Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Aortic valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20353129

  In aortic valve regurgitation, the aortic valve doesn’t close properly. This causes blood to flow backward from the body’s main artery, called the aorta, into the lower left heart chamber, called the left ventricle. […] Aortic valve regurgitation can develop suddenly or over many years. Once the condition becomes severe, surgery often is needed to repair or replace the valve. […] Any condition that damages the aortic valve can cause aortic valve regurgitation. Causes may include: […] Heart valve disease present at birth. Some people are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps, called a bicuspid valve. […] Narrowing of the aortic valve, called aortic stenosis. Calcium deposits can build up on the aortic valve as you age. […] Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves. This life-threatening condition also is called endocarditis.

• #2 Aortic insufficiency Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/aortic-insufficiency

  Aortic regurgitation is a heart valve disease in which the aortic valve does not close tightly. This allows blood to flow from the aorta (the largest blood vessel) into the left ventricle (a chamber of the heart). […] Any condition that prevents the aortic valve from closing completely can cause this problem. When the valve does not close all the way, some blood comes back each time the heart beats. […] In the past, rheumatic fever was the main cause of aortic regurgitation. The use of antibiotics to treat strep infections has made rheumatic fever less common. Therefore, aortic regurgitation is more commonly due to other causes. These include: Ankylosing spondylitis, Aortic dissection, Congenital (present at birth) valve problems, such as bicuspid valve, Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves), High blood pressure, Marfan syndrome, Reiter syndrome (also known as reactive arthritis), Syphilis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Trauma to the chest. […] Aortic insufficiency is most common in men between the ages of 30 and 60.

• #3 Aortic Regurgitation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150490-overview

  The most common cause of chronic aortic regurgitation used to be rheumatic heart disease, but presently it is most commonly caused by bacterial endocarditis. […] In developed countries, it is caused by dilation of the ascending aorta (eg, aortic root disease, aortoannular ectasia). […] Acute aortic regurgitation may lead to destruction or perforation of the aortic valve leaflet due to infective endocarditis. […] Another cause of acute AR, chest trauma, may lead to a tear in the ascending aorta and disruption of the aortic valve support apparatus. […] With the development and clinical adoption of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) techniques, post-TAVR AR has emerged as a common and potentially important cause of both acute and chronic AR. […] Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital lesion of the human heart.

• #4 Aortic Valve Regurgitation: Pathophysiology and Implications for Surgical Intervention in the Era of TAVR

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288848/

  The most common causes of AI have been reported be congenital defects – especially bicuspid AV – and calcific AV disease. […] The diagnostic criteria for patients at risk for AI development is currently aimed at patients with prior anatomical valve abnormalities, such as congenital diseases, or prior heart diseases including AV sclerosis, rheumatic heart disease, and infective endocarditis. […] Given the wide array of genomic and proteomic pathways involved in AV dysregulation, it becomes clear that many more genes and proteins likely contribute to this process as well. […] Additionally, other proteins may contribute to other different pathological mechanisms implicated in AI development, such as myxomatous valve degeneration or calcification.

• #4 Aortic Valve Regurgitation: Pathophysiology and Implications for Surgical Intervention in the Era of TAVR

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7288848/

  Aortic insufficiency (AI) or regurgitation is caused by the malcoaptation of the aortic valve (AV) cusps due to intrinsic abnormalities of the valve itself, a dilatation or geometric distortion of the aortic root, or by some combination thereof. […] Traditional causes of AI include diseases such as rheumatic fever and endocarditis, congenital defects, cusp perforation, and degenerative processes. […] Recent close examination of such pathological processes has demonstrated a wide array of complex, active remodeling mechanisms affecting the valve and surrounding structures. […] New and ongoing research into the pathophysiology underlying these remodeling mechanisms has facilitated important discoveries pertaining to preventative, diagnostic, and mitigating strategies for patients with AI.

