Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Near-Term/Term Infants

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3051278/

  Cerebral palsy is the most prevalent cause of persisting motor function impairment. […] Current strategies to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy include interventions to prolong pregnancy (e.g., 17-progesterone), limiting the number of multiple gestations related to assisted reproductive technology, antenatal steroids for mothers expected to deliver prematurely, caffeine for extremely low birth weight neonates, and induced hypothermia for a subgroup of neonates diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. […] Specific approaches to reduce the rate of preterm birth, that are supported by a high level of evidence, include limiting the number of embryos transferred with in vitro fertilization, smoking cessation during pregnancy, screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy, antiplatelet drugs to prevent preeclampsia, 17-progesterone caproate, and cervical cerclage for women with previous preterm birth and short cervix (i.e., 2.5 centimeters).

• #2 Explainer: what causes cerebral palsy and can it be prevented? – The University of Sydney

  https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2015/09/25/explainer–what-causes-cerebral-palsy-and-can-it-be-prevented-.html

  Cerebral palsy affects one in every 500 people. […] Over the past 20 years, researchers have made important progress in the search for ways to prevent or ameliorate cerebral palsy. […] Magnesium sulphate, given to mothers delivering a very preterm baby in the few hours before birth, can prevent up to 30 percent of cerebral palsy in this group. […] Cooling the heads of babies at term who do asphyxiate during labour has been shown to decrease cerebral palsy. […] Intramuscular steroids given to women at high risk of delivery before 34 weeks has prevented cerebral haemorrhage (bleeding into the brain). […] The finding is just the beginning of this story. It has opened up a whole new area of research into the causes of cerebral palsy and possible pathways to prevention and treatment.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/fulltext/2008/12000/diagnosis,_treatment,_and_prevention_of_cerebral.19.aspx

  Cerebral palsy is the most prevalent cause of persisting motor function impairment with a frequency of about 1/500 births. […] Current strategies to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy include interventions to prolong pregnancy (eg, 17-progesterone), limiting the number of multiple gestations related to assisted reproductive technology, antenatal steroids for mothers expected to deliver prematurely, caffeine for extremely low birth weight neonates, and induced hypothermia for a subgroup of neonates diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

• #4 Cerebral Palsy Prevention: How To Lower Your Baby’s Risk

  https://www.hamptonking.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-prevention-how-to-lower-your-babys-risk/

  Cerebral palsy is a muscle mobility disorder. It stems from damage to an infants brain before, during, or after birth. […] The good news is that there are steps you can take to reduce your childs risk. First, lets take a look at what you can do to prevent cerebral palsy during pregnancy. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), about 70% of cerebral palsy cases come from prenatal damage to the brain. This means the injury happens during pregnancy. […] Here are ways you can help lower your risk: Access to quality medical care while youre pregnant, Good nutrition, Staying up to date on your vaccines, Take an Rh factor test early in your pregnancy. The Rh (Rhesus Factor) is a protein in red blood cells. Most people have it, but some dont. Problems can arise if the mothers blood is different from the babys, Keeping any health issues you have in check (such as diabetes or high blood pressure), Avoiding substances that can harm your baby (alcohol, drugs, certain medications), Reducing your exposure to infections and viruses that affect fetal health (For example, Zika, Hepatitis B, Group B streptococcus).

• #5 Cerebral Palsy Prevention | Cerebral Palsy Guidance

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/prevention/

  Cerebral palsy prevention isnt always possible, but parents can minimize many risk factors. Medical professionals can also help reduce the chances of cerebral palsy by detecting and treating health issues in the mother, during labor, and in the newborn. […] Reducing those risk factors can significantly reduce the risk a child will have cerebral palsy. […] Parents-to-be should be aware of the risk factors for cerebral palsy and take steps to mitigate them. […] The following steps can help reduce the risk: Work with your doctor to control any underlying health issues, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Make sure your vaccinations are up-to-date. Avoid alcohol, nicotine, and drugs. Get early prenatal care. Get tested for Rh factor to address any blood type incompatibilities between you and the developing fetus.

• #6 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  In many cases, the cause or causes of CP are not fully known, which means that currently little can be done to prevent it. […] However, there are actions people can take before and during pregnancy, as well as after birth that might help reduce the risk of developmental problems, including CP. […] Taking steps to help ensure a healthy pregnancy can help prevent developmental problems, including CP. […] Acquired CP, which is CP that occurs after birth, often is related to an infection or injury, and some of these cases can be prevented. […] Make sure any infections in the mother are treated and health conditions are in control, ideally before pregnancy occurs. […] Get vaccinated for certain diseases (such as chickenpox and rubella) that could harm a developing baby. It is important to have many of these vaccinations before becoming pregnant.

• #7 Cerebral palsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353999

  Often cerebral palsy can’t be prevented, but you can reduce risks. If you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant, take these steps to minimize pregnancy complications: […] Make sure you’re vaccinated. Getting vaccinated against diseases such as rubella might prevent an infection. It’s best to make sure you’re fully vaccinated before getting pregnant. […] Take care of yourself. The healthier you are heading into a pregnancy, the less likely you’ll be to develop an infection that results in cerebral palsy. […] Seek early and continuous prenatal care. See your health care professional regularly during pregnancy. Proper prenatal care can reduce health risks to you and your unborn baby. Seeing your health care professional regularly can help prevent premature birth, low birth weight and infections.

• #8 Cerebral Palsy | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/birth-defects/cerebral-palsy/

  In many cases, the cause of cerebral palsy is not known, so there is nothing that can be done to prevent it. […] However, some causes of cerebral palsy have been identified, and cases of cerebral palsy that result from them often can be prevented. […] Rh disease and congenital rubella syndrome used to be important causes of cerebral palsy. Now Rh disease usually can be prevented when an Rh-negative pregnant woman receives appropriate care. […] Women can be tested for immunity to rubella before pregnancy and be vaccinated if they are not immune. […] Babies with severe jaundice can be treated with special lights (phototherapy). […] Head injuries in babies, a significant cause of cerebral palsy in the early months of life, often can be prevented when babies ride in car seats properly positioned in the back seat of the car.

• #9 Prevention | The Role of Parents | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org

  https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/prevention/parents-role

  The risk factors that parents should be mindful of while pregnant are summarized below. For more information on the topic, consult with a medical professional. […] Some of the measures that parents particularly mothers can take to prevent Cerebral Palsy include: […] Parents thinking of conceiving, should meet with their respective doctors and discuss their intentions. […] Maintaining ones own physical health during pregnancy. […] Begin taking folic acid. […] Regularly attend pre-natal care appointments. […] Practice healthy habits. […] Avoid unhealthy social habits. […] Be tested for blood incompatibility. […] Try to avoid caesarian birth. […] Choose your doctors, physician network, and hospitals wisely. […] After a child is born, watch for jaundice. […] Keep current on vaccinations. […] Take precautions to avoid potential injury and accidents. […] These measures will decrease the likelihood of unexpected complications or undue risk.

• #10 Prevention – Hesperian Health Guides

  https://en.hesperian.org/hhg/Disabled_Village_Children:Prevention

  With these precautions, children will be less likely to have cerebral palsy: Good nutrition of the mother, both before and during pregnancy, reduces the chance of premature birth and of cerebral palsy. […] Avoid unnecessary medicines during pregnancy. […] Go for regular health check-ups during pregnancy (prenatal care). If there are any signs that giving birth may be difficult, try to arrange for a skilled midwife or doctor to attend the birth if possible, in a hospital. […] Be familiar with, and be sure your midwife is familiar with, all the precautions and emergency measures of childbirth. […] Breast feed the baby (breast milk helps prevent and fight infection), and make sure the baby gets enough to eat. […] Vaccinate the baby (especially for measles). […] Preventing dehydration helps prevent seizures and brain injury (cerebral palsy).

