Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804547/

  Trends in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) cannot currently be measured. […] Current birth prevalence in LMICs is markedly higher than in HICs. […] Active surveillance of CP helps to assess the impact of medical advancements and social/economic development. […] Population-based data on prevalence and trends of CP are critical to inform policy. […] The most recent systematic review and meta-analysis of birth prevalence, which mostly included births in the 1980s and 1990s, found prevalence was 2.1 per 1000 live births. […] In recent years, significant and sustained declines in the birth prevalence of CP in HIC regions of Europe, Australia, and Japan have been reported. […] Population-based data are also now emerging from regions of low and middle-income countries (LMICs) where higher rates of CP are being reported.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7297454/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most frequent causes of motor disability in children. According to European data, the average frequency of CP is 2.08 per 1000 live births, but in the group of children born with a body weight below 1500 g, the frequency is 70 times higher when compared with the group of children with a body weight over 2500 g at birth. […] A huge role in the compilation of epidemiological data concerning some of the European countries was played by Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE), containing registers of ill children from different European centres, which was established in 1998 using funds from the European Commission. […] SCPE work has contributed to the analysis of CP incidence at different time intervals, in particular depending on the birth weight.

• #3 Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. Recent population-based studies from around the world report prevalence estimates of CP ranging from 1 to nearly 4 per 1,000 live births or per 1,000 children. About 1 in 345 children (3 per 1,000 8-year-old children) in the United States have been identified with CP, according to 2010 estimates from CDCs Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. The prevalence of CP is higher for children born preterm or at low birthweight. In some parts of the world, there is evidence that the prevalence of CP has declined, particularly for children born at moderately or very low birthweight. […] CDC tracks CP through the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) CP Network. In 2010, the ADDM CP Network included areas of Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Among 8-year-old children who lived in these four communities in 2010, the ADDM CP data found: CP was significantly more common among Black children than white children. Hispanic children and white children were about equally likely to have CP. Most (82.9%) of the children identified with CP had spastic CP. More than half (58.9%) of the children identified with CP could walk independently.

• #4 Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. Recent population-based studies from around the world report prevalence estimates of CP ranging from 1 to nearly 4 per 1,000 live births or per 1,000 children. About 1 in 345 children (3 per 1,000 8-year-old children) in the United States have been identified with CP, according to 2010 estimates from CDCs Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. The prevalence of CP is higher for children born preterm or at low birthweight. In some parts of the world, there is evidence that the prevalence of CP has declined, particularly for children born at moderately or very low birthweight. […] CDC tracks CP through the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) CP Network. In 2010, the ADDM CP Network included areas of Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Among 8-year-old children who lived in these four communities in 2010, the ADDM CP data found: CP was significantly more common among Black children than white children. Hispanic children and white children were about equally likely to have CP. Most (82.9%) of the children identified with CP had spastic CP. More than half (58.9%) of the children identified with CP could walk independently.

• #5 Cerebral Palsy Statistics | Facts and Insights on CP

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/statistics/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder that impacts muscle tone, movement, and posture. It affects about 1 million people in the United States. Symptoms of cerebral palsy include weak arms and legs, muscle spasms, chronic pain, and delays in reaching developmental milestones. By understanding cerebral palsy statistics, affected families can better prepare to care for their children. […] Cerebral palsy is one of the most common childhood disabilities. To help families better understand their child’s condition, the team at Cerebral Palsy Guide has compiled some of the most important cerebral palsy statistics. […] The prevalence of CP in the U.S. is 1 out of 345 children. […] According to the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network, the incidence of cerebral palsy in U.S. children is 1 in 345 (or 3 per 1,000 8-year-old children).

• #6 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7297454/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most frequent causes of motor disability in children. According to European data, the average frequency of CP is 2.08 per 1000 live births, but in the group of children born with a body weight below 1500 g, the frequency is 70 times higher when compared with the group of children with a body weight over 2500 g at birth. […] A huge role in the compilation of epidemiological data concerning some of the European countries was played by Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE), containing registers of ill children from different European centres, which was established in 1998 using funds from the European Commission. […] SCPE work has contributed to the analysis of CP incidence at different time intervals, in particular depending on the birth weight.

• #7 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most frequent causes of motor disability in children. According to European data, the average frequency of CP is 2.08 per 1000 live births, but in the group of children born with a body weight below 1500 g, the frequency is 70 times higher when compared with the group of children with a body weight over 2500 g at birth. […] The average incidence of cerebral palsy is estimated to range between 1.5 and 3.0 per 1000 live births; these values change among selected groups of patients, depending on various risk factors. A huge role in the compilation of epidemiological data concerning some of the European countries was played by Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE), containing registers of ill children from different European centres, which was established in 1998 using funds from the European Commission.

• #8 Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804547/

  To determine trends and current estimates in regional and global prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP). […] A systematic analysis of data from participating CP registers/surveillance systems and population-based prevalence studies (from birth year 1995) was performed. […] Pre/perinatal birth prevalence declined significantly across Europe and Australia (11 out of 14 regions), with no change in postneonatal CP. […] Following meta-analyses, birth prevalence for pre/perinatal CP in regions from high-income countries (HICs) was 1.5 per 1000 (95% CI 1.4-1.6) live births, and 1.6 per 1000 (95% CI 1.5-1.7) live births when postneonatal CP was included. […] The birth prevalence estimate of CP in HICs declined to 1.6 per 1000 live births. […] Current overall CP birth prevalence for HICs is 1.6 per 1000 live births.

• #9 Cerebral Palsy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-20792-1_31

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a lifelong physical disability, resulting from maldevelopment or damage to the developing brain. […] Long-standing CP registers and surveillance systems estimate the prevalence of CP as approximately 2 per 1000 live births; however variations are seen over time and in different regions of the world. […] In Australia, we have recently seen declines to 1.4/1000 live births for birth years 2010-2012. […] Improved understanding of pathways to CP facilitates the identification of opportunities to interrupt the pathway, thereby preventing cases of CP. […] An international survey of cerebral palsy registers and surveillance systems. […] The continually changing epidemiology of cerebral palsy. […] Cerebral palsy epidemiology: where are we now and where are we going?

• #10 Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. Recent population-based studies from around the world report prevalence estimates of CP ranging from 1 to nearly 4 per 1,000 live births or per 1,000 children. About 1 in 345 children (3 per 1,000 8-year-old children) in the United States have been identified with CP, according to 2010 estimates from CDCs Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. The prevalence of CP is higher for children born preterm or at low birthweight. In some parts of the world, there is evidence that the prevalence of CP has declined, particularly for children born at moderately or very low birthweight. […] CDC tracks CP through the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) CP Network. In 2010, the ADDM CP Network included areas of Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Among 8-year-old children who lived in these four communities in 2010, the ADDM CP data found: CP was significantly more common among Black children than white children. Hispanic children and white children were about equally likely to have CP. Most (82.9%) of the children identified with CP had spastic CP. More than half (58.9%) of the children identified with CP could walk independently.

• #11 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7297454/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most frequent causes of motor disability in children. According to European data, the average frequency of CP is 2.08 per 1000 live births, but in the group of children born with a body weight below 1500 g, the frequency is 70 times higher when compared with the group of children with a body weight over 2500 g at birth. […] A huge role in the compilation of epidemiological data concerning some of the European countries was played by Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE), containing registers of ill children from different European centres, which was established in 1998 using funds from the European Commission. […] SCPE work has contributed to the analysis of CP incidence at different time intervals, in particular depending on the birth weight.

• #12 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  SCPE work has contributed to the analysis of CP incidence at different time intervals, in particular depending on the birth weight. Data from the register of 6500 children with CP from 13 European centres, which were published in 2002 and concerned the years 19801990, allowed for estimating the average incidence of CP as 2.08 per 1000 live births; however, the incidence among premature babies with birth weight below 1500 grams was more than 70 times higher than in children with birth weight of 2500 grams and more. […] The multi-centre study based on SCPE registers, published in 2016, which concerned the years 19802003, showed a downward trend in CP incidence. The general incidence of cerebral palsy dropped from 1.90/1000 live births in 1980 to 1.77/1000 live births in 2003. The downward trend was also noted in the case of babies with a very low birth weight (VLBW), ie, 10001499 g (a decrease from 70.9/1000 to 35.9/1000), and babies with a low birth weight (LBW), ie, 15002499 g (a decrease from 8.5/1000 to 6.2/1000). According to the authors, in children with birth weight over 2499 g, a statistically insignificant downward trend (from 1.17 to 0.89/1000) could be observed.