• #5 Aortic Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms, Causes & Surgical Options

  https://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/aortic-valve-regurgitation-symptoms.php

  Aortic valve regurgitation can develop suddenly or over decades. It has a variety of causes, such as rheumatic fever or infection. […] Any condition that damages the aortic valve can cause regurgitation. Causes of aortic valve regurgitation may be: A congenital heart defect. You may have been born with an aortic valve that has one leaflet (unicuspid aortic valve) or two leaflets (bicuspid aortic valve) rather than the normal three leaflets. […] Rheumatic fever — a complication of strep throat and once a common childhood illness in the United States — can damage the aortic valve, leading to aortic valve regurgitation later in life. […] Other, rarer conditions that can damage the aortic valve and lead to regurgitation include Marfan syndrome (a disease of connective tissue), ankylosing spondylitis (a spine disorder) and syphilis (a sexually transmitted disease). Damage to the aorta near the site of the aortic valve, such as damage from trauma to your chest or from a tear in the aorta, also can cause backward flow of blood through the valve.

• #6 Aortic valve regurgitation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/aortic-valve-regurgitation?lang=us

  Aortic regurgitation can be caused by root disease or intrinsic valvulopathy, although there is overlap. […] Predisposing factors or causes of chronic aortic regurgitation can broadly be divided into being due to root disease or due to intrinsic valvulopathy, although there is overlap. […] Root disease includes hypertension, congenital bicuspid aortic valve, connective tissue disorders (e.g. Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, etc.), aortic dissection, Takayasu arteritis, syphilitic aortitis, etc. […] Valvular causes include rheumatic heart disease, calcific aortic valve disease (i.e. calcific aortic stenosis), bacterial infective endocarditis, prolapse, quadricuspid aortic valve, ankylosing spondylitis, syphilitic aortitis, radiation-induced heart disease, etc. […] Acute aortic regurgitation is less common, but also exists, with specific causes such as bacterial infective endocarditis, aortic dissection, traumatic rupture, and iatrogenic causes (e.g. during transcatheter aortic valve implantation).

• #7 Aortic valve regurgitation | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation?content_id=CON-20310186

  In aortic valve regurgitation, the aortic valve doesn’t close properly. This causes blood to flow backward from the body’s main artery, called the aorta, into the lower left heart chamber, called the left ventricle. […] Aortic valve regurgitation can develop suddenly or over many years. Once the condition becomes severe, surgery often is needed to repair or replace the valve. […] Any condition that damages the aortic valve can cause aortic valve regurgitation. Causes may include: Heart valve disease present at birth. Some people are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps, called a bicuspid valve. Others are born with connected cusps rather than the typical three separate ones. […] Narrowing of the aortic valve, called aortic stenosis. Calcium deposits can build up on the aortic valve as you age. The buildup causes the aortic valve to stiffen and become narrow. It prevents the valve from opening properly. Aortic stenosis also may prevent the valve from closing properly.

• #8 Acute aortic regurgitation in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-aortic-regurgitation-in-adults

  Acute aortic regurgitation in adults […] ETIOLOGY […] The causes of acute AR with a native aortic valve are limited and include: […] ● Endocarditis – Endocarditis results in valve destruction and leaflet perforation. W dodatku, aortic perivalvular abscess may rupture into the left ventricle, resulting in AR, or into the left atrium or right ventricular outflow tract, with a clinical presentation that mimics acute AR. […] ● Aortic dissection – Aortic dissection can result in AR by four mechanisms: dilation of the sinuses with incomplete coaptation of the leaflets at the center of the valve; involvement of a valve commissure resulting in inadequate leaflet support; direct extension of the dissection into the base of a leaflet, resulting in a flail valve leaflet; and prolapse of the dissection flap across the aortic valve into the left ventricular outflow tract in diastole impeding leaflet closure. Patients with a bicuspid aortic valve are at higher risk of aortic dissection.

• #9 Aortic Regurgitation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150490-overview

  Certain weight loss medications, such as fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine (commonly referred to as Phen-Fen), may induce degenerative valvular changes that result in chronic AR. […] Rheumatic fever, a common cause of AR in the first half of the 20th century, has become less common in the United States, although it remains prevalent in some immigrant populations. […] Ankylosing spondylitis often causes an aortitis, which most frequently involves the aortic root, with associated AR. […] Takayasu arteritis, in addition to having aortic valvular (and coronary) involvement, can produce an aortitis. […] Connective tissue disorders that can cause significant AR include Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, floppy aortic valve, aortic valve prolapse, sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, and aortic annular fistula.

