype CPC implicating universal TP53 dysfunction. […] Elevated genomic instability in CPC has been detected using classic cytogenetic and array-based approaches and are related to the patient’s age with, for example, pediatric CPC often showing hypodiploidy. […] DNA methylation analysis classifies CPC as a distinct molecular classification unique to both CPP and aCPP.
  • #9 Choroid Plexus – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More
    https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/choroid-plexus/
    Choroid plexus carcinomas are generally treated with post-operative chemotherapy. […] TP53 mutations are common in choroid plexus carcinoma and are associated with a worse prognosis. […] Patients with Li Fraumeni syndrome (a germline or constitutional mutation in the TP53 gene) are at much higher risk of developing choroid plexus carcinoma than the average population.
  • #10 Choroid Plexus Tumors
    https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/209104
    Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (CPC) Germline mutations in TP53 have been reported in up to 50% of Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (CPC). […] Further, the combination of the TP53 p.R72 variant and the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism, two sequence variants known to confer TP53 dysfunction, have been shown in 90% of TP53 wildtype CPC implicating universal TP53 dysfunction. […] Elevated genomic instability in CPC has been detected using classic cytogenetic and array-based approaches and are related to the patient’s age with, for example, pediatric CPC often showing hypodiploidy. […] DNA methylation analysis classifies CPC as a distinct molecular classification unique to both CPP and aCPP.
  • #11 The genetic landscape of choroid plexus tumors in children and adults
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8041331/
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are intraventricular brain tumors predominantly arising in children but also affecting adults. In most cases, driver mutations have not been identified, although there are reports of frequent chromosome-wide copy-number alterations and TP53 mutations, especially in choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs). […] Pediatric CPTs lack recurrent driver alterations except for TP53, whereas CPTs in adults show TERT promoter mutations or a novel CCDC47-PRKCA gene fusion, being associated with a more unfavorable clinical course. […] Despite these recent advances, little is known about genetic alterations involved in the tumorigenesis of choroid plexus tumors. […] The majority of CPC arises in children and CPC may be associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a cancer susceptibility syndrome caused by germline mutations of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene.
  • #12 The genetic landscape of choroid plexus tumors in children and adults
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8041331/
    However, many CPC and the vast majority of CPP lack TP53 mutations, strongly suggesting the presence of other tumor driving events. […] Here we show that pediatric choroid plexus tumors lack recurrent driver alterations except for TP53, while adult choroid plexus tumors show TERT promoter mutations or, in one patient, a not yet described CCDC47-PRKCA fusion. […] In conclusion, our data further confirm that pediatric choroid plexus tumors lack recurrent driver alterations except for TP53. In addition, we find that adult choroid plexus tumors may show TERT promoter mutations or rarely a CCDC47-PRKCA fusion transcript, which was associated with an aggressive clinical course.
  • #13 The genetic landscape of choroid plexus tumors in children and adults
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8041331/
    However, many CPC and the vast majority of CPP lack TP53 mutations, strongly suggesting the presence of other tumor driving events. […] Here we show that pediatric choroid plexus tumors lack recurrent driver alterations except for TP53, while adult choroid plexus tumors show TERT promoter mutations or, in one patient, a not yet described CCDC47-PRKCA fusion. […] In conclusion, our data further confirm that pediatric choroid plexus tumors lack recurrent driver alterations except for TP53. In addition, we find that adult choroid plexus tumors may show TERT promoter mutations or rarely a CCDC47-PRKCA fusion transcript, which was associated with an aggressive clinical course.
  • #14
    https://med.uth.edu/blog/2023/08/23/research-published-on-novel-therapy-for-choroid-plexus-carcinoma/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is a malignant brain tumor that primarily occurs in children but is rare in adult patients. […] Patients diagnosed with CPC have a survival rate of just 2.7 years, with limited regimens for chemotherapy due to limited knowledge of the gene mutation profile of the tumor. […] The testing identifies mutations among 315 genes, and in this case, the patient showed a mutation in the PTEN gene, which develops an enzyme that suppresses tumors in human tissue. […] After input from neuro-radiology, neuro-pathology, and radiation oncology professionals, the team decided on a regimen that would consist of radiation to the brain and spine areas as well as targeted chemotherapy with everolimus, a drug that targets the PTEN mutation. […] Since there are no established guidelines for treatment against adult CPC after surgery and radiation, we believe that our regimen is a potentially viable therapy for those with the PTEN mutation, Zhu said.
  • #15 Comprehensive multiomics analysis reveals distinct differences between pediatric choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-024-01814-y
    Our results suggest pronounced genomic and epigenomic disparities between CPP and CPC, providing insights into the pathogenesis of CPT at the molecular level. […] Our findings revealed distinctive TP53 alterations in CPC, along with novel EPHA7 point mutations specifically in TP53-wild-type CPC. […] Our study implies that mutation of EPHA7 may have resulted in the loss of its tumor suppressor properties and the promotion of carcinoma progression in choroid plexus tumor. […] Our findings suggest that SCNAs play an important role in CPT development and progression. […] We also highlighted the differential expression of AK1 as a distinguishing factor between CPP and CPC, potentially influenced by both genomic and epigenomic factors. […] Our results are consistent with this, and furthermore, our analysis suggests that AK1 upregulation in CPP compared to CPC is induced by the amplification of chromosome 9 as well as the hypomethylation of AK1.
  • #16 Choroid Plexus Tumors
    https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/209104
    Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (CPC) Germline mutations in TP53 have been reported in up to 50% of Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (CPC). […] Further, the combination of the TP53 p.R72 variant and the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism, two sequence variants known to confer TP53 dysfunction, have been shown in 90% of TP53 wildtype CPC implicating universal TP53 dysfunction. […] Elevated genomic instability in CPC has been detected using classic cytogenetic and array-based approaches and are related to the patient’s age with, for example, pediatric CPC often showing hypodiploidy. […] DNA methylation analysis classifies CPC as a distinct molecular classification unique to both CPP and aCPP.
