Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/

  Hypothyroidism results from low levels of thyroid hormone with varied etiology and manifestations. Hypothyroidism is primarily categorized as primary and secondary (ie, central) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland cannot produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone. The less commonly seen secondary or central hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland functions normally; however, hypothyroidism results from the abnormal pituitary gland or hypothalamus function. Autoimmune thyroiditis and iodine deficiency are the most common causes of the disease. Central hypothyroidism is rare. […] Hypothyroidism is primarily categorized as primary and secondary (ie, central) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland cannot produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone. The less commonly seen secondary or central hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland functions normally; however, hypothyroidism results from the abnormal pituitary gland or hypothalamus function. The most prevalent etiology of primary hypothyroidism is an iodine deficiency in iodine-deficient geographic areas worldwide. Autoimmune thyroid diseases are the leading causes of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions. Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most commonly seen etiology in the US and has a strong association with lymphoma. Hypothyroid etiology can be influenced locally by iodine fortification and the emergence of new iodine-deficient areas.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284

  Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough hormones. Conditions or problems that can lead to hypothyroidism include: […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto’s disease. Autoimmune diseases happen when the immune system makes antibodies that attack healthy tissues. Sometimes that process involves the thyroid gland and affects its ability to make hormones. […] Surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid gland can lower the gland’s ability to make thyroid hormones or stop it completely. […] Radiation used to treat cancers of the head and neck can affect the thyroid gland and lead to hypothyroidism. […] Thyroiditis happens when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. This may be due to an infection. Or it can result from an autoimmune disorder or another medical condition affecting the thyroid. Thyroiditis can trigger the thyroid to release all of its stored thyroid hormone at once. That causes a spike in thyroid activity, a condition called hyperthyroidism. Afterward, the thyroid becomes underactive.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12120-hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid disease) is a condition that happens when your thyroid gland doesnt make or release enough hormone into your bloodstream. As a result, your metabolism slows down. This can cause unintentional weight gain and make you feel exhausted all the time. […] Hashimotos disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Its an autoimmune disease, so it happens when your immune system attacks your thyroid. […] Other hypothyroidism causes include: Certain medications, including lithium, thalidomide and amiodarone. Conditions present at birth, like being born with no thyroid gland or a thyroid gland that doesnt work properly. Iodine deficiency (when you dont have enough iodine in your body). Pituitary gland disorders, including noncancerous tumors. Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid that can happen after a viral illness or pregnancy). […] Without treatment, hypothyroidism can become a serious and life-threatening medical condition.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism may be […] Primary: Caused by disease in the thyroid […] Secondary: Caused by disease in the hypothalamus or pituitary. […] In the United States, the most common cause is autoimmune inflammation. It usually results from Hashimoto thyroiditis and is often associated with a firm goiter or, later in the disease process, with a shrunken fibrotic thyroid with little or no function. […] The second most common cause is treatment for hyperthyroidism (post-therapeutic hypothyroidism), especially after radioactive iodine therapy or surgery for hyperthyroidism, goiter, or thyroid cancer. […] Iodine deficiency may cause endemic goiter and goitrous hypothyroidism. […] Iodine deficiency decreases thyroid hormonogenesis. […] Iodine deficiency can cause congenital hypothyroidism.

• #1 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview

  Types of primary hypothyroidism include the following: Chronic lymphocytic (autoimmune) thyroiditis, Postpartum thyroiditis, Subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis, Drug-induced hypothyroidism, Iatrogenic (postsurgical) hypothyroidism. […] In the United States and other areas of adequate iodine intake, autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto disease) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. The prevalence of antibodies is higher in women and increases with age. There is commonly a genetic predisposition for autoimmune thyroid disease occurring in 20-30% of the siblings of affected patients, with a greater prevalence seen in circulating thyroid antibodies (~50% of siblings of affected patients). […] The relationship between Hashimoto thyroiditis and thyroid cancer is under debate. The cellular changes of Hashimoto thyroiditis are often found surrounding thyroid cancers that have been removed, but it is not known whether the thyroid inflammation characterizing Hashimoto thyroiditis gives rise to the cancer or vice versa.

• #1 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/hashimotos-thyroiditis

  The diagnosis of Hashimotos thyroiditis is made with the detection of a high TSH, low Free T4, and anti-thyroid antibodies. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis appears as a diffusely irregular gland with increased vascularity (new blood vessel flow) throughout the gland. […] Thyroid Surgery may play a role in the management of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A small component of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis appear to significantly benefit from thyroid surgery. […] A recent randomized controlled study suggests that surgery tremendously benefits some patients with chronic Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/

  Other conditions may also lead to primary hypothyroidism. Postpartum thyroiditis affects nearly 10% of women and often presents 8 to 20 weeks after the delivery of the infant. Only a few women require treatment with thyroid hormone. However, some women are at high risk for permanent hypothyroidism or recurrent postpartum thyroiditis in future pregnancies. The use of radioactive iodine to manage Graves disease usually results in permanent hypothyroidism in about 80% to 90% of the patients within 8 to 20 weeks after treatment. A relatively uncommon cause of primary hypothyroidism is subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, also known as de Quervain disease. Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis usually occurs in middle-aged women and is typically self-limited. Hypothyroidism can also be a part of the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type-1 condition that results from a mutation in the AIRE gene. This condition is a constellation of Addison disease, hypoparathyroidism, and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Polyendocrinopathy type-2 includes hypothyroidism, Addison disease, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. […] Secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism, also known as central hypothyroidism, is caused by a defect in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis secondary to any of the following: Neoplastic, infiltrative, inflammatory, genetic, or iatrogenic disorders of the pituitary or hypothalamus.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid): Causes, symptoms & treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid

  Another common cause is thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid. There are three types of thyroiditis: subacute thyroiditis (presenting with a painfully inflamed and enlarged thyroid), postpartum thyroiditis (occuring after pregnancy), and silent thyroiditis (presenting with no symptoms). This condition is likely to be autoimmune. It causes stored thyroid hormones to leak out of the gland, leading to thyrotoxicosis excessive levels of hormones in the bloodstream. Over time, this can cause the thyroid to be less responsive to signals from the pituitary gland. […] Underactive thyroid may also be a result of surgery. Part or all of the thyroid may be removed as a treatment for hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), a large goiter or thyroid cancers. […] Hypothyroidism can develop in response to radiation treatment. Radioactive iodine, a common treatment for hyperthyroidism or head and neck cancers, gradually destroys thyroid cells and makes them less functional. […] Whats more, some medicines can interfere with thyroid hormone production. These include certain medications for heart problems, bipolar disorder or cancers. […] Some lifestyle factors may impact the odds of developing hypothyroidism, Ogunkoya said.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/causes/

  An underactive thyroid can also occur as a side effect or complication of previous treatment to the thyroid gland, such as surgery or a treatment called radioactive iodine therapy. […] Worldwide, a lack of dietary iodine is a common cause of an underactive thyroid, because the body needs iodine to make thyroxine. […] A problem with the pituitary gland could lead to an underactive thyroid. […] An underactive thyroid has also been linked to some viral infections or some medicines used to treat other conditions.