• #11 Cerebral palsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353999

  Avoid alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs. These have been linked to cerebral palsy risk. […] Rarely, cerebral palsy can be caused by brain damage that occurs in childhood. Practice good general safety. Prevent head injuries by providing your child with a car seat, bicycle helmet, safety rails on the bed and appropriate supervision.

• #12 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  In many cases, the cause or causes of CP are not fully known, which means that currently little can be done to prevent it. […] However, there are actions people can take before and during pregnancy, as well as after birth that might help reduce the risk of developmental problems, including CP. […] Taking steps to help ensure a healthy pregnancy can help prevent developmental problems, including CP. […] Acquired CP, which is CP that occurs after birth, often is related to an infection or injury, and some of these cases can be prevented. […] Make sure any infections in the mother are treated and health conditions are in control, ideally before pregnancy occurs. […] Get vaccinated for certain diseases (such as chickenpox and rubella) that could harm a developing baby. It is important to have many of these vaccinations before becoming pregnant.

• #13 Cerebral Palsy Prevention | Reducing Risks During Pregnancy

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/prognosis/prevention/

  Taking these steps may not guarantee cerebral palsy prevention, but they can significantly reduce the risks associated with CP. […] Jaundice is the yellowing of the skin that is commonly seen among newborns. […] Treating jaundice early is key to cerebral palsy prevention. […] Advancements in medical care have made childbirth safer, allowing doctors to detect and address complications earlier. […] It’s essential that parents are informed about what to expect during a typical birth. […] Any delay in medical attention can increase the chances that your child is born with brain or nerve damage. […] Taking steps to avoid these risks can support cerebral palsy prevention and safeguard your child’s well-being. […] Cerebral palsy prevention tips include: Avoiding harmful substances like alcohol and drugs, Getting regular prenatal care, Managing health issues, Protecting against infections during pregnancy.

• #14 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  Talk to your doctor about important steps to take during pregnancy to keep you and your developing baby healthy. […] Get early and regular prenatal care, both for your health and for that of your developing baby. […] Contact your health care provider if you get sick, have a fever, or have other signs of infection during pregnancy. […] A flu shot is your best protection against serious illness from the flu. A flu shot can protect pregnant women and their unborn babies, both before and after birth. […] Talk to your doctor about ways to prevent problems if you are at risk for preterm delivery. Research has shown that taking magnesium sulfate before anticipated early preterm birth reduces the risk of CP among surviving infants. […] Ask your doctor or nurse about a jaundice bilirubin test. Any baby can get jaundice. Severe jaundice that is not treated can cause brain damage, called kernicterus. Kernicterus is a cause of CP that potentially can be prevented. Your baby should be checked for jaundice in the hospital and again within 48 hours after leaving the hospital.

• #15 Cerebral Palsy Prevention: How To Lower Your Baby’s Risk

  https://www.hamptonking.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-prevention-how-to-lower-your-babys-risk/

  Cerebral palsy is a muscle mobility disorder. It stems from damage to an infants brain before, during, or after birth. […] The good news is that there are steps you can take to reduce your childs risk. First, lets take a look at what you can do to prevent cerebral palsy during pregnancy. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), about 70% of cerebral palsy cases come from prenatal damage to the brain. This means the injury happens during pregnancy. […] Here are ways you can help lower your risk: Access to quality medical care while youre pregnant, Good nutrition, Staying up to date on your vaccines, Take an Rh factor test early in your pregnancy. The Rh (Rhesus Factor) is a protein in red blood cells. Most people have it, but some dont. Problems can arise if the mothers blood is different from the babys, Keeping any health issues you have in check (such as diabetes or high blood pressure), Avoiding substances that can harm your baby (alcohol, drugs, certain medications), Reducing your exposure to infections and viruses that affect fetal health (For example, Zika, Hepatitis B, Group B streptococcus).

• #16 Cerebral Palsy Prevention | Cerebral Palsy Guidance

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/prevention/

  Cerebral palsy prevention isnt always possible, but parents can minimize many risk factors. Medical professionals can also help reduce the chances of cerebral palsy by detecting and treating health issues in the mother, during labor, and in the newborn. […] Reducing those risk factors can significantly reduce the risk a child will have cerebral palsy. […] Parents-to-be should be aware of the risk factors for cerebral palsy and take steps to mitigate them. […] The following steps can help reduce the risk: Work with your doctor to control any underlying health issues, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Make sure your vaccinations are up-to-date. Avoid alcohol, nicotine, and drugs. Get early prenatal care. Get tested for Rh factor to address any blood type incompatibilities between you and the developing fetus.

• #17 Greatest Risks for Cerebral Palsy Occur Prior to Birth

  https://www.bila.ca/greatest-risks-for-cerebral-palsy-occur-prior-to-birth/

  Ensure that you are as healthy as you possibly can be while youre attempting to become pregnant, which includes mothers being treated for any health conditions and infections. […] Mothers should always be vaccinated for certain diseases like rubella and chickenpox before becoming pregnant, because as we stated earlier there are several common conditions that can harm developing babies. […] Understand healthy pregnancy practices […] Always obtain regular prenatal checkups […] Make a habit out of thoroughly washing your hands with soapy water so you can reduce the chances of incurring an infection that could harm your fetus […] Dont hesitate to talk to your health care professional when you are showing signs of a fever, sickness or any infection […] Get a flu shot! […] Always have a good understanding of your Rh type so you can better know if there are any chances of incompatibility between you and your developing baby […] Take magnesium sulfate if a preterm delivery is in question.

• #18 Why the Greatest Risks for Cerebral Palsy Develop Before Birth | Sommers Roth & Elmaleh

  https://www.sommersandroth.com/blog/birth/why-the-greatest-risks-for-cerebral-palsy-develop-before-birth/

  Many factors can increase the chances of an unborn child developing cerebral palsy. Understanding these risk factors and how pregnant mothers can lessen them can cause a dramatic reduction in the chances of a baby being born with cerebral palsy. […] Having the required knowledge of cerebral palsy’s risk factors will help parents know the warning signs to look out for and what prevention methods to take throughout pregnancy and delivery. […] The positive news is that expecting mothers can make certain efforts before and during their pregnancy to ensure that they are healthy. These preventable actions can aid in avoiding developmental issues like cerebral palsy. […] Mothers should also be vaccinated against certain diseases like rubella and chickenpox before pregnancy. […] If using infertility treatments, then consider transferring only one embryo to reduce chances of twins or triplets. […] Always attend regular prenatal checkups. […] Do not hesitate to speak with your healthcare provider if you show signs of fever, sickness or infection. […] Make a habit of sanitizing your hands to avoid chances of incurring infection.

• #19 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  Talk to your doctor about important steps to take during pregnancy to keep you and your developing baby healthy. […] Get early and regular prenatal care, both for your health and for that of your developing baby. […] Contact your health care provider if you get sick, have a fever, or have other signs of infection during pregnancy. […] A flu shot is your best protection against serious illness from the flu. A flu shot can protect pregnant women and their unborn babies, both before and after birth. […] Talk to your doctor about ways to prevent problems if you are at risk for preterm delivery. Research has shown that taking magnesium sulfate before anticipated early preterm birth reduces the risk of CP among surviving infants. […] Ask your doctor or nurse about a jaundice bilirubin test. Any baby can get jaundice. Severe jaundice that is not treated can cause brain damage, called kernicterus. Kernicterus is a cause of CP that potentially can be prevented. Your baby should be checked for jaundice in the hospital and again within 48 hours after leaving the hospital.