• #10 Aortic Regurgitation – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/heart-valve-disorders/aortic-regurgitation

  Aortic regurgitation is due to deterioration of the aortic valve and the surrounding aortic root (base of the aorta the blood vessel transporting blood from the heart to the rest of the body). […] The deterioration sometimes occurs in a person with a bicuspid aortic valve but may also result from a bacterial infection of the valve or rheumatic fever. […] The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation are infection of the valve (infective endocarditis) and a tear in the lining of the aorta (aortic dissection). […] The most common causes of chronic aortic regurgitation are spontaneous weakening of the valve or the ascending aorta (particularly with a birth defect in which the aortic valve is bicuspid with only two, instead of three, cusps), rheumatic fever, and syphilis. […] Rheumatic fever and syphilis used to be the most common causes of aortic regurgitation in North America and Western Europe, where both disorders are now rare because of the widespread use of antibiotics. […] In regions where antibiotics are not widely used, aortic regurgitation due to rheumatic fever or syphilis is still common.

• #11 Aortic Valve Regurgitation | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/aortic-valve-regurgitation-hw179692

  Aortic valve regurgitation is a problem with the aortic valve. […] When you have aortic valve regurgitation, this valve doesn’t close as it should. […] Any condition that damages the aortic valve can cause aortic regurgitation. Causes of long-term aortic valve regurgitation include heart problems you’re born with, calcium buildup on the valve, and an enlarged aorta. […] Causes of sudden aortic valve regurgitation include endocarditis and trauma to the heart or aorta. […] Causes of chronic (long-term) valve problems include: Being born with a bicuspid aortic valve. Calcium buildup on the valve. Enlargement of the aorta. Rheumatic fever. […] Causes of sudden (acute) aortic valve regurgitation include: Endocarditis. This is an infection in the heart. Aortic dissection. This means that the inner layer of the aorta separates from the middle layer. Problems with a replacement aortic valve. Trauma to the heart valve or aorta.

• #12 Aortic Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Causes | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation

  Aortic regurgitation is a heart disorder that leads to leaking in the aortic valve. […] Aortic valve regurgitation, also called aortic insufficiency, is a heart disorder where the aortic valve leaks. […] Causes of aortic valve regurgitation include: […] Some people are born with structural abnormalities in their aortic valve, such as bicuspid aortic valve. […] Endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves, typically caused by bacteria. […] This inflammatory condition can develop as a complication of untreated strep throat. […] Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition where the aortas inner layer develops tearing, causing blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall. […] These disorders can cause abnormalities in your bodys connective tissues, impairing the structure and functioning of the aorta and aortic valve. […] The aortic valve changes as we age, leading to calcification and thickening of the aortic valves leaflets. […] If you suffer blunt trauma or other serious injury to your chest, the aortic valve could be damaged.

• #13 Aortic Regurgitation – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/aortic-regurgitation

  Aortic regurgitation (AR) is incompetency of the aortic valve causing backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. Causes include valvular degeneration and aortic root dilation (with or without a bicuspid valve), rheumatic fever, endocarditis, myxomatous degeneration, aortic root dissection, and connective tissue (eg, Marfan syndrome) or rheumatologic disorders. […] The primary causes of acute aortic regurgitation are dissection of the ascending aorta and infective endocarditis. […] The primary causes of chronic aortic regurgitation in adults are degeneration of the aortic valve and root (with or without a bicuspid valve), infective endocarditis, myxomatous degeneration, rheumatic fever, thoracic aortic aneurysm, and trauma. […] Aortic regurgitation due to myxomatous degeneration may develop in patients with Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

• #14 Aortic Regurgitation

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/aortic-regurgitation

  Inflammatory: Rheumatic fever, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Behcets syndrome […] Degenerative: Myxomatous (floppy) valve, senile calcification […] Others: Trauma, post-aortic valve valvuloplasty, diet-drug valvopathy, carcinoid valve disease (requires lung metastases or patent foramen ovale) […] Aortic root abnormalities […] Aortic root dilation: Marfan syndrome, syphilitic aortitis, idiopathic aortitis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, relapsing polychondritis, hypertension-related annulo-aortic ectasia […] Loss of commissural support: Aortic dissection, trauma, supracristal ventricular septal defect (VSD) […] The most common causes of acute aortic dissection include bacterial endocarditis, aortic dissection and blunt trauma-induced aortic valve damage.

