Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hives and angioedema – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hives-and-angioedema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354914

  To diagnose hives or angioedema, your doctor will likely look at your welts or areas of swelling and ask about your medical history. You may also need blood tests or an allergy skin test. […] If your symptoms are mild, you may not need treatment. Hives and angioedema often clear up on their own. But treatment can offer relief from intense itching, serious discomfort or symptoms that persist. […] Treatments for hives and angioedema may include prescription drugs: Anti-itch drugs. The standard treatment for hives and angioedema is antihistamines that don’t make you drowsy. These medications reduce itching, swelling and other allergy symptoms. They’re available in nonprescription and prescription formulations. […] If antihistamines are not effective, your doctor might prescribe a drug that can calm an overactive immune system.

• #1 Hives: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-treatment

  When treating hives, the goals are to: Control the itch, Prevent new hives (existing hives go away on their own), Avoid what’s causing the hives (when known). […] When an antihistamine alone fails to clear hives, this treatment may be an option. […] When antihistamines fail to work, your dermatologist may prescribe this medication. It works throughout the body to calm your immune system, which can prevent your body from overreacting and producing hives. […] If your dermatologist prescribes omalizumab, you will inject it just under your skin. […] If antihistamines fail to control hives, this may be an alternative treatment. Doxepin is an antidepressant medication that has strong antihistamine properties. […] This medication can calm the immune system. By doing this, it can prevent new hives. Existing hives clear on their own. […] If your hives are caused by something physical like cold, heat, or pressure on your skin, your dermatologist may recommend this treatment. […] A treatment plan often works best when you follow these dermatologists at-home tips.

• #1 Hives (Urticaria) | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/hives/

  Hives Management and Treatment: Avoid known triggers. See an allergist, who is specially trained to look for triggers to your hives and may recommend medications to prevent the hives or reduce the severity of symptoms. Whether your allergist suggests a treatment available only by prescription or an over the counter treatment will depend on several factors, including how uncomfortable the hives are making you. […] Therapies range from cool compresses to relieve itching to prescription antihistamines and other drugs, such as anti-inflammatory medications and medications that may modify your immune system. […] Antihistamines – available either over the counter or by prescription – are a frequently recommended treatment for hives. They work by blocking the effect of histamine, a chemical in the skin that can cause allergy symptoms, including welts. Antihistamines that don’t make you drowsy are preferred. They are effective and long-lasting (may be taken once a day) and have few side effects. Your allergist may recommend a combination of two or three antihistamines to treat your hives, along with cold compresses or anti-itch balms to ease the symptoms. […] Severe episodes of urticaria may require temporary treatment with prednisone, a similar corticosteroid medication or an immune modulator, which can reduce the severity of the symptoms. […] If the cause of hives can be identified, the best treatment is to avoid the trigger or eliminate it.

• #1 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Urticaria is caused by immunoglobulin E- and nonimmunoglobulin E-mediated release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils. The mainstay of treatment is avoidance of triggers, if identified. The first-line pharmacotherapy is second-generation H1 antihistamines, which can be titrated to greater than standard doses. First-generation H1 antihistamines, H2 antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, high-potency antihistamines, and brief corticosteroid bursts may be used as adjunctive treatment. In refractory chronic urticaria, patients can be referred to subspecialists for additional treatments, such as omalizumab or cyclosporine. […] Second-generation H1 antihistamines are safe and effective symptomatic therapy for urticaria. Second-generation H1 antihistamines are recommended over older antihistamines because of adverse effect profiles. If needed to control symptoms of urticaria, second-generation H1 antihistamines can be titrated to two to four times the normal dose. A short course of systemic corticosteroids may help control severe cases of urticaria. Other medications such as first-generation H1 antihistamines, H2 antihistamines, and leukotriene receptor antagonists may be added to control symptoms of chronic urticaria.

• #1 Hives: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-treatment

  For many people, hives are mild. If you have a mild case, it will likely go away in a few days. To get relief until then, dermatologists recommend that you take an antihistamine (non-drowsy, 24-hour relief) and use these home remedies. […] Your treatment plan will be tailored to your needs and may include one or more of the following: […] To temporarily relieve the itch, your dermatologist may recommend prax lotion (also called pramoxine), an anti-itch cream containing menthol, calamine lotion, or another anti-itch topical (applied to the skin) that you can buy without a prescription. […] This medication can help control the itch and swelling. Some antihistamines may also flatten hives, shorten how long you have hives, or reduce the number of hives you get. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved an antihistamine called desloratadine to treat a type of hives called chronic spontaneous hives. This antihistamine can relieve itch, reduce the number of hives, and decrease the size of hives.

• #1 Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0501/p1078.html

  Urticaria involves intensely pruritic, raised wheals, with or without edema of the deeper cutis. […] Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, although these can be identified in only 10 to 20 percent of patients with chronic urticaria. First-line pharmacotherapy for acute and chronic urticaria is nonsedating second-generation antihistamines (histamine H1 blockers), which can be titrated to larger than standard doses. […] Nonsedating antihistamines are the first-line treatment of urticaria and may be titrated to two to four times their normal dose, if necessary. […] Second-generation antihistamines are considered first-line therapy. For better symptom control, the medication should be dosed daily, rather than on an as-needed basis. […] If symptoms remain uncontrolled, there are several options. The patient can be switched to a different second-generation H1 blocker and titrated as necessary.