• #1 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland. Some people with thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, or Graves disease need to have part or all of their thyroid removed. If the whole thyroid is removed, people will definitely become hypothyroid. If part of the gland is left, it may be able to make enough thyroid hormone to keep blood levels normal. […] Radiation treatment. Some people with Graves disease, nodular goiter, or thyroid cancer are treated with radioactive iodine (I-131) for the purpose of destroying their thyroid gland. Patients with Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, or cancers of the head or neck are treated with radiation. All these patients can lose part or all of their thyroid function. […] Congenital hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism that a baby is born with). A few babies are born without a thyroid or with only a partly formed one. A few have part or all of their thyroid in the wrong place (ectopic thyroid). In some babies, the thyroid cells or their enzymes dont work right.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism

  When surgeons remove part of the thyroid, the remaining part may produce normal amounts of thyroid hormone. But some people who have this surgery may develop hypothyroidism. Removing the entire thyroid always results in hypothyroidism. […] Radioactive iodine, a common treatment for hyperthyroidism, gradually destroys thyroid cells. If you receive radioactive iodine treatment, you probably will eventually develop hypothyroidism. […] Some medicines can interfere with thyroid hormone production and lead to hypothyroidism, including certain heart medicines, bipolar disorder medicines, cancer medicines.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/medicine/endocrinology/hypothyroidism/

  Hypothyroidism refers to insufficient thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). […] Primary hypothyroidism is where the thyroid behaves abnormally and produces inadequate thyroid hormones. […] Secondary hypothyroidism, also called central hypothyroidism, is where the pituitary behaves abnormally and produces inadequate TSH, resulting in under-stimulation of the thyroid gland and insufficient thyroid hormones. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the developed world. […] Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the developing world. […] Treatments for hyperthyroidism have the potential to cause hypothyroidism: Carbimazole, Propylthiouracil, Radioactive iodine, Thyroid surgery. […] Lithium inhibits the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland and can cause a goitre and hypothyroidism.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/women/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid disease, is a condition in which your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s disease an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the thyroid gland. With Hashimotos, your body produces antibodies that attack and destroy the thyroid gland. […] Other causes include: Radiation therapy to the neck area. Treating certain cancers, such as lymphoma, requires radiation to the neck. Radiation damages the cells in the thyroid. This makes it more difficult for the gland to produce hormones. […] Use of certain medications. Certain medicines for heart problems, psychiatric conditions, and cancer can sometimes affect the production of thyroid hormone. […] Thyroid surgery. Surgery to remove the thyroid will lead to hypothyroidism. If only part of the thyroid is removed, the remaining gland may still be able to produce enough hormone for the body’s needs.

• #1 Thyroid – hypothyroidism | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hypothyroidism

  Particular drugs – including lithium and the heart drug amiodarone can interfere with the normal processing of iodine and the production of thyroid hormone. […] Birth defects – sometimes, a baby is born with a congenital defect of the thyroid gland (which affects hormone production) or the thyroid may be completely absent. […] Pituitary gland dysfunction – the pituitary gland doesnt make enough thyroid stimulating hormone to prompt the thyroid to produce T3 and T4. […] Hypothalamic dysfunction – the functioning of the pituitary is influenced by another brain structure called the hypothalamus, through the thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Problems with the hypothalamus can affect the pituitary and, in turn, the thyroid gland.

• #1 Congenital Hypothyroidism (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/congenital-hypothyroidism.html

  Hypothyroidism (or underactive thyroid) is when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. Low thyroid hormones make the body use up energy more slowly, and chemical activity (metabolism) in the cells slows down. […] Most cases of congenital hypothyroidism happen because the thyroid doesn’t form correctly in the baby during pregnancy. At birth, the baby may have no thyroid gland at all, or have a small, partially developed gland. Why this happens is often unknown, but in some cases it is genetic. […] Less commonly, a baby’s thyroid did fully develop, but can’t make normal amounts of thyroid hormone. This is usually due to a genetic problem. Other children born to the same parents have a 1 in 4 chance of having the same thyroid problem.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-gland-disorders/hypothyroidism

  A chronic lack of iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries where iodine is not added to salt. […] Radiation to the head and neck, usually given as radiation therapy to treat cancer, can also cause hypothyroidism. […] Rarer causes of hypothyroidism include some inherited disorders in which an abnormality of the enzymes in thyroid cells prevents the gland from making or secreting enough thyroid hormones. […] Secondary hypothyroidism occurs when the pituitary gland fails to secrete enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is necessary for normal stimulation of the thyroid. Secondary hypothyroidism is much rarer than primary.

• #1 Thyroid – hypothyroidism | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism means the thyroid gland is underactive and fails to secrete enough hormones into the bloodstream. […] Causes include the autoimmune condition Hashimotos disease and insufficient dietary iodine. […] The most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is the autoimmune condition Hashimotos disease. […] The causes of hypothyroidism include: Iodine deficiency disorder – lack of sufficient iodine in the diet can prevent the thyroid gland from making hormones. […] Hashimotos disease – an autoimmune disorder. White blood cells and antibodies of the immune system attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland. […] Treatment for hyperthyroidism – treatments for hyperthyroidism (including drugs, surgery and radioactive iodine) frequently lead to hypothyroidism. […] Surgery – the primary treatment for thyroid cancer, and also a treatment for hyperthyroidism, surgery will lead to hypothyroidism if the thyroid gland is removed or if insufficient is left in place.

• #1 Hypothyroidism: 18 Symptoms, 6 Causes, Treatment, Diagnosis & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hypothyroidism/article_em.htm

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. […] Hypothyroidism can be caused by conditions of the thyroid as well as other diseases which may indirectly affect the thyroid. […] 6 Common causes of hypothyroidism in adults include: Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis) This inherited condition is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults. […] Previous Thyroid Therapy Surgical removal of the thyroid gland may be performed to treat thyroid nodules, hyperthyroidism, or other conditions. […] Drug-induced Hypothyroidism Taking some prescription medications may alter thyroid function. […] Pituitary and Hypothalamic disease Both the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are involved in the signaling pathways that control the function of the thyroid gland. […] Iodine deficiency Iodine deficiency does not occur in the U.S. Only severe iodine deficiency will cause low thyroid hormone levels.

