Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cerebral Palsy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/

  Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent disorders affecting the development of movement and causing a limitation of activity. Non-progressive disturbances that manifest in the developing fetal or infant brain can lead to cerebral palsy; this is the most common cause of childhood disability. The degree and type of motor impairment and functional capabilities vary depending on the etiology. […] Abnormal development or damage to the fetal or infants brain causes cerebral palsy. The brain insult/injury causing cerebral palsy is non-progressive (eg, static) and can occur in the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. The etiology of an individual patient is often multifactorial. […] The multifactorial etiology relates to prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal causes. […] Prematurity is a significant risk factor for cerebral palsy. Complications of prematurity that can cause cerebral palsy include: Periventricular leukomalacia, Intraventricular hemorrhage, Periventricular infarcts.

• #2 Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23622161/

  Cerebral palsy (CP), defined as a group of nonprogressive disorders of movement and posture, is the most common cause of severe neurodisability in children. […] Understanding its physiopathology is crucial to developing some protective strategies. […] Interruption of oxygen supply to the fetus or brain asphyxia was classically considered to be the main causal factor explaining later CP. […] However several ante-, peri-, and postnatal factors could be involved in the origins of CP syndromes. […] CP is most often the result of environmental factors, which might interact with genetic vulnerabilities, and could be severe enough to cause the destructive injuries visible with standard imaging (i.e., ultrasonographic study or MRI), predominantly in the white matter in preterm infants and in the gray matter and the brainstem nuclei in full-term newborns.

• #3 Cerebral palsy | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201582

  Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of childhood-onset, lifelong physical disability in most countries, affecting about 1 in 500 neonates with an estimated prevalence of 17 million people worldwide. […] Cerebral palsy is not a disease entity in the traditional sense but a clinical description of children who share features of a non-progressive brain injury or lesion acquired during the antenatal, perinatal or early postnatal period. […] The clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy vary greatly in the type of movement disorder, the degree of functional ability and limitation and the affected parts of the body. […] There is currently no cure, but progress is being made in both the prevention and the amelioration of the brain injury. […] For example, administration of magnesium sulfate during premature labour and cooling of high-risk infants can reduce the rate and severity of cerebral palsy.

• #4 Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23622161/

  Cerebral palsy (CP), defined as a group of nonprogressive disorders of movement and posture, is the most common cause of severe neurodisability in children. […] Understanding its physiopathology is crucial to developing some protective strategies. […] Interruption of oxygen supply to the fetus or brain asphyxia was classically considered to be the main causal factor explaining later CP. […] However several ante-, peri-, and postnatal factors could be involved in the origins of CP syndromes. […] CP is most often the result of environmental factors, which might interact with genetic vulnerabilities, and could be severe enough to cause the destructive injuries visible with standard imaging (i.e., ultrasonographic study or MRI), predominantly in the white matter in preterm infants and in the gray matter and the brainstem nuclei in full-term newborns.

• #5 Cerebral palsy | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201582

  Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of childhood-onset, lifelong physical disability in most countries, affecting about 1 in 500 neonates with an estimated prevalence of 17 million people worldwide. […] Cerebral palsy is not a disease entity in the traditional sense but a clinical description of children who share features of a non-progressive brain injury or lesion acquired during the antenatal, perinatal or early postnatal period. […] The clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy vary greatly in the type of movement disorder, the degree of functional ability and limitation and the affected parts of the body. […] There is currently no cure, but progress is being made in both the prevention and the amelioration of the brain injury. […] For example, administration of magnesium sulfate during premature labour and cooling of high-risk infants can reduce the rate and severity of cerebral palsy.

• #6 Aetiology and Pathophysiology of Cerebral Palsy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83505

  The accurate identification of the actual causes (aetiology) of cerebral palsy (CP) and understanding the causal pathways and the neuropathological correlations are critical to the development of both prevention strategies and a holistic classification of CP. […] The aetiology of CP is multifactorial with diverse and complex causal mechanisms. […] It is obvious that CP is not a single disorder/disease but a group of aetiologically heterogeneous disorders. This implies the aetiology is multifactorial and the causal mechanisms multiple and complex. […] Thus, various aetiological/risk factors act through multiple pathways to damage the developing motor system resulting in variable phenotypes (clinical subtypes of CP) that have common denominators: abnormal pattern of posture and/or movement and presence of accompanying impairments.

• #7 Aetiology and Pathophysiology of Cerebral Palsy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83505

  The accurate identification of the actual causes (aetiology) of cerebral palsy (CP) and understanding the causal pathways and the neuropathological correlations are critical to the development of both prevention strategies and a holistic classification of CP. […] The aetiology of CP is multifactorial with diverse and complex causal mechanisms. […] It is obvious that CP is not a single disorder/disease but a group of aetiologically heterogeneous disorders. This implies the aetiology is multifactorial and the causal mechanisms multiple and complex. […] Thus, various aetiological/risk factors act through multiple pathways to damage the developing motor system resulting in variable phenotypes (clinical subtypes of CP) that have common denominators: abnormal pattern of posture and/or movement and presence of accompanying impairments.

• #8 Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23622161/

  Cerebral palsy (CP), defined as a group of nonprogressive disorders of movement and posture, is the most common cause of severe neurodisability in children. […] Understanding its physiopathology is crucial to developing some protective strategies. […] Interruption of oxygen supply to the fetus or brain asphyxia was classically considered to be the main causal factor explaining later CP. […] However several ante-, peri-, and postnatal factors could be involved in the origins of CP syndromes. […] CP is most often the result of environmental factors, which might interact with genetic vulnerabilities, and could be severe enough to cause the destructive injuries visible with standard imaging (i.e., ultrasonographic study or MRI), predominantly in the white matter in preterm infants and in the gray matter and the brainstem nuclei in full-term newborns.

• #9 Cerebral Palsy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/

  Other risk factors associated with cerebral palsy are multiple gestation, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal substance abuse, preeclampsia, chorioamnionitis, abnormal placental pathology, meconium aspiration, perinatal hypoglycemia, and genetic susceptibility. […] Prenatal events cause approximately 80% of cerebral palsy cases, and postnatal events cause about 10% of cases. […] Cerebral palsy is a clinical diagnosis based on information gathered from the patients history and physical exam. […] The clinical history should focus on identifying risk factors and likely etiologies of the patients cerebral palsy. […] The physical exam should focus on identifying clinical signs of cerebral palsy. […] Clinical signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy can include micro- or macrocephaly, excessive irritability or diminished interaction, hyper- or hypotonia, spasticity, dystonia, muscle weakness, the persistence of primitive reflexes, abnormal or absent postural reflexes, incoordination, and hyperreflexia.

• #10 Cerebral Palsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8717-cerebral-palsy

  This damage can happen at different times, including before, during and after birth. Damage before birth makes up about 80% of the causes. After birth, it makes up about 10% of causes. […] Examples of the causes include: Preterm (premature) birth. Congenital malformations due to disruptions in fetal brain development. Infections in the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord). Strokes that affect the developing brain. Genetic issues affecting fetal development. Lack of blood flow or oxygen to the fetal brain. Kernicterus (brain damage from toxic buildup of bilirubin, a chemical made in your liver). Meconium aspiration. Newborn hypoglycemia. […] Cerebral palsy often happens simultaneously with other conditions that affect brain function. These other conditions may happen because of the same damage that caused CP.

• #11 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. […] Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards. […] Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections or exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life. […] New studies suggest that inherited genetic causes play a role in 25% of cases, where formerly it was believed that 2% of cases were genetically determined. […] Some causes of CP are preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as improved safety. […] There is no known cure for CP, but supportive treatments, medication and surgery may help individuals.

• #12 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. […] Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards. […] Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections or exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life. […] New studies suggest that inherited genetic causes play a role in 25% of cases, where formerly it was believed that 2% of cases were genetically determined. […] Some causes of CP are preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as improved safety. […] There is no known cure for CP, but supportive treatments, medication and surgery may help individuals.