• #1 Urticaria Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Consultations, Prevention of Urticaria

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/762917-treatment

  Individual wheals (hives) typically clear within 24 hours without treatment; however, angioedema may take up to 72 hours to resolve. […] The management of urticaria is straightforward and typically is not altered by underlying etiology, but guidelines are in evolution with some variation in different parts of the world. […] Antihistamines are first-line therapy for urticaria. […] Newer H1-blocking, minimally sedating, second-generation antihistamines are now available and include fexofenadine, loratadine, desloratadine, cetirizine, and levocetirizine. […] H2 antihistamines, such as cimetidine, famotidine, and ranitidine, may have a role when used in combination with H1 antihistamines in urticaria. […] Doxepin is an antidepressant and an antihistamine that blocks both H1 and H2 receptors and may be effective in refractory cases of urticaria in doses of 25-50 mg at bedtime or 10-25 mg 3-4 times a day.

• #1 Hives and angioedema – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hives-and-angioedema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354914

  If you have the type of angioedema that runs in families, you may take medication to relieve symptoms and keep the levels of certain proteins in your blood at levels that do not cause symptoms. […] For severe hives or angioedema, doctors may prescribe a short course of an oral corticosteroid drug such as prednisone to reduce swelling, inflammation and itching. […] For a severe attack of hives or angioedema, you may need a trip to the emergency room and an emergency injection of epinephrine a type of adrenaline. If you have had a serious attack or your attacks recur despite treatment, your doctor may have you carry a penlike device that will allow you to self-inject epinephrine in emergencies. […] If you’re experiencing mild hives or angioedema, these tips may help relieve your symptoms: Avoid triggers. These can include foods, medications, pollen, pet dander, latex and insect stings.

• #1 Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0501/p1078.html

  A three- to 10-day tapered burst of oral corticosteroids (prednisone or prednisolone, up to 1 mg per kg per day) is sometimes used to get control of symptoms, although corticosteroids do not directly prevent mast cell degranulation, and long-term use is not recommended because of adverse effects. […] There are data on the effectiveness of leukotriene receptor antagonists such as montelukast (Singulair) and zafirlukast (Accolate) in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria, especially in patients with cold urticaria or intolerance to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and a leukotriene receptor antagonist may be added if first-line agents are insufficient. […] Treatment of acute angioedema is largely the same as treatment for urticaria, although corticosteroids may be recommended more often.

• #1 What is the treatment for hives?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/hives-urticaria/what-is-the-treatment-for-hives

  Side-effects of corticosteroid medications can include swelling, elevated blood pressure, elevated eye pressure, weight gain, cataracts, elevated blood sugar levels and reduced hormone release from the adrenal glands. […] Topical creams and lotions may be recommended to help numb nerve endings and in this way, alleviate itching or stinging sensations. […] If an EpiPen is used, a person must visit the emergency room as soon as possible following use for a thorough check-up by medical professionals. […] The following may help to alleviate mild hives symptoms: Use cool compresses, moist dressings or bandages and damp cloths, applied to affected skin to help soothe and prevent the urge to scratch (scratching the itching markings should be avoided as this can worsen an outbreak) […] Maintain a cool temperature in the home (during the day and at night), or if cold temperatures are a trigger, a mild temperature that does not aggravate symptoms

• #1 Chronic hives – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352723

  To diagnose chronic hives, your healthcare professional will likely talk with you about your symptoms and look at your skin. […] An accurate diagnosis will guide your treatment. […] Treatment for chronic hives often starts with nonprescription anti-itch medicines, called antihistamines. If these don’t help, your healthcare professional might suggest that you try one or more prescription-strength medicines. […] For chronic hives that resist these treatments, your healthcare professional might prescribe a medicine that can calm an overactive immune system. […] Here are some tips to help you get ready for your appointment. […] What treatments are available, and which do you suggest? […] Do I need prescription medicine, or can I use nonprescription medicine to treat the condition? […] Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you a few questions, such as: […] What at-home treatments have you used?

• #1 Using Xolair® (omalizumab) For Chronic Hives Treatment

  https://www.xolair.com/chronic-spontaneous-urticaria.html

  For people 12 years of age and older with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) not controlled by H1 antihistamines. […] XOLAIR is the first FDA-approved biologic treatment for chronic hives with no known trigger. […] XOLAIR can help provide relief for itch and hives symptoms of CSU. […] XOLAIR targets IgE, which attaches to mast cells. Mast cells play an important role in CSU by releasing inflammatory substances, and inflammation is thought to play a role in CSU. […] XOLAIR (omalizumab) for subcutaneous use is an injectable prescription medicine used to treat chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU, previously referred to as chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU), chronic hives without a known cause) in people 12 years of age and older who continue to have hives that are not controlled with H1 antihistamine treatment.

• #1 Hives (Urticaria) and Angioedema Overview

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/hives-(urticaria)-and-angioedema-overview

  Hives can last for 15 minutes to 3 hours. Antihistamines are frequently an effective form of treatment. […] Antihistamines are the best initial medication to treat your hives. Sometimes, a combination of several antihistamines or an increased dose of one antihistamine may be recommended. […] Non-sedating antihistamines are often the first medication doctors will prescribe for your hives. High dosages, up to 4 times the recommended dose, are often well tolerated and can help control your itching. […] About 50% of chronic spontaneous urticaria (hives over 6 weeks with no identifiable cause) will respond to antihistamine as discussed above. For those who do not improve on antihistamines, 65% respond to omalizumab. Omalizumab is an FDA approved treatment of chronic urticaria. This medication is injected under the skin once a month.