• #15 Aortic regurgitation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_regurgitation

  Aortic regurgitation is often due to the aortic root dilation (annuloaortic ectasia), which is idiopathic in over 80% of cases, but otherwise may result from aging, syphilitic aortitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, aortic dissection, Behet’s disease, reactive arthritis and systemic hypertension. […] Aortic root dilation is the most common cause of aortic regurgitation in developed countries. […] Additionally, aortic regurgitation has been linked to the use of some medications, specifically medications containing fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine isomers and dopamine agonists. […] Other potential causes that affect the valve directly include Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] In acute cases of aortic regurgitation, the main causes are infective endocarditis, aortic dissection or trauma.

• #16 Chronic aortic regurgitation: diagnosis and therapy in the modern era

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/chronic-aortic-regurgitation-diagnosis-and-therapy-in-the-modern-era

  Aortic regurgitation (AR, also termed aortic insufficiency) results in diastolic blood flow from the aorta back into the left ventricle (LV) and may be caused by a variety of acquired or congenital aetiologies preventing complete coaptation of the aortic valve (AV) leaflets (also called cusps). […] Primary (organic) AR is an intrinsic disease of the AV leaflets, whereas secondary (functional) AR results from distortion or dilation of the aortic root and/or ascending aorta leading to incomplete aortic leaflet coaptation. […] Some disease entities may cause AR by both mechanisms. For example, Marfans syndrome and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) pathologies do affect the structure of the AV and may also cause dilatation of the aortic root and ascending aorta leading to a functionally regurgitant valve.

• #17 Aortic Insufficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557428/

  Other rheumatologic processes involved are antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, relapsing polychondritis, Takayasu vasculitis, Marfan syndrome, Ehler-Danlos syndrome, and Behcet disease. […] Correlations have also been made between AR and Turner Syndrome.

• #17 Aortic Insufficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557428/

  Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency, is a form of valvular heart disease that allows for the retrograde flow of blood back into the left ventricle. […] Typical etiologies responsible for acute AR include infective endocarditis, traumatic and non-traumatic rupture of the ascending aorta with aortic cusp prolapse, iatrogenic AR due to percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty, prosthetic valve dysfunction, and perivalvular leak or dehiscence of a prosthetic valve. […] The etiologies responsible for chronic AR may be extensive, they include rheumatic heart disease (the most common cause in the developing world), infective endocarditis, myxomatous valve degeneration, congenital valve abnormalities (most commonly a bicuspid aortic valve while unicuspid and quadricuspid have also been reported), senile valvular calcifications, age-related dilatation of the aorta, ectasia of the aortic annulus, aortic dissection, aortitis/aortic root dilatation secondary to syphilis or giant cell arteritis, trauma, systemic hypertension, drug-induced valvulopathy, Whipple disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Crohn disease.

• #18 Aortic Regurgitation – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/aortic-regurgitation

  Rarely, aortic regurgitation is caused by seronegative spondyloarthropathies (eg, ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, arthritis associated with ulcerative colitis, luetic (syphilitic) aortitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, supravalvular or discrete membranous subaortic stenosis, Takayasu arteritis, rupture of a sinus of Valsalva, acromegaly, and giant cell arteritis.

• #19 Aortic Regurgitation | Clinical Heart and Vascular Center | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/aortic-regurgitation/

  Aortic regurgitation can be caused by a number of heart conditions and heart-damaging diseases, such as: […] Aortic dissection, a rare, serious condition that occurs when blood breaks through the inner layer of the aorta and ends up between two layers […] Idiopathic aortic root dilatation, a condition typically seen in the elderly and people with high blood pressure or bicuspid aortic valves, a congenital heart condition […] Infective endocarditis, a potentially damaging infection of the valve […] Lupus, a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues and organs […] Marfan syndrome, a genetic disorder of the connective tissue […] Rheumatic heart disease, damaged heart valves and heart failure in patients with a history of rheumatic fever […] Syphilis, a potentially life-threatening bacterial infection typically spread by sexual contact that can severely damage the heart, brain, and other organs.