• #13 Cerebral Palsy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/

  Other risk factors associated with cerebral palsy are multiple gestation, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal substance abuse, preeclampsia, chorioamnionitis, abnormal placental pathology, meconium aspiration, perinatal hypoglycemia, and genetic susceptibility. […] Prenatal events cause approximately 80% of cerebral palsy cases, and postnatal events cause about 10% of cases. […] Cerebral palsy is a clinical diagnosis based on information gathered from the patients history and physical exam. […] The clinical history should focus on identifying risk factors and likely etiologies of the patients cerebral palsy. […] The physical exam should focus on identifying clinical signs of cerebral palsy. […] Clinical signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy can include micro- or macrocephaly, excessive irritability or diminished interaction, hyper- or hypotonia, spasticity, dystonia, muscle weakness, the persistence of primitive reflexes, abnormal or absent postural reflexes, incoordination, and hyperreflexia.

• #14 Cerebral Palsy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/

  Other risk factors associated with cerebral palsy are multiple gestation, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal substance abuse, preeclampsia, chorioamnionitis, abnormal placental pathology, meconium aspiration, perinatal hypoglycemia, and genetic susceptibility. […] Prenatal events cause approximately 80% of cerebral palsy cases, and postnatal events cause about 10% of cases. […] Cerebral palsy is a clinical diagnosis based on information gathered from the patients history and physical exam. […] The clinical history should focus on identifying risk factors and likely etiologies of the patients cerebral palsy. […] The physical exam should focus on identifying clinical signs of cerebral palsy. […] Clinical signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy can include micro- or macrocephaly, excessive irritability or diminished interaction, hyper- or hypotonia, spasticity, dystonia, muscle weakness, the persistence of primitive reflexes, abnormal or absent postural reflexes, incoordination, and hyperreflexia.

• #15 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. […] Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards. […] Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections or exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life. […] New studies suggest that inherited genetic causes play a role in 25% of cases, where formerly it was believed that 2% of cases were genetically determined. […] Some causes of CP are preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as improved safety. […] There is no known cure for CP, but supportive treatments, medication and surgery may help individuals.

• #16 Cerebral Palsy (CP) – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/neurologic-disorders-in-children/cerebral-palsy-cp

  Cerebral palsy refers to a group of nonprogressive conditions characterized by impairments in muscle tone, voluntary movement, and/or posture, likely resulting from prenatal developmental malformations or perinatal or postnatal central nervous system damage. […] The etiology of cerebral palsy is multifactorial, and a specific cause is sometimes hard to establish. Risk factors that often contribute include prematurity and the disorders it is often associated with, such as in utero disorders, neonatal encephalopathy, and/or chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (formerly known as kernicterus). Perinatal factors (eg, perinatal asphyxia, stroke, central nervous system [CNS] infections) cause a significant minority of cases. […] Abnormal whole exome sequencing or whole genome sequencing results can be seen in more than 30% of patients with CP.

• #17 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. […] Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards. […] Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections or exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life. […] New studies suggest that inherited genetic causes play a role in 25% of cases, where formerly it was believed that 2% of cases were genetically determined. […] Some causes of CP are preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as improved safety. […] There is no known cure for CP, but supportive treatments, medication and surgery may help individuals.

• #18 Cerebral palsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353999

  Cerebral palsy is caused by irregular brain development or damage to the developing brain. This usually happens before a child is born, but it can occur at birth or in early infancy. Often the cause isn’t known. Many factors can lead to changes in brain development. Some include: […] The brain condition causing cerebral palsy doesn’t change with time. Symptoms usually don’t worsen with age. However, as the child gets older, some symptoms might become more or less clear. And muscle shortening and muscle rigidity can worsen if not treated aggressively.

• #19 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Potential treatments are being examined, including stem cell therapy. […] However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe. […] Cerebral palsy is due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain. […] This damage can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood. […] Structural problems in the brain are seen in 80% of cases, most commonly within the white matter. […] More than three-quarters of cases are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy. […] While in certain cases there is no identifiable cause, typical causes include problems in intrauterine development (e.g. exposure to radiation, infection, fetal growth restriction), hypoxia of the brain (thrombotic events, placental insufficiency, umbilical cord prolapse), birth trauma during labor and delivery, and complications around birth or during childhood.

• #20 Cerebral palsy pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cerebral_palsy_pathophysiology

  Cerebral palsy is defined as a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. […] Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) are the two main pathologies that play a vital role in the development of cerebral palsy. […] Corticospinal tracts composing of descending motor axons traverse through the periventricular region which is commonly injured in PVL and IVH leading to cerebral palsy. […] Although both pathologies increase the risk of cerebral palsy, periventricular leukomalacia is more closely related to cerebral palsy and is the leading cause in preterm infants. […] Ischemia and infection are two important factors that play a vital role in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia. […] The risk of cerebral palsy increases with the severity of intraventricular hemorrhage.

• #21 Cerebral palsy pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cerebral_palsy_pathophysiology

  Cerebral palsy is defined as a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. […] Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) are the two main pathologies that play a vital role in the development of cerebral palsy. […] Corticospinal tracts composing of descending motor axons traverse through the periventricular region which is commonly injured in PVL and IVH leading to cerebral palsy. […] Although both pathologies increase the risk of cerebral palsy, periventricular leukomalacia is more closely related to cerebral palsy and is the leading cause in preterm infants. […] Ischemia and infection are two important factors that play a vital role in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia. […] The risk of cerebral palsy increases with the severity of intraventricular hemorrhage.

• #22 Cerebral palsy – McMaster Pathophysiology Review

  https://www.pathophys.org/cerebralpalsy/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of movement disorders with various etiologies. […] CP is associated with a permanent, non-progressive pathology that formed in utero or early infancy (before 2-3 years of age). […] The mechanism may be related to the physiological changes that trigger labour. […] Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a condition of underdeveloped white matter in the brain surrounding the ventricles. It is the leading cause of CP in preterm infants. […] The pathogenesis of PVL arises from two important factors: (1) ischemia/hypoxia and (2) infection/inflammation. […] The periventricular white matter of the neonatal brain is supplied by the distal segments of adjacent cerebral arteries. […] The risk of CP increases with the severity of IVH. […] IVH is hypothesized to cause PVL because iron-rich blood causes iron-mediated conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radical, contributing to oxidative damage. […] Excitotoxicity is a process where increased extracellular glutamate levels stimulate oligodendrocytes to increase calcium influx, which stimulates reactive oxidative species release. […] The most common neuropathologic feature is PVL. […] The pathology in CP is in the upper motor neurons.

• #23 Cerebral palsy pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cerebral_palsy_pathophysiology

  Cerebral palsy is defined as a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. […] Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) are the two main pathologies that play a vital role in the development of cerebral palsy. […] Corticospinal tracts composing of descending motor axons traverse through the periventricular region which is commonly injured in PVL and IVH leading to cerebral palsy. […] Although both pathologies increase the risk of cerebral palsy, periventricular leukomalacia is more closely related to cerebral palsy and is the leading cause in preterm infants. […] Ischemia and infection are two important factors that play a vital role in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia. […] The risk of cerebral palsy increases with the severity of intraventricular hemorrhage.

• #24 Cerebral palsy pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cerebral_palsy_pathophysiology

  Cerebral palsy is defined as a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. […] Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) are the two main pathologies that play a vital role in the development of cerebral palsy. […] Corticospinal tracts composing of descending motor axons traverse through the periventricular region which is commonly injured in PVL and IVH leading to cerebral palsy. […] Although both pathologies increase the risk of cerebral palsy, periventricular leukomalacia is more closely related to cerebral palsy and is the leading cause in preterm infants. […] Ischemia and infection are two important factors that play a vital role in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia. […] The risk of cerebral palsy increases with the severity of intraventricular hemorrhage.

• #25 Cerebral palsy – McMaster Pathophysiology Review

  https://www.pathophys.org/cerebralpalsy/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of movement disorders with various etiologies. […] CP is associated with a permanent, non-progressive pathology that formed in utero or early infancy (before 2-3 years of age). […] The mechanism may be related to the physiological changes that trigger labour. […] Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a condition of underdeveloped white matter in the brain surrounding the ventricles. It is the leading cause of CP in preterm infants. […] The pathogenesis of PVL arises from two important factors: (1) ischemia/hypoxia and (2) infection/inflammation. […] The periventricular white matter of the neonatal brain is supplied by the distal segments of adjacent cerebral arteries. […] The risk of CP increases with the severity of IVH. […] IVH is hypothesized to cause PVL because iron-rich blood causes iron-mediated conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radical, contributing to oxidative damage. […] Excitotoxicity is a process where increased extracellular glutamate levels stimulate oligodendrocytes to increase calcium influx, which stimulates reactive oxidative species release. […] The most common neuropathologic feature is PVL. […] The pathology in CP is in the upper motor neurons.

