Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cerebral Palsy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/

  Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent disorders affecting the development of movement and causing a limitation of activity. Non-progressive disturbances that manifest in the developing fetal or infant brain can lead to cerebral palsy; this is the most common cause of childhood disability. The degree and type of motor impairment and functional capabilities vary depending on the etiology. […] The multifactorial etiology relates to prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal causes. […] Abnormal development or damage to the fetal or infants brain causes cerebral palsy. The brain insult/injury causing cerebral palsy is non-progressive (eg, static) and can occur in the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. The etiology of an individual patient is often multifactorial. […] Prenatal causes include congenital brain malformations, intrauterine infections, intrauterine stroke, and chromosomal abnormalities.

• #1 Causes of Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy Research NetworkSearchScroll to top

  https://cprn.org/cerebral-palsy-causes/

  Cerebral palsy can be caused by a brain injury or an interference in brain development. Sometimes these disturbances occur because of genetic changes. […] This is a list of conditions currently known to increase the risk of, or cause, cerebral palsy, however, with ongoing research, this can change. […] Although any one risk factor may cause cerebral palsy, more often it is caused by the presence of multiple risk factors. […] The research literature suggests that events during pregnancy are more likely to cause cerebral palsy than events during labor or delivery. […] A major US study, called the Collaborative Perinatal Project, conducted between 1959 and 1974 followed approximately 50,000 women and their children from the first prenatal visit until the children were seven years old. It found that events during labor and delivery were not major contributors to the occurrence of cerebral palsy; most cases had their origins before labor began.

• #1 What causes cerebral palsy? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/conditioninfo/causes

  Cerebral palsy is caused by damage or abnormal development in the parts of the brain that control movement. […] In many cases the exact cause of cerebral palsy is not known. […] The majority of children with cerebral palsy were born with the condition, a situation called congenital cerebral palsy. […] Causes of cerebral palsy that occur before birth include: Damage to the white matter of the brain. The brains white matter sends signals throughout the brain and the rest of the body. Damage to white matter can disrupt the signals between the brain and the body that control movement. […] Abnormal brain development. Disruptions in the normal growth process of the brain can cause abnormalities. […] Bleeding in the brain. A fetus can have a stroke, which is a common cause of brain bleeding.

• #1 Cerebral palsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353999

  Cerebral palsy is caused by irregular brain development or damage to the developing brain. This usually happens before a child is born, but it can occur at birth or in early infancy. Often the cause isn’t known. Many factors can lead to changes in brain development. Some include: […] Gene changes that result in genetic conditions or differences in brain development. […] Maternal infections that affect an unborn baby. […] Stroke, which interrupts blood supply to the developing brain. […] Bleeding into the brain in the womb or as a newborn. […] Infant infections that cause swelling in or around the brain. […] Traumatic head injury to an infant, such as from a motor vehicle accident, fall or physical trauma. […] Lack of oxygen to the brain related to a hard labor or delivery, although this cause is less common than previously thought.

• #1 What causes cerebral palsy? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/conditioninfo/causes

  Lack of oxygen in the brain. The brain can become damaged if it does not get enough oxygen for a long time. […] A small number of children have what is called acquired cerebral palsy, which means the disorder begins more than 28 days after birth. […] Causes of acquired cerebral palsy may include: Brain damage in the first few months or years of life. […] Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis. […] Problems with blood flow to the brain due to stroke, blood clotting problems, abnormal blood vessels, a heart defect that was present at birth, or sickle cell disease. […] Head injury from a car accident, a fall, or child abuse.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy Causes | Brain Damage & Medical Malpractice

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Prolonged labor is labor that lasts longer than 16 to 24 hours. There are many possible complications of prolonged labor, including cerebral palsy. […] Prolonged labor is also associated with several complications that can cause brain damage by asphyxiation or deprivation of oxygen. […] Rh incompatibility is a medical condition marked by the mothers and infants blood being incompatible. […] The mothers blood produces antibodies that destroy the infants blood cells during late pregnancy or after delivery. This, in turn, can lead to jaundice, which can lead to brain damage and an increased risk of cerebral palsy. […] When labor is prolonged or difficult, a doctor may use too much force to deliver the baby. That force can damage the skull and, in severe cases, damage the brain. […] The following risk factors increase the chances that an infant will have cerebral palsy: Breech-position birth (or other unusual positions), A low APGAR score, Extreme prematurity, Infertility treatments, Low birth weight infant, Multiple babies, Delivery complications, Microcephaly, Infant seizures, Maternal illicit drug use or exposure to toxins, Maternal proteinuria, Maternal seizures, Maternal blood clotting disorders, Maternal hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, Maternal infections, including rubella, herpes, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Zika virus, and cytomegalovirus.

• #1 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards. Often, the cause is unknown. Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections or exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life. New studies suggest that inherited genetic causes play a role in 25% of cases, where formerly it was believed that 2% of cases were genetically determined. […] Cerebral palsy is due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain. This damage can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood. Structural problems in the brain are seen in 80% of cases, most commonly within the white matter. More than three-quarters of cases are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy.

• #1 Causes of Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy Research NetworkSearchScroll to top

  https://cprn.org/cerebral-palsy-causes/

  At least 70 percent of cases of cerebral palsy have antecedents during pregnancy, and only 10 to 20 percent of cases are related to the child’s birth. […] Most brain injuries which cause cerebral palsy occur in the second half of pregnancy, a period when the rate of brain development is fastest. […] In approximately 90 percent of cases, cerebral palsy results from healthy brain tissue becoming damaged rather than from abnormalities in brain development. […] The cause of cerebral palsy in an individual child is often unknown. […] Doctors have a good understanding of the risk factors for cerebral palsy but there is still much we have to learn about why some babies develop cerebral palsy and others do not.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/orthopedics/cerebral-palsy

  Cerebral palsy is a congenital disorder that causes children to be born with abnormal development or damage to the motor function part of the brain; this damage usually happens prior to birth but can occur at birth or in early infancy. […] However, known factors that could lead to problems in the developing brain include: Gene mutation. Certain gene mutations can cause genetic disorders or problems in brain development. […] Mothers contracting infections during pregnancy. Some infections can cause birth defects or developmental problems in the brain. […] Fetal stroke. An obstruction of blood flow to the baby’s developing brain can cause a stroke in vitro. […] Brain bleeds. Babies can experience bleeding into their developing brains while in the womb. […] Infants contracting infections. Some infections can cause inflammation in and around the brain. […] Traumatic brain injury. This type of injury can be sustained from an automobile accident, a fall, or physical abuse. […] Insufficient oxygen. A baby can have oxygen obstructed during delivery (asphyxia), though this is an uncommon cause of cerebral palsy.

• #1 Causes of Cerebral Palsy

  https://friedlanderlaw.com/causes-of-cerebral-palsy/

  Brain injury during the birth process may arise from oxygen deprivation or other distress related to the following factors: Untreated umbilical cord compression, prolapse or occlusion Unrecognized or untreated signs of fetal distress from pressure on the umbilical cord Dystocia, where the baby is stuck in the birth canal too long due to its size or position Damage to the placenta during the birth process, specifically, placenta previa or placental abruption […] Brain injury that occurs during the newborn period may arise from: Complications of severe prematurity, including problems with the heart, blood pressure, circulation, breathing, meconium aspiration, nutrition, hydration, temperature, infection, jaundice, or bleeding Untreated jaundice or Rh incompatibility Hereditary conditions interfering with the baby’s digestion Untreated seizures

• #1 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  Multiple births: Twins, triplets, and other multiple births have a higher risk for CP, especially if a baby’s twin or triplet dies before birth or shortly after birth. […] Assisted reproductive technology (ART) infertility treatments: Children born from pregnancies resulting from the use of some infertility treatments have a greater chance of having CP. […] Infections during pregnancy: Infections can lead to increases in certain proteins called cytokines that circulate in the brain and blood of the baby during pregnancy. […] Jaundice and kernicterus: Jaundice is the yellow color seen in the skin of many newborns. […] Medical conditions of the mother: Mothers with thyroid problems, intellectual disability, or seizures have a slightly higher risk of having a child with CP. […] Birth complications: Detachment of the placenta, uterine rupture, or problems with the umbilical cord during birth can disrupt oxygen supply to the baby and result in CP.