  • #17 Comprehensive multiomics analysis reveals distinct differences between pediatric choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-024-01814-y
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are intraventricular tumors derived from the choroid plexus epithelium and occur frequently in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic and epigenomic characteristics of CPT and identify the differences between choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). […] Mutually exclusive TP53 and EPHA7 point mutations, coupled with the amplification of chromosome 1, were exclusively identified in CPC. […] Differential gene expression analysis uncovered a significant overexpression of genes related to cell cycle regulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways in CPC compared to CPP. […] Furthermore, methylation profiling unveiled hypomethylation in major repeat regions, including long interspersed nuclear elements, short interspersed nuclear elements, long terminal repeats, and retrotransposons in CPC compared to CPP, implying that the loss of epigenetic silencing of transposable elements may play a role in tumorigenesis of CPC.
  • #18 Recurrent choroid plexus carcinoma treated with CyberKnife radiosurgery: illustrative case in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 8 Issue 2 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/caselessons/view/journals/j-neurosurg-case-lessons/8/2/article-CASE23748.xml
    Notably, there have been limited series or case reports documenting the treatment of CPCs with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Therefore, we present a case of recurrent CPC in which the CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System (Accuray Inc.) was utilized as part of the adjuvant treatment. […] Managing a patients CPC poses numerous challenges, given the absence of standardized treatment protocols, the risks associated with aggressive resection, and the contentious use of radiation in very young children. […] Although there is some documentation on the use of SRS for lower-grade CPT, the available literature on the application of SRS for CPCs is notably limited, with only isolated case reports available. […] Finally, the molecular analysis also revealed a cluster of malignant cells with a TP53 mutation and a hyperdiploid genome featuring recurrent gains of chromosomes 7, 8, 9, 12, and 20 and acquired uniparental disomy. Such TP53 mutations are typical in around 50% of CPCs and are associated with poor outcomes.
  • #19 Comprehensive multiomics analysis reveals distinct differences between pediatric choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-024-01814-y
    Our results suggest pronounced genomic and epigenomic disparities between CPP and CPC, providing insights into the pathogenesis of CPT at the molecular level. […] Our findings revealed distinctive TP53 alterations in CPC, along with novel EPHA7 point mutations specifically in TP53-wild-type CPC. […] Our study implies that mutation of EPHA7 may have resulted in the loss of its tumor suppressor properties and the promotion of carcinoma progression in choroid plexus tumor. […] Our findings suggest that SCNAs play an important role in CPT development and progression. […] We also highlighted the differential expression of AK1 as a distinguishing factor between CPP and CPC, potentially influenced by both genomic and epigenomic factors. […] Our results are consistent with this, and furthermore, our analysis suggests that AK1 upregulation in CPP compared to CPC is induced by the amplification of chromosome 9 as well as the hypomethylation of AK1.
  • #20 Choroid Plexus Tumors
    https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/209104
    Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (CPC) Germline mutations in TP53 have been reported in up to 50% of Choroid Plexus Carcinoma (CPC). […] Further, the combination of the TP53 p.R72 variant and the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism, two sequence variants known to confer TP53 dysfunction, have been shown in 90% of TP53 wildtype CPC implicating universal TP53 dysfunction. […] Elevated genomic instability in CPC has been detected using classic cytogenetic and array-based approaches and are related to the patient’s age with, for example, pediatric CPC often showing hypodiploidy. […] DNA methylation analysis classifies CPC as a distinct molecular classification unique to both CPP and aCPP.
  • #21 Choroid plexus tumors of childhood | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/choroid-plexus-tumors-of-childhood
    Unique molecular signatures distinguish choroid plexus carcinomas from papillomas, including atypical choroid plexus papillomas; there are no clear molecular differences between papillomas and atypical papillomas. The majority of choroid plexus carcinomas harbor TP53 mutations, and those tumors that have two mutant copies are the most likely to be aggressive and result in poorer survival. […] Notch 3 signaling, the transcription factor TWIST1, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand pathway have also been implicated in papilloma tumorigenesis. […] Methylation profiling has demonstrated three distinct subgroups: cluster 1 consisting of low risk tumors that contained primarily choroid plexus papillomas and atypical papillomas occurring in young children, primarily in the supratentorial space and having an excellent prognosis; cluster 2 arising in adulthood with predominant infratentorial origin and intermediate to excellent prognosis; and cluster 3, also found most commonly in the supratentorial space of young children, consisting of choroid plexus carcinomas, papillomas, and atypical papillomas. Cluster 3 may demonstrate a p53 abnormality, and those with p53 abnormalities have the poorest prognosis. […] Furthermore, choroid plexus carcinomas clustered on DNA methylation profiles with homozygous TP53 mutations separately from those with heterozygous TP53 mutation or wild type TP53 and had the worst prognosis.
  • #22 Comprehensive multiomics analysis reveals distinct differences between pediatric choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-024-01814-y
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are intraventricular tumors derived from the choroid plexus epithelium and occur frequently in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic and epigenomic characteristics of CPT and identify the differences between choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). […] Mutually exclusive TP53 and EPHA7 point mutations, coupled with the amplification of chromosome 1, were exclusively identified in CPC. […] Differential gene expression analysis uncovered a significant overexpression of genes related to cell cycle regulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways in CPC compared to CPP. […] Furthermore, methylation profiling unveiled hypomethylation in major repeat regions, including long interspersed nuclear elements, short interspersed nuclear elements, long terminal repeats, and retrotransposons in CPC compared to CPP, implying that the loss of epigenetic silencing of transposable elements may play a role in tumorigenesis of CPC.
