Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, prevention methods, and risk factors of foot blisters in French trail ultramarathons – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37166255/

  Blisters are a common running injury and are known to limit runners’ performance. It would therefore be useful to describe more clearly blister epidemiology, blister prevention methods, and risk factors of blister development. […] Sixty-one percent (N.=329) of runners applied blister prevention methods before the start of the race and 29% (N.=155) reported blisters at the end of the race. […] Having a history of blisters in the past is strongly associated with blisters onset OR=15.950 (9.135-29.640; P0.0001). […] Having a history of previous blisters is a major risk factor for blister occurrence, while running shorter distances seems protective.

• #1 Friction Blisters: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1087613-overview

  During the first Iraqi War, the prevalence of foot friction blisters among American troops was 33%, of which 11% required medical care. […] No known predilection is reported for any particular race. […] No known predilection is described for either sex. Women aged 26-34 years who are unable to break in their boots and have a past history of blisters, were the most likely to develop friction blisters among American troops during the first Iraqi War. […] No known predilection is apparent for any age group.

• #1 Fracture blisters

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fracture-blister

  Fracture blisters complicate approximately 3% of fractures that require hospital treatment. […] Once a blister appears, management includes good wound care and surveillance for secondary bacterial infection.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004149900125

  The aim of the present investigation was to identify the frequency and grading of pressure sores in a large series of unselected consecutive deceased subjects before cremation and to discuss aspects of the forensic argumentation concerning causality. […] Epidemiological aspects (e.g. age, sex, underlying and contributing causes of death, place of death etc.) were taken from the death certificate. […] The mean prevalence of pressure sores was 11.2% (87.1% isolated sores; predominant localization of advanced grades on the sacrum in 69.6%). […] A significant correlation was found between the prevalence of pressure sores and certain underlying diseases, e.g. trauma, senile dementia, neurological diseases, apoplexy and marasmus. […] Pressure sores of all grades were more frequently found in the deceased when a senior citizens or nursing home was given on the death certificate as the domicile in the last period of life. […] From the point of view of social medicine, the prevalence of pressure sores in a defined population can be seen as a parameter for the quality of nursing and medical care.

• #1 Risk Factors of Foot Blisters Formation among Arbaeen Pilgrims: An Observational Study

  https://www.traumamon.com/article_217415.html

  The type of foot covering and the distance walked were significantly associated with the number of foot blisters (P-value0.05). […] However, no association was found between underlying diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and thyroid dysfunction and the risk of foot blisters (P-value0.05). […] Women were found to be at a higher risk of developing foot blisters (P-value0.05). […] The study concluded that proper footwear and regular foot care are essential to prevent foot blisters during the Arbaeen pilgrimage.

• #1 Influence of an antiperspirant on foot blister incidence during cross-country hiking – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9704829/

  Rubbing moist skin results in higher frictional forces than rubbing very dry skin. As friction increases, the probability of activity-related blisters also increases. Therefore reducing moisture may reduce blister incidence during physical activity. […] A 20% solution of aluminum chloride hexahydrate in anhydrous ethyl alcohol may be effective in reducing foot blisters during hiking; however, the side effect of skin irritation should be considered and preventive measures studied to reduce this irritation.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00007256-199520030-00002

  Blisters occur frequently, especially in vigorously active populations. […] Considering the pervasive nature of friction blisters, there is a substantial amount of basic and applied research that remains to be performed, especially in the areas of prevention and treatment. […] Clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of various blister treatment methods. […] There is some evidence that foot blister incidence can be reduced by closed cell neoprene insoles. […] More vigorous activity and the carrying of heavy loads during locomotion both appear to increase the likelihood of foot blisters. […] Clinical experience suggests draining intact blisters and maintaining the blister roof results in the least patient discomfort and may reduce the possibility of secondary infection. […] Antiperspirants with emollients and drying powders applied to the foot do not appear to decrease the probability of friction blisters.

• #1 Bullous pemphigoid – A blistering problem

  https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUArticles/March2019/Bullous%20pemphigoid%20blistering%20problem.htm

  Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering skin disease that mainly affects the elderly. […] Most cases of bullous pemphigoid occur in individuals aged over 60 years. […] Bullous pemphigoid is usually a self-limiting disease with a clinical course that may last from months to years. […] In New Zealand, between 1965 and 2018, the Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring (CARM) received 20 reports of pemphigoid reactions suspected to be caused by a medicine. […] There were no reports of pemphigoid reactions associated with DPP-4 inhibitors.