• #20 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Near-Term/Term Infants

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3051278/

  Cerebral palsy is the most prevalent cause of persisting motor function impairment. […] Current strategies to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy include interventions to prolong pregnancy (e.g., 17-progesterone), limiting the number of multiple gestations related to assisted reproductive technology, antenatal steroids for mothers expected to deliver prematurely, caffeine for extremely low birth weight neonates, and induced hypothermia for a subgroup of neonates diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. […] Specific approaches to reduce the rate of preterm birth, that are supported by a high level of evidence, include limiting the number of embryos transferred with in vitro fertilization, smoking cessation during pregnancy, screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy, antiplatelet drugs to prevent preeclampsia, 17-progesterone caproate, and cervical cerclage for women with previous preterm birth and short cervix (i.e., 2.5 centimeters).

• #21 Why the Greatest Risks for Cerebral Palsy Develop Before Birth | Sommers Roth & Elmaleh

  https://www.sommersandroth.com/blog/birth/why-the-greatest-risks-for-cerebral-palsy-develop-before-birth/

  Many factors can increase the chances of an unborn child developing cerebral palsy. Understanding these risk factors and how pregnant mothers can lessen them can cause a dramatic reduction in the chances of a baby being born with cerebral palsy. […] Having the required knowledge of cerebral palsy’s risk factors will help parents know the warning signs to look out for and what prevention methods to take throughout pregnancy and delivery. […] The positive news is that expecting mothers can make certain efforts before and during their pregnancy to ensure that they are healthy. These preventable actions can aid in avoiding developmental issues like cerebral palsy. […] Mothers should also be vaccinated against certain diseases like rubella and chickenpox before pregnancy. […] If using infertility treatments, then consider transferring only one embryo to reduce chances of twins or triplets. […] Always attend regular prenatal checkups. […] Do not hesitate to speak with your healthcare provider if you show signs of fever, sickness or infection. […] Make a habit of sanitizing your hands to avoid chances of incurring infection.

• #22 Cerebral Palsy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0215/p213.html

  Administration of magnesium sulfate should be considered before preterm birth to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy. […] Assessment using a spasticity-related hip surveillance program combined with early, preventive surgical release has been demonstrated to reduce hip pain, hip dislocation, and the need for orthopedic salvage surgery. […] Routine hip surveillance in patients with cerebral palsy can help identify developing problems earlier and prevent poor outcomes, such as hip pain and dislocation. […] Other than prevention of risk factors, there are few interventions known to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy. Although magnesium sulfate is not the standard initial treatment for premature labor, it has been shown to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy from 6.7% to 4.7% (relative risk = 0.68; number needed to treat = 48).

• #23 Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483544/

  Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term encompassing disorders of movement and posture, attributed to nonprogressive disturbances occurring in the developing fetal or infant brain. As there are diverse risk factors and causes, no one strategy will prevent all cerebral palsy. Therefore, there is a need to systematically consider all potentially relevant interventions for their contribution to prevention. […] To summarise the evidence from Cochrane reviews regarding the effects of antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy. […] We included 15 Cochrane reviews. […] There was a reduction in cerebral palsy in children born to women at risk of preterm birth who received magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection of the fetus compared with placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 0.87; five RCTs; 6145 children).

• #24 Magnesium Sulfate Before Anticipated Preterm Birth for Neuroprotection | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2010/03/magnesium-sulfate-before-anticipated-preterm-birth-for-neuroprotection

  Numerous large clinical studies have evaluated the evidence regarding magnesium sulfate, neuroprotection, and preterm births. […] However, the available evidence suggests that magnesium sulfate given before anticipated early preterm birth reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in surviving infants. […] The Committee on Obstetric Practice and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine recognize that none of the individual studies found a benefit with regard to their primary outcome. […] A recent meta-analysis synthesized the results of the clinical trials of magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection. […] Pooling the results of the available clinical trials of magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection suggests that prenatal administration of magnesium sulfate reduces the occurrence of cerebral palsy when given with neuroprotective intent.

• #25 Magnesium for the prevention of cerebral palsy [Classics Series] | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/magnesium-for-the-prevention-of-cerebral-palsy/

  1. Among women with imminent preterm delivery, babies of women randomized to magnesium were less likely to be diagnosed with moderate or severe cerebral palsy. […] This randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the benefit of intrapartum administration of magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection in women at risk for imminent preterm delivery between 24 and 31 weeks gestation. […] Follow-up exams at 2 years of age showed a decrease of almost 50% in the diagnosis of moderate or severe cerebral palsy in infants whose mothers received magnesium. […] Along with other studies, this landmark investigation indicated that magnesium could significantly reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in the group of infants at highest risk for developing this disabling condition. […] Among women with imminent delivery between 24 and 31 weeks gestation, those randomized to receive magnesium sulfate were 45% less likely to be diagnosed with moderate or severe cerebral palsy at 2 years of life (1.9% vs. 3.5%, RR 0.55; p = 0.03).

• #26 Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Preterm Labour (PReCePT) – QI Central

  https://qicentral.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/systems-of-care/prevention-of-cerebral-palsy-in-preterm-labour-precept/

  Being born preterm is the leading cause of Cerebral Palsy (CP), with lifelong impact on children and families. Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) given intrapartum during preterm labour reduces the relative risk of CP in very preterm infants by 30%. The number needed to treat (below 30 weeks gestation) to prevent one case of CP is 37, and yet UK use was inconsistent, leading to preventable health inequalities. […] The uptake of MgSO4 increased from 21% to 88% within 6 months. PReCePT1 influenced the UK national preterm labour guideline, which recommends intrapartum MgSO4 in preterm labour, 30 weeks gestation. […] The aim: For every maternity unit to adopt the NICE NG25 guidance and achieve 85% uptake of administration of MgSO4 to eligible mothers in preterm labour in England by April 2020. […] The likely impact will be a substantial ongoing reduction of avoidable cerebral palsy.

• #27 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Near-Term/Term Infants

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3051278/

  In addition, interventions which have been shown to prolong pregnancy include calcium channel blockers and an oxytocin antagonist (atosiban) for women with preterm labor and erythromycin for women with premature rupture of the membranes. […] In addition to these measures, the results of a meta-analysis of four trials suggests that treatment of mothers expected to deliver before 36 weeks gestation with glucocorticoids (e.g., -methasone) reduces the risk of cerebral palsy. […] In the Australasian Collaborative Trial of Magnesium Sulphate, magnesium sulfate treatment of mothers at risk for preterm birth before 30 weeks gestation reduced the risk of substantial gross motor dysfunction, and in a multicenter randomized trial in France a trend towards a reduction in cerebral white matter damage was observed.

• #28 Cerebral Palsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8717-cerebral-palsy

  CP happens for reasons that are unpredictable and that aren’t generally preventable. Because of that, it’s impossible to prevent it. […] While it isn’t preventable, there are ways to reduce the risks of your baby developing CP from certain causes. […] Magnesium sulfate can reduce the risk of CP in babies born before 32 weeks gestation. It helps promote brain circulation in newborns, reducing the risk of damage from lack of blood flow and oxygen. […] Cooling your baby’s body or head by at least 3.6 F (2 C) may prevent damage to your baby’s brain from lack of oxygen. […] In medication form, caffeine can help stimulate breathing in babies. Research shows this can also reduce the risk of developing CP. […] Giving corticosteroids during labor can speed up lung development. That may also reduce the risk of developing CP, but more research is necessary to confirm this.

• #29 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Some causes of CP are preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as improved safety. […] In those at risk of an early delivery, magnesium sulphate appears to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy. […] Caffeine is used to treat apnea of prematurity and reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in premature babies, but there are also concerns of long term negative effects. […] Cooling high-risk full-term babies shortly after birth may reduce disability, but this may only be useful for some forms of the brain damage that causes CP.