  • #23 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/choroid-plexus-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20578760
    Choroid plexus carcinoma happens when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
  • #24 Comprehensive multiomics analysis reveals distinct differences between pediatric choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-024-01814-y
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are intraventricular tumors derived from the choroid plexus epithelium and occur frequently in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic and epigenomic characteristics of CPT and identify the differences between choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). […] Mutually exclusive TP53 and EPHA7 point mutations, coupled with the amplification of chromosome 1, were exclusively identified in CPC. […] Differential gene expression analysis uncovered a significant overexpression of genes related to cell cycle regulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways in CPC compared to CPP. […] Furthermore, methylation profiling unveiled hypomethylation in major repeat regions, including long interspersed nuclear elements, short interspersed nuclear elements, long terminal repeats, and retrotransposons in CPC compared to CPP, implying that the loss of epigenetic silencing of transposable elements may play a role in tumorigenesis of CPC.
  • #25 Disruption of GMNC-MCIDAS multiciliogenesis program is critical in choroid plexus carcinoma development | Cell Death & Differentiation
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41418-022-00950-z
    Multiciliated cells (MCCs) in the brain reside in the ependyma and the choroid plexus (CP) epithelia. […] CP tumors exist in three forms: CP papilloma (CPP), atypical CPP, and CP carcinoma (CPC). […] In contrast to MCCs in the CP epithelia, CPCs in humans are characterized by solitary cilia, frequent TP53 mutations, and disturbances to multiciliogenesis program directed by the GMNC-MCIDAS transcriptional network. […] GMNC and MCIDAS are early transcriptional regulators of MCC fate differentiation in diverse tissues. […] Here we show that combined defects in NOTCH and Sonic Hedgehog signaling in mice generates tumors that are similar to CPC in humans. […] NOTCH suppresses multiciliation in tumor cells by inhibiting the expression of GMNC and MCIDAS, while Gmnc-Mcidas overexpression rescues multiciliation defects and suppresses tumor cell proliferation.
  • #26 Disruption of GMNC-MCIDAS multiciliogenesis program is critical in choroid plexus carcinoma development | Cell Death & Differentiation
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41418-022-00950-z
    Multiciliated cells (MCCs) in the brain reside in the ependyma and the choroid plexus (CP) epithelia. […] CP tumors exist in three forms: CP papilloma (CPP), atypical CPP, and CP carcinoma (CPC). […] In contrast to MCCs in the CP epithelia, CPCs in humans are characterized by solitary cilia, frequent TP53 mutations, and disturbances to multiciliogenesis program directed by the GMNC-MCIDAS transcriptional network. […] GMNC and MCIDAS are early transcriptional regulators of MCC fate differentiation in diverse tissues. […] Here we show that combined defects in NOTCH and Sonic Hedgehog signaling in mice generates tumors that are similar to CPC in humans. […] NOTCH suppresses multiciliation in tumor cells by inhibiting the expression of GMNC and MCIDAS, while Gmnc-Mcidas overexpression rescues multiciliation defects and suppresses tumor cell proliferation.
  • #27 Disruption of GMNC-MCIDAS multiciliogenesis program is critical in choroid plexus carcinoma development | Cell Death & Differentiation
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41418-022-00950-z
    Taken together, these findings indicate that reactivation of the GMNC-MCIDAS multiciliogenesis program is critical for inhibiting tumorigenesis in the CP, and it may have therapeutic implications for the treatment of CPC. […] Examination of human CP tumors revealed abnormal NOTCH activity in a subset of tumors, and we demonstrated that sustained NOTCH1 expression in mice led to CP papilloma (CPP) that arose from monociliated progenitors in hindbrain roof plate. […] Here, we show that human CPC, and to a lesser extent CPP, display consistent defects in the GMNC-MCIDAS transcriptional program and amplifications of NOTCH pathway components. […] Our findings indicate that the GMNC-MCIDAS transcriptional network is essential for MCC differentiation in the CP, and its activation can induce multiciliation and decrease CP tumor cell proliferation.
  • #28 Disruption of GMNC-MCIDAS multiciliogenesis program is critical in choroid plexus carcinoma development | Cell Death & Differentiation
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41418-022-00950-z
    These findings underscore the critical role of a compromised GMNC-MCIDAS multiciliogenesis program in CPC development and suggest that this could be exploited therapeutically to impair proliferation and promote tumor differentiation. […] The loss of Gmnc expression at early stages of tumorigenesis suggested that this may promote the reduced multiciliation observed in Rb1/Trp53-deficient CPC. […] Together, these data indicate that GMNC-MCIDAS program deficiencies critically mediate cilia defects in CPC to modulate tumor growth.
  • #29 c-MYC overexpression induces choroid plexus papillomas through a T-cell mediated inflammatory mechanism | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-019-0739-x
    Choroid plexus tumours (CPTs) account for 25% of brain tumours in children. […] We show here that c-MYC overexpression in the choroid plexus epithelium induces T-cell inflammation-dependent choroid plexus papillomas in a mouse model. […] We demonstrate that c-MYC is expressed in a substantial proportion of human choroid plexus tumours and that this subgroup of tumours is characterised by an inflammatory transcriptome and significant inflammatory infiltrates. […] Our data raise the possibility that benign choroid plexus tumours expressing c-MYC could be amenable to medical therapy with anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Limited literature is available on the molecular mechanisms mediating the biology of these tumours. […] Deregulation of the expression of c-MYC has been shown to be functionally relevant for medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, the most common intrinsic brain tumours in children and adult respectively.