• #1 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Thyroiditis. Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland, usually caused by an autoimmune attack or by a viral infection. Thyroiditis can make the thyroid dump its whole supply of stored thyroid hormone into the blood at once, causing brief hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid activity); then the thyroid becomes underactive. […] Medicines. Medicines such as amiodarone, lithium, interferon alpha, and interleukin-2 can prevent the thyroid gland from being able to make hormone normally. These drugs are most likely to trigger hypothyroidism in patients who have a genetic tendency to autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Too much or too little iodine. The thyroid gland must have iodine to make thyroid hormone. Iodine comes into the body in food and travels through the blood to the thyroid. Keeping thyroid hormone production in balance requires the right amount of iodine. Taking in too much iodine can cause or worsen hypothyroidism.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hypothyroidism

  Rare inherited enzymatic defects can alter the synthesis of thyroid hormone and cause goitrous hypothyroidism. […] Hypothyroidism may occur in patients taking lithium, perhaps because lithium inhibits hormone release by the thyroid. […] Hypothyroidism can result from radiation therapy for cancer of the larynx or Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Secondary hypothyroidism occurs when the hypothalamus produces insufficient thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or the pituitary produces insufficient TSH. […] Subclinical hypothyroidism is elevated serum TSH in patients with absent or minimal symptoms of hypothyroidism and normal serum levels of free thyroxine (T4). […] The most common etiology of hypothyroidism is primary thyroid disease, often due to Hashimoto thyroiditis, but sometimes caused by some treatments (thyroid surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, radiation therapy to the neck, or some medications).

• #1 Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism | UCLA Medical School

  https://medschool.ucla.edu/news-article/hypothyroidism-vs-hyperthyroidism-whats-the-difference

  Hypothyroidism is having an under-active thyroid or a thyroid that is not able to produce enough hormone. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Hashimotos causes inflammation, which then results in scarring and fibrosis within the thyroid, which reduces hormone production. […] Other causes include: Iodine Deficiency: Insufficient iodine in the diet can lead to hypothyroidism. […] Treatment for Hyperthyroidism: Certain treatments for an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can result in hypothyroidism. […] Thyroid Surgery: Removal of a part or all of the thyroid gland can lead to reduced hormone production. […] Certain Medications: Some medications, such as lithium, amiodarone, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and thalidomide, can interfere with thyroid function. Checkpoint inhibitors for different cancers can also impair the thyroid. […] There is also a group of people where thyroid function is abnormal but we’re not able to identify the exact cause.

• #1 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/subclinical-thyroid-disease

  Subclinical hypothyroidism can be caused by autoimmune thyroid disease (diagnosed by the presence of TPOAb) and this means that you have a higher risk of developing full hypothyroidism in the future. […] Other causes include: […] Radioactive iodine treatment and surgery to remove your thyroid for hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer […] Too high doses of antithyroid drugs given to treat hyperthyroidism […] Certain medicines including lithium (used for certain mental health conditions), amiodarone (used for certain heart problems), immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab (used to treat certain cancers). […] Some health foods containing iodine taken in excess e.g. kelp […] Radiation for head and neck cancers […] Older age (more details below) […] Increased body weight (more details below).

• #1 Hypothyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. This condition is often called underactive thyroid. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is thyroiditis. In people with thyroiditis, swelling and inflammation (usually low grade) damage the thyroid gland’s cells. […] Causes of this problem include: The immune system attacking the thyroid gland, Viral infections (common cold) or other respiratory infections, Pregnancy (often called postpartum thyroiditis). […] Other causes of hypothyroidism include: Certain medicines, such as lithium and amiodarone, and some types of chemotherapy, Congenital (birth) defects, Radiation treatments to the neck or brain to treat different cancers, Radioactive iodine used to treat an overactive thyroid gland, Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland, Sheehan syndrome, a condition that may occur in a woman who bleeds severely during pregnancy or childbirth and causes the destruction of the pituitary gland (which regulates the thyroid gland), Pituitary tumor or pituitary surgery.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284

  A number of medicines may lead to hypothyroidism. One such medicine is lithium, which is used to treat some psychiatric disorders. If you’re taking medicine, ask your heath care provider about its effect on the thyroid gland. […] Some babies are born with a thyroid gland that doesn’t work correctly. Others are born with no thyroid gland. In most cases, the reason the thyroid gland didn’t develop properly is not clear. But some children have an inherited form of a thyroid disorder. […] A relatively rare cause of hypothyroidism is the failure of the pituitary gland to make enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This is usually because of a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland. […] Some people develop hypothyroidism during or after pregnancy. If hypothyroidism happens during pregnancy and isn’t treated, it raises the risk of pregnancy loss, premature delivery and preeclampsia. […] The thyroid gland needs the mineral iodine to make thyroid hormones. Iodine is found mainly in seafood, seaweed, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and iodized salt. Too little iodine can lead to hypothyroidism. Too much iodine can make hypothyroidism worse in people who already have the condition.

• #1 Underactive thyroid | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/glands/underactive-thyroid/

  Worldwide, a lack of dietary iodine is a common cause of an underactive thyroid, because the body needs iodine to make thyroxine. […] Babies are sometimes born with an underactive thyroid because the thyroid gland doesnt develop properly in the womb. This is called congenital hypothyroidism and is uncommon, affecting around 1 in 3,000 babies. […] A problem with the pituitary gland could lead to an underactive thyroid. […] An underactive thyroid has also been linked to some viral infections or some medications used to treat other conditions.

• #1 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Damage to the pituitary gland. The pituitary, the master gland, tells the thyroid how much hormone to make. When the pituitary is damaged by a tumor, radiation, or surgery, it may no longer be able to give the thyroid instructions, and the thyroid may stop making enough hormone. […] Rare disorders that infiltrate the thyroid. In a few people, diseases deposit abnormal substances in the thyroid and impair its ability to function. For example, amyloidosis can deposit amyloid protein, sarcoidosis can deposit granulomas, and hemochromatosis can deposit iron.

• #1 Hypothyroidism

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hypothyroidism

  In contrast to hyperthyroidism, in hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland is underactive, causing a reduction in thyroxine production. […] There are several causes for hypothyroidism. […] Autoimmune thyroiditis is also known as atrophic thyroiditis or Hashimoto disease when goitre is present. This is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults. Antibodies against the thyroid gland trigger inflammation and destroy the thyroxine-producing cells. […] Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide, especially in areas where iodine is less available, including certain regions in South-East Asia and Africa. […] Hypothyroidism may arise from medications. […] Congenital hypothyroidism, or cretinism, may result from the absence or incomplete development of the thyroid gland, defects in thyroid hormone metabolism or hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction. It is rare. […] Rare causes of hypothyroidism include: Infiltration of the thyroid gland by granulomas in sarcoidosis, or amyloid in systemic amyloidosis; Pituitary gland disease, causing secondary hypothyroidism; Hypothalamic gland disease, causing tertiary hypothyroidism.