• #1 Bullous pemphigoid – A blistering problem

  https://medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUArticles/March2019/Bullous%20pemphigoid%20blistering%20problem.htm

  Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering skin disease that mainly affects the elderly. […] Most cases of bullous pemphigoid occur in individuals aged over 60 years. […] Bullous pemphigoid is usually a self-limiting disease with a clinical course that may last from months to years. […] In New Zealand, between 1965 and 2018, the Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring (CARM) received 20 reports of pemphigoid reactions suspected to be caused by a medicine. […] There were no reports of pemphigoid reactions associated with DPP-4 inhibitors. […] The risk of bullous pemphigoid is increased with advanced age, certain HLA associations, indicating a genetic predisposition, exposure to some medicines, and comorbidities such as neurological disease, psoriasis, cancer, and skin infection.

• #1 Bullous Pemphigoid: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1062391-overview

  Bullous pemphigoid is uncommon, and its precise frequency has not been definitively established. […] In Europe, bullous pemphigoid has been identified as the most common subepidermal autoimmune blistering disease. In France and Germany, the reported incidence is 6.6 cases per million people per year. In a population-based cohort study from the United Kingdom, the incidence of bullous pemphigoid was found to be 4.3 cases per 100,000 person-years. […] Bullous pemphigoid primarily affects elderly individuals in the fifth through seventh decades of life (average age at onset, 65 y). Bullous pemphigoid of childhood onset has been reported in the literature. It has been suggested that the childhood-onset form may be more self-limited. […] The incidence of bullous pemphigoid appears to be equal in men and women. […] No racial predilection is apparent.

• #1

  https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/cebd/projects/blistering-diseases/epidemiology-of-bullous-pemphigoid.aspx

  We aimed to improve our understanding of the people affected by bullous pemphigoid in England 1998-2017. Bullous pemphigoid most commonly affects older people, particularly older men. Over the last two decades, we found that slightly more people are being diagnosed with bullous pemphigoid each year. Those with bullous pemphigoid were more likely to die early than those without the disease. […] Understanding who is affected, how many are affected, and the consequences of bullous pemphigoid is important, but hasnt been looked at in the UK in over a decade. […] We determined the number of people being diagnosed for the first time each year (incidence) and the number of people living with bullous pemphigoid each year (prevalence). […] Every year, about 8 people in every 100,000 are diagnosed with bullous pemphigoid for the first time. This number has been rising slowly over the last two decades. Bullous pemphigoid more commonly affects older people, particularly older men. In 2017, about 50 in every 100,000 adults were living with bullous pemphigoid.

• #1 Autoimmune blistering diseases – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/autoimmune-blistering-diseases/

  Autoimmune blistering diseases are skin conditions characterized by the formation of blisters due to autoimmune destruction of cellular or extracellular adhesion molecules. […] The most common autoimmune blistering disease is bullous pemphigoid, which is a chronic, relapsing-remitting disease that primarily affects older adults. […] Epidemiology: Peak incidence: 70 years of age. […] Most common in individuals of northern European ancestry. […] In bullous pemphigoid, antibodies attack the hemidesmosomes located below the epidermis. […] Dermatitis herpetiformis is considered a cutaneous manifestation of celiac disease and is associated with several autoimmune disorders and certain malignancies. […] Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA): Epidemiology: onset in adulthood (usually 40-60 years of age). […] Mucous membrane pemphigoid: Epidemiology: most frequently affects elderly individuals.

• #1

  https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/cebd/projects/blistering-diseases/epidemiology-of-bullous-pemphigoid.aspx

  People with bullous pemphigoid were more likely to die than similar people without the disease three times more likely in the first two years after being diagnosed, and then 50% more likely following this. […] This study has improved our understanding of bullous pemphigoid in England. Importantly, we have shown that bullous pemphigoid is more common in older people than what was previously thought and that it continues to be life-limiting. We hope that increased awareness of the disease and its associated mortality will improve the diagnosis and management of patients in the future.