• #26 Cerebral palsy – McMaster Pathophysiology Review

  https://www.pathophys.org/cerebralpalsy/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of movement disorders with various etiologies. […] CP is associated with a permanent, non-progressive pathology that formed in utero or early infancy (before 2-3 years of age). […] The mechanism may be related to the physiological changes that trigger labour. […] Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a condition of underdeveloped white matter in the brain surrounding the ventricles. It is the leading cause of CP in preterm infants. […] The pathogenesis of PVL arises from two important factors: (1) ischemia/hypoxia and (2) infection/inflammation. […] The periventricular white matter of the neonatal brain is supplied by the distal segments of adjacent cerebral arteries. […] The risk of CP increases with the severity of IVH. […] IVH is hypothesized to cause PVL because iron-rich blood causes iron-mediated conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radical, contributing to oxidative damage. […] Excitotoxicity is a process where increased extracellular glutamate levels stimulate oligodendrocytes to increase calcium influx, which stimulates reactive oxidative species release. […] The most common neuropathologic feature is PVL. […] The pathology in CP is in the upper motor neurons.

• #27 Muscle architecture, growth, and biological Remodelling in cerebral palsy: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05110-5

  Beyond this, the link between the neural insult and the cellular myopathies of cerebral palsy is unclear, but there may be a central mechanism describing how cellular muscular components are altered by the neural lesion in CP. […] These pathological changes are linked to reduced regenerative potential and have been correlated with changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines, satellite cell concentration, and fibroblast activity, all of which are important for achieving muscle homeostasis following mechanical damage to muscle. […] Aberrant changes in levels of cytokines have far-reaching effects on the whole muscle as a result of altered regeneration. […] Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) have been found in muscles from individuals with CP and are linked to reductions in protein synthesis, stunted growth, and muscle atrophy. […] The decrease in both concentration and efficacy of SCs contributes to a diminished regenerative potential in the muscle environment in CP. […] The elucidation of a neural or neuromuscular antecedent of these myopathies would represent a huge leap forward in understanding and treating spastic CP.

• #28 Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23622161/

  Moreover they act on an immature brain and could alter the remarkable series of developmental events. […] Biochemical key factors originating in cell death or cell process loss, observed in hypoxic-ischemic as well as inflammatory conditions, are excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, maternal growth factor deprivation, extracellular matrix modifications, and excessive release of glutamate, triggering the excitotoxic cascade. […] Only two strategies have succeeded in decreasing CP in 2-year-old children: hypothermia in full-term newborns with moderate neonatal encephalopathy and administration of magnesium sulfate to mothers in preterm labor.

• #29 Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23622161/

  Moreover they act on an immature brain and could alter the remarkable series of developmental events. […] Biochemical key factors originating in cell death or cell process loss, observed in hypoxic-ischemic as well as inflammatory conditions, are excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, maternal growth factor deprivation, extracellular matrix modifications, and excessive release of glutamate, triggering the excitotoxic cascade. […] Only two strategies have succeeded in decreasing CP in 2-year-old children: hypothermia in full-term newborns with moderate neonatal encephalopathy and administration of magnesium sulfate to mothers in preterm labor.

• #30 Cerebral palsy – McMaster Pathophysiology Review

  https://www.pathophys.org/cerebralpalsy/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of movement disorders with various etiologies. […] CP is associated with a permanent, non-progressive pathology that formed in utero or early infancy (before 2-3 years of age). […] The mechanism may be related to the physiological changes that trigger labour. […] Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a condition of underdeveloped white matter in the brain surrounding the ventricles. It is the leading cause of CP in preterm infants. […] The pathogenesis of PVL arises from two important factors: (1) ischemia/hypoxia and (2) infection/inflammation. […] The periventricular white matter of the neonatal brain is supplied by the distal segments of adjacent cerebral arteries. […] The risk of CP increases with the severity of IVH. […] IVH is hypothesized to cause PVL because iron-rich blood causes iron-mediated conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radical, contributing to oxidative damage. […] Excitotoxicity is a process where increased extracellular glutamate levels stimulate oligodendrocytes to increase calcium influx, which stimulates reactive oxidative species release. […] The most common neuropathologic feature is PVL. […] The pathology in CP is in the upper motor neurons.

• #31 Types of Cerebral Palsy | Learn About the 5 Types of CP

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/types/

  Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects movement and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, usually before or during birth. […] The type of cerebral palsy corresponds to the location of the brain damage. The five types of cerebral palsy are spastic cerebral palsy, ataxic cerebral palsy, athetoid cerebral palsy, hypotonic cerebral palsy, and mixed cerebral palsy. […] Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the motor cortex and pyramidal tracts, which control voluntary movement and relay signals to the muscles. […] Athetoid cerebral palsy is characterized by a combination of hypotonia (loosened muscles) and hypertonia (stiffened muscles), which causes muscle tone to fluctuate. This type of cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain’s basal ganglia and/or cerebellum.

• #32 Types of Cerebral Palsy | Learn About the 5 Types of CP

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/types/

  Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects movement and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, usually before or during birth. […] The type of cerebral palsy corresponds to the location of the brain damage. The five types of cerebral palsy are spastic cerebral palsy, ataxic cerebral palsy, athetoid cerebral palsy, hypotonic cerebral palsy, and mixed cerebral palsy. […] Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the motor cortex and pyramidal tracts, which control voluntary movement and relay signals to the muscles. […] Athetoid cerebral palsy is characterized by a combination of hypotonia (loosened muscles) and hypertonia (stiffened muscles), which causes muscle tone to fluctuate. This type of cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain’s basal ganglia and/or cerebellum.

• #33 Types of Cerebral Palsy | Learn About the 5 Types of CP

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/types/

  Damage to the cerebellum causes ataxic cerebral palsy. This part of the brain is responsible for coordinating physical movement. […] Hypotonic cerebral palsy (also known as atonic cerebral palsy) makes up about 2.6% of all cases. This cerebral palsy type is classified by low muscle tone that causes loss of strength and firmness, resulting in floppy muscles. […] Mixed type cerebral palsy occurs when a child shows symptoms of two or more types of cerebral palsy. About 15.4% of all cases are diagnosed as mixed type cerebral palsy. […] The types of cerebral palsy can be further classified based on which parts of the body are affected. CP is a group of movement disorders, and the extent of movement problems is related to the location of the brain injury.

• #34 Spastic Cerebral Palsy | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/types/spastic/

  Spastic cerebral palsy occurs when brain damage or abnormal development affects the areas of the brain responsible for controlling muscle movement. […] Cerebral palsy is a broad term for developmental movement disorders caused by brain injury or abnormal brain development. Each type of cerebral palsy results from damage to specific parts of the brain. […] Spastic cerebral palsy occurs when the motor cortex and pyramidal tracts of the brain are damaged. The motor cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements, and the pyramidal tracts act as pathways that send signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord. […] Brain damage to the motor cortex disrupts the ability to control movements, causing them to become stiff, jerky, or „spastic.” This results in the characteristic muscle stiffness and movement difficulties seen in individuals with spastic CP.

• #35 Spastic Cerebral Palsy | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/types/spastic/

  Spastic cerebral palsy occurs when brain damage or abnormal development affects the areas of the brain responsible for controlling muscle movement. […] Cerebral palsy is a broad term for developmental movement disorders caused by brain injury or abnormal brain development. Each type of cerebral palsy results from damage to specific parts of the brain. […] Spastic cerebral palsy occurs when the motor cortex and pyramidal tracts of the brain are damaged. The motor cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements, and the pyramidal tracts act as pathways that send signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord. […] Brain damage to the motor cortex disrupts the ability to control movements, causing them to become stiff, jerky, or „spastic.” This results in the characteristic muscle stiffness and movement difficulties seen in individuals with spastic CP.

• #36 Spastic Cerebral Palsy | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/types/spastic/

  If the pyramidal tracts are damaged, the brain cannot properly communicate with the spinal cord, which impairs motor control. […] Certain cerebral palsy risk factors can increase the odds of a child developing spastic CP. Although the exact cause of brain damage is not always known, some complications are more commonly linked to the condition. […] Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain’s motor cortex or pyramidal tracts. This damage may happen before birth, during labor, or shortly after delivery. In some cases, medical negligence — like failing to prevent oxygen loss during birth — may be the cause.