• #1 Hypothyroidism: causes, diagnosis and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/hypothyroidism-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Central hypothyroidism most commonly arises from pituitary dysfunction, with 50% of cases attributable to pituitary adenoma, but can be caused by hypothalamic tumours, some infiltrative disorders (e.g. amyloidosis), following physical trauma, surgery or even medications (e.g. cocaine, glucocorticosteroids and metformin). […] Regardless, the decreased TSH and/or TRH production ultimately leads to decreased synthesis and release of thyroid hormones and hypothyroidism. […] Finally, peripheral hypothyroidism occurs when freely circulating levels of T3, T4 and, often, TSH are sufficient. Symptoms of hypothyroidism occur despite patients’ normal biochemical results, either owing to thyroid hormone resistance arising from genetic disorders within peripheral tissues or thyroid hormone deactivation by increased production of ‘deiodinase 3’ produced by some tumour cells. […] Additionally, around 1 in every 2,000–3,000 babies born in the UK suffer from congenital hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland is absent, underdeveloped or unable to synthesise thyroid hormones, yet there is no known direct cause.

• #1 Hypothyroidism in Cats: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and FAQs | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/endocrine/c_ct_hypothyroidism

  Iatrogenic hypothyroidism can often occur in cats that are being treated for hyperthyroidism, which is the overproduction of thyroid hormone. […] Adult-onset acquired hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by iatrogenic hypothyroidism. This condition occurs when a cat’s treatment for hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid) results in an underactive thyroid.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism is caused by inadequate function of the gland itself (primary hypothyroidism), inadequate stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland (secondary hypothyroidism), or inadequate release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the brain’s hypothalamus (tertiary hypothyroidism). […] Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism and endemic goiter worldwide. […] In areas of the world with sufficient dietary iodine, hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by the autoimmune disease Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (chronic autoimmune thyroiditis). […] Hashimoto’s may be associated with a goiter. It is characterized by infiltration of the thyroid gland with T lymphocytes and autoantibodies against specific thyroid antigens such as thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin and the TSH receptor.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hypothyroidism/symptoms-treatments-more

  Several medications may lower thyroid hormone production, resulting in hypothyroidism. […] Iodine deficiency occurs infrequently in the United States, but it is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in other parts of the world. […] Hypothyroidism may also result from problems involving the pituitary gland. […] Congenital hypothyroidism is hypothyroidism that’s present in children from birth. […] Around 5 to 10 percent of pregnant people will develop postpartum thyroiditis several months after their pregnancy. […] An upper respiratory infection that damages thyroid cells may cause De Quervain thyroiditis, an uncommon condition that is also called subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. […] Factors that can increase your risk of developing hypothyroidism include being female, being at least 60 years old, being treated with radiation therapy to your neck or chest, recently being pregnant, having a family history of thyroid disorders, and having certain autoimmune conditions.

• #1 Patient education: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. It is the most common thyroid disorder. […] In approximately 95 percent of cases, hypothyroidism is due to a problem in the thyroid gland itself and is called „primary hypothyroidism.” […] However, certain medications and diseases can also decrease thyroid function. As an example, hypothyroidism can also develop after medical treatments for hyperthyroidism, such as thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid) or radioiodine treatment (to destroy thyroid tissue). In some cases, hypothyroidism is a result of decreased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the pituitary gland (called secondary hypothyroidism). […] Thyroid problems are more common in females, increase with age, and (in the United States) are more common in white people and Mexican Americans than in African Americans.

• #1 Hypothyroidism Secondary – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/hypothyroidism-secondary

  Secondary hypothyroidism involves decreased activity of the thyroid caused by failure of the pituitary gland. […] The cause of secondary hypothyroidism is failure of the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This is usually caused by a tumor in the region of the pituitary. Rarely the cause is an infiltration of the pituitary by inflammatory cells from the immune system or foreign substances (such as iron in hemochromotosis). […] Risk factors for secondary hypothyroidism include being over 50 years old, being female, and having a history of pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction. […] Myxedema coma, the most severe form of hypothyroidism, is rare. It may be precipitated by an infection, illness, exposure to cold, or certain medications.

• #1 Hypothyroidism | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/hypothyroidism/

  This is the autoimmune condition where the body attacks the thyroid with antibodies. […] Subclinical or mild hypothyroidism is sometimes used to describe when the thyroid hormone levels in the blood are within the normal range but the pituitary is having to work harder, and send higher levels of TSH to get the thyroid to work properly. […] Hypothyroidism is common, especially in middle-aged women. […] People with a family history of thyroid problems are more likely to have hypothyroidism. […] Doctors diagnose hypothyroidism by testing hormone levels in the blood they diagnose hypothyroidism if there are high TSH and low T4 levels. […] Hypothyroidism is treated with a medicine called levothyroxine, which replaces the missing thyroid hormones. […] With treatment, people with hypothyroidism can live normal lives. However, untreated hypothyroidism can cause heart and brain issues.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism

  Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s) is associated with other immune-mediated diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 1, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Iatrogenic hypothyroidism can be surgical (a result of thyroidectomy, usually for thyroid nodules or cancer) or following radioiodine ablation (usually for Graves’ disease).

• #1 Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0515/p605.html

  Clinical hypothyroidism occurs when there is inadequate thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland or insufficient stimulation by the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Causes may include primary gland failure or can be iatrogenic, transient, or central. […] Central causes, such as low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), are rare. […] Clinical hypothyroidism occurs in 0.3% of the U.S. general population, with a higher prevalence in people older than 65 years. […] Other risk factors include autoimmune disease (e.g., type 1 diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, autoimmune gastric atrophy, multiple autoimmune endocrinopathies), Down syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] Signs and symptoms are nonspecific and can vary in individual presentations. […] Diagnosis is based on blood levels of decreased FT4, with a corresponding elevated thyrotropin (i.e., TSH) level in primary causes (thyroid source); the TSH level may be normal to low in secondary (pituitary source) or tertiary (hypothalamic source) causes.

• #1 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/hashimotos-thyroiditis-symptoms-causes-treatments

  The exact cause of Hashimoto’s is not known, but many factors are believed to play a role. They include: […] People who get Hashimoto’s often have family members who have thyroid disease or other autoimmune diseases. This suggests genes may play a role in who gets the disease. […] A virus or bacteria may cause the immune system to attack itself. […] Factors like stress or excessive radiation may play a role. […] Having an autoimmune disease, like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or type 1 diabetes, increases your risk of getting Hashimoto’s. […] Research suggests certain drugs and too much iodine, a trace element required by your body to make thyroid hormones, may trigger thyroid disease in susceptible people. […] Increased cases of thyroid disease have been reported in people exposed to radiation, including the atomic bombs in Japan, the Chernobyl nuclear accident, and radiation treatment for a form of blood cancer called Hodgkin’s disease.