• #1 Epidermolysis bullosa | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/epidermolysis-bullosa?lang=us

  Mild disease is observed in 1 in every 50,000 births, whilst severe disease is around 10 times rarer, affecting roughly 1 in every 500,000 individuals. […] Epidermolysis bullosa refers to a rare group of genetically determined conditions characterized by blistering of the skin.

• #1 Epidermolysis bullosa – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa

  An estimated 20 per million live births are diagnosed with EB, and 9 per million people in the general population have the condition. Of these cases, approximately 92% are EBS, 5% are DEB, 1% are JEB, and 2% are unclassified. Carrier frequency ranges from 1 in 333 for JEB, to 1 in 450 for DEB; the carrier frequency for EBS is presumed to be much higher than JEB or DEB. […] The disorder occurs in every racial and ethnic group and affects both sexes. […] The Epidermolysis Bullosa Disease Activity and Scarring index (EBDASI) is a scoring system that objectively quantifies the severity of EB. The EBDASI is a tool for clinicians and patients to monitor the severity of the disease. It has also been designed to evaluate the response to new therapies for the treatment of EB.

• #1 Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/dystrophic-epidermolysis-bullosa/

  Considered together, the prevalence of recessive and dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is estimated to be 3.3 per million people. […] Fine JD. Epidemiology of Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa Based on Incidence and Prevalence Estimates From the National Epidermolysis Bullosa Registry. JAMA Dermatol. 2016 Nov 1;152(11):1231-1238. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.2473. Citation on PubMed

• #1 Junctional epidermolysis bullosa: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/junctional-epidermolysis-bullosa/

  Both types of junctional epidermolysis bullosa are rare, together affecting approximately 3 per million people per year in the United States. […] Junctional epidermolysis bullosa most commonly results from mutations in the LAMA3, LAMB3, LAMC2, and COL17A1 genes. […] Very rarely, junctional epidermolysis bullosa is caused by mutations in another gene that provides instructions for making a different protein that helps attach the top layer of skin to underlying layers. […] Both types of junctional epidermolysis bullosa are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations.

• #1 The epidemiology of autoimmune bullous diseases in Sudan between 2000 and 2016 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0254634

  The epidemiology of autoimmune bullous diseases vary in their clinico-epidemiological features and burden across populations. […] Data about these diseases was lacking in Sudan. We aimed to describe the epidemiological profile and to estimate the burden of autoimmune bullous diseases in Sudan. […] The estimated annual rate of AIBDs at KDVTH was 57.7 cases per year which represented 1.3 per 100,000 population per year. […] This study highlights the high burden of AIBDs in Sudan. […] The rate of AIBDs at KDVTH that we found was higher than what was reported in Malaysia, China, Kuwait, Germany, Romania, and Tunisia; it was only lower than the findings in Iran which is exceptionally characterized by a high prevalence of PV. […] Our study provided epidemiological data on the whole spectrum of AIBDs in Sudan.

• #1 The epidemiology of autoimmune bullous diseases in Sudan between 2000 and 2016 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0254634

  The large number of patients with AIBDs in Sudan necessitates future clinical trials and facilitates them at the same time. […] The high burden and the earlier onset of AIBDs have raised questions on the genetic and environmental factors pertinent to the Sudanese for further investigation. […] Our research has led us to conclude that AIBDs represent an undeniable health problem to the Sudanese.

• #1 Mpox | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/monkeypox-mpox

  For live information on the case numbers for mpox in Australia, visit the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) webpage. […] Since May 2022, there has been a global increase in mpox infections in multiple countries where the illness is not usually seen. Mpox was first reported in Australia May 2022. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 14 August 2024. Mpox was previously declared a PHEIC on 23 July 2022. […] States and territories will continue to manage the risk of mpox in line with local arrangements, and people should remain vigilant and aware of mpox symptoms. […] Monkeypox virus infection – Surveillance case definition. […] A person with mpox is thought to be infectious from up to 4 days before they develop any symptoms until all scabs have healed and a fresh layer of skin has formed. This may take several weeks.