• #30 Cerebral Palsy | Department of Pediatrics

  https://pediatrics.ucsf.edu/cerebral-palsy

  Although we lack neuro-repair treatments for patients with already established CP, there are some cases in which we think that medical intervention could prevent CP from occurring. […] One very important aspect of prevention is good prenatal care, which can predict and limit conditions in which oxygen to the fetus is impaired. A second way to prevent CP in some babies is expert resuscitation. Rates of CP in the United States declined by half when doctors specially trained in neonatal resuscitation (neonatologists) began to practice in hospitals around the country. […] Another recent advance has been development of hypothermia in which the body and brain are cooled down to about 92F (33.5C), as opposed to the normal body temperature of 97.8F (37C). Hypothermia is appropriate for some full-term babies that have been deprived of oxygen around the time of birth (a condition called Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE); see Figure 1A, and has been shown to prevent very severe brain damage that can lead to death.

• #31 Cerebral Palsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8717-cerebral-palsy

  CP happens for reasons that are unpredictable and that aren’t generally preventable. Because of that, it’s impossible to prevent it. […] While it isn’t preventable, there are ways to reduce the risks of your baby developing CP from certain causes. […] Magnesium sulfate can reduce the risk of CP in babies born before 32 weeks gestation. It helps promote brain circulation in newborns, reducing the risk of damage from lack of blood flow and oxygen. […] Cooling your baby’s body or head by at least 3.6 F (2 C) may prevent damage to your baby’s brain from lack of oxygen. […] In medication form, caffeine can help stimulate breathing in babies. Research shows this can also reduce the risk of developing CP. […] Giving corticosteroids during labor can speed up lung development. That may also reduce the risk of developing CP, but more research is necessary to confirm this.

• #32 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Some causes of CP are preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as improved safety. […] In those at risk of an early delivery, magnesium sulphate appears to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy. […] Caffeine is used to treat apnea of prematurity and reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in premature babies, but there are also concerns of long term negative effects. […] Cooling high-risk full-term babies shortly after birth may reduce disability, but this may only be useful for some forms of the brain damage that causes CP.

• #33 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Near-Term/Term Infants

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3051278/

  One of the presumed causes of neonatal encephalopathy is intrapartum cerebral hypoxia and ischemia, which in severe cases could result in permanent brain damage manifesting as cerebral palsy. […] In such infants, hypothermia, either selectively applied to the head or total body, appears to decrease the risk of neurodevelopmental impairments, including cerebral palsy. […] In preterm infants, caffeine is the only therapy that has been shown in a multicenter trial to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy. […] Postnatal steroids, given to premature infants to decrease lung inflammation and decrease the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, increase the risk of cerebral palsy.

• #34 Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483544/

  There was an increase in cerebral palsy in children born to mothers in preterm labour with intact membranes who received any prophylactic antibiotics versus no antibiotics (RR 1.82, 95% CI 0.99 to 3.34; one RCT; 3173 children). […] There was no clear difference in the presence of cerebral palsy in children born to women at risk of preterm birth who received repeat doses of corticosteroids compared with a single course (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.50; four RCTs; 3800 children). […] Low-quality evidence found there was a possible reduction in cerebral palsy for children born to women at risk of preterm birth who received antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation compared with placebo (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.03; five RCTs; 904 children). […] This overview summarises evidence from Cochrane reviews on the effects of antenatal and intrapartum interventions on cerebral palsy, and can be used by researchers, funding bodies, policy makers, clinicians and consumers to aid decision-making and evidence translation.

• #35 Explainer: what causes cerebral palsy and can it be prevented? – The University of Sydney

  https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2015/09/25/explainer–what-causes-cerebral-palsy-and-can-it-be-prevented-.html

  Cerebral palsy affects one in every 500 people. […] Over the past 20 years, researchers have made important progress in the search for ways to prevent or ameliorate cerebral palsy. […] Magnesium sulphate, given to mothers delivering a very preterm baby in the few hours before birth, can prevent up to 30 percent of cerebral palsy in this group. […] Cooling the heads of babies at term who do asphyxiate during labour has been shown to decrease cerebral palsy. […] Intramuscular steroids given to women at high risk of delivery before 34 weeks has prevented cerebral haemorrhage (bleeding into the brain). […] The finding is just the beginning of this story. It has opened up a whole new area of research into the causes of cerebral palsy and possible pathways to prevention and treatment.

• #36 Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483544/

  There was an increase in cerebral palsy in children born to mothers in preterm labour with intact membranes who received any prophylactic antibiotics versus no antibiotics (RR 1.82, 95% CI 0.99 to 3.34; one RCT; 3173 children). […] There was no clear difference in the presence of cerebral palsy in children born to women at risk of preterm birth who received repeat doses of corticosteroids compared with a single course (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.50; four RCTs; 3800 children). […] Low-quality evidence found there was a possible reduction in cerebral palsy for children born to women at risk of preterm birth who received antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation compared with placebo (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.03; five RCTs; 904 children). […] This overview summarises evidence from Cochrane reviews on the effects of antenatal and intrapartum interventions on cerebral palsy, and can be used by researchers, funding bodies, policy makers, clinicians and consumers to aid decision-making and evidence translation.

• #37 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Near-Term/Term Infants

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3051278/

  Cerebral palsy is the most prevalent cause of persisting motor function impairment. […] Current strategies to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy include interventions to prolong pregnancy (e.g., 17-progesterone), limiting the number of multiple gestations related to assisted reproductive technology, antenatal steroids for mothers expected to deliver prematurely, caffeine for extremely low birth weight neonates, and induced hypothermia for a subgroup of neonates diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. […] Specific approaches to reduce the rate of preterm birth, that are supported by a high level of evidence, include limiting the number of embryos transferred with in vitro fertilization, smoking cessation during pregnancy, screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy, antiplatelet drugs to prevent preeclampsia, 17-progesterone caproate, and cervical cerclage for women with previous preterm birth and short cervix (i.e., 2.5 centimeters).

• #38 Declining incidence of cerebral palsy in South Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36236-8

  Presuming that the incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) in Korea is decreasing due to medical advances, we analyzed the trends and risk factors of CP in changing circumstances. […] We need to continue to focus on developing medical technologies for the early detection of high-risk neonates and minimizing brain damage to reduce the incidence rate of CP effectively. […] The early identification of women at risk of preterm birth and protective methods for reducing perinatal complications may decrease the incidence of preterm birth and fetal mortality. […] Various attempts have been made to prevent preterm birth; 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate may help prevent recurrent preterm birth. […] Cervical pessary use or cervical cerclage prevents repeated preterm births in high-risk women with a short cervix.

• #39 Declining incidence of cerebral palsy in South Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36236-8

  Presuming that the incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) in Korea is decreasing due to medical advances, we analyzed the trends and risk factors of CP in changing circumstances. […] We need to continue to focus on developing medical technologies for the early detection of high-risk neonates and minimizing brain damage to reduce the incidence rate of CP effectively. […] The early identification of women at risk of preterm birth and protective methods for reducing perinatal complications may decrease the incidence of preterm birth and fetal mortality. […] Various attempts have been made to prevent preterm birth; 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate may help prevent recurrent preterm birth. […] Cervical pessary use or cervical cerclage prevents repeated preterm births in high-risk women with a short cervix.

• #40 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Near-Term/Term Infants

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3051278/

  In addition, interventions which have been shown to prolong pregnancy include calcium channel blockers and an oxytocin antagonist (atosiban) for women with preterm labor and erythromycin for women with premature rupture of the membranes. […] In addition to these measures, the results of a meta-analysis of four trials suggests that treatment of mothers expected to deliver before 36 weeks gestation with glucocorticoids (e.g., -methasone) reduces the risk of cerebral palsy. […] In the Australasian Collaborative Trial of Magnesium Sulphate, magnesium sulfate treatment of mothers at risk for preterm birth before 30 weeks gestation reduced the risk of substantial gross motor dysfunction, and in a multicenter randomized trial in France a trend towards a reduction in cerebral white matter damage was observed.