• #1 What Causes Hypothyroidism?

  https://www.theinvisiblehypothyroidism.com/what-causes-an-underactive-thyroid/

  Dr Kharrazian is one source who states that too much oestrogen, sometimes caused by the contraceptive pill or pregnancy, can cause hypothyroidism. […] Thyroid problems are known to surface at periods of hormonal stress, like pregnancy, and are more common just before the start of, or during, the menopause. […] A treatment often used for hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid), results in hypothyroidism, when the thyroid is permanently disabled from working at all or working a smaller amount than it used to. […] Having a major operation such as a gall bladder removal or hysterectomy is discussed in Durrant-Peatfields book as possibilities for inducing hypothyroidism. […] A common one, pregnancy can be stressful on the body, also causing shifts in hormone levels and thus inducing hypothyroidism and/or trigger Hashimotos. […] Although rare, if something is wrong with the pituitary gland, this can interfere with the production of thyroid hormones. […] This is a painful swelling of the thyroid gland thought to be triggered by a viral infection, such as the mumps or flu.

• #1 Hypothyroidism Causes: 7 Reasons for Low Thyroid – Chris Kresser

  https://chriskresser.com/most-common-hypothyroidism-causes/

  Like hypothyroidism, blood sugar disorders are exceedingly common. […] Research shows that insulin resistance can increase the destruction of the thyroid in people with Hashimotos disease. […] Gluten intolerance appears to be closely linked with Hashimotos disease. […] Your gut microbiome is connected to nearly every aspect of your healthincluding the health and function of your thyroid. […] Chronic stress promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines, which reduce the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, inhibit the conversion of thyroid hormones, cause thyroid hormone resistance, and impact other hormones that are important for proper thyroid function. […] Your thyroid needs specific nutrients to function correctly; a deficiency in any of these can lead to hypothyroidism.

• #1 Hypothyroidism Causes: 7 Reasons for Low Thyroid – Chris Kresser

  https://chriskresser.com/most-common-hypothyroidism-causes/

  Autoimmunity is, by far, the most common cause of hypothyroidism for men and women in the Western world, accounting for around 90 percent of hypothyroidism in adults. […] Autoimmune thyroiditis, or Hashimotos disease, affects around five out of every 100 people in the United States. […] As with other autoimmune disorders, Hashimotos disease is a case of mistaken identity. The immune system misidentifies the thyroid gland as a foreign pathogen and produces thyroid antibodies to attack it, progressively destroying the thyroid tissue. […] The thyroid gland is quite susceptible to damage from environmental toxins and can easily accumulate heavy metals and toxins that mimic thyroid hormone structure or contain halogens. […] Many of these toxins cause outright damage to the thyroid, while others interfere with the production of T4 and T3.

• #1 Hypothyroidism Causes: 7 Reasons for Low Thyroid – Chris Kresser

  https://chriskresser.com/most-common-hypothyroidism-causes/

  Thyroid hormone is rich in iodine, and deficiency of iodine can cause both hypothyroidism and goiter. […] Zinc is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, and deficiency of zinc has been shown to result in hypothyroidism. […] Selenium is required to convert T4 to T3. A selenium deficiency exacerbates conditions caused by inadequate iodine intake.

• #1 Potential Root Causes of Thyroid Dysfunction | Paloma Health

  https://www.palomahealth.com/learn/root-causes-thyroid-dysfunction?srsltid=AfmBOopd_GICzWYSHkJyytjulmgW7F5F3LIsZYEQRnufX45Se-9m760a

  Genetics are complex and often play a role in thyroid dysfunction. Those with a family history of thyroid disorders have a higher chance of developing one themselves. […] In Hashimotos, thyroid antibodies destroy the thyroid gland, lowering thyroid hormone production. This results in an underactive thyroid. Hashimotos is the primary cause of hypothyroidism, which affects 1 in 5 adult Americans. […] Chronic stress, poor diet, or an untreated infection can worsen inflammation. Several studies link chronic inflammation to a leaky gut, a precursor to thyroid autoimmune conditions. […] Your thyroid depends on various nutrients to function at its best. Nutrient deficiencies can lead to thyroid dysfunction. […] Chronic stress or traumatic events can lead to high cortisol levels, thus disrupting the delicate balance of your hormonal systems. […] Many viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and adenoviruses, can contribute to the development of hypothyroidism and other types of thyroid dysfunction.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/

  An underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) is where your thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. […] Most cases are caused either by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland and damaging it, or by damage to the thyroid that occurs during some treatments for an overactive thyroid or thyroid cancer. […] Many of the body’s functions slow down when the thyroid does not produce enough of these hormones.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hypothyroidism

  Secondary hypothyroidism is caused by hypothalamic or pituitary disease. […] Diagnose primary or secondary hypothyroidism by testing serum TSH and T4. In primary hypothyroidism, TSH is elevated and T4 is low; in secondary hypothyroidism, both TSH and T4 are low. […] Myxedema coma (coma, hypothermia, and other organ dysfunction) is a rare life-threatening condition that can occur during acute illness in patients with hypothyroidism; it requires rapid diagnosis and treatment. […] Check cortisol levels in patients with secondary hypothyroidism before starting thyroid replacement therapy, because of the serious risk of adrenal crisis.

• #1 Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0515/p605.html

  Subclinical hypothyroidism describes the state of normal FT4 levels when the TSH level is elevated. […] Subclinical hypothyroidism is a biochemical finding of an elevated TSH level with a normal FT4 level. […] Patients with elevated TPO antibody titers are at an increased risk of progression to clinical hypothyroidism. […] Most adults older than 30 years with elevated TSH but normal FT4 levels do not benefit from thyroid hormone therapy, and 60% normalize within five years. […] Patients who have a TSH level greater than 10 mIU per L are at higher risk of fracture, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure compared with patients who have a TSH level of 2.0 to 2.5 mIU per L.

• #1 Causes of Hypothyroidism and Risk factors| Hypothyroidism Causes and Risks| PatientsEngage

  https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/hypothyroidism/causes-risk-factors

  Primary hypothyroidism is the most common type of hypothyroidism. It occurs when the dysfunction is in the thyroid gland itself. Central hypothyroidism Secondary hypothyroidism occurs when there is dysfunction in the pituitary gland. Tertiary hypothyroidism results from hypothalamus disorders. Subclinical or Underactive Thyroid is the early form of thyroid failure when T4 levels are still normal. It is seen in 3-8% of the population.

• #1 Symptoms of Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324535

  Risk factors include a personal or family history of thyroid problems, previous thyroid surgery or radiation treatment to the neck or chest, having been pregnant recently, and other health conditions, such as Turner syndrome, Sjgrens syndrome, or certain autoimmune conditions. […] Without treatment, an underactive thyroid can lead to serious complications, such as infertility, obesity, and heart disease.