• #1

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/mpox

  In August 2024, the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared mpox a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security and a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, respectively. […] Joint ECDC-WHO/Europe mpox surveillance bulletin […] Surveillance and monitoring […] Epidemiological update […] Joint ECDC-WHO/Europe mpox surveillance bulletin […] Risk assessment for the EU/EEA of the mpox epidemic caused by monkeypox virus clade I in affected African countries […] Implications for the EU/EEA of the outbreak of mpox caused by Monkeypox virus clade I in the Democratic Republic of the Congo […] Description of the first global outbreak of mpox: an analysis of global surveillance data.

• #1

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/mpox

  Since May 2022 there have been 325 confirmed Mpox cases in BC: 190 cases in 2022, 20 in 2023, 96 in 2024, and 19 in 2025. […] On August 14, 2024, the World Health Organization declared that the increase in Mpox cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and parts of Africa is a public health emergency of international concern. […] Vaccination is strongly encouraged for those who are eligible to reduce the risk of getting sick with Mpox. […] Mpox typically spreads from person to person through close, personal, often skin-to-skin contact, including through: Direct contact with sores or an affected mucosal area of a person with Mpox. […] Mpox can be prevented by avoiding close contact with persons with symptoms consistent with Mpox, frequent washing of hands, covering coughs and sneezes and if at risk, get vaccinated.

• #1 Mpox | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/monkeypox-mpox

  Transmission between people can occur through: close contact with rashes, blisters or sores on the skin. […] People who are at risk of mpox include: People who have had close physical contact, including sexual contact, with an mpox case. […] For more information on infection prevention and control in health care settings, see the Australian Guidelines for the Prevention Control of Infection in Healthcare. […] Guidance on the use of treatments for mpox in Australia is available in the mpox treatment guidelines. […] For more information on vaccines against mpox, visit the Australian Immunisation Handbook and the ATAGI clinical guidance on the use of vaccines for prevention of mpox in 2024.

• #1 031 Injury surveillance at the 17/U & 19/U australian national netball championships and the effect of a foot blister prevention intervention | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/55/Suppl_1/A13.1

  Surveillance of incidence, site, nature and mechanisms of injury/illness at the 2018 2019 17/U 19/U Australian Netball National Championships (ANNC) and reduce injuries at the 2019 ANNCs. […] The blister prevention intervention reduced the number of foot blisters at the 2019 ANNCs (IRR 0.73 0.580.91, p=0.002). […] Blister prevention packs and advice reduced the number of foot blisters.

• #1 Entomological Surveillance and Cantharidin Concentrations in Mylabris variabilis and Epicauta rufidorsum Blister Beetles in Slovenia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/1/220

  Epicauta rufidorsum was identified as a possible source for forage contamination in the Mediterranean part of Slovenia. […] Cantharidin toxicosis is well documented in humans, birds, horses, and other mammals. […] Possible cantharidin toxicoses were reported in a small number of horses by local veterinarians in the Mediterranean part of Slovenia between the years 2010–2013. […] The objectives of this study were (1) to survey pastures in the affected region for the presence of Meloid beetles, (2) to conduct an observational sampling of blister beetles, and (3) to determine cantharidin concentrations in beetles that are the most likely source of poisoning. […] Entomological observations were carried out in the Mediterranean part of Slovenia for three years (2013–2016) in June, July, and August.

• #1

  https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/openlb/publication/OLB-PM-33477415

  True blister beetles (genus , family Meloidae) produce cantharidin, which can cause toxicosis in humans and animals. […] Some recent reports suggest that poisoning by the blister beetle has occurred in the Mediterranean part of Slovenia, which has never been reported before. […] A survey of fields associated with blister beetle contamination was conducted and the Meloid species present were identified. […] Entomological surveillance was conducted for and . […] Cantharidin concentrations were also measured in both blister beetle species. […] Both species exhibited variable concentrations of cantharidin that could not be associated with their biology, sex, age, size, and/or reproductive status. […] have never previously been studied as a possible source of forage contamination, nor have cantharidin concentrations been determined in this species.