• #13 Definition, Epidemiology, and Etiological Factors of Cerebral Palsy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51829

  CP prevalence is generally reported around 2-3 per 1000 live births in both developed and developing countries (even if for very different reasons). […] CP prevalence is usually reported around 23 per 1000 live births in both developed and developing countries for very different reasons. […] For term children, CP prevalence is 1 per 1000 live births. Additionally, for moderately preterm children (32-36 weeks gestation), forecasts are 6-10 times higher and for very preterm children (less than 32 weeks gestation), prevalence is 10 times higher than the moderately preterm children. […] The proportion of children described as CP increases with decreasing gestational age at birth. […] Changes in perinatal and neonatal mortality accelerated in most countries from the 1960s, with a huge decrease up until the late 1980s, when there was an increase in the absolute number of children with CP.

• #14 Cerebral palsy epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cerebral_palsy_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cerebral palsy is more common in children who are born very prematurely. […] Most patients are identified by 2 years of age due to delayed motor milestones. […] Cerebral palsy usually affects individuals of the black non-Hispanic children race. White non-Hispanic children are less likely to develop cerebral palsy. […] Males are more commonly affected by cerebral palsy than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 1.5 to 1.

• #15 Untitled Document

  https://www.rnceus.com/cp/Epidemiology.html

  CP prevalence was significantly lower among Hispanic children than among Black or White children. […] Spastic CP was the most common type of CP, found among approximately 80% of children with CP. […] CP, on average, occurred 1.2 times more frequently among boys than among girls. […] United Cerebral Palsy estimates that approximately 764,000 U.S. children and adults manifest one or more symptoms of CP.

• #16 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Cerebral palsy occurs in about 2.1 per 1000 live births. […] In those born at term rates are lower at 1 per 1000 live births. […] The rate is higher in males than in females; in Europe it is 1.3 times more common in males. […] There was a „moderate, but significant” rise in the prevalence of CP between the 1970s and 1990s. […] The increased survival rate of infants with CP in the 1970s and 80s may be indirectly due to the disability rights movement challenging perspectives around the worth of infants with a disability, as well as the Baby Doe Law. […] Between 1990 and 2003, rates of cerebral palsy remained the same. […] As of 2005, advances in the care of pregnant mothers and their babies did not result in a noticeable decrease in CP. […] The incidence of CP increases with premature or very low-weight babies regardless of the quality of care.

• #17 Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. Recent population-based studies from around the world report prevalence estimates of CP ranging from 1 to nearly 4 per 1,000 live births or per 1,000 children. About 1 in 345 children (3 per 1,000 8-year-old children) in the United States have been identified with CP, according to 2010 estimates from CDCs Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. The prevalence of CP is higher for children born preterm or at low birthweight. In some parts of the world, there is evidence that the prevalence of CP has declined, particularly for children born at moderately or very low birthweight. […] CDC tracks CP through the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) CP Network. In 2010, the ADDM CP Network included areas of Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Among 8-year-old children who lived in these four communities in 2010, the ADDM CP data found: CP was significantly more common among Black children than white children. Hispanic children and white children were about equally likely to have CP. Most (82.9%) of the children identified with CP had spastic CP. More than half (58.9%) of the children identified with CP could walk independently.

• #18 Cerebral Palsy Statistics | Get Facts on Causes, Costs, and Treatments

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/cerebral-palsy/statistics/

  A CDC study found that there are 1 to 4 cases of CP for every 1,000 live births. […] One population-based study in Europe reported that the CP rate declined from 1.90 cases per 1,000 live births in 1980 to 1.77 cases per 1,000 live births in 2003. […] According to the CDC, 85-90% of cerebral palsy cases are birth-related. […] In fact, birth injuries like brain damage and forceps delivery complications are a leading risk factor for congenital CP. […] CP disproportionately affects Black children. […] A study by the CDC’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network reported that Black children were significantly more likely to have CP than white children. […] However, white and Hispanic children were equally likely to develop CP. […] The most common risk factors for cerebral palsy involve maternal health, infant health, and social and economic status.

• #19 Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804547/

  Trends in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) cannot currently be measured. […] Current birth prevalence in LMICs is markedly higher than in HICs. […] Active surveillance of CP helps to assess the impact of medical advancements and social/economic development. […] Population-based data on prevalence and trends of CP are critical to inform policy. […] The most recent systematic review and meta-analysis of birth prevalence, which mostly included births in the 1980s and 1990s, found prevalence was 2.1 per 1000 live births. […] In recent years, significant and sustained declines in the birth prevalence of CP in HIC regions of Europe, Australia, and Japan have been reported. […] Population-based data are also now emerging from regions of low and middle-income countries (LMICs) where higher rates of CP are being reported.

• #20 Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html

  A study conducted using data from 20 population-based CP registries in Europe reported that the overall prevalence of CP declined from 1.90 to 1.77 per 1,000 live births between 1980 and 2003. Declines were seen for children born at moderately low birthweight (1,500-2,499 grams) and very low birthweight (1,000-4,999 grams). Prevalence was stable for children born at normal birthweight (2,500 grams) and at extremely low birthweight (1,000 grams). A study of CP trends in Australia reported that CP prevalence declined between 1995 and 2009, as did the percentage of children with moderate-to-severe disability. Similar to the study in Europe, data from metropolitan Atlanta indicate the birth prevalence of CP was 1.90 per 1,000 live births in 1985 and 1.80 per 1,000 live births in 2002. A study in the ADDM CP Network reported that the prevalence of CP among 8-year-old children declined from 3.5 to 2.9 per 1,000 between 2006 and 2010.

• #21 Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html

  A study conducted using data from 20 population-based CP registries in Europe reported that the overall prevalence of CP declined from 1.90 to 1.77 per 1,000 live births between 1980 and 2003. Declines were seen for children born at moderately low birthweight (1,500-2,499 grams) and very low birthweight (1,000-4,999 grams). Prevalence was stable for children born at normal birthweight (2,500 grams) and at extremely low birthweight (1,000 grams). A study of CP trends in Australia reported that CP prevalence declined between 1995 and 2009, as did the percentage of children with moderate-to-severe disability. Similar to the study in Europe, data from metropolitan Atlanta indicate the birth prevalence of CP was 1.90 per 1,000 live births in 1985 and 1.80 per 1,000 live births in 2002. A study in the ADDM CP Network reported that the prevalence of CP among 8-year-old children declined from 3.5 to 2.9 per 1,000 between 2006 and 2010.

• #22 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  SCPE work has contributed to the analysis of CP incidence at different time intervals, in particular depending on the birth weight. Data from the register of 6500 children with CP from 13 European centres, which were published in 2002 and concerned the years 19801990, allowed for estimating the average incidence of CP as 2.08 per 1000 live births; however, the incidence among premature babies with birth weight below 1500 grams was more than 70 times higher than in children with birth weight of 2500 grams and more. […] The multi-centre study based on SCPE registers, published in 2016, which concerned the years 19802003, showed a downward trend in CP incidence. The general incidence of cerebral palsy dropped from 1.90/1000 live births in 1980 to 1.77/1000 live births in 2003. The downward trend was also noted in the case of babies with a very low birth weight (VLBW), ie, 10001499 g (a decrease from 70.9/1000 to 35.9/1000), and babies with a low birth weight (LBW), ie, 15002499 g (a decrease from 8.5/1000 to 6.2/1000). According to the authors, in children with birth weight over 2499 g, a statistically insignificant downward trend (from 1.17 to 0.89/1000) could be observed.