• #1 Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22900-chronic-hives-chronic-idiopathic-urticaria

  Chronic hives (chronic urticaria) are red, itchy skin welts that last more than six weeks. Antihistamines, steroids and immunosuppressants can soothe the hives. […] Treatments for chronic hives include: Allergy medications: Daily over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription allergy medications like antihistamines relieve itching and reduce or prevent allergic reactions. […] Steroids: Corticosteroids like prednisone (Deltasone, Rayos) can ease symptoms that don’t respond to allergy medicines. […] Hydroxychloroquine: A study found that 8 in 10 people with autoimmune disease-induced chronic hives got symptom relief after taking hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), an antimalarial drug, for three or more months. […] Cyclosporine: This immunosuppressant is highly effective at clearing up severe chronic hives. But it can cause serious side effects when taken for too long. […] Chronic hives (chronic urticaria) can be itchy and uncomfortable. […] However, treatments like antihistamines, steroids and even immunosuppressants can help.

• #1 Acute Urticaria Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapies, Nonpharmacologic Therapies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137362-treatment

  Sympathomimetic agents cause vasoconstriction and reduction in vascular dilation, which contributes to urticaria formation. […] Cyclosporine has been shown to be effective in 2 double-blind placebo-controlled studies. […] Omalizumab (monoclonal antibody to IgE) is a recombinant biologic molecule effective for chronic urticaria based on two large positive phase III studies and is currently FDA approved for treatment of chronic urticaria. […] Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have been used in the treatment of allergic reactions, especially urticaria.

• #1 Diagnosis and treatment of urticaria in primary care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6526977/

  Systemic glucocorticoids should be considered in cases with significant angioedema or if the symptoms persist for more than a few days and cannot be controlled by antihistamines. […] Compared with systemic corticosteroids, cyclosporine (5 mg/kg/day) has been reported to cause a more rapid and long-term remission. […] Omalizumab, a monoclonal antibody (anti-IgE IgG) against IgE, is safe and effective for many patients, but it is too expensive and does not appear to have long-term disease-improving effects. […] Omalizumab is the only approved, effective, and reliable treatment option for CSU patients with persistent symptoms despite high-dose antihistamine therapy. […] New generation H1 antihistamines are recommended as the first choice in the treatment of urticaria as long-term safety profiles are better. […] The pregnancy category B is indicated for chlorpheniramine, loratadine, cetirizine and levocetirizin is the pregnancy and category C for all other antihistamines. […] The standard treatment for patients without respiratory distress is H1 and H2 antihistamines and systemic corticosteroids.

• #1 What Causes Hives and How to Get Rid of Them – Riverchase Dermatology

  https://www.riverchasedermatology.com/blog/how-to-get-rid-of-hives-at-home-and-prescription-treatments/

  Chronic hives is often treated with antihistamines. If they don’t help enough, your dermatologist may suggest adding UV light therapy, also called phototherapy. An injectable medication called omalizumab is another option. It works by blocking the action of an immune substance called immunoglobulin E, which plays a role in hives. […] If all else fails, immunosuppressant drugs may be prescribed to prevent the immune system from overreacting to hives triggers. These drugs can have serious side effects, so they usually aren’t prescribed unless you haven’t responded to other treatments. Examples of immunosuppressants used to treat hives include cyclosporine, methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil). […] If you’ve had severe hives attacks or angioedema, or if the attacks continue despite treatment, your dermatologist may prescribe an EpiPen for you to carry. Self-injecting epinephrine works quickly to open a swollen airway if you develop swelling in the mouth or throat that prevents you from breathing.

• #1 Hives – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives

  Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red and/or flesh-colored, raised, itchy bumps. Treatment is typically with antihistamines, with the second generation antihistamines such as fexofenadine, loratadine and cetirizine being preferred due to less risk of sedation and cognitive impairment. In refractory (obstinate) cases, corticosteroids or leukotriene inhibitors may also be used. For cases that last more than six weeks, long-term antihistamine therapy is indicated. Immunosuppressants such as omalizumab or cyclosporin may also be used. […] The mainstay of therapy for both acute and chronic hives is education, avoiding triggers and using antihistamines. Chronic hives can be difficult to treat and lead to significant disability. Treatment guidelines for the management of chronic hives have been published. According to the 2014 American practice parameters, treatment involves a stepwise approach. Step 1 consists of second generation, H1 receptor blocking antihistamines. Systemic glucocorticoids can also be used for episodes of severe disease but should not be used for long term due to their long list of side effects. Step 2 consists of increasing the dose of the current antihistamine, adding other antihistamines, or adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist such as montelukast. Step 3 consists of adding or replacing the current treatment with hydroxyzine or doxepin. If the individual doesn’t respond to steps 1-3 then they are considered to have refractory symptoms. At this point, anti-inflammatory medications (dapsone, sulfasalazine), immunosuppressants (cyclosporin, sirolimus) or other medications like omalizumab can be used. […] Omalizumab was approved by the FDA in 2014 for people with hives 12 years old and above with chronic hives. It is a monoclonal antibody directed against IgE. Significant improvement in pruritus and quality of life was observed in a phase III, multicenter, randomized control trial.