• #1 About Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/about/index.html

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a person’s ability to control their muscles. […] CP is caused by abnormal development of the brain or damage to the developing brain that affects a child’s ability to control their muscles. There are several possible causes of the abnormal development or damage. People used to think that CP was mainly caused by lack of oxygen during the birth process. Now, scientists think that this causes only a small number of CP cases. […] The abnormal development of the brain or damage that leads to CP can happen before birth, during birth, within a month after birth, or during the first years of a child’s life, while the brain is still developing. CP related to abnormal development of the brain or damage that occurred before or during birth is called congenital CP. The majority of CP (85% to 90%) is congenital. In many cases, the specific cause is not known. […] A small percentage of CP is caused by abnormal development of the brain or damage that occurs more than 28 days after birth. This is called acquired CP and usually is associated with an infection (such as meningitis) or head injury.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8717-cerebral-palsy

  This damage can happen at different times, including before, during and after birth. Damage before birth makes up about 80% of the causes. After birth, it makes up about 10% of causes. […] Examples of the causes include: Preterm (premature) birth. Congenital malformations due to disruptions in fetal brain development. Infections in the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord). Strokes that affect the developing brain. Genetic issues affecting fetal development. Lack of blood flow or oxygen to the fetal brain. Kernicterus (brain damage from toxic buildup of bilirubin, a chemical made in your liver). Meconium aspiration. Newborn hypoglycemia. […] Babies can develop CP after birth due to other events. These are often injury-related, but there are other possible causes, too, including: Accidental injuries. Physical abuse. Asphyxiation. Infection, strokes or bleeding in and around their brain. Jaundice and kernicterus.

• #1 What Causes Cerebral Palsy | Birth Injury Lawyers

  https://www.nationalbirthinjurylaw.com/what-causes-cerebral-palsy

  Injuries to the babys head and brain can step from a variety of internal and external factors. […] The top causes for head injuries include birth trauma, birth asphyxia, forceful contractions caused by uterine hyperstimulation, and the misuse of delivery instruments like forceps and vacuum extractors. […] Birth asphyxia refers to a childs oxygen supply being completely cut off from their brain, either during pregnancy or during labor and delivery. […] Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is the most common result of asphyxia at birth, which is often a precursor for a cerebral palsy diagnosis in early childhood. […] When a child is born prematurely or is at risk of a premature birth, critical development of vital organs like the brain, the heart, and the lungs isnt always complete. […] Babies born prematurely (especially before 32 weeks gestation) are at higher risk of birth injuries, including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and cerebral palsy. […] According to researchers, premature babies account for anywhere between 33% and 50% of all cases of cerebral palsy. […] A research review of the medical records of 206 children with cerebral palsy showed that 54.4% (more than half) were born prematurely.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8717-cerebral-palsy

  There are certain circumstances or factors that can contribute to cerebral palsy or make it more likely to happen. They include: Premature birth (babies born before 28 weeks of gestation have the highest risk overall). Low birth weight (under 3.3 pounds, or 1.5 kilograms). Substance use by a pregnant woman. Conditions affecting the pregnancy, such as preeclampsia. Multiple fetuses (twins, triplets, etc.). Infections affecting the placenta or amniotic fluid.

• #1 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by abnormal development of the brain or damage to the developing brain that affects a childs ability to control their muscles. […] CP related to events before or during birth is called congenital CP and describes the majority of cases (85%90%). […] CP can also occur during the first years of a childs life (known as acquired CP). […] Some of the risk factors for congenital CP are: […] Low birthweight: Children who weigh less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams) at birth, and especially those who weigh less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces (1,500 grams) have a greater chance of having CP. […] Premature birth: Children who were born before the 37th week of pregnancy, especially if they were born before the 32nd week of pregnancy, have a greater chance of having CP.

• #1 Causes and Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy | MyCerebralPalsyChild.org

  https://www.mycerebralpalsychild.org/causes/

  The majority of children born with cerebral palsy suffer brain injuries during labor and delivery, often due to medical mistakes. […] Any type of damage to a babys developing brain, even after being born, can result in the development of CP. […] In many cases, cerebral palsy is the direct result of medical malpractice on the part of the physician, a nurse, or healthcare provider. […] The risk of cerebral palsy is higher among babies who weigh less than 5 lbs., 7 1/2 oz. […] Mothers who experience pre-eclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PE or PIH) while pregnant have a higher overall risk of their child developing cerebral palsy, especially in premature births. […] The risk of cerebral palsy is higher among babies who are born less than 37 weeks into pregnancy. […] Prolonged labor during the second stage of delivery often correlates to an increased risk of the child developing CP. […] Neonatal or fetal strokes can cause massive damage to a babys developing brain, resulting in an elevated chance of permanent neurological damage.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/cerebral-palsy/

  Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitations that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. […] Nonprogressive defect or lesion in the developing brain during prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal period. Major contributing factors include prematurity, coagulopathy with intrauterine stroke, and intrauterine or fetal infection and inflammation. However, the majority of cases in term infants have no identifiable etiology, and diagnosis is made according to clinical and neurological signs. […] CP has possible multiple causes: Congenital, prenatal, perinatal brain injury and postnatal causes. Maternal-fetal infections including chorioamnionitis are associated with a higher risk of CP. Direct genetic causes or genetic variant causing susceptibility to insults causing CP is also being investigated. Mutation of KANK1, AP4MI, and GAD1 gene mutations have shown to cause CP.

• #1 Causes and risk factors of cerebral palsy. CP during pregnancy. – Kozyavkin Method

  https://kozyavkin.com/en/science/blog/causes-and-risk-factors-of-cerebral-palsy-cp-during-pregnancy/

  Even after birth, some circumstances may present a threat of the cerebral palsy. According to statistics, it`s about 5-10% of all cases. […] The cause of the yellowish tint to a newborn`s skin during the jaundice is an increased bilirubin level. […] Some maternal disorders increase the risk of cerebral palsy in children. […] The direct correlation has already been found between smoking, drinking alcohol or drug use and the birth of children with cerebral palsy. […] The most dangerous complications are preterm birth (before 37 weeks of pregnancy), prolonged birth, eclampsia, uterine rupture, umbilical cord pathology and placenta (for example, placental abruption). […] Some blood disorders (such as thrombophilia or sickle cell anemia) can cause acute cerebrovascular damage, which may be even the first sign of the disorder.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy Causes | Brain Damage & Medical Malpractice

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Cerebral palsy is not considered a genetic disorder, meaning no single gene or combination of genes ensures a child will develop it. […] However, recent research has linked some cases of cerebral palsy to specific genes. […] These findings improve the understanding of cerebral palsy’s causes, but it remains a complicated condition.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  Epidemiologic studies suggest that prenatal factors play a predominant role in the etiology of cerebral palsy. […] Although preterm delivery is a well-established risk factor for cerebral palsy, a recent study suggests that postterm pregnancy at 42 weeks or later has been associated with an increased risk of this condition. […] The following maternal and prenatal risk factors statistically correlate with cerebral palsy: Long menstrual cycle, Previous pregnancy loss, Previous loss of newborn, Maternal intellectual disability, Maternal thyroid disorder, especially iodine deficiency, Maternal seizure disorder, History of delivering a child weighing less than 2000 g, History of delivering a child with a motor deficit, intellectual disability, or a sensory deficit. […] The following perinatal factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy: Prematurity, Chorioamnionitis, Nonvertex and face presentation of the fetus, Birth asphyxia.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  Cerebral palsy is the leading cause of childhood disability affecting function and development. The brain lesions that cause cerebral palsy occur from the fetal or neonatal period to up to age 3 years. […] The clinical presentation of cerebral palsy may result from an underlying structural abnormality of the brain; early prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal injury due to vascular insufficiency; toxins or infections; or the pathophysiologic risks of prematurity. Risk factors may include preterm birth, multiple gestation, intrauterine growth restriction, male sex, low Apgar scores, intrauterine infections, maternal thyroid abnormalities, prenatal strokes, birth asphyxia, maternal methyl mercury exposure, and maternal iodine deficiency. […] Evidence suggests that prenatal factors result in 70-80% of cases of cerebral palsy. In most cases, the exact cause is unknown but is most likely multifactorial.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy: Causes, Types and Treatment – Avaz Inc.