• #23 Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html

  A study conducted using data from 20 population-based CP registries in Europe reported that the overall prevalence of CP declined from 1.90 to 1.77 per 1,000 live births between 1980 and 2003. Declines were seen for children born at moderately low birthweight (1,500-2,499 grams) and very low birthweight (1,000-4,999 grams). Prevalence was stable for children born at normal birthweight (2,500 grams) and at extremely low birthweight (1,000 grams). A study of CP trends in Australia reported that CP prevalence declined between 1995 and 2009, as did the percentage of children with moderate-to-severe disability. Similar to the study in Europe, data from metropolitan Atlanta indicate the birth prevalence of CP was 1.90 per 1,000 live births in 1985 and 1.80 per 1,000 live births in 2002. A study in the ADDM CP Network reported that the prevalence of CP among 8-year-old children declined from 3.5 to 2.9 per 1,000 between 2006 and 2010.

• #24 Cerebral Palsy: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-20792-1_31

  Temporal trends in cerebral palsy by impairment severity and birth gestation. […] Decreasing prevalence in cerebral palsy: a multi-site European population-based study, 1980 to 2003. […] Decreasing prevalence and severity of cerebral palsy in Norway among children born 1999 to 2010 concomitant with improvements in perinatal health. […] Cerebral palsy trends in Australia (1995-2009): a population-based observational study. […] Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in Bangladesh: a population-based surveillance study.

• #25 Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html

  A study conducted using data from 20 population-based CP registries in Europe reported that the overall prevalence of CP declined from 1.90 to 1.77 per 1,000 live births between 1980 and 2003. Declines were seen for children born at moderately low birthweight (1,500-2,499 grams) and very low birthweight (1,000-4,999 grams). Prevalence was stable for children born at normal birthweight (2,500 grams) and at extremely low birthweight (1,000 grams). A study of CP trends in Australia reported that CP prevalence declined between 1995 and 2009, as did the percentage of children with moderate-to-severe disability. Similar to the study in Europe, data from metropolitan Atlanta indicate the birth prevalence of CP was 1.90 per 1,000 live births in 1985 and 1.80 per 1,000 live births in 2002. A study in the ADDM CP Network reported that the prevalence of CP among 8-year-old children declined from 3.5 to 2.9 per 1,000 between 2006 and 2010.

• #26 Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804547/

  Prevalence of CP is not static and can be expected to continuously change as a result of medical advancements, and social and economic development. […] This study is the result of an international collaboration which aimed to provide a snapshot of recent changes, and current birth prevalence and period prevalence (complementary indicators). […] The current pre/perinatal CP birth prevalence is 1.5 per 1000 live births. […] The current overall (including postneonatal) CP birth prevalence is 1.6 per 1000 live births. […] The number of CP registers and prevalence studies in LMICs is increasing, yet they remain extremely underrepresented. […] The current estimate for HICs is 0.8 per 10,000 live births with wide confidence intervals. […] A shared understanding of the definition and classification of CP is essential for reliable estimates and trends. […] The declining trends in the birth prevalence of pre/perinatal CP, evidenced by CP registers in this paper, increases our understanding of the condition and the impact of improvements in ante, peri, and postnatal care in HICs.

• #27 Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804547/

  Trends in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) cannot currently be measured. […] Current birth prevalence in LMICs is markedly higher than in HICs. […] Active surveillance of CP helps to assess the impact of medical advancements and social/economic development. […] Population-based data on prevalence and trends of CP are critical to inform policy. […] The most recent systematic review and meta-analysis of birth prevalence, which mostly included births in the 1980s and 1990s, found prevalence was 2.1 per 1000 live births. […] In recent years, significant and sustained declines in the birth prevalence of CP in HIC regions of Europe, Australia, and Japan have been reported. […] Population-based data are also now emerging from regions of low and middle-income countries (LMICs) where higher rates of CP are being reported.

• #28 Frontiers | Cerebral palsy and developmental intellectual disability in children younger than 5 years: Findings from the GBD-WHO Rehabilitation Database 2019

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.894546/full

  The higher estimates of these conditions in LMICs compared with HICs is also in line with previous findings in the literature, as well as studies among children from low-income households in HICs. […] The substantial YLDs associated with CP and intellectual disability further underscore the need for global initiatives to address these conditions promptly and appropriately when intervention outcomes can be optimized to enhance the opportunities for inclusive formal education as envisaged by the SDGs. […] The burden of these conditions, as with other previously reported developmental disabilities, is higher in LMICs where very limited support services exist compared to HICs.

• #29 Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804547/

  Trends in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) cannot currently be measured. […] Current birth prevalence in LMICs is markedly higher than in HICs. […] Active surveillance of CP helps to assess the impact of medical advancements and social/economic development. […] Population-based data on prevalence and trends of CP are critical to inform policy. […] The most recent systematic review and meta-analysis of birth prevalence, which mostly included births in the 1980s and 1990s, found prevalence was 2.1 per 1000 live births. […] In recent years, significant and sustained declines in the birth prevalence of CP in HIC regions of Europe, Australia, and Japan have been reported. […] Population-based data are also now emerging from regions of low and middle-income countries (LMICs) where higher rates of CP are being reported.

• #30 Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy

  https://www.pedistat.com/blog/epidemiology-of-cerebral-palsy

  Understanding the epidemiology of cerebral palsy is essential for gaining insight into the prevalence rates and risk factors associated with this condition. […] Cerebral palsy is a relatively common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals worldwide. The prevalence rates of cerebral palsy can vary across different populations and regions. […] Additionally, the prevalence of cerebral palsy tends to be higher in low- and middle-income countries due to various factors such as limited access to healthcare services and higher rates of risk factors. […] Understanding the prevalence rates and risk factors associated with cerebral palsy provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of the condition.

• #31 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  As of 2016, there is a suggestion that both incidence and severity are slightly decreasing; more research is needed to find out if this is significant, and if so, which interventions are effective. […] It has been found that high-income countries have lower rates of children born with cerebral palsy than low or middle-income countries. […] Prevalence of cerebral palsy is best calculated around the school entry age of about six years; the prevalence in the U.S. is estimated to be 2.4 out of 1000 children.

• #32 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  The incidence of cerebral palsy has not changed in more than 4 decades, despite significant advances in the medical care of neonates. […] In developed countries, the overall estimated prevalence of cerebral palsy is 22.5 cases per 1000 live births. […] The prevalence of this disorder among preterm and very preterm infants is substantially higher. […] In the developing world, the prevalence of cerebral palsy is not well established but estimates are 1.5-5.6 cases per 1000 live births. […] All races are affected by this disorder. […] Lower socioeconomic status and male sex may be increased risk factors for cerebral palsy. […] According to most references, this initiating event can take place anytime between prenatal development and age 3 years. […] However, children are usually not diagnosed until after age 1 year, with the condition becoming identifiable as children fail to meet developmental milestones.

• #33 Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy

  https://www.pedistat.com/blog/epidemiology-of-cerebral-palsy

  Understanding the epidemiology of cerebral palsy is essential for gaining insight into the prevalence rates and risk factors associated with this condition. […] Cerebral palsy is a relatively common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals worldwide. The prevalence rates of cerebral palsy can vary across different populations and regions. […] Additionally, the prevalence of cerebral palsy tends to be higher in low- and middle-income countries due to various factors such as limited access to healthcare services and higher rates of risk factors. […] Understanding the prevalence rates and risk factors associated with cerebral palsy provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of the condition.

• #34 Frontiers | Cerebral palsy and developmental intellectual disability in children younger than 5 years: Findings from the GBD-WHO Rehabilitation Database 2019

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.894546/full

  Globally, 8.1 million (7.1–9.2) or 1.2% of children under 5 years are estimated to have CP with 16.1 million (11.5–21.0) or 2.4% having intellectual disability. […] CP and intellectual disability accounted for 6.5% and 4.5% of the aggregate YLDs from all causes of adverse health outcomes respectively. […] Based on this Database, CP and intellectual disability are highly prevalent and associated with substantial YLDs among children under 5 years worldwide. […] The findings clearly establish that these conditions are highly prevalent worldwide with LMICs accounting for the greatest burden (i.e., prevalence and YLDs). […] The global estimate of 1.2% or 12 per 1,000 children under 5 years for CP in this study represents 16.2% of the estimated 50 million of all children and adults with CP.