• #1 How to Treat Hives? | Thomson Medical

  https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/hives-treatment

  For mild hives, treatment typically involves antihistamines like diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or non-sedating options such as desloratadine (Clarinex), which won’t cause drowsiness. […] In more severe cases, oral corticosteroids like prednisone may be necessary, while topical corticosteroids are ineffective. […] If airway swelling occurs, an emergency injection of epinephrine (adrenaline) is required. […] In Singapore, the most common treatment for mild to moderate hives is a non-sedating antihistamine. These medications effectively relieve symptoms like itching, helping you find comfort and relief. […] If you have chronic hives, your dermatologist may prescribe an antihistamine for daily use to prevent outbreaks. […] Additional treatments for hives may include cortisones (for short-term use only because of side effects with long-term use), dapsone, an antibacterial, and other medicines that fight inflammation (redness and swelling). […] For some cases of hives or angioedema, you may need an injection of epinephrine (shot of adrenaline).

• #1 Patient education: Hives (urticaria) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hives-urticaria-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hives usually respond well to treatment, which includes medicines and avoiding whatever triggered the hives. […] Hives are treated with a combination of avoiding things that cause or worsen the hives, plus the use of medications. […] The first treatment for hives is to figure out what is triggering your hives and then avoid that trigger. […] Antihistamines are medicines that can relieve itching. Most people with hives respond to antihistamines. You may need a relatively high dose to control your symptoms. […] Oral steroids (glucocorticoids), such as prednisone, can help to relieve severe acute hives that do not get better with antihistamines. […] If your hives do not get better with the treatments discussed above, other treatments are available. One example is montelukast (brand name: Singulair), a medicine that helps with itching and hives in some people when used together with antihistamines. […] Omalizumab is a treatment for very difficult-to-control hives and is given by specialists. It is given as a monthly injection.

• #1 Hives: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8630-hives

  Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, can relieve hive symptoms that dont respond to antihistamines or topical steroids. […] Severe acute allergic reactions can lead to a life-threatening condition called anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is life-threatening and anyone having this kind of reaction needs an immediate epinephrine injection (EpiPen) to open a swollen airway. […] Your healthcare provider can use the results of allergy tests to help you figure out which substances bring on acute hives. Once you know your triggers, you can avoid them. […] It may not be possible to prevent chronic hives. Your provider may not be able to find exactly what causes them. They may also be a part of a bigger medical condition that affects your immune system. […] For some people, allergic reactions like angioedema can cause anaphylaxis severe swelling of the airways and lungs. If you have this life-threatening condition, you should carry and know when and how to use injectable epinephrine (EpiPen). […] Hives usually go away after a few days to a few weeks. However, chronic hives can last much longer than that. It may take months, or longer, for chronic hives to go away.

• #1 How to Get Rid of Hives: Natural Remedies and Medications

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-disorders/how-to-get-rid-of-hives

  You may be able to relieve hives with home remedies such as aloe vera and an oatmeal bath Over-the-counter treatments may also help. A doctor may need to treat severe or chronic hives. […] If home remedies arent relieving your symptoms, you may want to try natural solutions. […] Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments may help relieve your symptoms of hives. Not only can OTC options relieve itching and irritation, but some can also target your bodys histamine response, which is what causes hives. […] If youre experiencing severe or chronic hives, you may need prescription medication. Talk with a doctor about your symptoms and how you can best find relief. […] Doctors may recommend medical treatments for chronic or severe hives. These can include prednisone (Deltasone), omalizumab (Xolair), and dapsone (Aczone). […] Speak with a doctor if hives symptoms do not resolve within a few days or if they keep coming back. Seek immediate medical help if you experience symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as breathing difficulties, swelling, and dizziness.

• #1 Hives: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8630-hives

  Hives, a skin rash thats often very itchy, often results from an allergic reaction to food or something youve touched. Treatments may include antihistamines or steroids. […] Most of the time, hives go away without treatment. Your healthcare provider might recommend medications and at-home care to help you feel better and lower your chances of having hives again. Treatments include: […] Medicines called antihistamines block histamines effects. They can be taken orally (swallow a pill) or topically (put on the affected skin). Antihistamines relieve itching from hives and make allergic reactions go away or become less severe. […] For hard-to-treat chronic hives, your healthcare provider may discuss monthly injections of drugs that block allergic reactions. […] To relieve hives, you can take a cool bath or shower, wear loose-fitting clothing and apply cold compresses. An over-the-counter (OTC) hydrocortisone or antihistamine cream can relieve itching and swelling.

• #1 Urticaria, Hives Allergy and Treatment – Allergy London

  https://www.allergylondon.com/conditions/urticaria/

  Urticaria in some cases can pass fairly quickly, e.g. after a few days or weeks, so it is important to be patient. […] Use of steroid or antihistamine creams on the skin is unlikely to be helpful. […] It is also important to recognise that if urticaria is ongoing, an allergy such as to a food is extremely unlikely to be the cause and therefore dietary eliminations are not recommended. […] However, consumption of alcohol or use of certain anti-inflammatory painkiller medications, e.g. Ibuprofen or Aspirin may exacerbate symptoms in a minority of individuals.

• #1 Effective ways to get rid of hives

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320268

  Home remedies and medications can help treat hives quickly and effectively. Examples include cold compresses, aloe vera, antihistamines, and more. […] While the symptoms of hives can be very irritating, there are many ways to treat, soothe, and get rid of them. […] Effective home remedies to treat hives include: Applying a cold compress: A person can apply a cool, damp cloth to the affected area. This can provide relief from itchiness and help reduce inflammation. A person can use a cold compress as often as necessary. […] Bathing in an anti-itch solution: Oatmeal and baking soda baths can soothe skin and reduce irritation. Adding witch hazel to a bath is another effective home remedy. […] Applying aloe vera: The healing properties of aloe vera may soothe and reduce hives. However, it is best to do a patch test before applying aloe vera to a wider area.