• #41 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Near-Term/Term Infants

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3051278/

  In addition, interventions which have been shown to prolong pregnancy include calcium channel blockers and an oxytocin antagonist (atosiban) for women with preterm labor and erythromycin for women with premature rupture of the membranes. […] In addition to these measures, the results of a meta-analysis of four trials suggests that treatment of mothers expected to deliver before 36 weeks gestation with glucocorticoids (e.g., -methasone) reduces the risk of cerebral palsy. […] In the Australasian Collaborative Trial of Magnesium Sulphate, magnesium sulfate treatment of mothers at risk for preterm birth before 30 weeks gestation reduced the risk of substantial gross motor dysfunction, and in a multicenter randomized trial in France a trend towards a reduction in cerebral white matter damage was observed.

• #42 Cerebral Palsy Prevention: How To Lower Your Baby’s Risk

  https://www.hamptonking.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-prevention-how-to-lower-your-babys-risk/

  To prevent cerebral palsy the medical staff should do these things: Your doctor should order an Rh factor test, During the entire pregnancy, the doctor should monitor fetal health. If they catch complications early on, they might prevent CP from developing, Your physician should identify risk factors for CP during your pregnancy, Doctors should order swift treatment for any complication or infection they discover, Your doctor should talk to you about the delivery process. They should make sure you know what to expect. […] Here are steps doctors can take for cerebral palsy prevention during delivery: Test the mother for infections. These can transfer to the baby during birth, Detect and correct fetal distress, Watch for oxygen deprivation. This can cause brain damage and subsequent cerebral palsy, Perform an emergency C-section if the babys health is at risk, Use a vacuum/forceps the right way, and only if necessary, Catch jaundice and treat it. Jaundice is a build-up of a chemical called bilirubin in the babys blood. If left untreated, it can lead to brain damage. Brain damage can cause cerebral palsy.

• #43 Cerebral Palsy Prevention | Cerebral Palsy Guidance

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/prevention/

  Catching fetal distress in time can potentially help prevent issues, such as oxygen deprivation, which can lead to cerebral palsy. […] This could potentially help reduce injuries leading to cerebral palsy and other medical issues. […] Kernicterus can cause cerebral palsy, but the disorder can be prevented with proper treatment. […] CDC reports that cerebral palsy could occur if babies arent vaccinated against infections that could potentially cause encephalitis and meningitis. […] Take measures to protect your baby from traumatic injuries. A blow to the head from a fall or car accident could cause damage in their developing brains that leads to cerebral palsy.

• #44 Cesarean Sections: A Tool in Prevention of Cerebral Palsy

  https://www.collinsattorneys.com/cesarean-sections-reduce-rate/

  The National Institute of Health recently published a statement concluding that the appropriate use of cesarean section when there are signs of fetal distress has reduced the number of cases of cerebral palsy even though the overall rate of cerebral palsy has not decreased. […] When this situation arises, deciding to perform a cesarean section may be critical to the infants health. An infant suffering from hypoxia during delivery can develop cerebral palsy. […] The healthcare providers caring for the mother and infant during the labor and delivery owe the mother and the baby a legal duty of care. If the healthcare providers do not respond to an emergency, such as fetal distress/fetal hypoxia, by the accepted standard of care, the healthcare provider has violated this duty of care.

• #45 Cerebral Palsy Prevention: How To Lower Your Baby’s Risk

  https://www.hamptonking.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-prevention-how-to-lower-your-babys-risk/

  To prevent cerebral palsy the medical staff should do these things: Your doctor should order an Rh factor test, During the entire pregnancy, the doctor should monitor fetal health. If they catch complications early on, they might prevent CP from developing, Your physician should identify risk factors for CP during your pregnancy, Doctors should order swift treatment for any complication or infection they discover, Your doctor should talk to you about the delivery process. They should make sure you know what to expect. […] Here are steps doctors can take for cerebral palsy prevention during delivery: Test the mother for infections. These can transfer to the baby during birth, Detect and correct fetal distress, Watch for oxygen deprivation. This can cause brain damage and subsequent cerebral palsy, Perform an emergency C-section if the babys health is at risk, Use a vacuum/forceps the right way, and only if necessary, Catch jaundice and treat it. Jaundice is a build-up of a chemical called bilirubin in the babys blood. If left untreated, it can lead to brain damage. Brain damage can cause cerebral palsy.

• #46 Cerebral palsy primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cerebral_palsy_primary_prevention

  Effective measures for the primary prevention of cerebral palsy include avoiding preterm birth, avoiding complicated delivery and avoiding head trauma in the neonate. […] Avoiding preterm birth is the main preventive measure against cerebral palsy. […] Vaccination against common infection that might lead to premature birth such as German measles. […] Avoiding cigarette smoking, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy. […] Magnesium sulfate is proven to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy in the women predisposed to preterm delivery. […] Proper monitoring of fetal and mother vitals during delivery. […] Early detection of the factors that might contribute complicated delivery such as narrow pelvis. […] Delayed separation of the umbilical cord especially after complicated deliveries. […] Ensuring proper ventilation and brain perfusion. […] Treatment of the underlying cause if possible. […] Avoiding head trauma.

• #47 Cerebral palsy primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cerebral_palsy_primary_prevention

  Effective measures for the primary prevention of cerebral palsy include avoiding preterm birth, avoiding complicated delivery and avoiding head trauma in the neonate. […] Avoiding preterm birth is the main preventive measure against cerebral palsy. […] Vaccination against common infection that might lead to premature birth such as German measles. […] Avoiding cigarette smoking, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy. […] Magnesium sulfate is proven to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy in the women predisposed to preterm delivery. […] Proper monitoring of fetal and mother vitals during delivery. […] Early detection of the factors that might contribute complicated delivery such as narrow pelvis. […] Delayed separation of the umbilical cord especially after complicated deliveries. […] Ensuring proper ventilation and brain perfusion. […] Treatment of the underlying cause if possible. […] Avoiding head trauma.

• #48 Cerebral Palsy Prevention | Reducing Risks During Pregnancy

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/prognosis/prevention/

  Taking these steps may not guarantee cerebral palsy prevention, but they can significantly reduce the risks associated with CP. […] Jaundice is the yellowing of the skin that is commonly seen among newborns. […] Treating jaundice early is key to cerebral palsy prevention. […] Advancements in medical care have made childbirth safer, allowing doctors to detect and address complications earlier. […] It’s essential that parents are informed about what to expect during a typical birth. […] Any delay in medical attention can increase the chances that your child is born with brain or nerve damage. […] Taking steps to avoid these risks can support cerebral palsy prevention and safeguard your child’s well-being. […] Cerebral palsy prevention tips include: Avoiding harmful substances like alcohol and drugs, Getting regular prenatal care, Managing health issues, Protecting against infections during pregnancy.

• #49 Cerebral Palsy Prevention | Cerebral Palsy Guidance

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/prevention/

  Catching fetal distress in time can potentially help prevent issues, such as oxygen deprivation, which can lead to cerebral palsy. […] This could potentially help reduce injuries leading to cerebral palsy and other medical issues. […] Kernicterus can cause cerebral palsy, but the disorder can be prevented with proper treatment. […] CDC reports that cerebral palsy could occur if babies arent vaccinated against infections that could potentially cause encephalitis and meningitis. […] Take measures to protect your baby from traumatic injuries. A blow to the head from a fall or car accident could cause damage in their developing brains that leads to cerebral palsy.