• #20 Aortic valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20353129

  Rheumatic fever. This condition was once a common childhood illness in the United States. […] Other health conditions. Other rare conditions can cause the aorta to get bigger and damage the aortic valve. […] Tear or injury of the body’s main artery. The body’s main artery is the aorta. A traumatic chest injury may damage the aorta and cause aortic regurgitation.

• #21 Problem: Aortic Valve Regurgitation | Go Red for Women

  https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-aortic-valve-regurgitation

  Aortic regurgitation is leakage of blood through the aortic valve each time the left ventricle relaxes. […] Common causes of severe aortic regurgitation are bicuspid valve disease, congenital abnormalities, primary diseases in the ascending aorta or dilated aortic sinuses. Acute aortic regurgitation can be caused from bacterial infections of the heart tissue, after chest trauma or from calcific valve disease.

• #22 Aortic Valve Regurgitation | Cardiology | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/heart-vascular/conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation

  Other potential causes of aortic valve regurgitation include: Trauma any trauma that damages the aorta near the aortic valve can put you at greater risk for developing aortic valve regurgitation. […] Age-related heart changes as the heart ages, calcium builds up on the aortic valve which could cause regurgitation.

• #23 Aortic Regurgitation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150490-overview

  Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the diastolic flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle (LV). Regurgitation is due to incompetence of the aortic valve or any disturbance of the valvular apparatus (eg, leaflets, annulus of the aorta) resulting in the diastolic flow of blood into the left ventricular chamber. […] Valvular abnormalities that may result in AR can be caused by the following: Congenital causes – Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital cause. […] Acquired causes include rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, collagen vascular diseases, degenerative aortic valve disease, traumatic causes, and postsurgical causes (including post-transcatheter aortic valve replacement). […] Abnormalities of the ascending aorta, in the absence of valve pathology, may also cause AR. Such abnormalities may occur with longstanding, uncontrolled hypertension, Marfan syndrome, idiopathic aortic dilation, cystic medial necrosis, senile aortic ectasia and dilation, syphilitic aortitis, giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Whipple disease, and other spondyloarthropathies.

• #24 Aortic Valve Regurgitation – Northeast Georgia Health System

  https://www.nghs.com/heart/aortic-valve-regurgitation

  Aortic valve regurgitation is a condition that occurs when the heart’s aortic valve doesn’t close as tightly as it should. Whenever the aortic valve doesn’t close properly, blood leaks backward into the left ventricle, which is one of the chambers of your heart. That causes the heart to work overtime to compensate for the blood that has leaked into the left ventricle. As a result, you may feel short of breath or fatigued, and this condition could even lead to more serious problems like heart failure or an irregular heartbeat. […] There are several different causes of aortic valve regurgitation: Rheumatic fever – This is an inflammatory disease that can occur when strep throat or scarlet fever isn’t taken care of properly. This disease can cause a wide range of conditions that include aortic valve regurgitation. […] Infections – This is when inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chamber occurs. This infection can damage the aortic valve and cause aortic valve regurgitation. […] Uncontrolled Hypertension.

• #25 Aortic Valve Insufficiency: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/aortic-insufficiency

  Aortic valve regurgitation happens when your aortic valve doesnt fully close, causing some blood to remain in your left ventricle. […] Aortic valve insufficiency, also called aortic insufficiency or aortic regurgitation, is a valvular heart disease. This condition develops when the aortic valve is damaged. […] Aortic valve insufficiency can result from damage to the aorta or heart tissue or conditions you may be born with. Causes can include: rheumatic fever, congenital valve defects, which are defects youre born with, infections of the heart tissue, high blood pressure, genetic conditions such as Marfans syndrome, which affects the connective tissues, untreated syphilis, lupus, heart aneurysms, ankylosing spondylitis, which is a form of inflammatory arthritis, trauma, Crohns disease, Whipples disease, Turner syndrome, certain medications, including dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine (Parlodel, Cycloset).