  https://buzz.avazapp.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-causes-types-and-treatment/

  Studies have shown that children born after in vitro fertilization were more likely to have CP. This can be attributed to the fact that that they were more likely to be born from a multiple pregnancy or prematurely. […] Infection of the placental membranes (chorioamnionitis), blood infection in the mother or fever during labor can increase the risk of CP in children. Chickenpox, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus are some of the viral infections linked to CP. […] The risk factors for Acquired CP are: Meningitis or encephalitis during infancy. Brain injuries due to motor vehicle crashes or falls, Cerebrovascular accidents such as stroke, Birth defects of the central nervous system.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0101/p91.html

  Cerebral palsy is a static neurologic condition resulting from brain injury that occurs before cerebral development is complete. Because brain development continues during the first two years of life, cerebral palsy can result from brain injury occurring during the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. Seventy to 80 percent of cerebral palsy cases are acquired prenatally and from largely unknown causes. Birth complications, including asphyxia, are currently estimated to account for about 6 percent of patients with congenital cerebral palsy. Neonatal risk factors for cerebral palsy include birth after fewer than 32 weeks gestation, birth weight of less than 5 lb, 8 oz (2,500 g), intrauterine growth retardation, intracranial hemorrhage, and trauma. In about 10 to 20 percent of patients, cerebral palsy is acquired postnatally, mainly because of brain damage from bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, hyperbilirubinemia, motor vehicle collisions, falls, or child abuse.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/cerebral-palsy/

  Hypoxic brain injury can also cause CP in 10-20% due to encephalopathy. In order to diagnose CP due to hypoxic event, metabolic acidosis, early moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy, CP of spastic quadriplegic or dyskinetic type and exclusion of other identifiable causes of CP must be met. […] Developmental brain malformations are a factor in the development of CP. In general, insults during the first trimesters are associated with cerebral maldevelopment such as schizencephaly; in the second trimester, with periventricular white matter damage; and in the third trimester, with cortical and deep grey matter damage. […] Postneonatal cause is about 10% of all causes of CP. Majority are attributed to CNS infections such as meningoencephalitis and brain injury. Traumatic brain injury or stroke in the young child can lead to hemiparetic or tetraplegic CP.

• #1 What Causes Cerebral Palsy? – Common CP Causes

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Birth asphyxia is a lack of oxygen to the brain as a result of a difficult labor or delivery. […] Causes of birth asphyxia include: Improper care or medical negligence by medical professionals, Low iron in the mother’s blood (anemia), Reduction of blood flow between mother and baby, Umbilical cord compression during birth, Problems in the placenta, Delivery complications that are not promptly or properly responded to, Mother’s sedation during delivery, Low birth weight. […] Brain injuries caused by birth asphyxia may lead to cerebral palsy. In fact, birth asphyxia causes 10% of all cerebral palsy cases. […] Cerebral palsy is often caused by the lack of oxygen to a baby’s brain. […] If anoxia or hypoxia occur during labor or delivery, medical professionals may still be able to prevent a birth injury like cerebral palsy.

• #1 Causes of Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Foundation

  https://cparf.org/what-is-cerebral-palsy/causes-of-cerebral-palsy/

  There’s no single cause of cerebral palsy, though prematurity and stroke are two of the biggest causes. […] While the personal cause remains unknown for most cerebral palsy cases, researchers now know that only a tiny percentage of cerebral palsy cases arise from birth-related complications, such as lack of oxygen. It’s scientifically accepted that cerebral palsy usually arises from a series of causal pathways — sequences of events that combine to cause or accelerate injury to the developing brain. […] For example, although premature birth is the largest risk factor for cerebral palsy, it’s the causal pathways that led to this circumstance that may cause the cerebral palsy, rather than the premature birth itself. […] Researchers generally believe that a genetic predisposition to certain characteristics like prematurity or heart problems may potentially act as the start of a causal pathway that can result in a person having cerebral palsy.

• #1 Is Cerebral Palsy Genetic? | Acquired? | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org

  https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/cause/when

  Is Cerebral Palsy genetic? Does Cerebral Palsy run in the family? Is it familial? Is it hereditary? Is Cerebral Palsy congenital? Can Cerebral Palsy be acquired? […] Most parents want to know whether any future pregnancies will result in Cerebral Palsy. […] According to the United Cerebral Palsy Research and Educational Foundation, 70% of brain damage that causes Cerebral Palsy occurs prior to birth, mostly in the second and third pregnancy trimesters. […] While Cerebral Palsy is not a hereditary condition, researchers have discovered that hereditary factors can predispose an individual to Cerebral Palsy. […] This interaction is called complex inheritance or multifactorial inheritance and may explain why Cerebral Palsy can run in the family, a condition clinically referred to as familial recurrence.

• #1 Causes of Cerebral Palsy: Environmental, Genetic, or a Combination of Both? – Advances in Pediatric Orthopedics | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/advances/article/pediatric-orthopedics/causes-of-cerebral-palsy-environmental-genetic-or-a-combination-of-both

  Cerebral palsy (CP), the most common motor disability in children, has been linked to environmental factors such as infection, neonatal stroke, or birth asphyxia. But with some patients presenting without a clear etiology and the heterogeneity of potential causes, there is a strong belief that genetics plays a part. […] Cerebral palsy has historically been thought of as an acquired syndrome, but there’s an increasing recognition of the genetic susceptibility to cerebral palsy, says Dr. Carmel. […] Interestingly, while the researchers hypothesized that people without known CP risk factors would have a higher rate of causative genetic variants, there was no significant difference in diagnostic rate between individuals with identified CP risk factors compared to those without identified CP risk factors. However, one finding was particularly compelling: Some individuals had both causative genetic variants and environmental risk factors. According to the authors, this suggests the possibility of a genetic susceptibility to the damaging effects of environmental insults or that genetic variants predispose individuals to such risk factors as preterm birth and infection. […] Further studies are needed in order to define the pretest probability for each individual. We also need to determine how useful this genetic information is to understand the natural history of the different types of cerebral palsy, and then hopefully be able to better target therapies.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/cerebral-palsy/

  The single greatest risk factor for CP is prematurity, primarily prior to 28 weeks gestation. The rate of CP is suspected to be higher in lower-income countries due to differences in prenatal and perinatal care. The risk of CP in lower socioeconomic classes is nearly 70% higher than that in higher socioeconomic classes, suggesting significant health disparities impacting screening and management prenatally, perinatally, and postnatally. […] Maternal genito-urinary tract infections are associated with CP in all births. Congenital TORCH infections are also risk factors.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy Causes | Cerebral Palsy Claims

  https://www.cerebralpalsy-lawyers.co.uk/site/what-we-do/cerebral-palsy-claims/causes-of-cerebral-palsy/

  Cerebral palsy is caused by an injury to the babys brain which occurs before, during or immediately after birth. […] There are a number of ways in which cerebral palsy can be caused, many of these through medical negligence, they include: […] Permanent brain damage can be caused through a lack of oxygen to the brain either during or around the time of birth. […] Infections which can potentially cause cerebral palsy include maternal infection during pregnancy (such as Group B Strep or GBS), infection through premature or prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) or neonatal meningitis. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment of GBS infection in a newborn baby can lead to life-threatening conditions, including septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis. […] The child can be left with a permanent disability such as cerebral palsy.

• #1 What Causes Cerebral Palsy? | Cerebral Palsy Family Network

  https://cpfamilynetwork.org/resources/blog/what-causes-cerebral-palsy/

  Brain bleeds occur when the brain’s blood vessels break or become blocked. […] Fetal strokes usually trigger brain bleeds that could cause cerebral palsy. […] Like the rest of the body, the brain needs oxygen to work effectively. If it is starved of oxygen for a significant period of time, brain damage can occur. […] Some infections can also interrupt the healthy flow of oxygen to a baby or child’s brain after birth. Encephalitis and meningitis are two common infections linked to cerebral palsy.