• #1 When You See Blisters, Request Foreign Animal Disease Rule Out Testing — Sask Pork

  https://www.saskpork.com/news-articles/2024/5/8/when-you-see-blisters-request-foreign-animal-disease-rule-out-testing

  The manager of the Canada West Swine Health Intelligence Network is warning pork producers of the need to report pigs that display signs of having or having had blisters and request rule out testing for foreign animal disease. […] Last spring the identification of blisters on culled sows heading from Canada to the U.S. for slaughter, triggered a series of foreign animal disease investigations and prompted the USDA to halt the import of culled sows until foreign animal diseases, such as African Swine Fever and Foot and Mouth Disease, were ruled out. […] Dr. Christensen says blisters on pigs must be reported to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. […] (The) USDA have a lot of investigations that they needed to follow up on and so they started to push back and last summer we actually experienced quite a disruption to the cull sow flow from swine herds in Canada to assembly yards to slaughter in the U.S. and it took quite a bit of work from provincial governments, from CFIA, USDA and the assembly yards to come up with a surveillance plan and do extra surveillance to get the flow going again, she said. […] So, there’s still environmental samples taken to have monitoring going on especially at assembly yards to make sure that they control what ever is on the assembly yard.

• #1 Sacral blisters | MDedge Family Medicine

  https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/251210/dermatology/sacral-blisters

  Grouped vesicles on an erythematous base should prompt concern for herpes viruses including varicella zoster (VZV) and herpes simplex (HSV). […] There is an association of genital viral shedding even in the absence of lesions when sacral flaring manifests, and patients should be cautioned about sexual transmission or vertically transmitted perinatal infection in pregnant patients near term. […] Knowledge of the exact pathogen is helpful in counseling the patient about the potential for spread and the risk of recurrence.

• #1 Herpes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes

  Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 are between 60 and 95% in adults. […] An estimated 536 million people or 16% of the population worldwide were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and in those in the developing world. […] In the US, 58% of the population is infected with HSV-1 and 16% are infected with HSV-2. Among those HSV-2-seropositive, only 19% were aware they were infected. […] The annual incidence in Canada of genital herpes due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection is not known. […] In British Columbia in 1999, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 antibody in leftover serum submitted for antenatal testing revealed a prevalence of 17%. […] In Norway, a study published in 2000 found that up to 70-90% of genital initial infections were due to HSV-1. […] In Nova Scotia, 58% of 1,790 HSV isolates from genital lesion cultures in women were HSV-1; in men, 37% of 468 isolates were HSV-1.

• #1

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20140529/blistering-sunburns-in-adolescence-linked-with-80-higher-risk-for-melanoma

  The risk for developing melanoma is significantly linked with severe sunburns before age 20 years among young white women, according to recent findings. […] Specifically, the risk for onset of melanoma in adulthood was increased by 80% among those who suffered at least five blistering sunburns between the ages of 15 and 20 years. […] There was an increased risk for all three types of skin cancer in women who had experienced five or more blistering sunburns between the ages of 15 and 20 years. […] Further, the risk for melanoma was increased by 80% in this population. […] According to researcher Abrar A. Qureshi, MD, these findings highlight the importance of protecting against severe sunburns in childhood and adolescence. […] Preventing harmful UV exposure early in life plays a critical role in reducing the risks of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in the future, Mays said in a statement.

• #1 Informing trial development in blistering diseases

  https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/cebd/projects/blistering-diseases/informing-trial-development-in-blistering-diseases.aspx

  There is a need to conduct more research in bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris. […] We need to study a large number of people in order to better understand how many people have bullous pemphigoid, what their current treatment looks like, and whether there are enough people in England to conduct clinical trials of new treatments. […] Using routinely collected healthcare records from general practices and hospital stays, we are able to do just that. Access to the anonymised healthcare records for millions of people has allowed us to conduct high-quality research into these under-researched diseases.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00007256-199520030-00002

  Blisters occur frequently, especially in vigorously active populations. […] Considering the pervasive nature of friction blisters, there is a substantial amount of basic and applied research that remains to be performed, especially in the areas of prevention and treatment. […] Clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of various blister treatment methods. […] There is some evidence that foot blister incidence can be reduced by closed cell neoprene insoles. […] More vigorous activity and the carrying of heavy loads during locomotion both appear to increase the likelihood of foot blisters. […] Clinical experience suggests draining intact blisters and maintaining the blister roof results in the least patient discomfort and may reduce the possibility of secondary infection. […] Antiperspirants with emollients and drying powders applied to the foot do not appear to decrease the probability of friction blisters.

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