• #35 Frontiers | Cerebral palsy and developmental intellectual disability in children younger than 5 years: Findings from the GBD-WHO Rehabilitation Database 2019

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.894546/full

  The higher estimates of these conditions in LMICs compared with HICs is also in line with previous findings in the literature, as well as studies among children from low-income households in HICs. […] The substantial YLDs associated with CP and intellectual disability further underscore the need for global initiatives to address these conditions promptly and appropriately when intervention outcomes can be optimized to enhance the opportunities for inclusive formal education as envisaged by the SDGs. […] The burden of these conditions, as with other previously reported developmental disabilities, is higher in LMICs where very limited support services exist compared to HICs.

• #36 Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy | Incidence | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org

  https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/prevalence-and-incidence

  Cerebral Palsy is the most common of all childhood disabilities, affecting approximately three live births out of every thousand in the United States. […] About 764,000 children and adults currently have Cerebral Palsy. […] About 500,000 children under age of 18 currently have Cerebral Palsy. […] About two to three children out of every 1,000 have Cerebral Palsy (United States studies have yielded rates as low as 2.3 per 1,000 children to as high as 3.6 per 1,000 children). […] About 10,000 babies born each year will develop Cerebral Palsy. […] Around 8,000 to 10,000 babies and infants are diagnosed per year with Cerebral Palsy. […] Around 1,200 to 1,500 preschool-aged children are diagnosed per year with Cerebral Palsy. […] Prevalence statistics answer the question, How many people in the United States have Cerebral Palsy? For instance, it is estimated there are 764,000 children and adults living with Cerebral Palsy in the United States.

• #37 Cerebral Palsy Facts and Statistics | Cerebral Palsy Guidance

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/research/facts-and-statistics/

  Cerebral palsy is one of the most common childhood disorders in the United States. The following facts and statistics will help you understand the risk factors of cerebral palsy, as well as its pervasiveness and associated medical conditions. […] Around 764,000 people in the U.S. (including children and adults) have at least one symptom of cerebral palsy. […] Around 10,000 babies are born each year with cerebral palsy. […] Between 1,200 and 1,500 school-aged children are diagnosed with cerebral palsy each year. […] Boys are diagnosed more often with cerebral palsy than girls. […] Cerebral palsy is the most commonly diagnosed childhood motor disability in the U.S. […] The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) reports that 1 in 323 children have some form of cerebral palsy.

• #38 Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy | Incidence | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org

  https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/prevalence-and-incidence

  Cerebral Palsy is the most common of all childhood disabilities, affecting approximately three live births out of every thousand in the United States. […] About 764,000 children and adults currently have Cerebral Palsy. […] About 500,000 children under age of 18 currently have Cerebral Palsy. […] About two to three children out of every 1,000 have Cerebral Palsy (United States studies have yielded rates as low as 2.3 per 1,000 children to as high as 3.6 per 1,000 children). […] About 10,000 babies born each year will develop Cerebral Palsy. […] Around 8,000 to 10,000 babies and infants are diagnosed per year with Cerebral Palsy. […] Around 1,200 to 1,500 preschool-aged children are diagnosed per year with Cerebral Palsy. […] Prevalence statistics answer the question, How many people in the United States have Cerebral Palsy? For instance, it is estimated there are 764,000 children and adults living with Cerebral Palsy in the United States.

• #39 Cerebral Palsy Prevalence, Incidence | Cerebral Palsy Guidance

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/research/prevalence-and-incidence/

  Cerebral palsy is the most common type of childhood disability, affecting around 500,000 people under the age of 18. The prevalence of cerebral palsy is how many people have the condition in a specific time frame. The incidence refers to the number of newly diagnosed people. […] Cerebral palsy prevalence is a term that defines the total number of people living with cerebral palsy in a specific time frame. […] On the other hand, cerebral palsy incidence is a term that defines the number of newly diagnosed people living with the disorder during a specific time frame. […] Cerebral palsy prevalence and incidence help scientists, physicians, and government organizations analyze and study the disorder from country to country, state to state, and within different communities. […] According to cerebral palsy incidence and prevalence studies recently conducted, the following are the most current statistics: Between 1 and 4 children for every 1,000 babies born develop cerebral palsy. About 764,000 people currently live with cerebral palsy, with 500,000 of those being children and teens. Each year, 8,000 to 10,000 infants are diagnosed with cerebral palsy. 1,200 to 1,500 pre-school-aged children are diagnosed with cerebral palsy each year. Spastic cerebral palsy remains the most common type of the disorder, affecting close to 61% of all people with cerebral palsy.

• #40 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cerebral-Palsy-Prevalence.aspx

  In the US cerebral palsy prevalence is found to be significantly lower among Hispanic children than among Black or White children. The prevalence among White and Black children varied across the sites. […] According to the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE) the incidence in Europe is 2 per 1000 live births. The incidence is higher in males than in females with male to female ratio of 1.33:1. […] The prevalence in Europe and Australia ranges from 35.0 to 79.5 per 1,000 live births for children born at 28 to 31 weeks gestation. The figures are 1.1 to 1.7 per 1,000 live births for children born at 37 or more weeks of pregnancy. […] Of all children with cerebral palsy in the United Kingdom, 91% have spastic cerebral palsy. Nearly one third of children in addition have severely impaired lower limb function or leg function. Nearly a quarter of all individuals with cerebral palsy have severely impaired upper limb function.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cerebral-Palsy-Prevalence.aspx

  In the US cerebral palsy prevalence is found to be significantly lower among Hispanic children than among Black or White children. The prevalence among White and Black children varied across the sites. […] According to the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE) the incidence in Europe is 2 per 1000 live births. The incidence is higher in males than in females with male to female ratio of 1.33:1. […] The prevalence in Europe and Australia ranges from 35.0 to 79.5 per 1,000 live births for children born at 28 to 31 weeks gestation. The figures are 1.1 to 1.7 per 1,000 live births for children born at 37 or more weeks of pregnancy. […] Of all children with cerebral palsy in the United Kingdom, 91% have spastic cerebral palsy. Nearly one third of children in addition have severely impaired lower limb function or leg function. Nearly a quarter of all individuals with cerebral palsy have severely impaired upper limb function.

• #42 Tracking Methods for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/data-research/index.html

  CDC tracks the number and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy (CP) over time. […] By tracking the number of children diagnosed with CP over time, it is possible to find out if the number is rising, dropping, or staying the same. […] CDC has been studying CP since the early 1980s. CDC tracks the number and characteristics of children with CP living in several diverse communities across the United States. […] CDC has resumed CP activities within the ADDM Network, focused on tracking and monitoring CP at 4 funded sites (Minnesota, Missouri, Utah, and Tennessee), and one CDC-managed site in Georgia (MADDSP). […] MADDSP was established in 1991 to identify children with four disabilities (CP, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and vision impairment). […] CDC began looking at how many children in metropolitan Atlanta had CP in the mid-1980s. […] One of the key findings of this study was that 16% of children acquired CP more than 28 days after birth.

• #43 The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-018-0043-6

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent, severe and costly motor disability of childhood. Consequently, CP is a public health priority for prevention, but its aetiology has proved complex. […] Several high-income countries have reported a decline in the prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP); therapeutic hypothermia and magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection might have played a role, but other factors might be important. […] The descriptive epidemiology of cerebral palsy. […] An international survey of cerebral palsy registers and surveillance systems. […] Epidemiology of cerebral palsy: a review. […] The relationship of Apgar score to neurologic handicap: a survey of clinicians. […] The association of cerebral palsy with birth asphyxia: a definitional quagmire. […] The genetic basis of cerebral palsy. […] The association between maternal age and cerebral palsy risk factors. […] The preterm birth syndrome: issues to consider in creating a classification system. […] The importance of cohort research starting early in life to understanding child health.