• #1 What Causes Cerebral Palsy? – Common CP Causes

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Brain cells can begin to die shortly after oxygen supply has been cut off. When this happens, a brain injury can occur. Sometimes, brain injuries from cerebral hypoxia lead to cerebral palsy. […] Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs when a baby’s brain does not get adequate oxygen. […] The effect of an HIE to an infant’s brain is similar to that of a stroke on an adult’s brain. […] Periventricular leukomalacia and cerebral palsy are more common in premature infants than in babies born full-term. […] The more premature a baby, the higher the risk is for periventricular leukomalacia. […] Alcohol has immense damaging effects to a developing fetus. […] Health professionals everywhere link a mother’s drug and alcohol use to many irreversible conditions. They often link cerebral palsy and alcohol use because alcohol has been proven to cause brain injuries.

• #1 What Causes Cerebral Palsy | Birth Injury Lawyers

  https://www.nationalbirthinjurylaw.com/what-causes-cerebral-palsy

  Cerebral palsy cannot always be traced back to one definite cause; sometimes a multitude of factors occur during a mothers pregnancy that cause brain damage at birth. […] Other times, complications during labor and delivery can reduce the babys oxygen and blood flow, which drastically increases the chances of a brain injury. […] When oxygenated blood becomes completely cut off from travelling to the childs brain (a complication known as birth asphyxia), it can cause a brain injury known as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). HIE is a birth injury stemming from oxygen deprivation that affects multiple parts of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and thalamus. It is the leading cause of cerebral palsy. […] Injuries like hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy can permanently affect the childs motor control, delay cognitive functioning and other developmental milestones, and cause complications like seizures and vision impairments. Brain damage at birth is also the leading cause of cerebral palsy.

• #1 What is the Cause of Cerebral Palsy? | CerebralPalsy.org | Cerebral Palsy Information

  https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/cause

  Postnatal non-functional or inappropriate connections (synapses) between brain cells trauma, infections, and asphyxia that damage connections developed in the brain. […] There are four types of brain damage that cause cerebral palsy Cerebral Dysgenesis […] Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy, or HIE, also known as Intrapartum Asphyxia […] Intraventricular Hemorrhage […] Periventricular Leukomalacia.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/

  Perinatal causes include hypoxic-ischemic insults, central nervous system (CNS) infections, stroke, and kernicterus. […] Postnatal causes include accidental and non-accidental trauma, CNS infections, stroke, and anoxic insults. […] Prematurity is a significant risk factor for cerebral palsy. Complications of prematurity that can cause cerebral palsy include periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and periventricular infarcts. […] Other risk factors associated with cerebral palsy are multiple gestation, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal substance abuse, preeclampsia, chorioamnionitis, abnormal placental pathology, meconium aspiration, perinatal hypoglycemia, and genetic susceptibility.

• #1 Cerebral palsy: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152712

  Cerebral palsy is a term used to describe a set of neurological conditions that affect movement. […] Damage to the cerebrum before, during, or within 5 years of birth can cause cerebral palsy. […] In the past, it was thought that this lack of oxygen during birth led to the brain damage. […] However, during the 1980s, research showed that fewer than 1 in 10 cases of cerebral palsy stem from oxygen deprivation during birth. […] Most often, the damage occurs before birth, probably during the first 6 months of pregnancy. […] There are at least three possible reasons for this. […] PVL is a kind of damage that affects the brains white matter because of a lack of oxygen in the womb. […] It may occur if the mother has an infection during pregnancy, such as rubella or German measles, low blood pressure, preterm delivery, or if she uses an illegal drug.

• #1 Cause and Timing – Cerebral Palsy Foundation

  https://www.yourcpf.org/cause-and-timing/

  Mutations in genes, infections, fevers, trauma, and other conditions can interrupt the normal process of brain growth. This can cause brain malformations that interfere with the transmission of brain signals during fetal development. […] Bleeding inside the brain from blocked or broken blood vessels is commonly caused by fetal stroke. Some babies suffer a stroke while still in the womb because of blood clots in the placenta that block blood flow in the brain. Other types of fetal stroke are caused by malformed or weak blood vessels in the brain or by blood-clotting abnormalities. […] Asphyxia, a lack of oxygen in the brain caused by an interruption in breathing or poor oxygen supply, is common for a brief period of time in babies due to the stress of labor and delivery. If the supply of oxygen is cut off or reduced for lengthy periods, an infant can develop a type of brain damage called hypoxicischemic encephalopathy, which destroys tissue in the cerebral motor cortex and other areas of the brain.

• #1 What Causes Cerebral Palsy? | Cerebral Palsy Alliance

  https://cerebralpalsy.org.au/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Stroke is the most common cause in babies who acquire cerebral palsy after 1 month of age. The stroke may occur spontaneously or arise from surgical or heart complications. […] Risk factors do not cause cerebral palsy. However, the presence of some risk factors may lead to an increased chance of a child being born with cerebral palsy. […] It has been identified that four groups, statistically, have a greater risk of cerebral palsy. […] Genetic cerebral palsy is uncommon, approximately 1% of people with cerebral palsy will have a sibling with the condition. It is even uncommon in twins – when one twin has cerebral palsy, 90% of co-twins will not have cerebral palsy. However small these statistics, they are enough to suggest that there might be some genetic factors involved in cerebral palsy. Researchers generally believe that a genetic disposition to certain characteristics, i.e. prematurity or heart problems, may start a chain of events (causal pathways) that can result in a child having cerebral palsy.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy Causes and Complications

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-causes-cerebral-palsy

  A fetal stroke can lead to brain damage and CP. Fetal strokes may be caused by abnormally formed blood vessels, blood clots, and heart defects. […] Infections, fevers, and trauma can cause abnormal brain growth that leads to CP. […] CP is known as acquired CP when it develops more than 28 days after birth. […] A serious head injury can lead to permanent brain damage. […] Meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections can lead to permanent brain damage. […] Untreated jaundice can lead to a type of brain damage called kernicterus. Kernicterus can lead to cerebral palsy, vision problems, and hearing loss. […] Shaken baby syndrome can cause brain damage that can lead to cerebral palsy. […] Research hasnt yet found CP to be a genetic disorder. However, according to a 2017 review, some researchers suspect it may be possible for genetics to be a contributing factor to developing cerebral palsy. […] Smoking during pregnancy increases the chances that a fetus will have abnormal brain development. […] This abnormal brain development can contribute to conditions like cerebral palsy or seizures, as noted in a 2017 study. […] Childhood strokes can cause cerebral palsy in children.

• #1 Hypotonic Cerebral Palsy – Brain and Spinal Cord

  https://brainandspinalcord.org/hypotonic-cerebral-palsy/

  In addition, the risk of stroke in the fetus increases if the mother has an infection or high blood pressure. Inflammatory pelvic disease is especially likely to cause a fetal stroke. Monitoring the mother’s blood pressure is a vital part of prenatal care, since too high or too low of blood pressure can cause serious problems for both the mother and child.

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• #1 Cerebral Palsy Causes | Cerebral Palsy Claims

  https://www.cerebralpalsy-lawyers.co.uk/site/what-we-do/cerebral-palsy-claims/causes-of-cerebral-palsy/

  If there is a delay in diagnosis or treatment of jaundice then babies can develop kernicterus. […] Longer term disabling effects of kernicterus include cerebral palsy, impaired hearing and learning disabilities. […] Failure to diagnose or act on signs of a chorioamnionitis infection could result in permanent brain damage to the child, such as cerebral palsy. […] The child can be left with a permanent disability such as cerebral palsy.

• #1 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  In many cases, the cause or causes of CP are not fully known, which means that currently little can be done to prevent it. […] CP related to genetics is not preventable. […] Taking steps to help ensure a healthy pregnancy can help prevent developmental problems, including CP. […] Acquired CP, which is CP that occurs after birth, often is related to an infection or injury, and some of these cases can be prevented. […] Severe jaundice that is not treated can cause brain damage, called kernicterus. Kernicterus is a cause of CP that potentially can be prevented.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy: Causes, Types and Treatment – Avaz Inc.

  https://buzz.avazapp.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-causes-types-and-treatment/

  Cerebral Palsy is caused due to abnormal development of the brain or damage to parts of the brain. These abnormalities or damage may occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or after birth. In most cases, the children have Congenital CP, which means that the brain damage happened before or during birth. CP caused due to brain damage that happens more than 28 days after birth is called Acquired CP. […] The following risk factors are reasons that can increase the chances of CP. Presence of risk factors does not mean that a child will have CP. […] Studies have found that the prevalence of CP was higher among infants of low birth weight compared to those of normal birth weight. […] According to researchers, babies born before the 37th week of pregnancy have a greater chance of having CP. […] Multiple births such as the birth of twins or triplets can increase the chance of CP. The increase in risk may be because children born from multiple pregnancy tend to be born early or at low birth weight.