• #1 Hives Care for Children and Adults | UPMC in Central Pa.

  https://www.upmc.com/services/south-central-pa/allergy-asthma-immunology/allergies/hives

  The allergy specialists at UPMC in central Pa. provide diagnostic testing and treatment for acute and chronic hives in children and adults. […] Whether you are experiencing chronic or acute hives, our specialists will provide comprehensive care to find the cause of your hives and rule out other health conditions. We offer a full range of diagnostic and treatment services, including: […] Skin testing for acute hives. Skin testing, also called scratch testing, exposes your skin to small amounts of allergy-causing substances (allergens) and can identify the cause of acute hives. […] Blood tests for chronic hives. Blood tests measure the amount of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in your blood that are specific to certain allergens. […] Some medications may be able to help treat or prevent hives, but may not be suitable if your hives are related to a severe or life-threatening allergy.

• #1 Hives and angioedema – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hives-and-angioedema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354914

  A nonprescription oral antihistamine, such as loratadine (Alavert, Claritin, others), cetirizine (Zyrtec Allergy, others) or diphenhydramine (Benadryl Allergy, others), may help relieve itching. […] Covering the affected area with a cold washcloth or rubbing an ice cube over it for a few minutes can help soothe the skin and prevent scratching. […] Find relief from itching in a cool shower or bath. […] You’re likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a skin disease specialist (dermatologist) or to an allergy specialist. […] For hives and angioedema, questions you may want to ask include: What is likely causing my symptoms? […] Do I need prescription medication, or can I use nonprescription medications to treat the condition? […] Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: Have you tried a new food for the first time, changed laundry products or adopted a new pet? […] What at-home treatments have you used?

• #1 Effective ways to get rid of hives

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320268

  A person should always speak to a doctor if hives are affecting their quality of life. […] Ways of treating hives naturally include: avoiding scratching, applying a cool compress, bathing in lukewarm water with colloidal oatmeal, wearing loose, cotton clothing, avoiding soaps with fragrances or strong chemicals, applying aloe vera. […] A cool compress may offer immediate relief from discomfort, but topical medicines may be more effective. Ask a pharmacist about over-the-counter options. […] Hive can result from allergic or non-allergic causes. Home remedies and medications can often reduce symptoms. […] People with severe hives may have a risk of further complications. A person should seek medical advice if symptoms are severe, ongoing, or affect their quality of life.

• #1 How to Treat Hives

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hives/treatment/

  And dont be tempted to try topical therapies, either. […] One of the most important steps in managing hives is resisting the urge to scratch that itch. […] Moisturizing the skin may have a cooling effect even more so if you chill the moisturizer in the fridge first. […] If you have only one outbreak of hives and you dont have breathing difficulties, you probably dont need medical attention. […] Yet if you continue to get multiple bouts of hives that continue after a couple of weeks, you may want to call a doctor. […] Most often, the hives will resolve during this time or youll figure out whats causing them. […] But hives that continue for weeks warrant a trip to a specialist, such as a dermatologist or an allergist. […] Doctors usually prescribe antihistamines as the first course of treatment for hives.

• #1 What is Chronic Urticaria? – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/chronic-urticaria/

  If antihistamines alone do not help your chronic hives, your doctor may recommend you combine it with other medications. […] Omalizumab (Xolair) is a biologic medication used to treat chronic hives. […] When chronic urticaria symptoms do not respond to antihistamines or omalizumab, then your doctor may recommend cyclosporine as the next step. […] Light therapy, also known as phototherapy, is a treatment option for very severe hives. […] The best treatment is the one that is most effective in reducing or eliminating hives and controlling the itch. […] Home remedies that can be used to treat hives include the following: Apply a cool cloth to the area of the hives or take a cool bath. […] Discuss any home remedies with your doctor first to make sure its safe for you. […] One way is to learn what triggers your chronic urticaria and try to avoid them.

• #1 Hives (Urticaria): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/hives-inducible-urticaria

  Hives treatment includes avoiding the trigger (where possible), and using antihistamines. […] Often no treatment is necessary, as the rash commonly goes within 24-48 hours. A cool bath or shower may ease the itch. Calamine lotion or menthol 1% in aqueous cream can help with itching, although if it is left on for too long the itch may come back. […] Many types of hives are helped by taking antihistamine medicines. Antihistamines block the action of histamine which is involved in causing hives. […] A doctor may advise doses which are higher than the usual recommended dose in order to control the rash. […] Occasionally for severe flare-ups of hives, a course of prednisolone tablets taken for a week may be helpful, but the benefits have to be weighed up against the risks. […] Someone with severe episodes of hives may be referred to a specialist. […] Omalizumab is a newer medication which acts against autoantibodies produced by the body’s own immune system. […] Treatment with ultraviolet light (phototherapy) can cause an improvement in symptoms but, unfortunately, this may only last for a few months.

• #1 Acute Urticaria Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapies, Nonpharmacologic Therapies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137362-treatment

  Identify the etiology of the acute urticaria if possible. If an inciting agent can be identified, instruct the patient to avoid it. The major goal is to control the severity of acute urticaria lesions until the process resolves over 46 weeks. […] Inpatient therapy may be required rarely if the urticaria is severe and does not respond to antihistamine therapy, or if the patient’s condition progresses to laryngeal angioedema and/or anaphylactic shock. […] Second-generation H1-antihistamines are recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic urticaria. If the patient does not respond to this treatment, guidelines recommend increasing the dosage up to four times. Omalizumab is recommended for patients who remain unresponsive to antihistamines after the dose is increased. Ciclosporin is recommended for those who remain unresponsive to both antihistamines and omalizumab.