  • #30 c-MYC overexpression induces choroid plexus papillomas through a T-cell mediated inflammatory mechanism | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-019-0739-x
    Choroid plexus tumours (CPTs) account for 25% of brain tumours in children. […] We show here that c-MYC overexpression in the choroid plexus epithelium induces T-cell inflammation-dependent choroid plexus papillomas in a mouse model. […] We demonstrate that c-MYC is expressed in a substantial proportion of human choroid plexus tumours and that this subgroup of tumours is characterised by an inflammatory transcriptome and significant inflammatory infiltrates. […] Our data raise the possibility that benign choroid plexus tumours expressing c-MYC could be amenable to medical therapy with anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Limited literature is available on the molecular mechanisms mediating the biology of these tumours. […] Deregulation of the expression of c-MYC has been shown to be functionally relevant for medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, the most common intrinsic brain tumours in children and adult respectively.
  • #31 c-MYC overexpression induces choroid plexus papillomas through a T-cell mediated inflammatory mechanism | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-019-0739-x
    Choroid plexus tumours (CPTs) account for 25% of brain tumours in children. […] We show here that c-MYC overexpression in the choroid plexus epithelium induces T-cell inflammation-dependent choroid plexus papillomas in a mouse model. […] We demonstrate that c-MYC is expressed in a substantial proportion of human choroid plexus tumours and that this subgroup of tumours is characterised by an inflammatory transcriptome and significant inflammatory infiltrates. […] Our data raise the possibility that benign choroid plexus tumours expressing c-MYC could be amenable to medical therapy with anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Limited literature is available on the molecular mechanisms mediating the biology of these tumours. […] Deregulation of the expression of c-MYC has been shown to be functionally relevant for medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, the most common intrinsic brain tumours in children and adult respectively.
  • #32 c-MYC overexpression induces choroid plexus papillomas through a T-cell mediated inflammatory mechanism | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-019-0739-x
    Choroid plexus tumours (CPTs) account for 25% of brain tumours in children. […] We show here that c-MYC overexpression in the choroid plexus epithelium induces T-cell inflammation-dependent choroid plexus papillomas in a mouse model. […] We demonstrate that c-MYC is expressed in a substantial proportion of human choroid plexus tumours and that this subgroup of tumours is characterised by an inflammatory transcriptome and significant inflammatory infiltrates. […] Our data raise the possibility that benign choroid plexus tumours expressing c-MYC could be amenable to medical therapy with anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Limited literature is available on the molecular mechanisms mediating the biology of these tumours. […] Deregulation of the expression of c-MYC has been shown to be functionally relevant for medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, the most common intrinsic brain tumours in children and adult respectively.
  • #33 c-MYC overexpression induces choroid plexus papillomas through a T-cell mediated inflammatory mechanism | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-019-0739-x
    In summary, these experiments show that low level overexpression of c-MYC in the CP epithelium induces CPP with high penetrance. […] We show here that c-MYC overexpression in the choroid plexus epithelium induces inflammation-dependent choroid plexus papillomas in a mouse model. […] We describe here the first mouse model of CPP/ACPP in a genetic background retaining expression of Tp53. […] Increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis were observed in c-MYCOver CP cells and increased colony formation in the soft agar assay confirmed the transformation potential of the genetic modification introduced. […] These results are in keeping with a model whereby increased expression levels of c-MYC elicit different biological outputs in a tissue-specific fashion and is in keeping with previous studies. […] We show that it is linked to c-MYC expression. […] We conclude that T-lymphocyte depletion in murine c-MYC driven CPT has an anti-tumourigenic effect.
  • #34 :: BTRT :: Brain Tumor Research and Treatment
    https://btrt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.14791/btrt.2019.7.e23
    Choroid plexus tumors are rare, accounting for only 0.30.6% of all brain tumors and 1020% of those in infants. Choroid plexus tumors include choroid plexus papilloma (CPP), atypical CPP, and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). Of these subtypes, CPCs are the most aggressive and malignant at a World Health Organization grade III. CPC primarily occurs in children, and the median age of patients with CPC is 3 years, highlighting the rarity of adult-onset CPC. As CPC is derived from choroid plexus epithelium, it usually presents with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obstruction and progresses through CSF metastasis. […] Because of their origin in the choroid plexus epithelium, the majority of CPCs are located within the ventricle. A diffuse border between the tumor and normal brain tissue reflects brain invasion. Maximal surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the recommended treatment but has yet to be standardized.
  • #35 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_carcinoma
    A choroid plexus carcinoma (WHO grade III) is a type of choroid plexus tumor that affects the choroid plexus of the brain. […] The cause of choroid plexus carcinomas are relatively unknown, although hereditary factors are suspected. They sometimes occur in conjunction with other hereditary cancers, including LiFraumeni syndrome and malignant rhabdoid tumors. A mutation in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is usually characterized in this disease. […] Choroid plexus carcinomas can induce hydrocephalus through a variety of mechanisms, including blockage of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, the tumor overproducing CSF, spontaneous hemorrhage, and expansion of the ventricles. […] The tumors most frequently spread through the CSF. As a result, metastases frequently occur along the central nervous system, particularly in the leptomeninges. In rare cases, metastases have been reported to spread to the abdomen and extra-cranial sites.
  • #36 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_carcinoma
    A choroid plexus carcinoma (WHO grade III) is a type of choroid plexus tumor that affects the choroid plexus of the brain. […] The cause of choroid plexus carcinomas are relatively unknown, although hereditary factors are suspected. They sometimes occur in conjunction with other hereditary cancers, including LiFraumeni syndrome and malignant rhabdoid tumors. A mutation in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is usually characterized in this disease. […] Choroid plexus carcinomas can induce hydrocephalus through a variety of mechanisms, including blockage of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, the tumor overproducing CSF, spontaneous hemorrhage, and expansion of the ventricles. […] The tumors most frequently spread through the CSF. As a result, metastases frequently occur along the central nervous system, particularly in the leptomeninges. In rare cases, metastases have been reported to spread to the abdomen and extra-cranial sites.