• #50 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  Talk to your doctor about important steps to take during pregnancy to keep you and your developing baby healthy. […] Get early and regular prenatal care, both for your health and for that of your developing baby. […] Contact your health care provider if you get sick, have a fever, or have other signs of infection during pregnancy. […] A flu shot is your best protection against serious illness from the flu. A flu shot can protect pregnant women and their unborn babies, both before and after birth. […] Talk to your doctor about ways to prevent problems if you are at risk for preterm delivery. Research has shown that taking magnesium sulfate before anticipated early preterm birth reduces the risk of CP among surviving infants. […] Ask your doctor or nurse about a jaundice bilirubin test. Any baby can get jaundice. Severe jaundice that is not treated can cause brain damage, called kernicterus. Kernicterus is a cause of CP that potentially can be prevented. Your baby should be checked for jaundice in the hospital and again within 48 hours after leaving the hospital.

• #51 Cerebral Palsy | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/birth-defects/cerebral-palsy/

  Routine vaccination of babies (with the Hib vaccine) prevents many cases of meningitis, another cause of brain damage in the early months. […] A woman can help reduce her risk of preterm delivery when she seeks early monitoring (ideally starting with a pre-pregnancy visit) and regular prenatal care and avoids cigarettes, alcohol and illicit drugs.

• #52 Cerebral Palsy Prevention | Cerebral Palsy Guidance

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/prevention/

  Catching fetal distress in time can potentially help prevent issues, such as oxygen deprivation, which can lead to cerebral palsy. […] This could potentially help reduce injuries leading to cerebral palsy and other medical issues. […] Kernicterus can cause cerebral palsy, but the disorder can be prevented with proper treatment. […] CDC reports that cerebral palsy could occur if babies arent vaccinated against infections that could potentially cause encephalitis and meningitis. […] Take measures to protect your baby from traumatic injuries. A blow to the head from a fall or car accident could cause damage in their developing brains that leads to cerebral palsy.

• #53 Cerebral palsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353999

  Avoid alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs. These have been linked to cerebral palsy risk. […] Rarely, cerebral palsy can be caused by brain damage that occurs in childhood. Practice good general safety. Prevent head injuries by providing your child with a car seat, bicycle helmet, safety rails on the bed and appropriate supervision.

• #54 Cerebral Palsy | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/birth-defects/cerebral-palsy/

  In many cases, the cause of cerebral palsy is not known, so there is nothing that can be done to prevent it. […] However, some causes of cerebral palsy have been identified, and cases of cerebral palsy that result from them often can be prevented. […] Rh disease and congenital rubella syndrome used to be important causes of cerebral palsy. Now Rh disease usually can be prevented when an Rh-negative pregnant woman receives appropriate care. […] Women can be tested for immunity to rubella before pregnancy and be vaccinated if they are not immune. […] Babies with severe jaundice can be treated with special lights (phototherapy). […] Head injuries in babies, a significant cause of cerebral palsy in the early months of life, often can be prevented when babies ride in car seats properly positioned in the back seat of the car.

• #55

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=aa56609

  The cause of CP sometimes isn’t known. But links have been found between CP and certain conditions during pregnancy, birth, and early childhood. Some of these can be prevented. […] Staying healthy before and during pregnancy can help lower the risk that a brain injury will occur in a developing baby. Here are some tips for healthy habits before and during pregnancy. […] Help prevent CP in your young child by lowering your child’s risk for getting a brain injury. […] Try to prevent accidents, like non-fatal drowning. This helps keep your home safe as your child grows and develops. […] Make sure your child’s immunizations are up-to-date.

• #56 Prevention of Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy Prevention | PatientsEngage

  https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/cerebral-palsy/prevention

  In cases where the cause of cerebral palsy is unknown, nothing can be done to prevent it. However some cases relate to pregnancy complications and brain injuries. […] Try and minimise these by ensuring appropriate prenatal care, trying to stay healthy during a pregnancy, avoid low birth weight, premature birth. […] Try and ensure that the baby does not have head injuries at very early stages. […] Make sure you take the baby to a doctor after a fall. […] Track the baby’s development regularly and seek early intervention.

• #57 CPUP- A multidisciplinary secondary prevention program for individuals with cerebral palsy | International Journal of Integrated Care

  https://ijic.org/articles/10.5334/ijic.s3380

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the more common early onset disabilities. […] The Cerebral Palsy Follow-Up Program (CPUP) is a combined follow-up program and national quality register that was initiated in southern Sweden in 1994. […] In CPUP, we believe that preventive care is preferable to reactive care. […] To date, 5,400 individuals are participating in CPUP in Sweden. […] Hip dislocations and contractures have been significantly reduced. […] Professionals and supervisors are positive about the program and report that it has facilitated their work by making sure that the patients get appropriate treatment in a timely manner, that patients get similar care regardless of geographic location, and that it has improved multidisciplinary collaboration.

• #58 Cerebral Palsy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0215/p213.html

  Administration of magnesium sulfate should be considered before preterm birth to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy. […] Assessment using a spasticity-related hip surveillance program combined with early, preventive surgical release has been demonstrated to reduce hip pain, hip dislocation, and the need for orthopedic salvage surgery. […] Routine hip surveillance in patients with cerebral palsy can help identify developing problems earlier and prevent poor outcomes, such as hip pain and dislocation. […] Other than prevention of risk factors, there are few interventions known to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy. Although magnesium sulfate is not the standard initial treatment for premature labor, it has been shown to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy from 6.7% to 4.7% (relative risk = 0.68; number needed to treat = 48).

• #59 Cerebral Palsy and Functional Decline | Cerebral Palsy Research NetworkSearchScroll to top

  https://cprn.org/cerebral-palsy-functional-decline/

  Larger medical centers often have daily outpatient rehabilitation programs, which can increase independent movement for patients as they go about their daily lives. […] If traveling to a large rehabilitation center is not an option, then a local physical therapy clinic should provide a basic home exercise and stretching program tailored to individual needs. […] During neurorehabilitation therapy, a physical therapist, occupational therapist, or speech therapist can assess function and advise on a home exercise program with adaptive fitness recommendations such as using a handcycle to promote aerobic fitness.

• #60 Cerebral Palsy and Spasticity Center | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/programs/cerebral-palsy-and-spasticity-center

  The Cerebral Palsy and Spasticity Center also includes a focus on prevention. Our doctors rigorously monitor symptoms of CP, such as progressive hip displacement and spinal deformity, to ensure proactive treatment and prevent further complications. […] Our team will screen for and monitor the many conditions associated with CP, such as chronic lung disease, feeding and nutritional challenges, drooling, seizure disorders, and developmental delays. […] Our team is with you for your child’s entire journey and will eventually aid in your child’s transition to adult care.

• #61 Cerebral Palsy and Functional Decline | Cerebral Palsy Research NetworkSearchScroll to top

  https://cprn.org/cerebral-palsy-functional-decline/

  One of the most discussed topics by adults in the cerebral palsy community is functional decline and preventing and treating it. […] Preventative measures should begin in adolescence to address functional decline among individuals with CP. […] Like many medical issues, early intervention as quickly as possible is key. […] Once adults find themselves in midst of declining function and suffering from spasticity and other symptoms, they need to seek care and support to help them move regularly. […] Identifying and addressing the causes of functional decline requires comprehensive and careful assessment. […] Annual examinations with a Primary Care doctor can help to detect any underlying issues and allow for an intervention plan for new impairments as they occur. […] In the meantime, Hurvitz and his colleagues have summarized existing studies on general exercise dosing for people with cerebral palsy.

• #62 The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-018-0043-6

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent, severe and costly motor disability of childhood. Consequently, CP is a public health priority for prevention, but its aetiology has proved complex. […] We summarize the evidence for a decline in the birth prevalence of CP in some high-income nations, describe the epidemiological evidence for risk factors, such as preterm delivery and fetal growth restriction, genetics, pregnancy infection and other exposures, and discuss the success achieved so far in prevention through the use of magnesium sulfate in preterm labour and therapeutic hypothermia for birth-asphyxiated infants. […] Several high-income countries have reported a decline in the prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP); therapeutic hypothermia and magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection might have played a role, but other factors might be important.