• #37 Spastic Cerebral Palsy | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/types/spastic/

  If the pyramidal tracts are damaged, the brain cannot properly communicate with the spinal cord, which impairs motor control. […] Certain cerebral palsy risk factors can increase the odds of a child developing spastic CP. Although the exact cause of brain damage is not always known, some complications are more commonly linked to the condition. […] Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain’s motor cortex or pyramidal tracts. This damage may happen before birth, during labor, or shortly after delivery. In some cases, medical negligence — like failing to prevent oxygen loss during birth — may be the cause.

• #38 Spastic Cerebral Palsy | Symptoms, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/types/spastic/

  Spastic cerebral palsy occurs as a result of brain damage, usually before or during birth or sometimes within the first years of a child’s life. […] All types of cerebral palsy result from brain injury, damage, or malformation. Damage to the motor cortex in the brain causes spastic cerebral palsy. […] Most children develop cerebral palsy due to fetal development or brain damage that occurs during labor and delivery. […] Like other types of cerebral palsy, spastic cerebral palsy does not get worse with age. It is not a progressive disease. […] Cerebral palsy is characterized by hypertonia, meaning increased muscle tone, leading to stiff and sometimes painful limbs. […] Although there’s no cure for any form of cerebral palsy, there are several treatment options available to help control the symptoms, including physical therapy, as well as language, occupational, and behavioral therapies.

• #39 Muscle architecture, growth, and biological Remodelling in cerebral palsy: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05110-5

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by a static lesion to the brain occurring in utero or up to the first 2 years of life; it often manifests as musculoskeletal impairments and movement disorders including spasticity and contractures. […] Macroscale and functional deficits are likely mediated by dysfunction at the cellular level, which manifests as impaired growth. […] Impaired muscle regeneration in CP is coupled with extracellular matrix expansion and increased pro-inflammatory gene expression; resultant muscles are smaller, stiffer, and weaker than typical muscle. […] The role of musculoskeletal growth in CP is under-studied; the effects of muscles and bones that are growing, in conjunction with neural impairments and altered mechanics, may explain some of the progression of symptoms in CP.

• #40 Development of contractures in spastic forms of cerebral palsy: Pathogenesis and prevention – Klochkova – Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/8392

  The results of most such studies rely primarily on the evaluation of the structural changes in the muscles of various animal models and cannot be unequivocally transferred to humans. […] The increased load on the muscle leads to hypertrophy of the muscle fibers, while the lack of load results in atrophy. […] Muscle biopsy samples obtained from patients with spasticity are characterized by an increased variability in the muscle fiber size, a large number of “round” and “bitten” rather than polygonal structures, and an increased volume of extracellular space. […] Changes in the level of motor activity in cases of CNS damage and lack of weight loading disrupt the maturation of the “adult” forms of myosin. […] Early damage to the central motor neuron in cerebral palsy leads to a disorder in the differentiation of muscle fibers and neuromuscular transmission.

• #41 Muscle architecture, growth, and biological Remodelling in cerebral palsy: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05110-5

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by a static lesion to the brain occurring in utero or up to the first 2 years of life; it often manifests as musculoskeletal impairments and movement disorders including spasticity and contractures. […] Macroscale and functional deficits are likely mediated by dysfunction at the cellular level, which manifests as impaired growth. […] Impaired muscle regeneration in CP is coupled with extracellular matrix expansion and increased pro-inflammatory gene expression; resultant muscles are smaller, stiffer, and weaker than typical muscle. […] The role of musculoskeletal growth in CP is under-studied; the effects of muscles and bones that are growing, in conjunction with neural impairments and altered mechanics, may explain some of the progression of symptoms in CP.

• #42 Muscle architecture, growth, and biological Remodelling in cerebral palsy: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05110-5

  Beyond this, the link between the neural insult and the cellular myopathies of cerebral palsy is unclear, but there may be a central mechanism describing how cellular muscular components are altered by the neural lesion in CP. […] These pathological changes are linked to reduced regenerative potential and have been correlated with changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines, satellite cell concentration, and fibroblast activity, all of which are important for achieving muscle homeostasis following mechanical damage to muscle. […] Aberrant changes in levels of cytokines have far-reaching effects on the whole muscle as a result of altered regeneration. […] Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) have been found in muscles from individuals with CP and are linked to reductions in protein synthesis, stunted growth, and muscle atrophy. […] The decrease in both concentration and efficacy of SCs contributes to a diminished regenerative potential in the muscle environment in CP. […] The elucidation of a neural or neuromuscular antecedent of these myopathies would represent a huge leap forward in understanding and treating spastic CP.

• #43 Development of contractures in spastic forms of cerebral palsy: Pathogenesis and prevention – Klochkova – Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/8392

  The results of most such studies rely primarily on the evaluation of the structural changes in the muscles of various animal models and cannot be unequivocally transferred to humans. […] The increased load on the muscle leads to hypertrophy of the muscle fibers, while the lack of load results in atrophy. […] Muscle biopsy samples obtained from patients with spasticity are characterized by an increased variability in the muscle fiber size, a large number of “round” and “bitten” rather than polygonal structures, and an increased volume of extracellular space. […] Changes in the level of motor activity in cases of CNS damage and lack of weight loading disrupt the maturation of the “adult” forms of myosin. […] Early damage to the central motor neuron in cerebral palsy leads to a disorder in the differentiation of muscle fibers and neuromuscular transmission.

• #44 Development of contractures in spastic forms of cerebral palsy: Pathogenesis and prevention – Klochkova – Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/8392

  The results of most such studies rely primarily on the evaluation of the structural changes in the muscles of various animal models and cannot be unequivocally transferred to humans. […] The increased load on the muscle leads to hypertrophy of the muscle fibers, while the lack of load results in atrophy. […] Muscle biopsy samples obtained from patients with spasticity are characterized by an increased variability in the muscle fiber size, a large number of “round” and “bitten” rather than polygonal structures, and an increased volume of extracellular space. […] Changes in the level of motor activity in cases of CNS damage and lack of weight loading disrupt the maturation of the “adult” forms of myosin. […] Early damage to the central motor neuron in cerebral palsy leads to a disorder in the differentiation of muscle fibers and neuromuscular transmission.

• #45 Development of contractures in spastic forms of cerebral palsy: Pathogenesis and prevention – Klochkova – Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/8392

  The results of most such studies rely primarily on the evaluation of the structural changes in the muscles of various animal models and cannot be unequivocally transferred to humans. […] The increased load on the muscle leads to hypertrophy of the muscle fibers, while the lack of load results in atrophy. […] Muscle biopsy samples obtained from patients with spasticity are characterized by an increased variability in the muscle fiber size, a large number of “round” and “bitten” rather than polygonal structures, and an increased volume of extracellular space. […] Changes in the level of motor activity in cases of CNS damage and lack of weight loading disrupt the maturation of the “adult” forms of myosin. […] Early damage to the central motor neuron in cerebral palsy leads to a disorder in the differentiation of muscle fibers and neuromuscular transmission.

• #46 Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy

  https://www.clinmedkaz.org/article/immunological-mechanisms-in-the-pathogenesis-of-cerebral-palsy-8802

  The cerebral palsy is highly actual issue of pediatrics, causing significant neurological disability. […] the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy is still poorly understood. […] we reviewed available experimental and clinical data concerning the role of immunocompetent cells in pathogenesis of cerebral palsy. […] The reviewed data demonstrate involvement of immune regulatory cells in the formation of nervous tissue imbalance and chronicity of inborn brain damage. […] The supported opinion, that periventricular leukomalacia is not a static phenomenon, but developing process, encourages us optimism about possibility of its correction. […] The further study of changes of the nervous and immune systems in cerebral palsy will contribute to creating fundamentally new directions of the specific therapy and individual schemes of rehabilitation.