• #26 Aortic Regurgitation – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/aortic-regurgitation.html

  Aortic regurgitation is caused by damage to or weakness of the aortic valve. Any of the following may increase your risk for these problems: […] Rheumatic fever or infection of the aortic valve. […] Certain medicines, such as pills that help you lose weight. […] Talk to your healthcare provider before you take any new medicine. Some medicines can cause aortic regurgitation.

• #27 Types of Aortic Valve Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease/types

  Aortic valve regurgitation, also called aortic valve insufficiency, occurs when the aortic valve doesn’t close properly, causing blood to flow back into the heart. This requires the heart to work harder. Over time, the condition causes the heart to stretch and enlarge and can lead to heart failure. Your chance of developing this condition increases with age. […] In the chronic form of aortic valve regurgitation, symptoms tend to build slowly over time. This may be caused by aging, being born with an abnormal aortic valve, childhood rheumatic fever, enlargement of the aorta resulting from high blood pressure, or atherosclerosis, a hardening of the arteries. […] Acute aortic valve regurgitation occurs suddenly, leading to shortness of breath and sometimes heart failure. It can be caused by an aortic dissection, which is a tear in the aortic wall; endocarditis, an infection of the heart; or trauma to the heart or aorta, such as from a car accident.

• #28 Aortic Regurgitation – Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

  https://www.leedsth.nhs.uk/patients/resources/aortic-regurgitation/

  Aortic regurgitation is a condition where the one-way aortic valve doesn’t close tightly and therefore becomes leaky. Blood exits the heart when the left ventricle (heart muscle) pumps. As the valve is leaky, when the heart relaxes blood is able to fall back into the heart. […] There are a number of causes of aortic regurgitation. It can be due to a problem with the valve or a problem with the aorta (main blood vessel leading away from the heart – if the aorta is stretched the valve leaflets are unable to close properly resulting in a leaky valve). Common causes are listed below: […] Valve related causes: Bicuspid aortic valve (congenital abnormality), Damage to the aortic valve following heart valve infection (endocarditis), Valve degeneration (age related wear and tear), Rheumatic fever. […] Aorta-related causes: Longstanding hypertension (high blood pressure), Diseases affecting the elastic tissue of the arteries (e.g. Marfan’s syndrome, Ehlers Danlos), Idiopathic dilatation (unexplained stretching of the aorta).

• #29 CV Physiology | Valvular Insufficiency (Regurgitation)

  https://cvphysiology.com/heart-disease/hd005

  Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve cannot close completely and blood flows back from the aorta (Ao) into the left ventricle after ejection into the aorta is complete. […] A defining characteristic of aortic regurgitation is an increase in aortic pulse pressure (systolic minus diastolic pressure). […] The backward flow of blood into the ventricular chamber during diastole results in a diastolic murmur. […] Early in the course of regurgitant aortic valve disease, there is a large increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left atrial pressure. […] With long-standing regurgitation and volume overload of the chambers, the ventricle and atria dilate anatomically, which attenuates the increase in end-diastolic pressure caused by the increased end-diastolic volume.

• #30 Surgery for Chronic Aortic Regurgitation: When Should It Be Considered? | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/1115/p1709.html

  Aortic regurgitation can have many causes, including diseases that affect connective tissue, which is the substance of the aortic valve and the ascending aorta. […] In chronic aortic regurgitation, valvular surgery is needed when the regurgitant volume becomes moderate to severe. However, certain etiologies may dictate surgery even if the degree of regurgitation is mild. For instance, the patient with aortic regurgitation resulting from dissection of the ascending aorta requires immediate surgery to repair the dissection. […] A few diseases can cause sudden severe aortic regurgitation. In these diseases, the clinical picture of acute aortic regurgitation results from a sudden and marked increase in diastolic filling volume, with no chance for the left ventricle or the stiff pericardium to accommodate this increase.

• #31 Aortic Valve Regurgitation

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/

  Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) or aortic valve regurgitation is a condition in which blood leaks back through the valve as the heart relaxes. […] Although the exact cause is unknown, certain conditions, traits or habits may raise your risk for the disease. These are known as risk factors. […] Other conditions that contribute to aortic valve regurgitation: Congenital heart disease, Rheumatic fever, Endocarditis, Aortic dissection, Trauma to the heart valve or aorta.