• #1 Cerebral Palsy Causes | Brain Damage & Medical Malpractice

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development or brain damage, with many potential underlying causes and risk factors. Cerebral palsy can be caused by maternal infections, jaundice, placental complications, and many others. […] The cause of cerebral palsy is brain damage and abnormal brain development: […] Abnormal brain development. The development of the brain is crucial to normal growth and development. Anything that disrupts the process and causes abnormalities can lead to cerebral palsy. […] Brain damage. Even if the brain develops normally, something may happen to cause physical damage. This can also result in cerebral palsy. […] Congenital cerebral palsy can develop from numerous causes, but sometimes, the cause remains unknown. Potential causes include: Brain damage, Medical negligence and mistakes, Brain malformations, Jaundice, Maternal infections, such as rubella, chickenpox, and other infections, Chorioamnionitis, Prolonged labor, Incompatible blood types (can lead to Rh factor diseases), Asphyxia, Having multiples, Placenta problems, Uterine rupture, Prematurity or low birth weight, Infertility treatments.

• #1 Medical Mistakes That May Cause Cerebral Palsy | Birth Injury Lawyers | Robins Kaplan LLP Law Firm

  https://www.robinskaplan.com/services/medical-malpractice-attorneys/cerebral-palsy/what-causes-cerebral-palsy

  Trauma or injury caused by a difficult labor and delivery. The birthing process can be traumatic for an infant, and injuries during birth sometimes cause cerebral palsy. […] Infections during pregnancy can cause cerebral palsy. This can be passed on by the mother to the fetus, damaging the fetus’s nervous system. […] Jaundice in the infant can cause cerebral palsy. […] Rh incompatibility can cause cerebral palsy. […] Severe oxygen shortage in the brain can cause cerebral palsy. […] Stroke can cause cerebral palsy. […] Medical mistakes can also cause cerebral palsy. Medical mistakes are responsible for many cerebral palsy cases. If a doctor or other health care professional fails to monitor or to respond properly to certain situations that arise during the delivery, that individual could be considered negligent with regard to the duty owed to patients.

• #1 Causes and risk factors of cerebral palsy. CP during pregnancy. – Kozyavkin Method

  https://kozyavkin.com/en/science/blog/causes-and-risk-factors-of-cerebral-palsy-cp-during-pregnancy/

  For the first time, both cerebral palsy itself, and the possible causes of this disorder were described in 1843 by the British orthopedic surgeon John Little in his publication On the Deformities of the Human Frame. He reported the manifestation of spastic diplegia (the form of cerebral palsy) in the infant. Little suggested that the cause lies in acute lack of oxygen and mechanical brain injury directly before or during labor. Since then, spastic diplegia came to be known as Little’s disease. […] The term cerebral palsy has appeared much later. In 1889, Canadian-born physician William Osler implemented it into use. He was convinced that the main cause of cerebral palsy is the child’s brain damage. […] Researchers agree that all forms of CP are due to the lesion of the developing brain. Thus, there is a logical question: if the precondition is the same, why the symptoms of this disorder are so different? The thing is that cerebral palsy is the result of damage to the different regions of the child’s brain because of different causes.

• #2 Cerebral palsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

  Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards. Often, the cause is unknown. Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections or exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life. New studies suggest that inherited genetic causes play a role in 25% of cases, where formerly it was believed that 2% of cases were genetically determined. […] Cerebral palsy is due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain. This damage can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood. Structural problems in the brain are seen in 80% of cases, most commonly within the white matter. More than three-quarters of cases are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy.

• #2 Is Cerebral Palsy Genetic? | Acquired? | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org

  https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/cause/when

  Is Cerebral Palsy genetic? Does Cerebral Palsy run in the family? Is it familial? Is it hereditary? Is Cerebral Palsy congenital? Can Cerebral Palsy be acquired? […] Most parents want to know whether any future pregnancies will result in Cerebral Palsy. […] According to the United Cerebral Palsy Research and Educational Foundation, 70% of brain damage that causes Cerebral Palsy occurs prior to birth, mostly in the second and third pregnancy trimesters. […] While Cerebral Palsy is not a hereditary condition, researchers have discovered that hereditary factors can predispose an individual to Cerebral Palsy. […] This interaction is called complex inheritance or multifactorial inheritance and may explain why Cerebral Palsy can run in the family, a condition clinically referred to as familial recurrence.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/

  Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent disorders affecting the development of movement and causing a limitation of activity. Non-progressive disturbances that manifest in the developing fetal or infant brain can lead to cerebral palsy; this is the most common cause of childhood disability. The degree and type of motor impairment and functional capabilities vary depending on the etiology. […] The multifactorial etiology relates to prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal causes. […] Abnormal development or damage to the fetal or infants brain causes cerebral palsy. The brain insult/injury causing cerebral palsy is non-progressive (eg, static) and can occur in the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. The etiology of an individual patient is often multifactorial. […] Prenatal causes include congenital brain malformations, intrauterine infections, intrauterine stroke, and chromosomal abnormalities.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy Causes | Medical Malpractice & Risk Factors

  https://www.lawfirm.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Certain infections and even toxic exposures during pregnancy make it more likely that an infant will be born with cerebral palsy. An infection can cause inflammation and damage the unborn child’s developing brain. […] These infections and exposures can cause cerebral palsy and other birth defects in newborns: Chickenpox, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Intrauterine infections, Rubella (German measles), Syphilis, Toxic exposure, Toxoplasmosis, Zika virus infection. […] A cerebral palsy law firm can help determine if medical malpractice played a role in your child’s cerebral palsy. […] Sadly, errors made by trusted obstetricians and other medical professionals often cause cerebral palsy in children. […] Some examples of medical errors that can cause a brain injury and cerebral palsy include: Delayed response to fetal distress, Failure to correctly respond to a complicated labor and delivery, Failure to treat an infection, Improper use of forceps or other medical equipment.

• #2 Cause and Timing – Cerebral Palsy Foundation

  https://www.yourcpf.org/cause-and-timing/

  Mutations in genes, infections, fevers, trauma, and other conditions can interrupt the normal process of brain growth. This can cause brain malformations that interfere with the transmission of brain signals during fetal development. […] Bleeding inside the brain from blocked or broken blood vessels is commonly caused by fetal stroke. Some babies suffer a stroke while still in the womb because of blood clots in the placenta that block blood flow in the brain. Other types of fetal stroke are caused by malformed or weak blood vessels in the brain or by blood-clotting abnormalities. […] Asphyxia, a lack of oxygen in the brain caused by an interruption in breathing or poor oxygen supply, is common for a brief period of time in babies due to the stress of labor and delivery. If the supply of oxygen is cut off or reduced for lengthy periods, an infant can develop a type of brain damage called hypoxicischemic encephalopathy, which destroys tissue in the cerebral motor cortex and other areas of the brain.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Environmental and Genetic Factors

  https://www.abclawcenters.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-environmental-and-genetic-factors/

  Cerebral palsy can be caused by environmental and/or genetic factors. […] Cerebral palsy can often be attributed to something that goes wrong during pregnancy, delivery, or the neonatal period. […] In many cases, it stems from birth asphyxia (oxygen deprivation around the time of birth). […] Cerebral palsy can also develop in children whose brains have been damaged by birth trauma or neonatal infections. […] Many environmental causes of cerebral palsy are unfortunately linked to medical malpractice. […] Moreno-De-Luca et al. (2012) recently linked several genes to cerebral palsy, and noted that genetics may also predispose babies to known risk factors such as premature birth. […] Although the article published in Lancet Neurology by Moreno-De-Luca et al. is important and extensive, to date one cannot yet say that large numbers of CP have a genetic origin.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy (CP) Information | Diagnosis, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/

  Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of neurological conditions caused by brain damage, and it is the most common motor and movement disability of childhood. […] The leading cause of cerebral palsy is brain damage that occurs in a developing fetus or during birth. […] Brain damage or malformation is the underlying cause of CP, but many different things can trigger damage. […] Possibilities include: Poor brain development in the womb, Maternal infections or medical conditions, Disruption of blood flow to the developing brain, Genetic conditions, Ingestion of toxins or drugs during pregnancy, Damage to the head or skull during delivery, Complications related to premature delivery. […] The leading underlying cause of cerebral palsy is damage or an abnormality in the brain that disrupts normal development. There are many potential causes of brain damage, from maternal infections that impact fetal development to lack of oxygen during labor and delivery to an accident that causes traumatic brain injury in a baby. The causes can be broadly categorized as congenital and acquired. Congenital causes occur during fetal development, birth, or shortly after birth, while acquired causes are events that occur a month or more after birth.