• #47

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-016-3245-5

  The cerebral palsy is highly actual issue of pediatrics, causing significant neurological disability. Though the great progress in the neuroscience has been recently achieved, the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy is still poorly understood. […] In this work, we reviewed available experimental and clinical data concerning the role of immune cells in pathogenesis of cerebral palsy. Maintaining of homeostasis in nervous tissue and its transformation in case of periventricular leukomalacia were analyzed. […] The reviewed data demonstrate involvement of immune regulatory cells in the formation of nervous tissue imbalance and chronicity of inborn brain damage. The supported opinion, that periventricular leukomalacia is not a static phenomenon, but developing process, encourages our optimism about the possibility of its correction. […] The further studies of changes of the nervous and immune systems in cerebral palsy are needed to create fundamentally new directions of the specific therapy and individual schemes of rehabilitation.

• #48 Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy

  https://www.clinmedkaz.org/article/immunological-mechanisms-in-the-pathogenesis-of-cerebral-palsy-8802

  The cerebral palsy is highly actual issue of pediatrics, causing significant neurological disability. […] the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy is still poorly understood. […] we reviewed available experimental and clinical data concerning the role of immunocompetent cells in pathogenesis of cerebral palsy. […] The reviewed data demonstrate involvement of immune regulatory cells in the formation of nervous tissue imbalance and chronicity of inborn brain damage. […] The supported opinion, that periventricular leukomalacia is not a static phenomenon, but developing process, encourages us optimism about possibility of its correction. […] The further study of changes of the nervous and immune systems in cerebral palsy will contribute to creating fundamentally new directions of the specific therapy and individual schemes of rehabilitation.

• #49 Research Progress on the Role of the Interleukin Family in the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Palsy in Children

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/JIN/23/12/10.31083/j.jin2312213

  Cerebral palsy (CP), a common neurological disorder in children, remains a significant research focus. […] The interleukin (IL) family, pivotal mediators in inflammatory responses, shows increased expression in various neuroinflammatory diseases, markedly influencing their onset and progression. […] Elevated IL levels in the brains of children with CP, in contrast to healthy peers, reflect similar elevations in neurological conditions linked to CP, indicating a strong association between CP and the IL family. […] Anti-inflammatory therapies, particularly those targeting ILs, have shown effectiveness in animal models, diverging from traditional CP management methods. […] This shift suggests IL modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy in pediatric CP. […] This review consolidates recent findings on the IL family’s role in CP, illuminating their evolving relationship.

• #50 Research Progress on the Role of the Interleukin Family in the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Palsy in Children

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/JIN/23/12/10.31083/j.jin2312213

  Cerebral palsy (CP), a common neurological disorder in children, remains a significant research focus. […] The interleukin (IL) family, pivotal mediators in inflammatory responses, shows increased expression in various neuroinflammatory diseases, markedly influencing their onset and progression. […] Elevated IL levels in the brains of children with CP, in contrast to healthy peers, reflect similar elevations in neurological conditions linked to CP, indicating a strong association between CP and the IL family. […] Anti-inflammatory therapies, particularly those targeting ILs, have shown effectiveness in animal models, diverging from traditional CP management methods. […] This shift suggests IL modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy in pediatric CP. […] This review consolidates recent findings on the IL family’s role in CP, illuminating their evolving relationship.

• #51 Cerebral palsy | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201582

  Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of childhood-onset, lifelong physical disability in most countries, affecting about 1 in 500 neonates with an estimated prevalence of 17 million people worldwide. […] Cerebral palsy is not a disease entity in the traditional sense but a clinical description of children who share features of a non-progressive brain injury or lesion acquired during the antenatal, perinatal or early postnatal period. […] The clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy vary greatly in the type of movement disorder, the degree of functional ability and limitation and the affected parts of the body. […] There is currently no cure, but progress is being made in both the prevention and the amelioration of the brain injury. […] For example, administration of magnesium sulfate during premature labour and cooling of high-risk infants can reduce the rate and severity of cerebral palsy.

• #52 Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23622161/

  Moreover they act on an immature brain and could alter the remarkable series of developmental events. […] Biochemical key factors originating in cell death or cell process loss, observed in hypoxic-ischemic as well as inflammatory conditions, are excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, maternal growth factor deprivation, extracellular matrix modifications, and excessive release of glutamate, triggering the excitotoxic cascade. […] Only two strategies have succeeded in decreasing CP in 2-year-old children: hypothermia in full-term newborns with moderate neonatal encephalopathy and administration of magnesium sulfate to mothers in preterm labor.

• #53 Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23622161/

  Moreover they act on an immature brain and could alter the remarkable series of developmental events. […] Biochemical key factors originating in cell death or cell process loss, observed in hypoxic-ischemic as well as inflammatory conditions, are excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, maternal growth factor deprivation, extracellular matrix modifications, and excessive release of glutamate, triggering the excitotoxic cascade. […] Only two strategies have succeeded in decreasing CP in 2-year-old children: hypothermia in full-term newborns with moderate neonatal encephalopathy and administration of magnesium sulfate to mothers in preterm labor.

• #54 Cerebral palsy | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201582

  Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of childhood-onset, lifelong physical disability in most countries, affecting about 1 in 500 neonates with an estimated prevalence of 17 million people worldwide. […] Cerebral palsy is not a disease entity in the traditional sense but a clinical description of children who share features of a non-progressive brain injury or lesion acquired during the antenatal, perinatal or early postnatal period. […] The clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy vary greatly in the type of movement disorder, the degree of functional ability and limitation and the affected parts of the body. […] There is currently no cure, but progress is being made in both the prevention and the amelioration of the brain injury. […] For example, administration of magnesium sulfate during premature labour and cooling of high-risk infants can reduce the rate and severity of cerebral palsy.

• #55 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Potential treatments are being examined, including stem cell therapy. […] However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe. […] Cerebral palsy is due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain. […] This damage can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood. […] Structural problems in the brain are seen in 80% of cases, most commonly within the white matter. […] More than three-quarters of cases are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy. […] While in certain cases there is no identifiable cause, typical causes include problems in intrauterine development (e.g. exposure to radiation, infection, fetal growth restriction), hypoxia of the brain (thrombotic events, placental insufficiency, umbilical cord prolapse), birth trauma during labor and delivery, and complications around birth or during childhood.

• #56 Research Progress on the Role of the Interleukin Family in the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Palsy in Children

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/JIN/23/12/10.31083/j.jin2312213

  Cerebral palsy (CP), a common neurological disorder in children, remains a significant research focus. […] The interleukin (IL) family, pivotal mediators in inflammatory responses, shows increased expression in various neuroinflammatory diseases, markedly influencing their onset and progression. […] Elevated IL levels in the brains of children with CP, in contrast to healthy peers, reflect similar elevations in neurological conditions linked to CP, indicating a strong association between CP and the IL family. […] Anti-inflammatory therapies, particularly those targeting ILs, have shown effectiveness in animal models, diverging from traditional CP management methods. […] This shift suggests IL modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy in pediatric CP. […] This review consolidates recent findings on the IL family’s role in CP, illuminating their evolving relationship.

• #57 Research Progress on the Role of the Interleukin Family in the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Palsy in Children

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/JIN/23/12/10.31083/j.jin2312213

  Cerebral palsy (CP), a common neurological disorder in children, remains a significant research focus. […] The interleukin (IL) family, pivotal mediators in inflammatory responses, shows increased expression in various neuroinflammatory diseases, markedly influencing their onset and progression. […] Elevated IL levels in the brains of children with CP, in contrast to healthy peers, reflect similar elevations in neurological conditions linked to CP, indicating a strong association between CP and the IL family. […] Anti-inflammatory therapies, particularly those targeting ILs, have shown effectiveness in animal models, diverging from traditional CP management methods. […] This shift suggests IL modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy in pediatric CP. […] This review consolidates recent findings on the IL family’s role in CP, illuminating their evolving relationship.

• #58 Aetiology and Pathophysiology of Cerebral Palsy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83505

  The accurate identification of the specific disturbance or specific timing of the event or process that damaged the developing motor system has remained difficult since most (about 75%) of the events occur in the antenatal (prenatal) period. […] However, neuroimaging has made significant contribution to the understanding of the aetiology and pathology of CP and timing of insults. […] Certain risk factors are associated with CP and have been identified in numerous earlier studies in different parts of the world. […] This gave birth to the concept of causal pathways or mechanisms in CP causation and in disorders without a single definitive cause. […] A causal pathway refers to a sequence of interdependent events that culminate in disease. […] From the foregoing, it is obvious that the risk factors in a pathway are interconnected and in most cases additively increase the risk of CP.