• #63 Declining incidence of cerebral palsy in South Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36236-8

  Despite medical advances, the rate of preterm births increased from 2.9% (1997-1999) to 4.5% (2011-2013) in Korea. […] Our results showed that full-term babies who are small-for-gestational-age (body weight 2.5kg) have a 5.39 times higher risk of developing CP compared to full-term babies of appropriate weight. […] Polyhydramnios has also been associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality risk, such as preterm birth, aneuploidy, cesarean section, fetal anomalies, and perinatal and postnatal mortality. […] Our study found that respiratory distress syndrome and necrotizing enterocolitis were associated with a 2.04-fold and 2.80-fold increased risk of developing CP, respectively. […] It is important to note that although not included in our study data, the advancements in various medical technologies aimed at protecting the neonatal brain may have contributed to a reduction in the incidence rate of CP. […] Therefore, we need to continue to focus on developing medical technologies for the early detection of high-risk neonates and minimizing brain damage to reduce the incidence rate of CP effectively.

• #64 New research reinforces impact of cerebral palsy prevention programme – ARC West

  https://arc-w.nihr.ac.uk/news/new-research-reinforces-impact-of-cerebral-palsy-prevention-programme/

  Evidence for the impact of a programme to increase the use of magnesium sulfate, a 5 injection that helps prevent cerebral palsy in premature babies, has been strengthened by a new study published in BMJ Quality and Safety. […] The use of magnesium sulfate to prevent cerebral palsy has been recommended by NICE since 2015. […] The programme, called PReCePT (Prevention of cerebral palsy in pre-term labour), was developed to address this issue. […] PReCePT provided practical tools, guidelines, and training to support hospital staff to give magnesium sulfate to eligible mothers. […] All this means that we have strong evidence that the PReCePT programme helped more mothers and babies receive this important treatment. […] This evaluation shows it enabled and sustained equitable health benefits for babies and ultimately reduced lifetime costs to society.

• #65 Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Preterm Labour (PReCePT) – QI Central

  https://qicentral.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/systems-of-care/prevention-of-cerebral-palsy-in-preterm-labour-precept/

  Research has shown that magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), given antenatally in threatened preterm labour, is neuroprotective and reduces cerebral palsy. […] The 2017 data show that we met and surpassed our improvement target achieving a compliance of 55%, well above the national average. This sustainable improvement has a direct impact on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and by extension to the quality of life of preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks of gestation. […] MgSO4 neuroprotection has become routine practice by inclusion in the NHS Long-Term plan, Saving Babies Lives Care Bundle and NICE guidance, enabling sustainability of uptake.

• #66 Preventing cerebral palsy in premature babies: the PReCePT programme – ARC West

  https://arc-w.nihr.ac.uk/research/projects/preventing-cerebral-palsy-in-pre-term-babies-the-precept-programme/

  After accounting for other things that might have changed over time, we estimated that PReCePT itself was responsible for about 6 percentage points (or about a third) of this total 20 percentage points improvement. […] From this, we estimated that the national PReCePT programme had a net monetary benefit of 597,000, meaning it saved more money than it costed. […] The pandemic, which had a negative effect on many aspects of healthcare, could have had a similar negative effect on maternity care. This trend is concerning. […] Comparing England with Scotland and Wales, by 2022 all three nations were at similar levels, with around 80-85% of eligible mothers being treated. However, it also seemed the PReCePT programme accelerated magnesium sulfate use in England faster than in Scotland and Wales.

• #67 Prevention of Cerebral Palsy in Preterm Labour (PReCePT) – QI Central

  https://qicentral.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/systems-of-care/prevention-of-cerebral-palsy-in-preterm-labour-precept/

  Being born preterm is the leading cause of Cerebral Palsy (CP), with lifelong impact on children and families. Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) given intrapartum during preterm labour reduces the relative risk of CP in very preterm infants by 30%. The number needed to treat (below 30 weeks gestation) to prevent one case of CP is 37, and yet UK use was inconsistent, leading to preventable health inequalities. […] The uptake of MgSO4 increased from 21% to 88% within 6 months. PReCePT1 influenced the UK national preterm labour guideline, which recommends intrapartum MgSO4 in preterm labour, 30 weeks gestation. […] The aim: For every maternity unit to adopt the NICE NG25 guidance and achieve 85% uptake of administration of MgSO4 to eligible mothers in preterm labour in England by April 2020. […] The likely impact will be a substantial ongoing reduction of avoidable cerebral palsy.

• #68 Paediatric cerebral palsy in South Africa: Prevention and care gaps at hospital level | Katangwe | African Journal of Disability

  https://ajod.org/index.php/ajod/article/view/1449/2934

  Population-based data show high proportions of severe cases of cerebral palsy (CP) in resource-poor regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, where most children have potentially preventable risk factors (factors that may increase the likelihood of CP occurrence but can be mitigated through medical interventions). […] Most of the previously documented main drivers of CP are still present and the implementation of healthcare prevention strategies remains inadequate. […] The fact that the main drivers of CP have remained unchanged suggests that healthcare prevention strategies remain inadequate. […] Therefore, to mitigate some of these challenges, there is a need to focus on further improvements in obstetric and neonatal services. […] This study highlights the gap that exists in the provision of education services for children with CP in South Africa.

• #69 Paediatric cerebral palsy in South Africa: Prevention and care gaps at hospital level | Katangwe | African Journal of Disability

  https://ajod.org/index.php/ajod/article/view/1449/2934

  The findings from this study indicate that the country is facing insufficient healthcare prevention strategies. Therefore, to mitigate the causes of acquired CP, both obstetric and neonatal services should improve. […] The study concluded that preventable risk factors for CP remain prevalent, indicating insufficient healthcare prevention strategies.

• #70 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  In many cases, the cause or causes of CP are not fully known, which means that currently little can be done to prevent it. […] However, there are actions people can take before and during pregnancy, as well as after birth that might help reduce the risk of developmental problems, including CP. […] Taking steps to help ensure a healthy pregnancy can help prevent developmental problems, including CP. […] Acquired CP, which is CP that occurs after birth, often is related to an infection or injury, and some of these cases can be prevented. […] Make sure any infections in the mother are treated and health conditions are in control, ideally before pregnancy occurs. […] Get vaccinated for certain diseases (such as chickenpox and rubella) that could harm a developing baby. It is important to have many of these vaccinations before becoming pregnant.

• #71 Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483544/

  Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for fetal neuroprotection can prevent cerebral palsy. Prophylactic antibiotics for women in preterm labour with intact membranes, and immediate rather than deferred birth of preterm babies with suspected fetal compromise, may increase the risk of cerebral palsy. Repeat doses compared with a single course of antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth do not clearly impact the risk of cerebral palsy. […] There is an urgent need for long-term follow-up of RCTs of interventions addressing risk factors for cerebral palsy, and consideration of the use of relatively new interim assessments (including the General Movements Assessment). Such RCTs must be rigorous in their design, and aim for consistency in cerebral palsy outcome measurement and reporting to facilitate pooling of data, to focus research efforts on prevention.

• #72 Preventing cerebral palsy in premature babies: the PReCePT programme – ARC West

  https://arc-w.nihr.ac.uk/research/projects/preventing-cerebral-palsy-in-pre-term-babies-the-precept-programme/

  After accounting for other things that might have changed over time, we estimated that PReCePT itself was responsible for about 6 percentage points (or about a third) of this total 20 percentage points improvement. […] From this, we estimated that the national PReCePT programme had a net monetary benefit of 597,000, meaning it saved more money than it costed. […] The pandemic, which had a negative effect on many aspects of healthcare, could have had a similar negative effect on maternity care. This trend is concerning. […] Comparing England with Scotland and Wales, by 2022 all three nations were at similar levels, with around 80-85% of eligible mothers being treated. However, it also seemed the PReCePT programme accelerated magnesium sulfate use in England faster than in Scotland and Wales.