• #2 Causes of Cerebral Palsy: Environmental, Genetic, or a Combination of Both? – Advances in Pediatric Orthopedics | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/advances/article/pediatric-orthopedics/causes-of-cerebral-palsy-environmental-genetic-or-a-combination-of-both

  Cerebral palsy (CP), the most common motor disability in children, has been linked to environmental factors such as infection, neonatal stroke, or birth asphyxia. But with some patients presenting without a clear etiology and the heterogeneity of potential causes, there is a strong belief that genetics plays a part. […] Cerebral palsy has historically been thought of as an acquired syndrome, but there’s an increasing recognition of the genetic susceptibility to cerebral palsy, says Dr. Carmel. […] Interestingly, while the researchers hypothesized that people without known CP risk factors would have a higher rate of causative genetic variants, there was no significant difference in diagnostic rate between individuals with identified CP risk factors compared to those without identified CP risk factors. However, one finding was particularly compelling: Some individuals had both causative genetic variants and environmental risk factors. According to the authors, this suggests the possibility of a genetic susceptibility to the damaging effects of environmental insults or that genetic variants predispose individuals to such risk factors as preterm birth and infection. […] Further studies are needed in order to define the pretest probability for each individual. We also need to determine how useful this genetic information is to understand the natural history of the different types of cerebral palsy, and then hopefully be able to better target therapies.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8717-cerebral-palsy

  This damage can happen at different times, including before, during and after birth. Damage before birth makes up about 80% of the causes. After birth, it makes up about 10% of causes. […] Examples of the causes include: Preterm (premature) birth. Congenital malformations due to disruptions in fetal brain development. Infections in the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord). Strokes that affect the developing brain. Genetic issues affecting fetal development. Lack of blood flow or oxygen to the fetal brain. Kernicterus (brain damage from toxic buildup of bilirubin, a chemical made in your liver). Meconium aspiration. Newborn hypoglycemia. […] Babies can develop CP after birth due to other events. These are often injury-related, but there are other possible causes, too, including: Accidental injuries. Physical abuse. Asphyxiation. Infection, strokes or bleeding in and around their brain. Jaundice and kernicterus.

• #2 CAUSES OF CEREBRAL PALSY.logo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/jw198910170000001/1989/10/17/causes-cerebral-palsy

  Until recently, it had been well accepted that cerebral palsy (CP) results from perinatal asphyxia. […] This important report shows that cerebral palsy in the full-term infant is usually caused by prenatal intrauterine problems, such as congenital malformations, rather than by perinatal asphyxia. […] Asphyxia was the likely cause in only 9 children (6 percent), while congenital disorders were the most common cause, accounting for 36 cases. […] The authors conclude that current obstetrical and pediatric state-of-the-art practices cannot prevent most cases of CP in term babies because the CNS damage occurs long before labor and delivery. […] Litigators should take note that CP most often is not caused by perinatal asphyxia.

• #2 What causes cerebral palsy? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/conditioninfo/causes

  Lack of oxygen in the brain. The brain can become damaged if it does not get enough oxygen for a long time. […] A small number of children have what is called acquired cerebral palsy, which means the disorder begins more than 28 days after birth. […] Causes of acquired cerebral palsy may include: Brain damage in the first few months or years of life. […] Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis. […] Problems with blood flow to the brain due to stroke, blood clotting problems, abnormal blood vessels, a heart defect that was present at birth, or sickle cell disease. […] Head injury from a car accident, a fall, or child abuse.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cerebral-palsy

  Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of motor disabilities in childhood. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it affects 1 to 4 out of every 1,000 children worldwide. […] In most cases, the exact cause of cerebral palsy is unknown. […] Atypical brain development or injury to the developing brain can cause cerebral palsy. The damage affects the part of the brain that controls body movement, coordination, and posture. This brain damage usually occurs before birth, but it can also happen during birth or the first years of life. […] Other possible causes include: head injuries as a result of a car accident, fall, or child abuse; intracranial hemorrhage, or bleeding into the brain; brain infections, such as encephalitis and meningitis; infections acquired in the womb, such as German measles (rubella) and herpes simplex; asphyxia neonatorum, or a lack of oxygen to the brain during labor and delivery; gene mutations that result in atypical brain development; severe jaundice in the infant.

• #2 Spastic Cerebral Palsy (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/spastic-cp.html

  Cerebral palsy is thought to be caused by a brain injury or problem. In spastic (SPASS-tik) CP, the injury or problem is in an area of the brain called the motor cortex. The motor cortex plans and controls movement. […] Cerebral palsy can happen because of: infections or other medical problems during the mothers pregnancy, a stroke either in the womb or after birth, untreated jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes), genetic disorders, lead poisoning, bacterial meningitis, poor blood flow to the brain, being shaken as an infant (shaken baby syndrome), an injury from an accident (like a car accident). […] In rare cases, CP happens after a problem during childbirth.

• #2 What Causes Cerebral Palsy? | Cerebral Palsy Alliance

  https://cerebralpalsy.org.au/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Stroke is the most common cause in babies who acquire cerebral palsy after 1 month of age. The stroke may occur spontaneously or arise from surgical or heart complications. […] Risk factors do not cause cerebral palsy. However, the presence of some risk factors may lead to an increased chance of a child being born with cerebral palsy. […] It has been identified that four groups, statistically, have a greater risk of cerebral palsy. […] Genetic cerebral palsy is uncommon, approximately 1% of people with cerebral palsy will have a sibling with the condition. It is even uncommon in twins – when one twin has cerebral palsy, 90% of co-twins will not have cerebral palsy. However small these statistics, they are enough to suggest that there might be some genetic factors involved in cerebral palsy. Researchers generally believe that a genetic disposition to certain characteristics, i.e. prematurity or heart problems, may start a chain of events (causal pathways) that can result in a child having cerebral palsy.

• #2 What Are The 5 Major Causes Of Cerebral Palsy | Types Of Cerebral Palsy

  https://medsurgeindia.com/what-are-the-5-major-causes-of-cerebral-palsy/

  Genetic conditions: Cerebral palsy is a severe brain illness for which there is no known cure. Researchers indicate that around 14% of all instances may be genetically based, and they hypothesize that many of these genes regulate how brain circuits are organized throughout early development. […] Either an Antenatal or Postnatal stroke: Stroke is the leading cause of congenital hemiplegia, the most prevalent kind of cerebral palsy in infants delivered at term. […] Untreated hepatitis/ Jaundice: Most babies get jaundice because their developing livers can’t break down the pigment quickly enough. A newborn may get kernicterus, a kind of brain injury that can cause cerebral palsy if the bilirubin level is high and the jaundice is not addressed. […] Medical conditions that the pregnant mother has: The child may get CP if the mother has any medical issues that impact her during pregnancy. Such as, when the placenta separates, the uterus ruptures, or there are issues with the umbilical cord during delivery, the baby’s oxygen supply is disrupted, which causes cerebral palsy (CP).