  • #37 Choroid plexus carcinoma – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684041/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. […] A novel TP53 somatic mutation involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma.
  • #38 Choroid plexus carcinoma – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684041/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. […] A novel TP53 somatic mutation involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma.
  • #39 Choroid plexus carcinoma – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684041/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. […] A novel TP53 somatic mutation involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma.
  • #40 Choroid plexus carcinoma – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684041/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. […] A novel TP53 somatic mutation involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma.
  • #41 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Libre Pathology
    https://librepathology.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_carcinoma
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neuropathology tumour and the malignant counter part of choroid plexus papilloma. […] Poor prognosis – WHO grade III. […] Choroid plexus epithelium with nuclear pleomorphism high NC ratio. […] Mitoses. […] Necrosis. […] +/-Brain invasion. […] Cytokeratins +ve. […] Ki-67 high. […] INI1 +ve.
  • #42 Choroid plexus carcinoma – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684041/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. […] A novel TP53 somatic mutation involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma.
  • #43 Read-Only Case Details Reviewed: Apr 2008
    https://www.askjpc.org/vspo/show_page.php?id=K0J4cUIwMjZOOEhYZnozTlVDTlRCUT09
    Mitotic index, cell density, and multilayering of papillae are the main significant histologic markers of malignancy for grading CPTs in dogs […] Intraventricular spread within ventricular system and subarachnoid space may not be indicators of malignancy […] Choroid plexus carcinoma (grade III; CPC): Piling up of epithelium, invasion of adjacent neuropil, desmoplasia, and/or anaplastic features (nuclear atypia, loss of papillary pattern with transition to cellular sheets, increased mitotic rate (5 per 10 HPF), necrosis) […] All CPT grades may metastasize throughout the ventricular system or subarachnoid space with implantation in the ependymal or meninges respectively; even histologically benign CPP can behave as aggressive carcinomas with widespread metastasis.
  • #44 Choroid plexus carcinoma – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684041/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. […] A novel TP53 somatic mutation involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma.
  • #45 Read-Only Case Details Reviewed: Apr 2008
    https://www.askjpc.org/vspo/show_page.php?id=K0J4cUIwMjZOOEhYZnozTlVDTlRCUT09
    Mitotic index, cell density, and multilayering of papillae are the main significant histologic markers of malignancy for grading CPTs in dogs […] Intraventricular spread within ventricular system and subarachnoid space may not be indicators of malignancy […] Choroid plexus carcinoma (grade III; CPC): Piling up of epithelium, invasion of adjacent neuropil, desmoplasia, and/or anaplastic features (nuclear atypia, loss of papillary pattern with transition to cellular sheets, increased mitotic rate (5 per 10 HPF), necrosis) […] All CPT grades may metastasize throughout the ventricular system or subarachnoid space with implantation in the ependymal or meninges respectively; even histologically benign CPP can behave as aggressive carcinomas with widespread metastasis.
  • #46 Choroid plexus carcinoma – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684041/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. […] A novel TP53 somatic mutation involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma.
  • #47 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Libre Pathology
    https://librepathology.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_carcinoma
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neuropathology tumour and the malignant counter part of choroid plexus papilloma. […] Poor prognosis – WHO grade III. […] Choroid plexus epithelium with nuclear pleomorphism high NC ratio. […] Mitoses. […] Necrosis. […] +/-Brain invasion. […] Cytokeratins +ve. […] Ki-67 high. […] INI1 +ve.
  • #48 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Libre Pathology
    https://librepathology.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_carcinoma
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neuropathology tumour and the malignant counter part of choroid plexus papilloma. […] Poor prognosis – WHO grade III. […] Choroid plexus epithelium with nuclear pleomorphism high NC ratio. […] Mitoses. […] Necrosis. […] +/-Brain invasion. […] Cytokeratins +ve. […] Ki-67 high. […] INI1 +ve.
  • #49 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Libre Pathology
    https://librepathology.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_carcinoma
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neuropathology tumour and the malignant counter part of choroid plexus papilloma. […] Poor prognosis – WHO grade III. […] Choroid plexus epithelium with nuclear pleomorphism high NC ratio. […] Mitoses. […] Necrosis. […] +/-Brain invasion. […] Cytokeratins +ve. […] Ki-67 high. […] INI1 +ve.
  • #50 Choroid Plexus Neoplasms: Toward a Distinction between Carcinoma and Papilloma Using Arterial Spin-Labeling | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    http://www.ajnr.org/content/36/9/1786
    Pediatric choroid plexus papillomas and carcinomas are highly vascularized neoplasms, which are difficult to distinguish with conventional imaging. […] Pathologic examination of papillomas reveals a papillary architecture composed of delicate fibrovascular connective tissue fronds covered by a single layer of uniform epithelial cells. In carcinomas, it reveals the blurring of the papillary pattern, with poorly structured sheets of tumor cells and necrotic areas. […] Therefore, advanced MR imaging techniques such as perfusion-weighted imaging could provide additional information on tumor vascularization that may help in the differential diagnosis. […] We measured a higher rCBF with ASL in carcinomas, therefore allowing differentiation between choroid plexus carcinomas and papillomas. […] Histopathologic substrates may explain differences between papillomas and carcinomas in rCBV measured with ASL. Indeed, carcinomas tend to have a higher number of microvessels and a very dissimilar organization, with frequent endothelial capillary proliferation and vascular necrosis. […] ASL perfusion MR imaging can discriminate preoperatively between choroid plexus carcinomas and papillomas; this finding helps the surgeon to adapt his or her operative strategy (possible preoperative embolization).