• #73 Declining incidence of cerebral palsy in South Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36236-8

  Despite medical advances, the rate of preterm births increased from 2.9% (1997-1999) to 4.5% (2011-2013) in Korea. […] Our results showed that full-term babies who are small-for-gestational-age (body weight 2.5kg) have a 5.39 times higher risk of developing CP compared to full-term babies of appropriate weight. […] Polyhydramnios has also been associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality risk, such as preterm birth, aneuploidy, cesarean section, fetal anomalies, and perinatal and postnatal mortality. […] Our study found that respiratory distress syndrome and necrotizing enterocolitis were associated with a 2.04-fold and 2.80-fold increased risk of developing CP, respectively. […] It is important to note that although not included in our study data, the advancements in various medical technologies aimed at protecting the neonatal brain may have contributed to a reduction in the incidence rate of CP. […] Therefore, we need to continue to focus on developing medical technologies for the early detection of high-risk neonates and minimizing brain damage to reduce the incidence rate of CP effectively.

• #74 Cerebral Palsy – Hudson Institute of Medical Research

  https://www.hudson.org.au/disease/womens-newborn-health/cerebral-palsy/

  Research into cerebral palsy prevention at Hudson Institute is multifaceted. By understanding the mechanisms involved in cerebral palsy our researchers are identifying where intervention and treatment can significantly improve wellbeing and physical outcomes for a child. […] Babies who are born preterm are at the greatest risk of developing cerebral palsy. Professor Suzie Miller and Dr Courtney McDonald are characterising the brain injury that is most often associated with preterm birth (white matter brain injury) and examining whether cord blood stem cells can protect white matter development within the preterm brain, and in turn prevent brain injury. […] Too much inflammation in the brain is one of the main mechanisms that leads to the development of cerebral palsy. Dr Galinsky and his team are working on improving the understanding of how inflammation disturbs healthy brain development and developing new anti-inflammatory therapies for preventing brain injury in preterm infants.

• #75 Cerebral Palsy – Hudson Institute of Medical Research

  https://www.hudson.org.au/disease/womens-newborn-health/cerebral-palsy/

  Birth asphyxia is a common cause of cerebral palsy. Professor Graeme Polglase is aiming to improve the initial way asphyxiated infants are treated in the delivery room to reduce the brain injury leading to cerebral palsy. The teams focus includes improving the delivery of CPR, reducing oxygen toxicity, restoring cardiac output optimally and as quick as possible, and undertaking advanced CPR during delayed umbilical cord clamping. […] The initiation of respiratory support after birth increases brain inflammation and injury resulting in white matter injury and increased risk of cerebral palsy. Further, brain inflammation can inhibit brainstems respiratory control resulting in an increased requirement for respiratory support, thus further exacerbating injury. Professor Polglase’s studies are investigating the underlying mechanisms in which respiratory support increases brain and brainstem inflammation and injury, and developing therapies, such as inflammatory inhibitors, to reduce brain inflammation and injury.

• #76 Cerebral Palsy – Hudson Institute of Medical Research

  https://www.hudson.org.au/disease/womens-newborn-health/cerebral-palsy/

  Research into cerebral palsy prevention at Hudson Institute is multifaceted. By understanding the mechanisms involved in cerebral palsy our researchers are identifying where intervention and treatment can significantly improve wellbeing and physical outcomes for a child. […] Babies who are born preterm are at the greatest risk of developing cerebral palsy. Professor Suzie Miller and Dr Courtney McDonald are characterising the brain injury that is most often associated with preterm birth (white matter brain injury) and examining whether cord blood stem cells can protect white matter development within the preterm brain, and in turn prevent brain injury. […] Too much inflammation in the brain is one of the main mechanisms that leads to the development of cerebral palsy. Dr Galinsky and his team are working on improving the understanding of how inflammation disturbs healthy brain development and developing new anti-inflammatory therapies for preventing brain injury in preterm infants.

• #77 Cerebral Palsy – Hudson Institute of Medical Research

  https://www.hudson.org.au/disease/womens-newborn-health/cerebral-palsy/

  Birth asphyxia is a common cause of cerebral palsy. Professor Graeme Polglase is aiming to improve the initial way asphyxiated infants are treated in the delivery room to reduce the brain injury leading to cerebral palsy. The teams focus includes improving the delivery of CPR, reducing oxygen toxicity, restoring cardiac output optimally and as quick as possible, and undertaking advanced CPR during delayed umbilical cord clamping. […] The initiation of respiratory support after birth increases brain inflammation and injury resulting in white matter injury and increased risk of cerebral palsy. Further, brain inflammation can inhibit brainstems respiratory control resulting in an increased requirement for respiratory support, thus further exacerbating injury. Professor Polglase’s studies are investigating the underlying mechanisms in which respiratory support increases brain and brainstem inflammation and injury, and developing therapies, such as inflammatory inhibitors, to reduce brain inflammation and injury.

• #78 The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-018-0043-6

  Preconception factors, including maternal obesity and age, should be considered because they can modify the relationships between CP and other factors that occur later in pregnancy. […] Two-hit and multi-hit models that consider accumulation of risk factors can identify a synergistic increase in the risk of CP, but the time order and clinical relevance of the model components must be established. […] We also consider the complexities of disentangling prenatal and perinatal influences, and of establishing subtypes of the disorder, with a view to accelerating the translation of evidence into the development of strategies for the prevention of CP. […] We must seek a deeper understanding of why these factors convey information about increased risk.

• #79 Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6483544/

  Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for fetal neuroprotection can prevent cerebral palsy. Prophylactic antibiotics for women in preterm labour with intact membranes, and immediate rather than deferred birth of preterm babies with suspected fetal compromise, may increase the risk of cerebral palsy. Repeat doses compared with a single course of antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth do not clearly impact the risk of cerebral palsy. […] There is an urgent need for long-term follow-up of RCTs of interventions addressing risk factors for cerebral palsy, and consideration of the use of relatively new interim assessments (including the General Movements Assessment). Such RCTs must be rigorous in their design, and aim for consistency in cerebral palsy outcome measurement and reporting to facilitate pooling of data, to focus research efforts on prevention.

• #80 Cerebral Palsy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0215/p213.html

  Administration of magnesium sulfate should be considered before preterm birth to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy. […] Assessment using a spasticity-related hip surveillance program combined with early, preventive surgical release has been demonstrated to reduce hip pain, hip dislocation, and the need for orthopedic salvage surgery. […] Routine hip surveillance in patients with cerebral palsy can help identify developing problems earlier and prevent poor outcomes, such as hip pain and dislocation. […] Other than prevention of risk factors, there are few interventions known to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy. Although magnesium sulfate is not the standard initial treatment for premature labor, it has been shown to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy from 6.7% to 4.7% (relative risk = 0.68; number needed to treat = 48).

• #81 Prevention of Cerebral Palsy | Prevent CP | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org

  https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/prevention

  When a child is born with Cerebral Palsy, the reasons are often because of preventable events that occur prior to birth, during the delivery process, or immediately after birth. Many professionals work diligently toward preventing Cerebral Palsy by identifying risks, developing prevention measures, and implementing educational campaigns. […] Prevention is a topic of debate, but somewhat less so than how to treat and manage Cerebral Palsy when it occurs. Preventing Cerebral Palsy, however, is a paramount concern in the medical community; it requires the involvement of the medical and research communities, as well as the government. Additionally, parents can take specific measures that greatly reduce the chance that a child will have Cerebral Palsy. […] There will never be a time when all cases of Cerebral Palsy are prevented. But there are measures that can be taken by the public to stem the tide of new cases. As is true with other medical conditions, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.

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