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  Epidemiologic studies suggest that prenatal factors play a predominant role in the etiology of cerebral palsy. […] Although preterm delivery is a well-established risk factor for cerebral palsy, a recent study suggests that postterm pregnancy at 42 weeks or later has been associated with an increased risk of this condition. […] The following maternal and prenatal risk factors statistically correlate with cerebral palsy: Long menstrual cycle, Previous pregnancy loss, Previous loss of newborn, Maternal intellectual disability, Maternal thyroid disorder, especially iodine deficiency, Maternal seizure disorder, History of delivering a child weighing less than 2000 g, History of delivering a child with a motor deficit, intellectual disability, or a sensory deficit. […] The following perinatal factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy: Prematurity, Chorioamnionitis, Nonvertex and face presentation of the fetus, Birth asphyxia.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_is_the_main_cause_of_cerebral_palsy/article_em.htm

  The main cause of cerebral palsy, a disorder affecting a person’s movement, balance, and posture, is abnormal development of the brain prior to birth. […] The main cause of cerebral palsy is abnormal development of the brain prior to birth. […] About 85 to 90 percent of cases of cerebral palsy are congenital. […] Risk factors for congenital cerebral palsy include: Low birth weight, weighing less than 5-1/2 pounds at birth, and especially weighing less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces at birth. […] Premature birth, before the 37th week of pregnancy, especially before the 32nd week of pregnancy. […] Multiple birth (twins, triplets, and other multiple births). […] Infections during pregnancy, such as chickenpox, rubella (German measles), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), and bacterial infections such as infections of the placenta or fetal membranes, or maternal pelvic infections.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Causes, Types and Treatment – Avaz Inc.

  https://buzz.avazapp.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-causes-types-and-treatment/

  Cerebral Palsy is caused due to abnormal development of the brain or damage to parts of the brain. These abnormalities or damage may occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or after birth. In most cases, the children have Congenital CP, which means that the brain damage happened before or during birth. CP caused due to brain damage that happens more than 28 days after birth is called Acquired CP. […] The following risk factors are reasons that can increase the chances of CP. Presence of risk factors does not mean that a child will have CP. […] Studies have found that the prevalence of CP was higher among infants of low birth weight compared to those of normal birth weight. […] According to researchers, babies born before the 37th week of pregnancy have a greater chance of having CP. […] Multiple births such as the birth of twins or triplets can increase the chance of CP. The increase in risk may be because children born from multiple pregnancy tend to be born early or at low birth weight.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Causes, Types and Treatment – Avaz Inc.

  https://buzz.avazapp.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-causes-types-and-treatment/

  Studies have shown that children born after in vitro fertilization were more likely to have CP. This can be attributed to the fact that that they were more likely to be born from a multiple pregnancy or prematurely. […] Infection of the placental membranes (chorioamnionitis), blood infection in the mother or fever during labor can increase the risk of CP in children. Chickenpox, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus are some of the viral infections linked to CP. […] The risk factors for Acquired CP are: Meningitis or encephalitis during infancy. Brain injuries due to motor vehicle crashes or falls, Cerebrovascular accidents such as stroke, Birth defects of the central nervous system.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy Causes | What Parents Should Know

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Brain hemorrhages (abnormal bleeding in the brain) are caused by ruptured blood vessels. […] Head injuries may occur during labor or delivery or within the first few years of life. Trauma to an infant or toddler’s developing brain can cause damage that leads to cerebral palsy. […] Asphyxia is caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain, which can result in brain damage. […] Children with low birth weight have an increased risk of experiencing birth-related complications and developing cerebral palsy, according to the CDC. […] Infections passed from mothers to their babies during pregnancy can be dangerous, especially in the early weeks after conception. […] Infants born prematurely (before the 37th week of pregnancy) have a greater risk of developing cerebral palsy. […] Newborns often experience mild cases of jaundice after birth.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  In 10% or less of cerebral palsy cases, birth asphyxia can be determined as the definitive cause. […] The following postnatal factors may contribute to cerebral palsy: Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis), Intracranial hemorrhage (eg, due to prematurity, vascular malformations, or trauma), Periventricular leukomalacia (in premature infants), Hypoxia-ischemia (eg, from meconium aspiration), Persistent fetal circulation or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, Kernicterus. […] Of all cases of cerebral palsy, 70-90% are congenital and 10-30% are acquired (eg, vascular, inflammatory, traumatic). […] Approximately 50% of spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy cases are prenatal, 30% are perinatal, and 20% are postnatal in origin.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.dmgcrs.org/cerebral-palsy/

  CP is caused by damage to the developing brain, most often before birth, or abnormal brain development. […] CP is not genetic or hereditary; however, researchers generally believe that a genetic predisposition to certain characteristics like prematurity or heart problems may potentially act as the start of a causal pathway that can result in a person having cerebral palsy. […] Risk factors include: Premature birth earlier than 37 weeks, Prolonged oxygen loss during the pregnancy or the birth process, Low birth weight, Being a twin, triplet, or other multiple birth, which increases the chances of prematurity and low birth weight, Being male, Severe jaundice shortly after birth, Blood clotting problems, Placental inability to provide a developing fetus with oxygen and nutrients, Blood type incompatibility between mother and baby, Maternal infection early in pregnancy with German measles or other viral diseases, Maternal, fetal, or infant bacterial infection that attacks the child’s central nervous system.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Environmental and Genetic Factors

  https://www.abclawcenters.com/blog/cerebral-palsy-environmental-and-genetic-factors/

  Cerebral palsy is a complex disorder with a multitude of different causes. […] In some individuals, there may be both genetic and environmental factors at play. […] Although some rare genetic anomalies may make the development of cerebral palsy inevitable, a genetic predisposition to cerebral palsy does not necessarily mean that a child will develop it. […] Even with our currently limited knowledge of genetic factors, there are many important measures that medical professionals can take to decrease the likelihood of a baby developing cerebral palsy.

• #2 Cerebral palsy: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152712

  Disruption of brain development can affect the way the brain communicates with the bodys muscles and other functions. […] Damage can stem from mutations in the genes responsible for brain development, certain infections such as toxoplasmosis, a parasite infection, herpes and herpes-like viruses, and head trauma. […] Sometimes, bleeding inside the brain happens when a fetus experiences a stroke. […] Several factors can cause a stroke in a fetus during pregnancy: a blood clot in the placenta that blocks the flow of blood, a clotting disorder in the fetus, interruptions in arterial blood flow to the fetal brain, untreated pre-eclampsia in the mother, inflammation of the placenta, pelvic inflammatory infection in the mother. […] Anything that increases the risk of preterm birth or low birth weight also raises the risk of cerebral palsy.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy Causes | Brain Damage & Medical Malpractice

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development or brain damage, with many potential underlying causes and risk factors. Cerebral palsy can be caused by maternal infections, jaundice, placental complications, and many others. […] The cause of cerebral palsy is brain damage and abnormal brain development: […] Abnormal brain development. The development of the brain is crucial to normal growth and development. Anything that disrupts the process and causes abnormalities can lead to cerebral palsy. […] Brain damage. Even if the brain develops normally, something may happen to cause physical damage. This can also result in cerebral palsy. […] Congenital cerebral palsy can develop from numerous causes, but sometimes, the cause remains unknown. Potential causes include: Brain damage, Medical negligence and mistakes, Brain malformations, Jaundice, Maternal infections, such as rubella, chickenpox, and other infections, Chorioamnionitis, Prolonged labor, Incompatible blood types (can lead to Rh factor diseases), Asphyxia, Having multiples, Placenta problems, Uterine rupture, Prematurity or low birth weight, Infertility treatments.

• #2 What Are The 5 Major Causes Of Cerebral Palsy | Types Of Cerebral Palsy

  https://medsurgeindia.com/what-are-the-5-major-causes-of-cerebral-palsy/

  The term cerebral denotes a connection to the brain. Palsy refers to weakness or issues with movement in the body. An issue with the brain that develops prior to, during, or soon after birth is the cause of cerebral palsy. […] Despite the fact that the precise reason is not always obvious, the brain can suffer from injury or develop abnormally. […] Sometimes the cause of cerebral palsy is unknown. However, many occurrences take place when a child’s brain is still developing, such as before birth or even in the first few months of life. This could be due to: […] Pregnancy-related infections: Increases in certain cytokine-producing proteins that circulate in the developing baby’s blood and brain during pregnancy can be brought on by infections. Cytokines produce inflammation, which can harm the developing baby’s brain.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy Causes and Complications

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-causes-cerebral-palsy

  A fetal stroke can lead to brain damage and CP. Fetal strokes may be caused by abnormally formed blood vessels, blood clots, and heart defects. […] Infections, fevers, and trauma can cause abnormal brain growth that leads to CP. […] CP is known as acquired CP when it develops more than 28 days after birth. […] A serious head injury can lead to permanent brain damage. […] Meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections can lead to permanent brain damage. […] Untreated jaundice can lead to a type of brain damage called kernicterus. Kernicterus can lead to cerebral palsy, vision problems, and hearing loss. […] Shaken baby syndrome can cause brain damage that can lead to cerebral palsy. […] Research hasnt yet found CP to be a genetic disorder. However, according to a 2017 review, some researchers suspect it may be possible for genetics to be a contributing factor to developing cerebral palsy. […] Smoking during pregnancy increases the chances that a fetus will have abnormal brain development. […] This abnormal brain development can contribute to conditions like cerebral palsy or seizures, as noted in a 2017 study. […] Childhood strokes can cause cerebral palsy in children.