  • #51 Choroid Plexus Neoplasms: Toward a Distinction between Carcinoma and Papilloma Using Arterial Spin-Labeling | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    http://www.ajnr.org/content/36/9/1786
    Pediatric choroid plexus papillomas and carcinomas are highly vascularized neoplasms, which are difficult to distinguish with conventional imaging. […] Pathologic examination of papillomas reveals a papillary architecture composed of delicate fibrovascular connective tissue fronds covered by a single layer of uniform epithelial cells. In carcinomas, it reveals the blurring of the papillary pattern, with poorly structured sheets of tumor cells and necrotic areas. […] Therefore, advanced MR imaging techniques such as perfusion-weighted imaging could provide additional information on tumor vascularization that may help in the differential diagnosis. […] We measured a higher rCBF with ASL in carcinomas, therefore allowing differentiation between choroid plexus carcinomas and papillomas. […] Histopathologic substrates may explain differences between papillomas and carcinomas in rCBV measured with ASL. Indeed, carcinomas tend to have a higher number of microvessels and a very dissimilar organization, with frequent endothelial capillary proliferation and vascular necrosis. […] ASL perfusion MR imaging can discriminate preoperatively between choroid plexus carcinomas and papillomas; this finding helps the surgeon to adapt his or her operative strategy (possible preoperative embolization).
  • #52 Choroid Plexus Neoplasms: Toward a Distinction between Carcinoma and Papilloma Using Arterial Spin-Labeling | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    http://www.ajnr.org/content/36/9/1786
    Pediatric choroid plexus papillomas and carcinomas are highly vascularized neoplasms, which are difficult to distinguish with conventional imaging. […] Pathologic examination of papillomas reveals a papillary architecture composed of delicate fibrovascular connective tissue fronds covered by a single layer of uniform epithelial cells. In carcinomas, it reveals the blurring of the papillary pattern, with poorly structured sheets of tumor cells and necrotic areas. […] Therefore, advanced MR imaging techniques such as perfusion-weighted imaging could provide additional information on tumor vascularization that may help in the differential diagnosis. […] We measured a higher rCBF with ASL in carcinomas, therefore allowing differentiation between choroid plexus carcinomas and papillomas. […] Histopathologic substrates may explain differences between papillomas and carcinomas in rCBV measured with ASL. Indeed, carcinomas tend to have a higher number of microvessels and a very dissimilar organization, with frequent endothelial capillary proliferation and vascular necrosis. […] ASL perfusion MR imaging can discriminate preoperatively between choroid plexus carcinomas and papillomas; this finding helps the surgeon to adapt his or her operative strategy (possible preoperative embolization).
  • #53 Comprehensive multiomics analysis reveals distinct differences between pediatric choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-024-01814-y
    Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are intraventricular tumors derived from the choroid plexus epithelium and occur frequently in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic and epigenomic characteristics of CPT and identify the differences between choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). […] Mutually exclusive TP53 and EPHA7 point mutations, coupled with the amplification of chromosome 1, were exclusively identified in CPC. […] Differential gene expression analysis uncovered a significant overexpression of genes related to cell cycle regulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways in CPC compared to CPP. […] Furthermore, methylation profiling unveiled hypomethylation in major repeat regions, including long interspersed nuclear elements, short interspersed nuclear elements, long terminal repeats, and retrotransposons in CPC compared to CPP, implying that the loss of epigenetic silencing of transposable elements may play a role in tumorigenesis of CPC.
  • #54 Comprehensive multiomics analysis reveals distinct differences between pediatric choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
    https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-024-01814-y
    Our results suggest pronounced genomic and epigenomic disparities between CPP and CPC, providing insights into the pathogenesis of CPT at the molecular level. […] Our findings revealed distinctive TP53 alterations in CPC, along with novel EPHA7 point mutations specifically in TP53-wild-type CPC. […] Our study implies that mutation of EPHA7 may have resulted in the loss of its tumor suppressor properties and the promotion of carcinoma progression in choroid plexus tumor. […] Our findings suggest that SCNAs play an important role in CPT development and progression. […] We also highlighted the differential expression of AK1 as a distinguishing factor between CPP and CPC, potentially influenced by both genomic and epigenomic factors. […] Our results are consistent with this, and furthermore, our analysis suggests that AK1 upregulation in CPP compared to CPC is induced by the amplification of chromosome 9 as well as the hypomethylation of AK1.
  • #55 Choroid plexus carcinoma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_carcinoma
    A choroid plexus carcinoma (WHO grade III) is a type of choroid plexus tumor that affects the choroid plexus of the brain. […] The cause of choroid plexus carcinomas are relatively unknown, although hereditary factors are suspected. They sometimes occur in conjunction with other hereditary cancers, including LiFraumeni syndrome and malignant rhabdoid tumors. A mutation in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is usually characterized in this disease. […] Choroid plexus carcinomas can induce hydrocephalus through a variety of mechanisms, including blockage of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, the tumor overproducing CSF, spontaneous hemorrhage, and expansion of the ventricles. […] The tumors most frequently spread through the CSF. As a result, metastases frequently occur along the central nervous system, particularly in the leptomeninges. In rare cases, metastases have been reported to spread to the abdomen and extra-cranial sites.
  • #56 Choroid plexus tumors of childhood | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/choroid-plexus-tumors-of-childhood
    Carcinomas may occur as part of the familial Li-Fraumeni syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a germ-line mutation in the TP53 gene on chromosome 17p13. […] Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a cancer predisposition syndrome manifest by germline mutations in the TP53 cancer suppressor gene. In one series of 42 children, six (16.7%) had phenotypic or genotypic characteristics consistent with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Four of 11 with choroid plexus carcinomas were positive for TP53 germline mutations. […] The molecular biology of choroid plexus tumors is being elucidated. Transgenic mouse models have increased the understanding of choroid plexus carcinomas. The tumors were developed by activating the MYC oncogene and deleting the tumor TP53 suppressor gene in murine neural stem cells. These tumors resembled human choroid plexus carcinomas and exhibited multiple whole chromosomal losses.