• #44 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7297454/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most frequent causes of motor disability in children. According to European data, the average frequency of CP is 2.08 per 1000 live births, but in the group of children born with a body weight below 1500 g, the frequency is 70 times higher when compared with the group of children with a body weight over 2500 g at birth. […] A huge role in the compilation of epidemiological data concerning some of the European countries was played by Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE), containing registers of ill children from different European centres, which was established in 1998 using funds from the European Commission. […] SCPE work has contributed to the analysis of CP incidence at different time intervals, in particular depending on the birth weight.

• #45 Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe | Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe

  http://scpe.edu.eacd.org/scpe.php

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is the term for a range of permanent movement difficulties caused by an injury to the immature brain. […] The SCPE is a collaboration of professionals working with CP registers with the aim to research and monitor trends in CP. […] SCPE public health indicators aim to report on the public health impact of CP, to assist in policy making and determining research priorities. […] The SCPE Central Database contains a standard set of data on individuals with CP, collected annually by CP registries across Europe. […] The SCPE has an acclaimed framework for international register-based research projects and scientific collaborations.

• #46 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7297454/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most frequent causes of motor disability in children. According to European data, the average frequency of CP is 2.08 per 1000 live births, but in the group of children born with a body weight below 1500 g, the frequency is 70 times higher when compared with the group of children with a body weight over 2500 g at birth. […] A huge role in the compilation of epidemiological data concerning some of the European countries was played by Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE), containing registers of ill children from different European centres, which was established in 1998 using funds from the European Commission. […] SCPE work has contributed to the analysis of CP incidence at different time intervals, in particular depending on the birth weight.

• #47 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most frequent causes of motor disability in children. According to European data, the average frequency of CP is 2.08 per 1000 live births, but in the group of children born with a body weight below 1500 g, the frequency is 70 times higher when compared with the group of children with a body weight over 2500 g at birth. […] The average incidence of cerebral palsy is estimated to range between 1.5 and 3.0 per 1000 live births; these values change among selected groups of patients, depending on various risk factors. A huge role in the compilation of epidemiological data concerning some of the European countries was played by Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE), containing registers of ill children from different European centres, which was established in 1998 using funds from the European Commission.

• #48 Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: a collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers. Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE). | California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative

  https://cpqcc.org/publications/surveillance-cerebral-palsy-europe-collaboration-cerebral-palsy-surveys-and-registers

  Although cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of motor deficiency in young children, it occurs in only 2 to 3 per 1000 live births. […] A network of CP surveys and registers was formed in 14 centres in eight countries across Europe. […] Differences in prevalence rates of CP in the centres prior to any work on harmonization of data are reported. […] The subsequent process to standardize the definition of CP, inclusion/exclusion criteria, classification, and description of children with CP is outlined. […] The consensus that was reached on these issues will make it possible to monitor trends in CP rate, to provide a framework for collaborative research, and a basis for services planning among European countries.

• #49 Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe | Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe

  http://scpe.edu.eacd.org/scpe.php

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is the term for a range of permanent movement difficulties caused by an injury to the immature brain. […] The SCPE is a collaboration of professionals working with CP registers with the aim to research and monitor trends in CP. […] SCPE public health indicators aim to report on the public health impact of CP, to assist in policy making and determining research priorities. […] The SCPE Central Database contains a standard set of data on individuals with CP, collected annually by CP registries across Europe. […] The SCPE has an acclaimed framework for international register-based research projects and scientific collaborations.

• #50 Epidemiology | Cerebral Palsy Alliance

  https://cerebralpalsy.org.au/our-research/epidemiology/

  One in 700 children in Australia are born with CP, a sustained decrease of around 40% from a generation ago, when one in 400 children were born with CP. […] The Epidemiology team work with clinicians, researchers and people with CP and their families around the world to: report trends, identify causes and prevention strategies and improve health and wellbeing. […] The Australian CP Register (ACPR) is a confidential research database of clinical information about people with cerebral palsy. The main aims of the CP Register are to monitor and report the changing rates of cerebral palsy, gain further understanding about the causes of cerebral palsy, evaluate preventive strategies, and assist in planning services for children and adults who have cerebral palsy. […] The NSW/ACT Cerebral Palsy Register aims to include all people with cerebral palsy born or living in NSW/ACT. This data is regularly uploaded to the ACPR and is used for data linkage purposes. This enables powerful epidemiological research to understand trends, causes of cerebral palsy and service requirements.

• #51 CHBC Hip Surveillance Program For Children With Cerebral Palsy | CHBC

  https://www.childhealthbc.ca/initiatives/chbc-hip-surveillance-program-children-cerebral-palsy

  The Child Health BC Hip Surveillance Program for Children with Cerebral Palsy is the first province wide hip surveillance program of its kind in Canada. After site testing in 2015, the program launched throughout BC in 2016. […] The Child Health BC Hip Surveillance Program for Children with Cerebral palsy aims to: 1. Ensure that children at risk for hip displacement receive appropriate screening to allow for early and appropriate management. 2. Facilitate the implementation of the recommended standard of care for hip surveillance into practice across the province. […] Hip surveillance is the process of monitoring for hip displacement through regular clinical exams and radiographs (x-rays). Hip displacement is a common problem in children with cerebral palsy. With increasing hip displacement, children can experience pain, decreased quality of life, and degenerative changes. If not identified and acted upon early, the need for a complex and significant surgery can result, even leading to the need to remove the hip joint (salvage surgery) in the most severe situations. Research has shown that careful, planned tracking, otherwise known as surveillance, together with timely orthopaedic surgery, can prevent or reduce the need for these salvage surgeries.

• #52 CPUP is a follow-up surveillance programme for people with cerebral palsy (CP) – CPUP

  https://cpup.se/in-english/what-is-cpup-in-english/

  CPUP is a follow-up surveillance programme for people with cerebral palsy (CP). Since 2005 CPUP has been designated as a National Quality Register in Sweden. The objective of CPUP is: to prevent the occurrence of hip dislocation and severe deformities by means of a continuous and standardized surveillance, if necessary combined with treatment at an early stage and thereby optimize the functional ability and quality-of-life of those with CP. People with CP are monitored in CPUP continuously from infancy until adulthood. The continuous and standardized monitoring enables early detection of any deterioration. In 2005, in a 10-year follow-up study of CPUP, we could show scientifically that, with CPUP, we could prevent hip dislocation and reduce the number of children who develop severe contractures, windswept-deformity and scoliosis. […] A survey with a questionnaire showed that the participants with CP, their families and all the participating professionals consider CPUP to lead to improved cooperation, improved healthcare and a more uniform healthcare in the country.

• #53 Combined surveillance and treatment register for children with cerebral palsy: the protocol of the Netherlands CP register | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/10/e076619

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a childhood onset, lifelong, condition. Early detection and timely treatment of potential problems during the child’s development are important to prevent secondary impairments and improve function. Clinical management of children with CP requires a spectrum of multidisciplinary interventions, which have an impact on short-term and long-term outcomes. However, there is a lack of knowledge about a personalised approach in this heterogeneous population. Various CP registers with different aims have been developed worldwide, which has made an important contribution to our understanding of CP. The purpose of this protocol is to describe the unique design of a combined multidisciplinary surveillance and treatment register for children with CP in the Netherlands, which aims to improve quality of care and to enhance an individual treatment approach.

• #54 Tracking Methods for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/data-research/index.html

  CDC tracks the number and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy (CP) over time. […] By tracking the number of children diagnosed with CP over time, it is possible to find out if the number is rising, dropping, or staying the same. […] CDC has been studying CP since the early 1980s. CDC tracks the number and characteristics of children with CP living in several diverse communities across the United States. […] CDC has resumed CP activities within the ADDM Network, focused on tracking and monitoring CP at 4 funded sites (Minnesota, Missouri, Utah, and Tennessee), and one CDC-managed site in Georgia (MADDSP). […] MADDSP was established in 1991 to identify children with four disabilities (CP, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and vision impairment). […] CDC began looking at how many children in metropolitan Atlanta had CP in the mid-1980s. […] One of the key findings of this study was that 16% of children acquired CP more than 28 days after birth.