• #59 Aetiology and Pathophysiology of Cerebral Palsy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83505

  The accurate identification of the specific disturbance or specific timing of the event or process that damaged the developing motor system has remained difficult since most (about 75%) of the events occur in the antenatal (prenatal) period. […] However, neuroimaging has made significant contribution to the understanding of the aetiology and pathology of CP and timing of insults. […] Certain risk factors are associated with CP and have been identified in numerous earlier studies in different parts of the world. […] This gave birth to the concept of causal pathways or mechanisms in CP causation and in disorders without a single definitive cause. […] A causal pathway refers to a sequence of interdependent events that culminate in disease. […] From the foregoing, it is obvious that the risk factors in a pathway are interconnected and in most cases additively increase the risk of CP.

• #60 The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-018-0043-6

  No consensus exists about CP subtypes; the general term CP is important for public health and health services planning, but subtypes might have different aetiologies. […] Two-hit and multi-hit models that consider accumulation of risk factors can identify a synergistic increase in the risk of CP, but the time order and clinical relevance of the model components must be established. […] Preconception factors, including maternal obesity and age, should be considered because they can modify the relationships between CP and other factors that occur later in pregnancy.

• #61 The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-018-0043-6

  No consensus exists about CP subtypes; the general term CP is important for public health and health services planning, but subtypes might have different aetiologies. […] Two-hit and multi-hit models that consider accumulation of risk factors can identify a synergistic increase in the risk of CP, but the time order and clinical relevance of the model components must be established. […] Preconception factors, including maternal obesity and age, should be considered because they can modify the relationships between CP and other factors that occur later in pregnancy.

• #62 Aetiology and Pathophysiology of Cerebral Palsy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83505

  The accurate identification of the specific disturbance or specific timing of the event or process that damaged the developing motor system has remained difficult since most (about 75%) of the events occur in the antenatal (prenatal) period. […] However, neuroimaging has made significant contribution to the understanding of the aetiology and pathology of CP and timing of insults. […] Certain risk factors are associated with CP and have been identified in numerous earlier studies in different parts of the world. […] This gave birth to the concept of causal pathways or mechanisms in CP causation and in disorders without a single definitive cause. […] A causal pathway refers to a sequence of interdependent events that culminate in disease. […] From the foregoing, it is obvious that the risk factors in a pathway are interconnected and in most cases additively increase the risk of CP.

• #63 Aetiology and Pathophysiology of Cerebral Palsy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83505

  The significance of identifying and understanding all these complex causal pathways is in formulating preventive strategies as earlier mentioned. […] The aetiology of CP is attributed to the interaction of multiple risk factors which through complex causal pathways within a limited duration disrupt brain development or augment the risk of damage to the motor system in the foetal/infant brain. […] A link between neuropathology and the clinical-neurological features of CP (neuromuscular deficits, accompanying impairments, severity/functional level, clinical types) exists. However, limitations currently remain in devising a comprehensive neuropathologic classification of CP due to inconsistent structure-function correlations and difficulties in estimating timing of insults.

• #64 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  When larger lesions extend past the area of descending fibers from the motor cortex to involve the centrum semiovale and corona radiata, both the lower and upper extremities may be involved. […] Cerebral palsy may result from an underlying structural abnormality of the brain; early prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal injury due to vascular insufficiency; toxins or infections; or the pathophysiologic risks of prematurity. […] Evidence suggests that prenatal factors result in 70-80% of cases of cerebral palsy. In most cases, the exact cause is unknown but is most likely multifactorial. […] The following maternal and prenatal risk factors statistically correlate with cerebral palsy: Long menstrual cycle, Previous pregnancy loss, Previous loss of newborn, Maternal intellectual disability, Maternal thyroid disorder, especially iodine deficiency, Maternal seizure disorder, History of delivering a child weighing less than 2000 g, History of delivering a child with a motor deficit, intellectual disability, or a sensory deficit.

• #65 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  When larger lesions extend past the area of descending fibers from the motor cortex to involve the centrum semiovale and corona radiata, both the lower and upper extremities may be involved. […] Cerebral palsy may result from an underlying structural abnormality of the brain; early prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal injury due to vascular insufficiency; toxins or infections; or the pathophysiologic risks of prematurity. […] Evidence suggests that prenatal factors result in 70-80% of cases of cerebral palsy. In most cases, the exact cause is unknown but is most likely multifactorial. […] The following maternal and prenatal risk factors statistically correlate with cerebral palsy: Long menstrual cycle, Previous pregnancy loss, Previous loss of newborn, Maternal intellectual disability, Maternal thyroid disorder, especially iodine deficiency, Maternal seizure disorder, History of delivering a child weighing less than 2000 g, History of delivering a child with a motor deficit, intellectual disability, or a sensory deficit.

• #66 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  The following perinatal factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy: Prematurity, Chorioamnionitis, Nonvertex and face presentation of the fetus, Birth asphyxia. […] The following postnatal factors may contribute to cerebral palsy: Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis), Intracranial hemorrhage (eg, due to prematurity, vascular malformations, or trauma), Periventricular leukomalacia (in premature infants), Hypoxia-ischemia (eg, from meconium aspiration), Persistent fetal circulation or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, Kernicterus.

• #67 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  The following perinatal factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy: Prematurity, Chorioamnionitis, Nonvertex and face presentation of the fetus, Birth asphyxia. […] The following postnatal factors may contribute to cerebral palsy: Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis), Intracranial hemorrhage (eg, due to prematurity, vascular malformations, or trauma), Periventricular leukomalacia (in premature infants), Hypoxia-ischemia (eg, from meconium aspiration), Persistent fetal circulation or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, Kernicterus.

• #68 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  The following perinatal factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy: Prematurity, Chorioamnionitis, Nonvertex and face presentation of the fetus, Birth asphyxia. […] The following postnatal factors may contribute to cerebral palsy: Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis), Intracranial hemorrhage (eg, due to prematurity, vascular malformations, or trauma), Periventricular leukomalacia (in premature infants), Hypoxia-ischemia (eg, from meconium aspiration), Persistent fetal circulation or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, Kernicterus.

• #69 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  The following perinatal factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy: Prematurity, Chorioamnionitis, Nonvertex and face presentation of the fetus, Birth asphyxia. […] The following postnatal factors may contribute to cerebral palsy: Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis), Intracranial hemorrhage (eg, due to prematurity, vascular malformations, or trauma), Periventricular leukomalacia (in premature infants), Hypoxia-ischemia (eg, from meconium aspiration), Persistent fetal circulation or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, Kernicterus.

• #70 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  A number of factors may cause damage to the central nervous system (CNS) at an early stage of its development. The risk factors fall into the following categories: pre-conception, concerning the broadly defined health and living conditions of the mother; prenatal, which are related to the course of pregnancy; perinatal; as well as risk factors in the neonatal and infant period. […] One of the major CP incidence risk factors is prematurity. The frequency and severity of neurodevelopmental disorders are correlated with pregnancy duration the shorter the pregnancy, the more severe the disorders. Birth weight in premature babies is another risk factor. […] The results of imaging studies using the MRI method demonstrate abnormalities in more than 80% of patients with CP. MRI examination reveals anatomic anomalies characteristic of particular CP types; it also allows for a better understanding of pathogenesis, brain damage aetiology and structural-functional dependencies in CP.

• #71 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  A number of factors may cause damage to the central nervous system (CNS) at an early stage of its development. The risk factors fall into the following categories: pre-conception, concerning the broadly defined health and living conditions of the mother; prenatal, which are related to the course of pregnancy; perinatal; as well as risk factors in the neonatal and infant period. […] One of the major CP incidence risk factors is prematurity. The frequency and severity of neurodevelopmental disorders are correlated with pregnancy duration the shorter the pregnancy, the more severe the disorders. Birth weight in premature babies is another risk factor. […] The results of imaging studies using the MRI method demonstrate abnormalities in more than 80% of patients with CP. MRI examination reveals anatomic anomalies characteristic of particular CP types; it also allows for a better understanding of pathogenesis, brain damage aetiology and structural-functional dependencies in CP.