• #2 What is the Cause of Cerebral Palsy? | CerebralPalsy.org | Cerebral Palsy Information

  https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/cause

  Postnatal non-functional or inappropriate connections (synapses) between brain cells trauma, infections, and asphyxia that damage connections developed in the brain. […] There are four types of brain damage that cause cerebral palsy Cerebral Dysgenesis […] Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy, or HIE, also known as Intrapartum Asphyxia […] Intraventricular Hemorrhage […] Periventricular Leukomalacia.

• #2 What Causes Cerebral Palsy? | Children’s Cerebral Palsy Treatment and Surgery Tampa – Dr. David Siambanes

  https://childrenscerebralpalsy.com/what-causes-cerebral-palsy/

  Exposure to toxins, pollutants, and harmful substances during pregnancy or early childhood may disrupt neurodevelopment and increase the likelihood of CP. […] Structural abnormalities or malformations of the brain, such as congenital brain anomalies or abnormalities in neuronal migration, can predispose individuals to cerebral palsy. […] Common brain abnormalities associated with cerebral palsy include periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), which is often seen in premature infants, and cortical malformations such as polymicrogyria.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy | Causes, Types, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cerebral-palsy

  A childs risk for cerebral palsy is higher if they: […] Were born early (before 37 weeks gestation) […] Had a low birth weight […] Are a twin, triplet or part of a higher multiple birth […] Had a stroke (bleeding in the brain) before, during or after delivery. In babies older than 1 month, stroke is the most common cause of cerebral palsy.

• #2 Causes and risk factors of cerebral palsy. CP during pregnancy. – Kozyavkin Method

  https://kozyavkin.com/en/science/blog/causes-and-risk-factors-of-cerebral-palsy-cp-during-pregnancy/

  Even after birth, some circumstances may present a threat of the cerebral palsy. According to statistics, it`s about 5-10% of all cases. […] The cause of the yellowish tint to a newborn`s skin during the jaundice is an increased bilirubin level. […] Some maternal disorders increase the risk of cerebral palsy in children. […] The direct correlation has already been found between smoking, drinking alcohol or drug use and the birth of children with cerebral palsy. […] The most dangerous complications are preterm birth (before 37 weeks of pregnancy), prolonged birth, eclampsia, uterine rupture, umbilical cord pathology and placenta (for example, placental abruption). […] Some blood disorders (such as thrombophilia or sickle cell anemia) can cause acute cerebrovascular damage, which may be even the first sign of the disorder.

• #2 Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral Palsy (CP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/index.html

  In many cases, the cause or causes of CP are not fully known, which means that currently little can be done to prevent it. […] CP related to genetics is not preventable. […] Taking steps to help ensure a healthy pregnancy can help prevent developmental problems, including CP. […] Acquired CP, which is CP that occurs after birth, often is related to an infection or injury, and some of these cases can be prevented. […] Severe jaundice that is not treated can cause brain damage, called kernicterus. Kernicterus is a cause of CP that potentially can be prevented.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy Causes | Brain Damage & Medical Malpractice

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Acquired cerebral palsy is defined as the disorder developing at least 28 days after birth. This form of cerebral palsy accounts for around 20% of all people who have the condition. […] Common reasons for acquired cerebral palsy include: Problems with blood flow to the brain, which can lead to blood clotting and fetal stroke, Sickle cell disease, Neonatal infections, Head injuries leading to brain damage. […] Brain damage is one of the primary causes of cerebral palsy. It can happen before, during, or after birth. […] A main underlying cause of brain damage during childbirth is asphyxia, which is a loss of oxygen to the brain. […] Maternal high blood pressure (preeclampsia) and infections can lead to abnormal brain development or brain damage while an infant is still in utero. […] Some cases of cerebral palsy could have been prevented if not for medical mistakes and negligence.

• #2 What Causes Cerebral Palsy? | Cerebral Palsy Alliance

  https://cerebralpalsy.org.au/cerebral-palsy/causes/

  Cerebral palsy is the result of a combination of events either before, during or after birth that can lead to an injury in a baby’s developing brain. […] There is no single cause of cerebral palsy. For most babies born with cerebral palsy, the cause remains unknown. We now know from research that there are certain risk factors for cerebral palsy. Risk factors may occur during a woman’s pregnancy, as a baby is being born, or after they are born. Sometimes these risk factors cluster together to form a ‘causal pathway’. A causal pathway is complex series of events that when combined can cause or accelerate injury to the developing brain. This can lead to a diagnosis of cerebral palsy. […] In 13 out of 14 cases of cerebral palsy in Australia, the brain injury leading to cerebral palsy occurs either in the uterus (while the mother is pregnant) or before 1 month of age.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy and Functional Decline | Cerebral Palsy Research NetworkSearchScroll to top

  https://cprn.org/cerebral-palsy-functional-decline/

  „While strength training can reduce muscle weakness and improve the ability to walk in children with CP, our community has likely been disadvantaged from childhood due to altered body composition and a propensity for low strength.” […] „Chronic pain, decreased strength, and changes in tone were cited as reasons for gross motor decline,” she wrote in the report. […] „Preventative measures should begin in adolescence to address functional decline among individuals with CP.” […] Identifying and addressing the causes of functional decline requires comprehensive and careful assessment. […] Many adults report their ability to walk and move, and how their bodies feel and function can change sometimes very quickly. […] „This research will aim to understand how to best treat adults and update treatments and therapies for children with cerebral palsy to prevent some of the secondary impairments such as pain, fatigue, and functional loss.”

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8717-cerebral-palsy

  Cerebral palsy happens when theres damage to brain areas that control muscle movement, or when those areas dont develop as they should. […] Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological condition that can present as issues with muscle tone, posture and/or a movement disorder. Its the result of damage to your brain during fetal development or another developmental disability that affects the way your brain develops. […] The main effect of CP is that it disrupts control of muscle movement (conditions that do this are known as movement disorders). It may also affect nearby brain areas and the abilities they control, but that isnt always the case. […] Cerebral palsy happens because of damage to parts of your brain that control movement. The damage might not affect just this section, which can cause other problems. And these kinds of damage can often have multiple causes or factors contributing to them.

• #2 Cerebral Palsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555-overview

  Cerebral palsy is the leading cause of childhood disability affecting function and development. The brain lesions that cause cerebral palsy occur from the fetal or neonatal period to up to age 3 years. […] The clinical presentation of cerebral palsy may result from an underlying structural abnormality of the brain; early prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal injury due to vascular insufficiency; toxins or infections; or the pathophysiologic risks of prematurity. Risk factors may include preterm birth, multiple gestation, intrauterine growth restriction, male sex, low Apgar scores, intrauterine infections, maternal thyroid abnormalities, prenatal strokes, birth asphyxia, maternal methyl mercury exposure, and maternal iodine deficiency. […] Evidence suggests that prenatal factors result in 70-80% of cases of cerebral palsy. In most cases, the exact cause is unknown but is most likely multifactorial.

• #2 Cerebral palsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353999

  Cerebral palsy is caused by irregular brain development or damage to the developing brain. This usually happens before a child is born, but it can occur at birth or in early infancy. Often the cause isn’t known. Many factors can lead to changes in brain development. Some include: […] Gene changes that result in genetic conditions or differences in brain development. […] Maternal infections that affect an unborn baby. […] Stroke, which interrupts blood supply to the developing brain. […] Bleeding into the brain in the womb or as a newborn. […] Infant infections that cause swelling in or around the brain. […] Traumatic head injury to an infant, such as from a motor vehicle accident, fall or physical trauma. […] Lack of oxygen to the brain related to a hard labor or delivery, although this cause is less common than previously thought.

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