• #1 Can Low Thyroid Cause Other Health Problems?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/can_low_thyroid_cause_other_health_problems/article.htm

  Because hypothyroidism leads to higher cholesterol levels, you may be more likely to experience heart disease or heart failure. […] Depression or low mood is one of the symptoms of an underactive thyroid. […] Myxedema is typically only found in people who have had undiagnosed hypothyroidism for a long time. […] There are several potential causes of an underactive thyroid. […] This genetic condition causes the immune system to attack your thyroid gland. […] If your thyroid is inflamed, it may first release too much thyroid hormone for a few weeks or months. […] The nutrient iodine is added to many types of salt because it is important for thyroid health. […] If you’ve had an overactive thyroid in the past, you may have had radiation therapy to damage the thyroid, or you may have had it removed altogether.

• #1 Can Low Thyroid Cause Other Health Problems?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/can_low_thyroid_cause_other_health_problems/article.htm

  Low thyroid can cause other health problems such as erectile dysfunction, lack of ovulation, pregnancy complications, goiters, heart disease, depression, and myxedema. […] Hypothyroidism, also called an underactive thyroid, causes low levels of thyroid hormone in your body. […] When the gland releases too little thyroid hormone, it is called hypothyroidism. […] In some cases, this condition can cause other health issues. Often, treating your hypothyroidism can resolve these symptoms. […] Hypothyroidism can lead to problems getting or maintaining erections. […] Some people with hypothyroidism do not ovulate or ovulate at irregular intervals. […] People who experience untreated hypothyroidism while pregnant may experience complications. […] If your thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone, then your pituitary gland may continually send thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

• #1 19+ Signs You Have Thyroid Problems

  https://thesurgicalclinics.com/signs-thyroid-isnt-working-right/

  Now that we’ve covered the signs of an overactive thyroid let’s look at what happens with an underactive thyroid gland, also known as hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones. This leads to a slowing down of the body’s metabolic processes. Common causes of hypothyroidism include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (an autoimmune disease) and iodine deficiency. […] Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, or Hashimoto’s Disease, is a common cause of hypothyroidism where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. This is an autoimmune disorder where immune system cells gradually destroy the thyroid gland’s hormone-producing cells. […] Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to several serious health issues. Firstly, it can significantly affect mental well-being, potentially causing mood disorders such as depression. Additionally, there is a considerable risk of developing peripheral neuropathy, which involves nerve damage leading to pain and numbness in the extremities.

• #1

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive and produces an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune reaction in which the body’s immune system slowly destroys the thyroid gland. […] Left untreated in newborns, hypothyroidism can lead to intellectual disability. Untreated hypothyroidism may also lead to anemia, low body temperature, and heart failure. […] Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) means the disorder is present at birth. CH is one of the most common and preventable causes of intellectual disability.

• #1 The lowdown on thyroid slowdown – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/the-lowdown-on-thyroid-slowdown

  Inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis) may occur after a viral infection, pregnancy (postpartum thyroiditis), or an autoimmune attack. […] Some medications can suppress thyroid hormone production. […] If your TSH is high and your T4 low, you have an underactive thyroid, which should be treated. […] Hypothyroidism is usually treated with a daily dose of synthetic T4 (levothyroxine sodium), in pill form. […] Most people who take enough synthetic T4 to normalize TSH levels will find that their symptoms go away.

• #2 Houston Thyroid & Endocrine Specialists – Causes of Hypothyroidism

  https://www.houstonendocrine.com/what-is-endocrinology/hypothyroidism/causes-of-hypothyroidism

  There are four basic reasons that a patient may have low thyroid function. Each of these disorders is directly related to malfunctions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. […] The thyroid gland itself is not producing thyroid hormone. This condition is called „primary hypothyroidism” and it accounts for 99% of all cases of hypothyroidism. The most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis which is an autoimmune disease which runs in families. Yes, there is evidence that COVID SARS–CoV2 and the vaccines for COVID can cause hypothyroidism via an immune process. Several small studies (case reports) have shown SARS CoV-2 vaccines can trigger an autoimmune reaction in the thyroid of susceptible patients causing hyper and hypothyroidism. […] The pituitary is not stimulating the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormone. This is condition is called „secondary hypothyroidism”. Most commonly this is due to pituitary damage from a brain tumor called a pituitary adenoma or previous brain radiation treatments. […] The hypothalamus is not functioning properly. This is very rare and usually discovered after a pituitary workup. […] There is resistance to the action of thyroid hormone in the body. This is extremely rare.

• #2 Hypothyroidism: causes, diagnosis and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/hypothyroidism-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid is unable to produce sufficient levels of thyroid hormone, owing to thyroidal dysfunction, insufficient stimulation or, in rare cases, where peripheral tissues are resistant. […] The most common form is primary hypothyroidism, arising from dysfunction within the thyroid itself and accounting for around 99% of cases — of which 95% can be attributed to chronic autoimmune destruction of thyroid follicle cells, known as Hashimoto’s disease. […] Other causes of primary hypothyroidism include dietary iodine deficiency — following ablative treatment for hyperthyroidism (i.e. total thyroidectomy) — or an adverse drug reaction (e.g. to amiodarone used to treat arrhythmias, or lithium used in the management of bipolar disorder). […] Both secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism — also referred to as central hypothyroidism — occur subsequent to reduced thyroid stimulation, owing to dysfunction outside the thyroid, either within the anterior pituitary gland or the hypothalamus, respectively; unlike primary hypothyroidism, these occur equally in men and women.

• #2 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism means that the thyroid gland cant make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally. Common causes are autoimmune disease, such as Hashimotos thyroiditis, surgical removal of the thyroid, and radiation treatment. […] There can be many reasons why the cells in the thyroid gland cant make enough thyroid hormone. Here are the major causes, from the most to the least common. […] Autoimmune disease. In some peoples bodies, the immune system that protects the body from invading infections can mistake thyroid gland cells and their enzymes for invaders and can attack them. Then there arent enough thyroid cells and enzymes left to make enough thyroid hormone. This is more common in women than men. Autoimmune thyroiditis can begin suddenly or it can develop slowly over years. The most common forms are Hashimotos thyroiditis and atrophic thyroiditis.

• #2 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview

  Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder resulting from deficiency of thyroid hormone. In the United States and other areas of adequate iodine intake, autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto disease) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism; worldwide, iodine deficiency remains the foremost cause. […] Worldwide, iodine deficiency remains the foremost cause of hypothyroidism. In the United States and other areas of adequate iodine intake, autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto disease) is the most common cause. Hypothyroidism may also be drug-induced or otherwise iatrogenic. […] The most frequent cause of acquired hypothyroidism is chronic lymphocytic (autoimmune) thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis). The body considers the thyroid antigens as foreign, and a chronic immune reaction ensues, resulting in lymphocytic infiltration of the gland and progressive destruction of functional thyroid tissue.