• #1 Hives (Urticaria) Condition, Treatments and Pictures for Adults – Skinsight

  https://skinsight.com/skin-conditions/urticaria-hives/

  Hives can be considered acute (new or periodic episodes lasting less than 6 weeks) or chronic (periodic episodes lasting more than 6 weeks). […] The best treatment for hives is to discover any triggers and stop your exposure to them. However, most people with hives do not know the cause and require medications to get rid of them. […] The most common medications for hives include: Non-sleep-causing (nonsedating) antihistamines such as loratadine (Claritin), fexofenadine (Allegra), desloratadine (Clarinex, Aerius), or cetirizine (Zyrtec). […] In rare instances, your medical professional might prescribe oral corticosteroid pills (a steroid). Other classes of oral or injectable medications may be prescribed for recurrent hives that do not respond to these measures.

• #1 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Current guidelines suggest a stepwise approach to treating chronic idiopathic urticaria. As with acute urticaria, the first step is second-generation H1 antihistamines. For improved symptom control, the medication should be dosed daily, rather than on an as-needed basis. If symptomatic control is still not achieved, the third step is addition and titration of high-potency antihistamines as tolerated, such as hydroxyzine or the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin. The fourth step is referral to a subspecialist for use of immunomodulatory agents. The two agents with the most robust data are omalizumab (Xolair) and cyclosporine.

• #1 What is the treatment for hives?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/hives-urticaria/what-is-the-treatment-for-hives

  Prescribed immune system suppressant medications (for the relief of an overactive immune system or where antihistamines and anti-inflammatory medications are proving ineffective) […] For chronic hives, a doctor may: Recommend antihistamines […] Prescribe corticosteroid medications (oral) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories […] Prescribe antibiotics to treat swelling and inflammation […] For severe hives and angioedema, a doctor may: Administer an injection of adrenaline (epinephrine) often used in an emergency situation […] Prescribe cortisone medication […] Prescribe blood protein controller medications to help with regulation and alleviate symptoms […] Solar hives (urticaria) often resolves on its own, but can be treated with: Medications such as corticosteroids and some used to treat asthma or hydroxychloroquine (an antimalarial drug)

• #1 Effective ways to get rid of hives

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320268

  In more severe cases of hives, medical treatment may be preferable. Some over-the-counter options include: antihistamines to reduce itchiness, steroid tablets, such as prednisone, calamine lotion, diphenhydramine, such as Benadryl. […] People with more severe and persistent hives may need to see a dermatologist. […] A person should see a doctor if: symptoms last more than a few days, symptoms worsen over time, the rash is painful or leaves a bruise, symptoms interfere with daily life, they experience dizziness. […] A doctor will examine the rash and ask questions to determine the cause. Doctors may also use blood and allergy tests to rule out specific causes. […] Hives are usually treatable and do not cause complications on their own. However, in more severe cases, angioedema may occur.

• #1 10 ways to get relief from chronic hives

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-chronic-relief

  Tell your dermatologist if treatment fails to work. If you are following your treatment plan exactly as instructed, you may still have flare-ups. Hives can be stubborn, but treatment can still work. To give you relief, your dermatologist may: […] Before changing your treatment plan, be sure youve followed the original treatment plan. […] Understand that extensive allergy testing often does not find a specific cause or allergen. Many people believe that their hives would go away if they could just find out whats causing the flare-ups. Even when the cause remains unknown, treatment can clear your skin and keep it clear. […] Know that chronic hives may go away on their own. About half the people who have chronic hives will stop having flare-ups within 1 year.

• #1 Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview

  If non-sedating antihistamines are not effective, a 4 to 5-day course of oral prednisone (prednisolone) may be warranted in severe acute urticaria. […] Patients with chronic urticaria that has failed to respond to maximum-dose second-generation oral antihistamines taken for four weeks should be referred to a dermatologist, immunologist or medical allergy specialist. […] There is good evidence to support treatment with omalizumab or ciclosporin, which each have a 65% response rate in antihistamine-resistant patients. […] The effectiveness of treatment can be objectively monitored using urticaria control test. Patients are asked to score the physical symptoms of urticaria they have experienced in the previous four weeks, quality of life affected by urticaria, how often treatment was not enough to control symptoms, and overall control of urticaria.

• #1 Hives

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hives/

  Hives rashes usually get better within a few days. You can often treat hives yourself. […] A pharmacist can give you advice about antihistamine treatment to help a hives rash. […] A GP might prescribe menthol cream, antihistamines or steroid tablets. […] If hives does not go away with treatment, you may be referred to a skin specialist (dermatologist).

• #1 Hives (Chronic Urticaria)

  https://www.massgeneral.org/medicine/allergy/treatments-and-services/hives

  Although some cases of hives have no known cause, our allergy specialists are skilled in tailoring treatment plans for patients who experience such hives-related conditions. Additionally, we diagnose and manage care for patients when hives appear together with other problems (e.g. joint pain or weight loss) that may signal an underlying and potentially serious autoimmune disorder.

• #1 Hives (Urticaria) and Angioedema Overview

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/hives-(urticaria)-and-angioedema-overview

  Corticosteroids, such as prednisone or prednisolone may help hives. These are not an ideal treatment for long-term use but may have a role to relieve severe symptoms for a few days. Your doctor will outline a treatment plan that allows you to increase treatment during an outbreak of hives or swelling and reduce medications when the hives or angioedema are not as bothersome. Chronic hives can last for many years but will often go away. Hives will resolve in half of patients within 1-2 years and 80-90% of patients will improve within 5 years. Even if a patients hives improve, it is not unusual to see the hives recur months to years later.