• #55 Tracking Methods for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/data-research/index.html

  CDC tracks the number and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy (CP) over time. […] By tracking the number of children diagnosed with CP over time, it is possible to find out if the number is rising, dropping, or staying the same. […] CDC has been studying CP since the early 1980s. CDC tracks the number and characteristics of children with CP living in several diverse communities across the United States. […] CDC has resumed CP activities within the ADDM Network, focused on tracking and monitoring CP at 4 funded sites (Minnesota, Missouri, Utah, and Tennessee), and one CDC-managed site in Georgia (MADDSP). […] MADDSP was established in 1991 to identify children with four disabilities (CP, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and vision impairment). […] CDC began looking at how many children in metropolitan Atlanta had CP in the mid-1980s. […] One of the key findings of this study was that 16% of children acquired CP more than 28 days after birth.

• #56 Untitled Document

  https://www.rnceus.com/cp/Epidemiology2023.html

  The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has resumed cerebral palsy (CP) tracking and monitoring at sites in the following five states: Minnesota, Missouri, Utah, Tennessee and Georgia. […] Surveillance of cerebral palsy children were re-established across the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network in 2023. The reporting of preliminary findings of CP surveillance and the development of recommendations for inclusion of CP in surveillance year 2024 activities is currently ongoing. […] Generally stated the incidence of Cerebral Palsy is 2-3/1000 live births (Vitrikas et al, 2020). […] Approximately 92% of cases of cerebral palsy are traced to the perinatal period (Morgan et al. 2018). […] Risk factors include preterm birth, perinatal infection (particularly chorioamnionitis), intrauterine growth restriction, use of preterm antibiotics before rupture of membranes, acidosis or asphyxia, and multiple gestation (Bjorga Hysing, 2012). […] Fewer than 10% of cases are attributable to intrapartum hypoxia with about 8% of patients occurring at an older age due to head injuries or infections (Morgan, 2018).

• #57 Tracking Methods for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/data-research/index.html

  CDC tracks the number and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy (CP) over time. […] By tracking the number of children diagnosed with CP over time, it is possible to find out if the number is rising, dropping, or staying the same. […] CDC has been studying CP since the early 1980s. CDC tracks the number and characteristics of children with CP living in several diverse communities across the United States. […] CDC has resumed CP activities within the ADDM Network, focused on tracking and monitoring CP at 4 funded sites (Minnesota, Missouri, Utah, and Tennessee), and one CDC-managed site in Georgia (MADDSP). […] MADDSP was established in 1991 to identify children with four disabilities (CP, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and vision impairment). […] CDC began looking at how many children in metropolitan Atlanta had CP in the mid-1980s. […] One of the key findings of this study was that 16% of children acquired CP more than 28 days after birth.

• #58 CDC to Begin Tracking Incidence of Cerebral Palsy in 2024

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/blog/cdc-tracking-cerebral-palsy-incidence/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently announced that it will restart tracking cerebral palsy (CP) cases in the United States. […] While the CDC has tracked the incidence of cerebral palsy since the 1980s, lack of funding prevented these efforts in recent years. […] With improved funding, the CDC can resume gathering data about the number of children who are diagnosed with CP each year. […] Tracking the incidence of cerebral palsy will offer up-to-date cerebral palsy statistics. […] The new CP data tracking will be crucial for enhancing the safety of mothers and children, especially in preventing birth injuries and medical malpractice. […] With better data, medical professionals can develop improved diagnostic tools and treatment strategies by analyzing when and where CP cases occur most frequently.

• #59 CDC to Begin Tracking Incidence of Cerebral Palsy in 2024

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/blog/cdc-tracking-cerebral-palsy-incidence/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently announced that it will restart tracking cerebral palsy (CP) cases in the United States. […] While the CDC has tracked the incidence of cerebral palsy since the 1980s, lack of funding prevented these efforts in recent years. […] With improved funding, the CDC can resume gathering data about the number of children who are diagnosed with CP each year. […] Tracking the incidence of cerebral palsy will offer up-to-date cerebral palsy statistics. […] The new CP data tracking will be crucial for enhancing the safety of mothers and children, especially in preventing birth injuries and medical malpractice. […] With better data, medical professionals can develop improved diagnostic tools and treatment strategies by analyzing when and where CP cases occur most frequently.

• #60 Researchers to Track Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy in Utah Children | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/press-releases/2023/09/researchers-track-prevalence-of-cerebral-palsy-utah-children

  University of Utah investigators who lead the Utah Registry of Autism and Developmental Disabilities (URADD) have received funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to track the prevalence of cerebral palsy and examine associated characteristics in 4- and 8-year-old children. […] This year, the CDC has expanded the network to include tracking of cerebral palsy in five of its 16 sites nationwide: Minnesota, Missouri, Utah, and Tennessee, as well as at the CDC-managed site in Georgia. […] However, current data on the prevalence of cerebral palsy and the age at which children receive an initial diagnosis in different U.S. communities, including Utah, are lacking. […] The investigators goals for the current study year include assessing Utahs capacity for conducting cerebral palsy surveillance; piloting surveillance methods for reporting prevalence and early identification of cerebral palsy among children aged 4 and 8; and implementing surveillance methodology for a broader study to be conducted in 2024.

• #61 Researchers to Track Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy in Utah Children | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/press-releases/2023/09/researchers-track-prevalence-of-cerebral-palsy-utah-children

  Results from URADDs cerebral palsy surveillance will be disseminated to support efforts by family stakeholders, health providers, and policy makers to improve early detection, outcomes associated with the condition, and service provision. […] By measuring prevalence, and doing a lot of outreach activities, we will be able to raise awareness about cerebral palsy to improve early cerebral palsy recognition and access to treatment. […] Our numbers are pretty important for determining how many children might be eligible for state-supported services and what the costs would be, Bakian said.

• #62 Public health indicators | Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe

  https://scpe.edu.eacd.org/scpe/public-health-indicators.php

  Reliable population-based data on children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) are routinely collected by registries and pooled in a central database as part of the Surveillance of CP in Europe (SCPE). […] The prevalence of CP (i.e., the number of people affected with CP in a given population) reflects the extent of the disease in a population. […] The trend in prevalence illustrates the changing epidemiology of CP in the European population. […] The risk of CP depends on gestational age. […] A better understanding of their disability profiles could help policy makers and those responsible for health and other services to take these increased needs into account when planning preventive and/or treatment services. […] Neuroimaging, performed during or after the neonatal period, can be considered an indicator of access to resources, providing insights into health organization and policies. […] CP of postneonatal origin is therefore particularly interesting for examining the effectiveness of public health interventions or strategies.

• #63 Public health indicators | Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe

  https://scpe.edu.eacd.org/scpe/public-health-indicators.php

  Reliable population-based data on children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) are routinely collected by registries and pooled in a central database as part of the Surveillance of CP in Europe (SCPE). […] The prevalence of CP (i.e., the number of people affected with CP in a given population) reflects the extent of the disease in a population. […] The trend in prevalence illustrates the changing epidemiology of CP in the European population. […] The risk of CP depends on gestational age. […] A better understanding of their disability profiles could help policy makers and those responsible for health and other services to take these increased needs into account when planning preventive and/or treatment services. […] Neuroimaging, performed during or after the neonatal period, can be considered an indicator of access to resources, providing insights into health organization and policies. […] CP of postneonatal origin is therefore particularly interesting for examining the effectiveness of public health interventions or strategies.