• #2 Thyroid – Hashimoto’s disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hashimotos-disease

  Hashimotos disease is a common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). […] Hashimotos disease is considered to be an autoimmune disease. Immune system cells that normally defend the body against foreign invaders (such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses) attack the thyroid gland. […] The cause of the immune system attack against the thyroid gland is unknown. Most medical researchers believe that a number of both genetic and environmental factors working in combination cause Hashimotos disease. Current theories include: […] Some type of microbe, such as a bacterium or virus, may prompt the immune system to attack the thyroid. […] A genetic defect may trigger the immune response. Genetic factors may play an important role, since women are more commonly affected. […] The condition may be related to ageing, since older people are at increased risk. […] Hashimotos disease also tends to run in families, which suggests that heredity may be important.

• #2 Thyroid Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8541-thyroid-disease

  Thyroiditis: This is inflammation (swelling) of your thyroid gland. It typically causes temporary hyperthyroidism at first and then temporary or chronic hypothyroidism. […] Postpartum thyroiditis: This is a relatively rare condition that affects some birthing parents after pregnancy. An estimated 5% of people may experience this in the year after giving birth. It typically causes hyperthyroidism first, followed by hypothyroidism. Its usually temporary.

• #2 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hypothyroidism/symptoms-treatments-more

  Several medications may lower thyroid hormone production, resulting in hypothyroidism. […] Iodine deficiency occurs infrequently in the United States, but it is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in other parts of the world. […] Hypothyroidism may also result from problems involving the pituitary gland. […] Congenital hypothyroidism is hypothyroidism that’s present in children from birth. […] Around 5 to 10 percent of pregnant people will develop postpartum thyroiditis several months after their pregnancy. […] An upper respiratory infection that damages thyroid cells may cause De Quervain thyroiditis, an uncommon condition that is also called subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. […] Factors that can increase your risk of developing hypothyroidism include being female, being at least 60 years old, being treated with radiation therapy to your neck or chest, recently being pregnant, having a family history of thyroid disorders, and having certain autoimmune conditions.

• #2 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/

  Other conditions may also lead to primary hypothyroidism. Postpartum thyroiditis affects nearly 10% of women and often presents 8 to 20 weeks after the delivery of the infant. Only a few women require treatment with thyroid hormone. However, some women are at high risk for permanent hypothyroidism or recurrent postpartum thyroiditis in future pregnancies. The use of radioactive iodine to manage Graves disease usually results in permanent hypothyroidism in about 80% to 90% of the patients within 8 to 20 weeks after treatment. A relatively uncommon cause of primary hypothyroidism is subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, also known as de Quervain disease. Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis usually occurs in middle-aged women and is typically self-limited. Hypothyroidism can also be a part of the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type-1 condition that results from a mutation in the AIRE gene. This condition is a constellation of Addison disease, hypoparathyroidism, and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Polyendocrinopathy type-2 includes hypothyroidism, Addison disease, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. […] Secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism, also known as central hypothyroidism, is caused by a defect in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis secondary to any of the following: Neoplastic, infiltrative, inflammatory, genetic, or iatrogenic disorders of the pituitary or hypothalamus.

• #2 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland. Some people with thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, or Graves disease need to have part or all of their thyroid removed. If the whole thyroid is removed, people will definitely become hypothyroid. If part of the gland is left, it may be able to make enough thyroid hormone to keep blood levels normal. […] Radiation treatment. Some people with Graves disease, nodular goiter, or thyroid cancer are treated with radioactive iodine (I-131) for the purpose of destroying their thyroid gland. Patients with Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, or cancers of the head or neck are treated with radiation. All these patients can lose part or all of their thyroid function. […] Congenital hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism that a baby is born with). A few babies are born without a thyroid or with only a partly formed one. A few have part or all of their thyroid in the wrong place (ectopic thyroid). In some babies, the thyroid cells or their enzymes dont work right.

• #2 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/subclinical-thyroid-disease

  Subclinical hypothyroidism can be caused by autoimmune thyroid disease (diagnosed by the presence of TPOAb) and this means that you have a higher risk of developing full hypothyroidism in the future. […] Other causes include: […] Radioactive iodine treatment and surgery to remove your thyroid for hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer […] Too high doses of antithyroid drugs given to treat hyperthyroidism […] Certain medicines including lithium (used for certain mental health conditions), amiodarone (used for certain heart problems), immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab (used to treat certain cancers). […] Some health foods containing iodine taken in excess e.g. kelp […] Radiation for head and neck cancers […] Older age (more details below) […] Increased body weight (more details below).

• #2 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism

  Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s) is associated with other immune-mediated diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 1, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Iatrogenic hypothyroidism can be surgical (a result of thyroidectomy, usually for thyroid nodules or cancer) or following radioiodine ablation (usually for Graves’ disease).

• #2 Hypothyroidism in Children | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-hypothyroidism/

  In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland is underactive and fails to make enough thyroid hormone. […] Hypothyroidism may be present at birth (congenital) or develop later (be acquired). […] In children and adolescents (not infants), hypothyroidism is most often caused by an inflamed thyroid gland. The inflamed gland (thyroiditis) is usually caused by an autoimmune attack or a viral infection. […] A few babies are born without a thyroid gland or with only a partially formed one. […] Sometimes, congenital hypothyroidism occurs because the thyroid gland isn’t able to make thyroid hormone. […] Rarely, the problem is that the pituitary gland isn’t making thyroid-stimulating hormone.

• #2 Hypothyroidism: causes, diagnosis and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/hypothyroidism-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Central hypothyroidism most commonly arises from pituitary dysfunction, with 50% of cases attributable to pituitary adenoma, but can be caused by hypothalamic tumours, some infiltrative disorders (e.g. amyloidosis), following physical trauma, surgery or even medications (e.g. cocaine, glucocorticosteroids and metformin). […] Regardless, the decreased TSH and/or TRH production ultimately leads to decreased synthesis and release of thyroid hormones and hypothyroidism. […] Finally, peripheral hypothyroidism occurs when freely circulating levels of T3, T4 and, often, TSH are sufficient. Symptoms of hypothyroidism occur despite patients’ normal biochemical results, either owing to thyroid hormone resistance arising from genetic disorders within peripheral tissues or thyroid hormone deactivation by increased production of ‘deiodinase 3’ produced by some tumour cells. […] Additionally, around 1 in every 2,000–3,000 babies born in the UK suffer from congenital hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland is absent, underdeveloped or unable to synthesise thyroid hormones, yet there is no known direct cause.