  • #57 Choroid plexus tumors of childhood | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/choroid-plexus-tumors-of-childhood
    Carcinomas may occur as part of the familial Li-Fraumeni syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a germ-line mutation in the TP53 gene on chromosome 17p13. […] Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a cancer predisposition syndrome manifest by germline mutations in the TP53 cancer suppressor gene. In one series of 42 children, six (16.7%) had phenotypic or genotypic characteristics consistent with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Four of 11 with choroid plexus carcinomas were positive for TP53 germline mutations. […] The molecular biology of choroid plexus tumors is being elucidated. Transgenic mouse models have increased the understanding of choroid plexus carcinomas. The tumors were developed by activating the MYC oncogene and deleting the tumor TP53 suppressor gene in murine neural stem cells. These tumors resembled human choroid plexus carcinomas and exhibited multiple whole chromosomal losses.
  • #58 Choroid plexus tumours | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/6600609
    Choroid plexus tumours are rare epithelial brain tumours and limited information is available regarding their biology and the best treatment. […] Histology was the most important prognostic factor, as one, five, and 10-year projected survival rates were 90, 81, and 77% in choroid plexus-papilloma (n=353) compared to only 71, 41, and 35% in choroid plexus-carcinoma respectively (P0.0005). […] Surgery was prognostically relevant for both choroid plexus-papilloma (P=0.0005) and choroid plexus-carcinoma (P=0.0001). […] Radiotherapy was associated with significantly better survival in choroid plexus-carcinomas. […] Relapse after primary treatment was a poor prognostic factor in choroid plexus-carcinoma patients but not in choroid plexus-papilloma patients. […] The etiology of some choroid plexus tumours has been linked to SV40 infections, but it might also be influenced by other factors such as X-chromosome linked syndromes.
  • #59 Pathology Outlines – Choroid plexus tumors (papilloma, atypical papilloma, carcinoma)
    https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cnstumorchoroidplexuspapillomas.html
    Choroid plexus papilloma and atypical choroid plexus papilloma are genetically similar and are distinct from choroid plexus carcinoma (Clin Cancer Res 2015;21:184) […] So far, limited literature on pathogenesis or tumorigenesis […] Possible association with simian virus (SV40) reported (Virology 1995;212:710) […] Possible association with inflammatory pathway described (Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019;7:95) […] Recent studies have shown that CPP and aCPP are genetically similar but CPP and aCPP are genetically distinct from CPC. The CPCs are mostly driven by loss of function or mutations of tumor suppressor gene TP53 and may be associated germ line mutations (Li-Fraumeni syndrome). Furthermore, based on methylation profiling, tumor location and age, 3 distinct subgroups with prognostic significance have been described.
  • #60 Choroid plexus carcinoma – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684041/
    Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. […] A novel TP53 somatic mutation involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma.
  • #61 Childhood Choroid Plexus Tumor | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
    https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-choroid-plexus-tumor
    Choroid plexus carcinoma: It accounts for between 10 to 20 percent of all childhood choroid plexus tumors. It grows aggressively and is more likely to spread. […] In children with choroid plexus carcinoma, the goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible. However, they will typically need additional treatment. […] Children with choroid plexus carcinoma typically need additional treatment after surgery. The survival rate after surgery is 60 to 65 percent.
  • #62 Childhood Choroid Plexus Tumor | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
    https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-choroid-plexus-tumor
    Choroid plexus carcinoma: It accounts for between 10 to 20 percent of all childhood choroid plexus tumors. It grows aggressively and is more likely to spread. […] In children with choroid plexus carcinoma, the goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible. However, they will typically need additional treatment. […] Children with choroid plexus carcinoma typically need additional treatment after surgery. The survival rate after surgery is 60 to 65 percent.
  • #63 SSA – POMS: DI 23022.938 – Choroid Plexus Carcinoma – 08/11/2021
    https://secure.ssa.gov/apps10/poms.nsf/lnx/0423022938
    Choroid Plexus Carcinoma is a rare malignant cancer of the brain. It grows aggressively, invading surrounding tissue and impairing normal brain function. […] Choroid Plexus Carcinoma tumors spread aggressively and prognosis is generally poor. Only about one in four children will survive five years past initial diagnosis, although children who successfully undergo complete tumor resection surgery have a much more favorable outlook, with a five-year survival rate of about 60%. […] Treatment of Choroid Plexus Carcinoma is often surgery followed by chemotherapy radiation therapy or both, which would satisfy listing 113.13 C.
  • #64 SSA – POMS: DI 23022.938 – Choroid Plexus Carcinoma – 08/11/2021
    https://secure.ssa.gov/apps10/poms.nsf/lnx/0423022938
    Choroid Plexus Carcinoma is a rare malignant cancer of the brain. It grows aggressively, invading surrounding tissue and impairing normal brain function. […] Choroid Plexus Carcinoma tumors spread aggressively and prognosis is generally poor. Only about one in four children will survive five years past initial diagnosis, although children who successfully undergo complete tumor resection surgery have a much more favorable outlook, with a five-year survival rate of about 60%. […] Treatment of Choroid Plexus Carcinoma is often surgery followed by chemotherapy radiation therapy or both, which would satisfy listing 113.13 C.