• #64 Public health indicators | Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe

  https://scpe.edu.eacd.org/scpe/public-health-indicators.php

  Reliable population-based data on children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) are routinely collected by registries and pooled in a central database as part of the Surveillance of CP in Europe (SCPE). […] The prevalence of CP (i.e., the number of people affected with CP in a given population) reflects the extent of the disease in a population. […] The trend in prevalence illustrates the changing epidemiology of CP in the European population. […] The risk of CP depends on gestational age. […] A better understanding of their disability profiles could help policy makers and those responsible for health and other services to take these increased needs into account when planning preventive and/or treatment services. […] Neuroimaging, performed during or after the neonatal period, can be considered an indicator of access to resources, providing insights into health organization and policies. […] CP of postneonatal origin is therefore particularly interesting for examining the effectiveness of public health interventions or strategies.

• #65 Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74558-9_9

  The epidemiology of cerebral palsy includes studies across whole populations within a defined geographic area that center on determining the frequency of the condition; identifying patterns, risk factors, and causal pathways; and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions for prevention and reducing severity. […] The rates of cerebral palsy in developed countries have fluctuated between 1.5 and 3/1000 live births throughout the last 50 years. […] It is now becoming increasingly important to measure frequencies in low- and middle-income countries, where frequencies are expected to be higher, but with possibilities for primary prevention. […] Patterns have emerged among gestational age and birth weight categories as well as motor type and topographic distributions. […] We understand more about causal pathways that include preterm birth, multiple births, infection, and congenital anomalies which open more doors to primary prevention and reduced severity than when research was simply focused on birth asphyxia.

• #66 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Epidemiological studies conducted worldwide in recent years have contributed to a better understanding of the factors that have a significant impact on CP incidence. The results of these investigations indicate that, contrary to the previous belief, perinatal pathology is of less importance in CP aetiology. Prenatal factors seem to be responsible for nearly 75%, whereas infant and neonatal period risk factors account for 10% to 18% of all CP cases.

• #67 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Epidemiological studies conducted worldwide in recent years have contributed to a better understanding of the factors that have a significant impact on CP incidence. The results of these investigations indicate that, contrary to the previous belief, perinatal pathology is of less importance in CP aetiology. Prenatal factors seem to be responsible for nearly 75%, whereas infant and neonatal period risk factors account for 10% to 18% of all CP cases.

• #68 Combined surveillance and treatment register for children with cerebral palsy: the protocol of the Netherlands CP register | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/10/e076619

  Moreover, collecting and organising patient-centred data from children with CP on a national level during regular healthcare following a standardised protocol, could be a powerful approach to monitor and improve the quality of care provided to children within the Netherlands and provides a national database for practice-based studies. Therefore, we have developed a register for children with CP in the Netherlands that combines a surveillance and treatment register that aims to improve quality of care and to enhance evidence for individual treatment approach. […] The Netherlands CP Register was set up in a collaboration between people with lived experience (ie, adolescents and adults with CP, parents/caregivers of children with CP), healthcare professionals of multiple disciplines (ie, rehabilitation physicians, orthopaedic surgeons, child neurologists, neonatologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, psychologists, speech and language therapists, social workers) and senior researchers in the field.

• #69 Epidemiology of cerebral palsy among children in Ghana | Jahan | African Journal of Disability

  https://ajod.org/index.php/ajod/article/view/1336/2867

  Ghana is an LMIC in Western Africa with 13.3% and 23.4% of the population living below the international and national poverty line, respectively. […] Despite a government-funded health insurance scheme (i.e. National Health Insurance Scheme [NHIS]) to finance the health care needs of the population in Ghana, latest reports suggest only 36% of the population was supported by this scheme in 2018. […] Cerebral palsy registers can play a significant role in minimising the evidence gap and generating robust data (e.g. prevalence, trend, and aetiology of CP) with positive impact on early diagnosis, early intervention and functional outcome of children with CP. […] This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of CP among children in Ghana using data from the GCPR. […] The GCPR is an ongoing register of children with CP that collects information on selected variables to generate evidence on the epidemiology of CP in Ghana.

• #70 Epidemiology of cerebral palsy among children in Ghana | Jahan | African Journal of Disability

  https://ajod.org/index.php/ajod/article/view/1336/2867

  Ghana is an LMIC in Western Africa with 13.3% and 23.4% of the population living below the international and national poverty line, respectively. […] Despite a government-funded health insurance scheme (i.e. National Health Insurance Scheme [NHIS]) to finance the health care needs of the population in Ghana, latest reports suggest only 36% of the population was supported by this scheme in 2018. […] Cerebral palsy registers can play a significant role in minimising the evidence gap and generating robust data (e.g. prevalence, trend, and aetiology of CP) with positive impact on early diagnosis, early intervention and functional outcome of children with CP. […] This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of CP among children in Ghana using data from the GCPR. […] The GCPR is an ongoing register of children with CP that collects information on selected variables to generate evidence on the epidemiology of CP in Ghana.

• #71 Epidemiology of cerebral palsy among children in Ghana | Jahan | African Journal of Disability

  https://ajod.org/index.php/ajod/article/view/1336

  The epidemiology of cerebral palsy (CP) is poorly described in Ghana. These data are crucial for evidence-based intervention for children with CP in the country. […] We aimed to describe the epidemiology of CP among children in Ghana. […] We established the first institution-based register of children with CP in Ghana (Ghana CP RegisterGCPR). […] Between October 2018 and February 2020, 455 children were registered (mean [standard deviation {s.d.}] age at assessment: 5.9 [4.1] years). […] Most children (79.6%) had a pre- or perinatally acquired CP and the mean (s.d.) age of CP diagnosis was 22.2 (21.6) months. […] Overall, 55.9% of children had spastic tri- or quadriplegia, 60.5% had GMFCS level IIIV and 70.3% had 1 associated impairment. […] The study findings indicate a high burden of severe motor and associated impairment among children with CP in Ghana which highlights the need for tailored interventions to improve health and well-being of children with CP in the country. […] The study highlights the need for interventions to improve functional outcome, health and well-being of children with CP in Ghana.

• #72 Suriname Cerebral Palsy Register – preliminary data from the first hospital-based surveillance of children with cerebral palsy in Suriname | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.23294913v2.full-text

  CP register plays a crucial role in defining the epidemiology of CP as well as improving service provision, access to early diagnosis and early intervention through active follow-up and guidance. […] However, until 2018, there was no register for documentation and follow-up of children with CP and other neurodevelopmental disorders at the unit or in the country. […] Findings from this research therefore provides important data for understanding of the status, future research and evidence-based services for children with CP in the country.

• #73

• #74 Policy & Advocacy | Cerebral Palsy Resource

  https://cpresource.org/topic/policy-advocacy

  Cerebral palsy is one of the most common of all diagnosed childhood disabilities, and nearly 10,000 babies born each year will develop CP, yet, there is currently no designated federal funding for CP research. […] Since 2005, the CP community has increased its focus on the need for federally funded cerebral palsy research. […] The 2023 Appropriations Act has passed and thanks to advocacy by the cerebral palsy community, it includes the strongest language and funding yet for cerebral palsy!

• #75 Cerebral Palsy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0215/p213.html

  Cerebral palsy, which occurs in two to three out of 1,000 live births, has multiple etiologies resulting in brain injury that affects movement, posture, and balance. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines cerebral palsy as a group of disorders that affects an individuals movement, posture, and balance.1 The clinical findings, which are due to an injury to the developing brain, are permanent and nonprogressive, but they can change over time. […] Cerebral palsy is the most common physical disability of childhood, occurring in one out of 323 children in the United States, a figure that has been relatively stable over decades.1,2 […] Approximately 92% of cases of cerebral palsy are traced to the perinatal period.3 Risk factors include preterm birth, perinatal infection (particularly chorioamnionitis), intrauterine growth restriction, use of preterm antibiotics before rupture of membranes, acidosis or asphyxia, and multiple gestation, any of which can lead to brain injury.4,5 Fewer than 10% of cases are attributable to intrapartum hypoxia.6

• #76 Cerebral Palsy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/cerebral-palsy/

  Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disability in childhood. Overall prevalence of CP is approximately 1-4/1000 live births, with prevalence being the highest among African-American children and in boys. This rate remained constant for nearly 50 years. The single greatest risk factor for CP is prematurity, primarily prior to 28 weeks gestation. The rate of CP is suspected to be higher in lower-income countries due to differences in prenatal and perinatal care. The risk of CP in lower socioeconomic classes is nearly 70% higher than that in higher socioeconomic classes, suggesting significant health disparities impacting screening and management prenatally, perinatally, and postnatally. The pooled prevalence in term infants was 1.4/1000 live births; at 32-36 weeks gestation, the prevalence was 6.8/1000 live births, and in premature infants (less than 28 weeks), the prevalence of CP was 82.3/1000 live births. A study in Denmark found that children born after in vitro fertilization were 1.6 times as likely to have CP. Children born as part of a multiple birth pregnancy were found to be almost 5 times more likely to have CP than children born as singletons. Maternal genito-urinary tract infections are associated with CP in all births. Congenital TORCH infections are also risk factors.