• #32 Aortic Regurgitation, Aortic Regurgitation Surgery

  https://www.thekeyholeheartclinic.com/services/valve-disorders/aortic-valve/aortic-regurgitation/

  Among the risks and complications of suffering from an Aortic Regurgitation murmur, it highlights the need to seek expert medical advice as soon as possible, especially if any symptoms begin to worsen. […] Risk factors that increase the chances of suffering an aortic regurgitation murmur include: Any congenital heart disease that is present from birth, A family history of aortic aneurysm or aortic valve regurgitation, A history of infections that can affect heart health, If you suffer from existing conditions such as Marfan Syndrome, Any other heart valve conditions you may suffer from such as aortic valve stenosis, Having high blood pressure, Old age. […] If you have already been diagnosed with aortic valve regurgitation or suffer from aortic root enlargement, complications that can arise (but are not definite) can include heart failure, infections of the heart such as endocarditis, heart rhythm abnormalities and even death if left untreated.

• #33

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/aortic-valve-regurgitation

  Aortic valve regurgitation (also known as aortic regurgitation) occurs when a backflow of blood that was just pumped out of the heart’s main pumping chamber (left ventricle) has leaked back (regurgitation) through the aortic valve. This is due to the aortic valve not closing tightly. […] Conditions which damage a valve can cause regurgitation. Some causes of aortic valve regurgitation are: […] Other rare conditions can enlarge the aortic valve and lead to regurgitation, including Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disease. […] Other risk factor of aortic valve regurgitation include: Aortic valve damage, High blood pressure (hypertension), Age: In some cases, middle aged patients develop the condition due to natural deterioration of the valve.

• #34 Aortic Valve Regurgitation | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/aortic-valve-regurgitation.html

  Aortic valve regurgitation can be caused by any condition in which the leaflets or the ring structure of the valve is damaged. This can occur with the following conditions: […] Weakening and calcification of the valve from aging […] High blood pressure […] Defects of the aortic valve present at birth (congenital). This might be a bicuspid valve instead of the normal tricuspid. A bicuspid valve has 2 leaflets instead of the normal 3 leaflets. […] Rheumatic heart disease, an inflammatory disease caused by Strep bacteria […] Widening of the aorta for unknown reasons […] Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder […] Certain types of arthritis. These include ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and reactive arthritis. […] Syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) […] Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a connective tissue disorder […] Use of certain appetite-suppressing medicines […] Bacterial infection of the heart valve (endocarditis) […] Tearing of the aorta […] Injury.

• #35 Heart valve disease – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-valve-disease

  The main causes of heart valve disease are: […] being born with an abnormal valve (congenital heart disease), such as bicuspid aortic valve […] if you’ve had rheumatic fever […] cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle […] damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack […] getting older […] infection to your heart (endocarditis). […] The most common congenital valve problem is bicuspid aortic valve. This is when your aortic valve has only two flaps of skin (called leaflets) that help control blood flow, instead of the usual three.

• #36

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/322090/aortic-regurgitation

  Etiology […] Endocarditis […] Rheumatic heart disease […] most common cause in developing nations […] Bicuspid aortic valve […] most common cause in the U.S. […] Hypertension […] Syphilis […] Aortic dissection […] Birth defects

• #37 Aortic regurgitation – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/aortic-regurgitation/

  Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a valvular heart disease characterized by incomplete closure of the aortic valve leading to the reflux of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle (LV) during diastole. Aortic regurgitation can be acute (primarily caused by bacterial endocarditis or aortic dissection) or chronic (e.g., due to a congenital bicuspid valve or rheumatic fever) and may be caused by a valvular defect or an abnormality of the aorta. […] Acute aortic regurgitation can be caused by infective endocarditis, aortic dissection (ascending aorta), chest trauma, and iatrogenic complications. […] Chronic aortic regurgitation can be caused by primary valvular defects such as congenital bicuspid aortic valve, calcific aortic valve disease, and rheumatic heart disease, as well as aortic dilatation due to connective tissue disorders, chronic hypertension, aortitis of any etiology, and thoracic aortic aneurysm.

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