• #72 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Diffusion tensor imaging captures restrictions in the random movement of water protons by macromolecules and myelin to visualize brain white matter tracts. It can be used to create two- and three-dimensional colour maps of normal white matter architecture and to provide more precise identification of white matter dysgenesis and injury than conventional imaging. […] DTI metrics (lower fractional anisotropy and higher transverse diffusivity) in the descending pyramidal tracts correlate with more significant motor impairment. […] The treatment of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy is frequently a huge therapeutic challenge. The effectiveness of pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in the group of children with cerebral palsy is lower than in the group of children with isolated epilepsy.

• #73 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Diffusion tensor imaging captures restrictions in the random movement of water protons by macromolecules and myelin to visualize brain white matter tracts. It can be used to create two- and three-dimensional colour maps of normal white matter architecture and to provide more precise identification of white matter dysgenesis and injury than conventional imaging. […] DTI metrics (lower fractional anisotropy and higher transverse diffusivity) in the descending pyramidal tracts correlate with more significant motor impairment. […] The treatment of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy is frequently a huge therapeutic challenge. The effectiveness of pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in the group of children with cerebral palsy is lower than in the group of children with isolated epilepsy.

• #74 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Diffusion tensor imaging captures restrictions in the random movement of water protons by macromolecules and myelin to visualize brain white matter tracts. It can be used to create two- and three-dimensional colour maps of normal white matter architecture and to provide more precise identification of white matter dysgenesis and injury than conventional imaging. […] DTI metrics (lower fractional anisotropy and higher transverse diffusivity) in the descending pyramidal tracts correlate with more significant motor impairment. […] The treatment of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy is frequently a huge therapeutic challenge. The effectiveness of pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in the group of children with cerebral palsy is lower than in the group of children with isolated epilepsy.

• #75 Spastic cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spastic_cerebral_palsy

  Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by malformation of or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement. What exactly makes some children susceptible to such brain damage is often unknown but it is believed that cerebral palsy may be the result of causal pathways, or chains of events that cause or increase the likelihood of brain injury. […] Most of the time, children are born with the brain damage resulting in spastic cerebral palsy, but a small percentage experience the damage shortly after birth following a stroke, head injury, or infection. […] The following are types of brain damage that can result in spastic cerebral palsy: cerebral dysgenesis, periventricular leukomalacia, brain bleeds, Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.

• #76 Spastic cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spastic_cerebral_palsy

  Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by malformation of or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement. What exactly makes some children susceptible to such brain damage is often unknown but it is believed that cerebral palsy may be the result of causal pathways, or chains of events that cause or increase the likelihood of brain injury. […] Most of the time, children are born with the brain damage resulting in spastic cerebral palsy, but a small percentage experience the damage shortly after birth following a stroke, head injury, or infection. […] The following are types of brain damage that can result in spastic cerebral palsy: cerebral dysgenesis, periventricular leukomalacia, brain bleeds, Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.

• #77 Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview – Patel – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/35534/html

  In spastic diplegia, both the motor corticospinal and the thalamocortical pathways are affected. […] Spastic quadriplegia comprises 20% of children with CP and this clinical phenotype is associated with premature birth and neuroimaging shows severe periventricular leukomalacia and multicystic cortical encephalomalacia. […] Extrapyramidal CP comprises choreoathetotic, dystonic or dyskinetic clinical phenotypes and comprises 15% cases of CP. […] Most cases are seen in infants born at term and associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, kernicterus, neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorder.

• #78 Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview – Patel – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/35534/html

  MRI scan is recommended when CP is suspected and in 90% of cases of CP, MRI scan of brain shows abnormal findings, which include a range of brain malformations, in utero stroke, or white matter loss. […] Although, in most cases of CP, no treatable underlying etiology is identified, an etiological evaluation should be considered to identify certain treatable conditions associated with disturbances of neuromotor development. […] The neurologic impairment of motor system in children who have CP is characterized, in order of frequency, by spasticity, dyskinesia, hypotonia, and ataxia. […] Spastic diplegia is due to damage to the immature oligodendroglia between 20 and 34 weeks of gestation. […] The most common neuropathologic finding seen on neuroimaging is periventricular leukomalacia.

• #79 Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview – Patel – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/35534/html

  In spastic diplegia, both the motor corticospinal and the thalamocortical pathways are affected. […] Spastic quadriplegia comprises 20% of children with CP and this clinical phenotype is associated with premature birth and neuroimaging shows severe periventricular leukomalacia and multicystic cortical encephalomalacia. […] Extrapyramidal CP comprises choreoathetotic, dystonic or dyskinetic clinical phenotypes and comprises 15% cases of CP. […] Most cases are seen in infants born at term and associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, kernicterus, neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorder.

• #80 Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview – Patel – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/35534/html

  In spastic diplegia, both the motor corticospinal and the thalamocortical pathways are affected. […] Spastic quadriplegia comprises 20% of children with CP and this clinical phenotype is associated with premature birth and neuroimaging shows severe periventricular leukomalacia and multicystic cortical encephalomalacia. […] Extrapyramidal CP comprises choreoathetotic, dystonic or dyskinetic clinical phenotypes and comprises 15% cases of CP. […] Most cases are seen in infants born at term and associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, kernicterus, neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorder.

• #81 Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview – Patel – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/35534/html

  In spastic diplegia, both the motor corticospinal and the thalamocortical pathways are affected. […] Spastic quadriplegia comprises 20% of children with CP and this clinical phenotype is associated with premature birth and neuroimaging shows severe periventricular leukomalacia and multicystic cortical encephalomalacia. […] Extrapyramidal CP comprises choreoathetotic, dystonic or dyskinetic clinical phenotypes and comprises 15% cases of CP. […] Most cases are seen in infants born at term and associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, kernicterus, neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorder.

• #82

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2024/05000/a_relook_at_cerebral_palsy_beyond_motor_pathology_.21.aspx

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a unified term referring to disorders of movement and posture that result from a nonprogressive insult to the early-developing brain. […] Knowledge about the sensory processing abilities of children with CP is scanty. […] Still, enough evidence exists to suggest that deficits in sensory processing coexist with motor pathology in CP. […] Recent studies using DTI for identifying white matter tract lesions do provide preliminary evidence for the existence of SPD and its impact on functional ability in children with CP. […] The domains of sensory processing affected in CP were distinct from what have been reported in autism. […] The sensory processing pattern that predominated in children with CP was problems in registration or bystander, implying that children with CP have a high threshold for environmental stimuli and respond passively. […] Sensory processing abilities of children with CP are significantly different from TDC. […] Vestibular and proprioceptive processing are the predominantly affected sensory processing domains. […] The pattern of sensory processing is similar across various CP subtypes.

• #83

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2024/05000/a_relook_at_cerebral_palsy_beyond_motor_pathology_.21.aspx

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a unified term referring to disorders of movement and posture that result from a nonprogressive insult to the early-developing brain. […] Knowledge about the sensory processing abilities of children with CP is scanty. […] Still, enough evidence exists to suggest that deficits in sensory processing coexist with motor pathology in CP. […] Recent studies using DTI for identifying white matter tract lesions do provide preliminary evidence for the existence of SPD and its impact on functional ability in children with CP. […] The domains of sensory processing affected in CP were distinct from what have been reported in autism. […] The sensory processing pattern that predominated in children with CP was problems in registration or bystander, implying that children with CP have a high threshold for environmental stimuli and respond passively. […] Sensory processing abilities of children with CP are significantly different from TDC. […] Vestibular and proprioceptive processing are the predominantly affected sensory processing domains. […] The pattern of sensory processing is similar across various CP subtypes.

• #84

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2024/05000/a_relook_at_cerebral_palsy_beyond_motor_pathology_.21.aspx

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a unified term referring to disorders of movement and posture that result from a nonprogressive insult to the early-developing brain. […] Knowledge about the sensory processing abilities of children with CP is scanty. […] Still, enough evidence exists to suggest that deficits in sensory processing coexist with motor pathology in CP. […] Recent studies using DTI for identifying white matter tract lesions do provide preliminary evidence for the existence of SPD and its impact on functional ability in children with CP. […] The domains of sensory processing affected in CP were distinct from what have been reported in autism. […] The sensory processing pattern that predominated in children with CP was problems in registration or bystander, implying that children with CP have a high threshold for environmental stimuli and respond passively. […] Sensory processing abilities of children with CP are significantly different from TDC. […] Vestibular and proprioceptive processing are the predominantly affected sensory processing domains. […] The pattern of sensory processing is similar across various CP subtypes.