  • #65 Choroid plexus tumours | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/6600609
    Choroid plexus tumours are rare epithelial brain tumours and limited information is available regarding their biology and the best treatment. […] Histology was the most important prognostic factor, as one, five, and 10-year projected survival rates were 90, 81, and 77% in choroid plexus-papilloma (n=353) compared to only 71, 41, and 35% in choroid plexus-carcinoma respectively (P0.0005). […] Surgery was prognostically relevant for both choroid plexus-papilloma (P=0.0005) and choroid plexus-carcinoma (P=0.0001). […] Radiotherapy was associated with significantly better survival in choroid plexus-carcinomas. […] Relapse after primary treatment was a poor prognostic factor in choroid plexus-carcinoma patients but not in choroid plexus-papilloma patients. […] The etiology of some choroid plexus tumours has been linked to SV40 infections, but it might also be influenced by other factors such as X-chromosome linked syndromes.
  • #66 Choroid plexus tumours | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/6600609
    Choroid plexus tumours are rare epithelial brain tumours and limited information is available regarding their biology and the best treatment. […] Histology was the most important prognostic factor, as one, five, and 10-year projected survival rates were 90, 81, and 77% in choroid plexus-papilloma (n=353) compared to only 71, 41, and 35% in choroid plexus-carcinoma respectively (P0.0005). […] Surgery was prognostically relevant for both choroid plexus-papilloma (P=0.0005) and choroid plexus-carcinoma (P=0.0001). […] Radiotherapy was associated with significantly better survival in choroid plexus-carcinomas. […] Relapse after primary treatment was a poor prognostic factor in choroid plexus-carcinoma patients but not in choroid plexus-papilloma patients. […] The etiology of some choroid plexus tumours has been linked to SV40 infections, but it might also be influenced by other factors such as X-chromosome linked syndromes.
  • #67 Choroid plexus tumours | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/6600609
    Choroid plexus tumours are rare epithelial brain tumours and limited information is available regarding their biology and the best treatment. […] Histology was the most important prognostic factor, as one, five, and 10-year projected survival rates were 90, 81, and 77% in choroid plexus-papilloma (n=353) compared to only 71, 41, and 35% in choroid plexus-carcinoma respectively (P0.0005). […] Surgery was prognostically relevant for both choroid plexus-papilloma (P=0.0005) and choroid plexus-carcinoma (P=0.0001). […] Radiotherapy was associated with significantly better survival in choroid plexus-carcinomas. […] Relapse after primary treatment was a poor prognostic factor in choroid plexus-carcinoma patients but not in choroid plexus-papilloma patients. […] The etiology of some choroid plexus tumours has been linked to SV40 infections, but it might also be influenced by other factors such as X-chromosome linked syndromes.
  • #68 First Patient Treated in Choroid Plexus Clinical Trial | Neurological Surgery
    https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/in-the-news/first-patient-treated-choroid-plexus-clinical-trial
    A new clinical trial is now underway at Weill Cornell Medicine, testing intra-arterial chemotherapy for choroid plexus carcinoma. […] This combination of drugs has already been used successfully to treat retinoblastoma, a devastating tumor that once required the removal of the affected eye. It is hoped that this same combination will be a safe and feasible treatment for patients with newly diagnosed, residual, or recurrent atypical choroid plexus papilloma and choroid plexus carcinoma. […] The primary outcome goal for this Phase I study is establishing the safety of the procedure, and patients will be monitored for a year for any adverse effects. Patients will also be monitored for hoped-for decrease in tumor size and vascularity (since reducing blood flow to a tumor starves it of nutrients and helps prevent growth). […] Choroid plexus carcinoma has excellent survival rates in patients who undergo complete tumor resection, but it is significantly less in those who only have partial resections. If we can reduce tumor volume and vascularity before surgery, we may be able to achieve total resection in more patients.
  • #69 First Patient Treated in Choroid Plexus Clinical Trial | Neurological Surgery
    https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/in-the-news/first-patient-treated-choroid-plexus-clinical-trial
    A new clinical trial is now underway at Weill Cornell Medicine, testing intra-arterial chemotherapy for choroid plexus carcinoma. […] This combination of drugs has already been used successfully to treat retinoblastoma, a devastating tumor that once required the removal of the affected eye. It is hoped that this same combination will be a safe and feasible treatment for patients with newly diagnosed, residual, or recurrent atypical choroid plexus papilloma and choroid plexus carcinoma. […] The primary outcome goal for this Phase I study is establishing the safety of the procedure, and patients will be monitored for a year for any adverse effects. Patients will also be monitored for hoped-for decrease in tumor size and vascularity (since reducing blood flow to a tumor starves it of nutrients and helps prevent growth). […] Choroid plexus carcinoma has excellent survival rates in patients who undergo complete tumor resection, but it is significantly less in those who only have partial resections. If we can reduce tumor volume and vascularity before surgery, we may be able to achieve total resection in more patients.
  • #70 First Patient Treated in Choroid Plexus Clinical Trial | Neurological Surgery
    https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/in-the-news/first-patient-treated-choroid-plexus-clinical-trial
    A new clinical trial is now underway at Weill Cornell Medicine, testing intra-arterial chemotherapy for choroid plexus carcinoma. […] This combination of drugs has already been used successfully to treat retinoblastoma, a devastating tumor that once required the removal of the affected eye. It is hoped that this same combination will be a safe and feasible treatment for patients with newly diagnosed, residual, or recurrent atypical choroid plexus papilloma and choroid plexus carcinoma. […] The primary outcome goal for this Phase I study is establishing the safety of the procedure, and patients will be monitored for a year for any adverse effects. Patients will also be monitored for hoped-for decrease in tumor size and vascularity (since reducing blood flow to a tumor starves it of nutrients and helps prevent growth). […] Choroid plexus carcinoma has excellent survival rates in patients who undergo complete tumor resection, but it is significantly less in those who only have partial resections. If we can reduce tumor volume and vascularity before surgery, we may be able to achieve total resection in more patients.