• #77 Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804547/

  To determine trends and current estimates in regional and global prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP). […] A systematic analysis of data from participating CP registers/surveillance systems and population-based prevalence studies (from birth year 1995) was performed. […] Pre/perinatal birth prevalence declined significantly across Europe and Australia (11 out of 14 regions), with no change in postneonatal CP. […] Following meta-analyses, birth prevalence for pre/perinatal CP in regions from high-income countries (HICs) was 1.5 per 1000 (95% CI 1.4-1.6) live births, and 1.6 per 1000 (95% CI 1.5-1.7) live births when postneonatal CP was included. […] The birth prevalence estimate of CP in HICs declined to 1.6 per 1000 live births. […] Current overall CP birth prevalence for HICs is 1.6 per 1000 live births.

• #78 Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804547/

  To determine trends and current estimates in regional and global prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP). […] A systematic analysis of data from participating CP registers/surveillance systems and population-based prevalence studies (from birth year 1995) was performed. […] Pre/perinatal birth prevalence declined significantly across Europe and Australia (11 out of 14 regions), with no change in postneonatal CP. […] Following meta-analyses, birth prevalence for pre/perinatal CP in regions from high-income countries (HICs) was 1.5 per 1000 (95% CI 1.4-1.6) live births, and 1.6 per 1000 (95% CI 1.5-1.7) live births when postneonatal CP was included. […] The birth prevalence estimate of CP in HICs declined to 1.6 per 1000 live births. […] Current overall CP birth prevalence for HICs is 1.6 per 1000 live births.

• #79 Epidemiology | Cerebral Palsy Alliance

  https://cerebralpalsy.org.au/our-research/epidemiology/

  One in 700 children in Australia are born with CP, a sustained decrease of around 40% from a generation ago, when one in 400 children were born with CP. […] The Epidemiology team work with clinicians, researchers and people with CP and their families around the world to: report trends, identify causes and prevention strategies and improve health and wellbeing. […] The Australian CP Register (ACPR) is a confidential research database of clinical information about people with cerebral palsy. The main aims of the CP Register are to monitor and report the changing rates of cerebral palsy, gain further understanding about the causes of cerebral palsy, evaluate preventive strategies, and assist in planning services for children and adults who have cerebral palsy. […] The NSW/ACT Cerebral Palsy Register aims to include all people with cerebral palsy born or living in NSW/ACT. This data is regularly uploaded to the ACPR and is used for data linkage purposes. This enables powerful epidemiological research to understand trends, causes of cerebral palsy and service requirements.

• #80 Cerebral Palsy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0215/p213.html

  Cerebral palsy, which occurs in two to three out of 1,000 live births, has multiple etiologies resulting in brain injury that affects movement, posture, and balance. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines cerebral palsy as a group of disorders that affects an individuals movement, posture, and balance.1 The clinical findings, which are due to an injury to the developing brain, are permanent and nonprogressive, but they can change over time. […] Cerebral palsy is the most common physical disability of childhood, occurring in one out of 323 children in the United States, a figure that has been relatively stable over decades.1,2 […] Approximately 92% of cases of cerebral palsy are traced to the perinatal period.3 Risk factors include preterm birth, perinatal infection (particularly chorioamnionitis), intrauterine growth restriction, use of preterm antibiotics before rupture of membranes, acidosis or asphyxia, and multiple gestation, any of which can lead to brain injury.4,5 Fewer than 10% of cases are attributable to intrapartum hypoxia.6

• #81 Untitled Document

  https://www.rnceus.com/cp/Epidemiology2023.html

  The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has resumed cerebral palsy (CP) tracking and monitoring at sites in the following five states: Minnesota, Missouri, Utah, Tennessee and Georgia. […] Surveillance of cerebral palsy children were re-established across the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network in 2023. The reporting of preliminary findings of CP surveillance and the development of recommendations for inclusion of CP in surveillance year 2024 activities is currently ongoing. […] Generally stated the incidence of Cerebral Palsy is 2-3/1000 live births (Vitrikas et al, 2020). […] Approximately 92% of cases of cerebral palsy are traced to the perinatal period (Morgan et al. 2018). […] Risk factors include preterm birth, perinatal infection (particularly chorioamnionitis), intrauterine growth restriction, use of preterm antibiotics before rupture of membranes, acidosis or asphyxia, and multiple gestation (Bjorga Hysing, 2012). […] Fewer than 10% of cases are attributable to intrapartum hypoxia with about 8% of patients occurring at an older age due to head injuries or infections (Morgan, 2018).

• #82 Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe – Publications Office of the EU

  https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1fe0e8ad-f9a6-11e7-b8f5-01aa75ed71a1/language-en

  The Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE) network was established in 1998, bringing together professionals and researchers working in population-based registries of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) across Europe. […] The aims of the network are to collect population data on CP to inform and improve understanding of the disease, to raise standards of care for children with CP, disseminate knowledge for patients, health care professionals and key stakeholders, and to provide a framework for collaborative research. […] The SCPE Central Database is annually updated with new cases submitted by the SCPE Registries. […] In line with the mission of the JRC for providing evidence-based policy support, and in order to extend the use of the SCPE Central database to public health relevant outputs, the JRC-SCPE Central Registry launched the initiative of developing public health indicators. […] The input for the calculations of these indicators is based on data included in the standard SCPE dataset and collected annually by the registries in the JRC-SCPE Central Database.

• #83

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/3161

  BACKGROUND: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of permanent disorders of movement and posture that follow injuries to the developing brain. […] Central data collection is essential to the study of the epidemiology, clinical presentations, care, and quality of life of patients affected by CP. […] Swiss-CP-Reg collects and exchanges national data on people living with CP to answer clinically relevant questions. […] Its structure enables retrospective and prospective data collection and knowledge exchange between experts to optimise and standardise treatment and to improve the health and quality of life of those diagnosed with CP in Switzerland.

• #84 Frontiers | Cerebral palsy and developmental intellectual disability in children younger than 5 years: Findings from the GBD-WHO Rehabilitation Database 2019

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.894546/full

  The higher estimates of these conditions in LMICs compared with HICs is also in line with previous findings in the literature, as well as studies among children from low-income households in HICs. […] The substantial YLDs associated with CP and intellectual disability further underscore the need for global initiatives to address these conditions promptly and appropriately when intervention outcomes can be optimized to enhance the opportunities for inclusive formal education as envisaged by the SDGs. […] The burden of these conditions, as with other previously reported developmental disabilities, is higher in LMICs where very limited support services exist compared to HICs.

• #85 Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9804547/

  Trends in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) cannot currently be measured. […] Current birth prevalence in LMICs is markedly higher than in HICs. […] Active surveillance of CP helps to assess the impact of medical advancements and social/economic development. […] Population-based data on prevalence and trends of CP are critical to inform policy. […] The most recent systematic review and meta-analysis of birth prevalence, which mostly included births in the 1980s and 1990s, found prevalence was 2.1 per 1000 live births. […] In recent years, significant and sustained declines in the birth prevalence of CP in HIC regions of Europe, Australia, and Japan have been reported. […] Population-based data are also now emerging from regions of low and middle-income countries (LMICs) where higher rates of CP are being reported.

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