• #85

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2024/05000/a_relook_at_cerebral_palsy_beyond_motor_pathology_.21.aspx

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a unified term referring to disorders of movement and posture that result from a nonprogressive insult to the early-developing brain. […] Knowledge about the sensory processing abilities of children with CP is scanty. […] Still, enough evidence exists to suggest that deficits in sensory processing coexist with motor pathology in CP. […] Recent studies using DTI for identifying white matter tract lesions do provide preliminary evidence for the existence of SPD and its impact on functional ability in children with CP. […] The domains of sensory processing affected in CP were distinct from what have been reported in autism. […] The sensory processing pattern that predominated in children with CP was problems in registration or bystander, implying that children with CP have a high threshold for environmental stimuli and respond passively. […] Sensory processing abilities of children with CP are significantly different from TDC. […] Vestibular and proprioceptive processing are the predominantly affected sensory processing domains. […] The pattern of sensory processing is similar across various CP subtypes.

• #86 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Diffusion tensor imaging captures restrictions in the random movement of water protons by macromolecules and myelin to visualize brain white matter tracts. It can be used to create two- and three-dimensional colour maps of normal white matter architecture and to provide more precise identification of white matter dysgenesis and injury than conventional imaging. […] DTI metrics (lower fractional anisotropy and higher transverse diffusivity) in the descending pyramidal tracts correlate with more significant motor impairment. […] The treatment of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy is frequently a huge therapeutic challenge. The effectiveness of pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in the group of children with cerebral palsy is lower than in the group of children with isolated epilepsy.

• #87 Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Fac | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/cerebral-palsy-current-opinions-on-definition-epidemiology-risk-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Diffusion tensor imaging captures restrictions in the random movement of water protons by macromolecules and myelin to visualize brain white matter tracts. It can be used to create two- and three-dimensional colour maps of normal white matter architecture and to provide more precise identification of white matter dysgenesis and injury than conventional imaging. […] DTI metrics (lower fractional anisotropy and higher transverse diffusivity) in the descending pyramidal tracts correlate with more significant motor impairment. […] The treatment of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy is frequently a huge therapeutic challenge. The effectiveness of pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in the group of children with cerebral palsy is lower than in the group of children with isolated epilepsy.

• #88 Cerebral palsy: new pathogenetic concepts

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RN/36/2/10.33588/rn.3602.2002261

  Cerebral palsy: new pathogenetic concepts […] OBJECTIVE. To review the current knowledge pertaining to the new pathogenetic aspects of cerebral palsy (CP). […] CP is a group of static, heterogeneous clinical syndromes, characterized by abnormal postural mechanisms and motor activities. […] Recently, the elevation of certain coagulation factors (i.e., Leiden factor V mutation) and cytokines (i.e. interleukins, a tumor necrosis factor) and interferons have been related to CP pathogenesis. […] PVL pathogenesis is complex and includes a series of mechanisms that interact among them: fetal/maternal infection, immuneinflammatory reaction, prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage/iron, ischemia/reperfusion, free radical production, maturational sensitivity of oligodendrocytes, and glutamate effect. […] Current knowledge about CP pathogenesis opens the possibility of early diagnosis and development of new treatments, both therapeutic and preventive.

• #89 Cerebral palsy: new pathogenetic concepts

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RN/36/2/10.33588/rn.3602.2002261

  Cerebral palsy: new pathogenetic concepts […] OBJECTIVE. To review the current knowledge pertaining to the new pathogenetic aspects of cerebral palsy (CP). […] CP is a group of static, heterogeneous clinical syndromes, characterized by abnormal postural mechanisms and motor activities. […] Recently, the elevation of certain coagulation factors (i.e., Leiden factor V mutation) and cytokines (i.e. interleukins, a tumor necrosis factor) and interferons have been related to CP pathogenesis. […] PVL pathogenesis is complex and includes a series of mechanisms that interact among them: fetal/maternal infection, immuneinflammatory reaction, prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage/iron, ischemia/reperfusion, free radical production, maturational sensitivity of oligodendrocytes, and glutamate effect. […] Current knowledge about CP pathogenesis opens the possibility of early diagnosis and development of new treatments, both therapeutic and preventive.

• #90 Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy

  https://www.clinmedkaz.org/article/immunological-mechanisms-in-the-pathogenesis-of-cerebral-palsy-8802

  The cerebral palsy is highly actual issue of pediatrics, causing significant neurological disability. […] the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy is still poorly understood. […] we reviewed available experimental and clinical data concerning the role of immunocompetent cells in pathogenesis of cerebral palsy. […] The reviewed data demonstrate involvement of immune regulatory cells in the formation of nervous tissue imbalance and chronicity of inborn brain damage. […] The supported opinion, that periventricular leukomalacia is not a static phenomenon, but developing process, encourages us optimism about possibility of its correction. […] The further study of changes of the nervous and immune systems in cerebral palsy will contribute to creating fundamentally new directions of the specific therapy and individual schemes of rehabilitation.

• #91

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-016-3245-5

  The cerebral palsy is highly actual issue of pediatrics, causing significant neurological disability. Though the great progress in the neuroscience has been recently achieved, the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy is still poorly understood. […] In this work, we reviewed available experimental and clinical data concerning the role of immune cells in pathogenesis of cerebral palsy. Maintaining of homeostasis in nervous tissue and its transformation in case of periventricular leukomalacia were analyzed. […] The reviewed data demonstrate involvement of immune regulatory cells in the formation of nervous tissue imbalance and chronicity of inborn brain damage. The supported opinion, that periventricular leukomalacia is not a static phenomenon, but developing process, encourages our optimism about the possibility of its correction. […] The further studies of changes of the nervous and immune systems in cerebral palsy are needed to create fundamentally new directions of the specific therapy and individual schemes of rehabilitation.

• #92 Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy

  https://www.clinmedkaz.org/article/immunological-mechanisms-in-the-pathogenesis-of-cerebral-palsy-8802

  The cerebral palsy is highly actual issue of pediatrics, causing significant neurological disability. […] the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy is still poorly understood. […] we reviewed available experimental and clinical data concerning the role of immunocompetent cells in pathogenesis of cerebral palsy. […] The reviewed data demonstrate involvement of immune regulatory cells in the formation of nervous tissue imbalance and chronicity of inborn brain damage. […] The supported opinion, that periventricular leukomalacia is not a static phenomenon, but developing process, encourages us optimism about possibility of its correction. […] The further study of changes of the nervous and immune systems in cerebral palsy will contribute to creating fundamentally new directions of the specific therapy and individual schemes of rehabilitation.

• #93

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-016-3245-5

  The cerebral palsy is highly actual issue of pediatrics, causing significant neurological disability. Though the great progress in the neuroscience has been recently achieved, the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy is still poorly understood. […] In this work, we reviewed available experimental and clinical data concerning the role of immune cells in pathogenesis of cerebral palsy. Maintaining of homeostasis in nervous tissue and its transformation in case of periventricular leukomalacia were analyzed. […] The reviewed data demonstrate involvement of immune regulatory cells in the formation of nervous tissue imbalance and chronicity of inborn brain damage. The supported opinion, that periventricular leukomalacia is not a static phenomenon, but developing process, encourages our optimism about the possibility of its correction. […] The further studies of changes of the nervous and immune systems in cerebral palsy are needed to create fundamentally new directions of the specific therapy and individual schemes of rehabilitation.

• #94 Muscle architecture, growth, and biological Remodelling in cerebral palsy: a narrative review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05110-5

  Beyond this, the link between the neural insult and the cellular myopathies of cerebral palsy is unclear, but there may be a central mechanism describing how cellular muscular components are altered by the neural lesion in CP. […] These pathological changes are linked to reduced regenerative potential and have been correlated with changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines, satellite cell concentration, and fibroblast activity, all of which are important for achieving muscle homeostasis following mechanical damage to muscle. […] Aberrant changes in levels of cytokines have far-reaching effects on the whole muscle as a result of altered regeneration. […] Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) have been found in muscles from individuals with CP and are linked to reductions in protein synthesis, stunted growth, and muscle atrophy. […] The decrease in both concentration and efficacy of SCs contributes to a diminished regenerative potential in the muscle environment in CP. […] The elucidation of a neural or neuromuscular antecedent of these myopathies would represent a huge leap forward in understanding and treating spastic CP.

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