• #1 What is Chronic Urticaria? – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/chronic-urticaria/

  Chronic urticaria is a frustrating and uncomfortable condition. But thankfully its not a life-threatening condition. Treatment with antihistamines or other medications will usually clear up symptoms. […] About 30-40% of chronic urticaria cases are related to an autoimmune condition and can be considered autoimmune urticaria. […] If your chronic urticaria symptoms are severe enough, they you may qualify for a disability and you may be eligible for benefits.

• #1 10 ways to get relief from chronic hives

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-chronic-relief

  Make an appointment to see a board-certified dermatologist. Most people who have hives are otherwise healthy, but its still helpful to see a dermatologist. Other skin conditions can look like hives. Your dermatologist can find or rule out possible causes, such as: […] Find out how two dermatologists treat patients who have a condition called chronic spontaneous urticaria (hives flare-ups continue for 6 weeks or longer). […] Know that treatment can be effective when the cause(s) of your hives remains unknown. Its helpful to find out whats causing your hives, but sometimes, a cause cannot be found. About 50% of people who have chronic hives never find out whats causing their flare-ups. Even when you cannot find the cause, treatment can help you clear your skin and prevent new flare-ups. […] Follow your treatment plan. For treatment to be effective, its essential to follow the treatment plan your dermatologist creates for you. Treatment may fail to work when you take medication less often than prescribed. For example, if your dermatologist prescribes a daily oral antihistamine and you only take it when you have a flare-up, you may continue to get hives.

• #1 Acute Urticaria Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapies, Nonpharmacologic Therapies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137362-treatment

  The long-term use of systemic corticosteroids in chronic urticaria is not recommended, although a short course may be considered for patients with acute exacerbation of their symptoms. […] Antihistamines are the primary agents used to treat urticaria. The older, first-generation H1 antagonists (eg, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine) are effective in reducing the lesions and pruritus but can produce a number of adverse effects, such as drowsiness, anticholinergic effects, and cognitive effects, which may continue until the next day. […] According to the EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO management guideline, first-generation sedating antihistamines should no longer be used as the first choice therapy except where second-generation antihistamines are not available or where their benefits outweigh their risks.

• #1 Urticaria Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Consultations, Prevention of Urticaria

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/762917-treatment

  Glucocorticoids stabilize mast cell membranes and inhibit further histamine release. […] Control of chronic urticaria may be achieved with omalizumab, although anaphylaxis and angioedema are potential risks. […] Topical therapy with 5% doxepin cream (Zonalon) or capsaicin may also be used in refractory cases. […] Patients with chronic or recurrent urticaria should be referred to a dermatologist or allergist for further evaluation and management.

• #2 Hives: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8630-hives

  Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, can relieve hive symptoms that dont respond to antihistamines or topical steroids. […] Severe acute allergic reactions can lead to a life-threatening condition called anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is life-threatening and anyone having this kind of reaction needs an immediate epinephrine injection (EpiPen) to open a swollen airway. […] Your healthcare provider can use the results of allergy tests to help you figure out which substances bring on acute hives. Once you know your triggers, you can avoid them. […] It may not be possible to prevent chronic hives. Your provider may not be able to find exactly what causes them. They may also be a part of a bigger medical condition that affects your immune system. […] For some people, allergic reactions like angioedema can cause anaphylaxis severe swelling of the airways and lungs. If you have this life-threatening condition, you should carry and know when and how to use injectable epinephrine (EpiPen). […] Hives usually go away after a few days to a few weeks. However, chronic hives can last much longer than that. It may take months, or longer, for chronic hives to go away.

• #2 Chronic hives – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352723

  To diagnose chronic hives, your healthcare professional will likely talk with you about your symptoms and look at your skin. […] An accurate diagnosis will guide your treatment. […] Treatment for chronic hives often starts with nonprescription anti-itch medicines, called antihistamines. If these don’t help, your healthcare professional might suggest that you try one or more prescription-strength medicines. […] For chronic hives that resist these treatments, your healthcare professional might prescribe a medicine that can calm an overactive immune system. […] Here are some tips to help you get ready for your appointment. […] What treatments are available, and which do you suggest? […] Do I need prescription medicine, or can I use nonprescription medicine to treat the condition? […] Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you a few questions, such as: […] What at-home treatments have you used?

• #2 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  The mainstay of treatment is avoidance of identified triggers. It is also recommended that patients avoid using aspirin, alcohol, and NSAIDs, as well as avoid wearing tight clothing, because these may worsen symptoms. If trigger avoidance is impossible, no trigger is identified, or symptom relief is needed despite trigger avoidance, H1-antihistamines are first-line pharmacotherapy. Second-generation H1 antihistamines such as loratadine (Claritin), desloratadine (Clarinex), fexofenadine (Allegra), cetirizine (Zyrtec), and levocetirizine (Xyzal) are relatively nonsedating at standard dosages and are dosed once per day. […] Second-generation H1 antihistamines are first-line medication for the treatment of acute urticaria. In some cases, they may be titrated to two or even four times the normal dose to control symptoms. If symptoms are not sufficiently controlled with second-generation H1 antihistamines, H2 antihistamines such as cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), and ranitidine (Zantac) may be added. In severe cases, corticosteroids such as prednisone or prednisolone (0.5 to 1 mg per kg per day) may be added for three to 10 days to control symptoms.

• #2 Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0501/p1078.html

  Urticaria involves intensely pruritic, raised wheals, with or without edema of the deeper cutis. […] Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, although these can be identified in only 10 to 20 percent of patients with chronic urticaria. First-line pharmacotherapy for acute and chronic urticaria is nonsedating second-generation antihistamines (histamine H1 blockers), which can be titrated to larger than standard doses. […] Nonsedating antihistamines are the first-line treatment of urticaria and may be titrated to two to four times their normal dose, if necessary. […] Second-generation antihistamines are considered first-line therapy. For better symptom control, the medication should be dosed daily, rather than on an as-needed basis. […] If symptoms remain uncontrolled, there are several options. The patient can be switched to a different second-generation H1 blocker and titrated as necessary.

• #2 Hives: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-treatment

  When treating hives, the goals are to: Control the itch, Prevent new hives (existing hives go away on their own), Avoid what’s causing the hives (when known). […] When an antihistamine alone fails to clear hives, this treatment may be an option. […] When antihistamines fail to work, your dermatologist may prescribe this medication. It works throughout the body to calm your immune system, which can prevent your body from overreacting and producing hives. […] If your dermatologist prescribes omalizumab, you will inject it just under your skin. […] If antihistamines fail to control hives, this may be an alternative treatment. Doxepin is an antidepressant medication that has strong antihistamine properties. […] This medication can calm the immune system. By doing this, it can prevent new hives. Existing hives clear on their own. […] If your hives are caused by something physical like cold, heat, or pressure on your skin, your dermatologist may recommend this treatment. […] A treatment plan often works best when you follow these dermatologists at-home tips.

• #2 Acute Urticaria Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapies, Nonpharmacologic Therapies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/137362-treatment

  The long-term use of systemic corticosteroids in chronic urticaria is not recommended, although a short course may be considered for patients with acute exacerbation of their symptoms. […] Antihistamines are the primary agents used to treat urticaria. The older, first-generation H1 antagonists (eg, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine) are effective in reducing the lesions and pruritus but can produce a number of adverse effects, such as drowsiness, anticholinergic effects, and cognitive effects, which may continue until the next day. […] According to the EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO management guideline, first-generation sedating antihistamines should no longer be used as the first choice therapy except where second-generation antihistamines are not available or where their benefits outweigh their risks.

• #2 Using Xolair® (omalizumab) For Chronic Hives Treatment

  https://www.xolair.com/chronic-spontaneous-urticaria.html

  For people 12 years of age and older with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) not controlled by H1 antihistamines. […] XOLAIR is the first FDA-approved biologic treatment for chronic hives with no known trigger. […] XOLAIR can help provide relief for itch and hives symptoms of CSU. […] XOLAIR targets IgE, which attaches to mast cells. Mast cells play an important role in CSU by releasing inflammatory substances, and inflammation is thought to play a role in CSU. […] XOLAIR (omalizumab) for subcutaneous use is an injectable prescription medicine used to treat chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU, previously referred to as chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU), chronic hives without a known cause) in people 12 years of age and older who continue to have hives that are not controlled with H1 antihistamine treatment.

• #2 Using Xolair® (omalizumab) For Chronic Hives Treatment

  https://www.xolair.com/chronic-spontaneous-urticaria.html

  XOLAIR should be given by your healthcare provider in a healthcare setting. […] XOLAIR is given in 1 or more injections under the skin (subcutaneous), 1 time every 4 weeks. […] The most common side effects of XOLAIR in people with chronic spontaneous urticaria: nausea, headaches, swelling of the inside of your nose, throat or sinuses, cough, joint pain, and upper respiratory tract infection.

• #2 Hives (Urticaria): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/hives-urticaria-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Where chronic hives develop from an autoimmune disease, hydroxychloroquine, an antimalaria drug, is prescribed for three or more months. […] It is an immunosuppressant drug used to treat chronic hives. It can have serious side effects when taken for too long. […] In addition to medical treatments, you can try home remedies to soothe inflammation and ease hives symptoms. […] To lower the incidence of hives, you must avoid the known triggers that cause them. […] The best way to treat allergic reactions is to identify the triggers and take steps to prevent them. […] Our allergists at Houston ENT Allergy are committed to understanding your concerns and offering tailor-made treatments to treat your hive-related allergy issues.

• #2 Hives (Urticaria) and Angioedema Overview

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/hives-(urticaria)-and-angioedema-overview

  Corticosteroids, such as prednisone or prednisolone may help hives. These are not an ideal treatment for long-term use but may have a role to relieve severe symptoms for a few days. Your doctor will outline a treatment plan that allows you to increase treatment during an outbreak of hives or swelling and reduce medications when the hives or angioedema are not as bothersome. Chronic hives can last for many years but will often go away. Hives will resolve in half of patients within 1-2 years and 80-90% of patients will improve within 5 years. Even if a patients hives improve, it is not unusual to see the hives recur months to years later.

• #3 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Current guidelines suggest a stepwise approach to treating chronic idiopathic urticaria. As with acute urticaria, the first step is second-generation H1 antihistamines. For improved symptom control, the medication should be dosed daily, rather than on an as-needed basis. If symptomatic control is still not achieved, the third step is addition and titration of high-potency antihistamines as tolerated, such as hydroxyzine or the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin. The fourth step is referral to a subspecialist for use of immunomodulatory agents. The two agents with the most robust data are omalizumab (Xolair) and cyclosporine.

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