• #2 Congenital Hypothyroidism in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=congenital-hypothyroidism-in-children-90-P01963

  The most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism is failure of the thyroid gland to grow before birth. […] Sometimes the gland is present but doesn’t make the thyroid hormones. […] Other times the thyroid gland is located in an abnormal place in the neck. […] This makes it work less well. […] Or it can be caused by treatment of a thyroid problem while you are pregnant. […] If your diet is low in iodine, your child will also have low thyroid hormone levels at birth. […] The most common cause is failure of the thyroid gland to grow during pregnancy or it’s located in an abnormal position in the neck.

• #2 Hypothyroidism – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hypothyroidism/

  Viral infections causing damage to follicular cells. […] Thyroid dysgenesis (most common cause in iodine sufficient regions). […] Iodine deficiency (most common cause worldwide). […] Sporadic (85% of cases): Thyroid hypoplasia, dysplasia, or ectopy. […] Thyroid aplasia (athyroidism). […] Transplacental transmission of maternal antithyroid antibodies. […] Hereditary (15% of cases): Dyshormonogenetic goiter: Defects in thyroid hormone synthesis (most commonly in thyroid peroxidase) lead to thyroid hyperplasia and goiter. […] Peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones. […] Fetal iodine deficiency syndrome: Congenital hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency in utero (rare in iodine-sufficient areas).

• #2 Hypothyroidism – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/medicine/endocrinology/hypothyroidism/

  Amiodarone interferes with thyroid hormone production and metabolism, usually causing hypothyroidism but can also cause thyrotoxicosis. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is often associated with a lack of other pituitary hormones, such as ACTH, referred to as hypopituitarism. […] This is rarer than primary hypothyroidism, and may be caused by: Tumours (e.g., pituitary adenomas), Surgery to the pituitary, Radiotherapy, Sheehan’s syndrome (where major post-partum haemorrhage causes avascular necrosis of the pituitary gland), Trauma. […] Iodine deficiency causes a goitre. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can initially cause a goitre, after which there is atrophy (wasting) of the thyroid gland.

• #2 10 Common Causes of Hypothyroidism You Need to Know

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/hypothyroidism/hashimotos-thyroiditis-plus-other-causes-hypothyroidism/

  Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is usually caused by Hashimotos disease and occurs in as many as 3 percent of pregnancies. […] The pituitary gland, a very small gland located in the brain, is responsible for telling the thyroid to make hormones. This is accomplished via thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). While very rare as a cause of hypothyroidism, a pituitary gland disorder can disrupt this communication with the thyroid gland, and so disrupt thyroid hormone production. […] Thyroid surgery (thyroidectomy) involves the removal of one or both sides of your thyroid gland. […] Certain hyperthyroidism treatments can lead to hypothyroidism. This is especially true of a procedure called radioactive iodine. […] While rare, certain medications could cause hypothyroidism. The most common of these is lithium.

• #2 Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism | UCLA Medical School

  https://medschool.ucla.edu/news-article/hypothyroidism-vs-hyperthyroidism-whats-the-difference

  Hypothyroidism is having an under-active thyroid or a thyroid that is not able to produce enough hormone. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Hashimotos causes inflammation, which then results in scarring and fibrosis within the thyroid, which reduces hormone production. […] Other causes include: Iodine Deficiency: Insufficient iodine in the diet can lead to hypothyroidism. […] Treatment for Hyperthyroidism: Certain treatments for an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can result in hypothyroidism. […] Thyroid Surgery: Removal of a part or all of the thyroid gland can lead to reduced hormone production. […] Certain Medications: Some medications, such as lithium, amiodarone, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and thalidomide, can interfere with thyroid function. Checkpoint inhibitors for different cancers can also impair the thyroid. […] There is also a group of people where thyroid function is abnormal but we’re not able to identify the exact cause.

• #2

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/causes/

  An underactive thyroid gland can be caused by: […] An immune system disorder usually causes an underactive thyroid gland. […] If your immune system attacks the thyroid gland, it can damage it. A damaged thyroid cannot make enough of the hormone thyroxine. This can cause symptoms of an underactive thyroid. […] Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder. It’s the most common disorder that causes an underactive thyroid. […] Previous thyroid treatment can also cause an underactive thyroid. It can be a side effect or complication. […] A problem with the pituitary gland can lead to an underactive thyroid. […] Some medicines may cause an underactive thyroid. […] Amiodarone can cause both an underactive and overactive thyroid.

• #2 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Thyroiditis. Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland, usually caused by an autoimmune attack or by a viral infection. Thyroiditis can make the thyroid dump its whole supply of stored thyroid hormone into the blood at once, causing brief hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid activity); then the thyroid becomes underactive. […] Medicines. Medicines such as amiodarone, lithium, interferon alpha, and interleukin-2 can prevent the thyroid gland from being able to make hormone normally. These drugs are most likely to trigger hypothyroidism in patients who have a genetic tendency to autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Too much or too little iodine. The thyroid gland must have iodine to make thyroid hormone. Iodine comes into the body in food and travels through the blood to the thyroid. Keeping thyroid hormone production in balance requires the right amount of iodine. Taking in too much iodine can cause or worsen hypothyroidism.

• #2 What Causes Hypothyroidism?

  https://www.theinvisiblehypothyroidism.com/what-causes-an-underactive-thyroid/

  Most commonly, Hashimotos Thyroiditis is the cause for hypothyroidism. This autoimmune disease is said to cause around 90% of hypothyroidism cases. […] Hashimotos causes the immune system to attack the thyroid gland, slowly destroying it, affecting its ability to function correctly, thus causing hypothyroidism. […] What we know so far is that there is a combination of genetic susceptibility plus environmental triggers, such as hormonal changes, excess iodine, viruses and stress. […] Excess iron, a condition called Haemochromatosis, is also a possibility for causing hypothyroidism. […] Chlorine, Fluorine and Mercury (often found in dental fillings) have been said to cause hypothyroidism. […] Caffeine, tobacco and alcohol may also have a negative effect on the thyroid. […] Deficiencies in certain vitamins, minerals and nutrients can also lead to hypothyroidism. Iodine is a well-recognised one, as adequate Iodine is needed for proper thyroid function.

• #2 Causas del Hipotiroidismo | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/hypothyroidism/causes

  Thyroiditis. This is an inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by an autoimmune attack or a viral infection. […] Medications (amiodarone, lithium, interferon, interleukin, immunotherapy). These cause hypothyroidism more frequently in patients with a predisposition to developing autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Iodine excess or deficiency. Thyroid hormones contain a large amount of iodine. This requires a balanced iodine intake, as excessive iodine, as well as iodine deficiency, can cause or aggravate hypothyroidism. […] Pituitary disease. The pituitary gland tells the thyroid gland how much thyroid hormone to produce. If the pituitary gland is not functioning and does not stimulate the thyroid, the thyroid gland stops producing enough hormone. […] Rare infiltrative thyroid diseases. Some diseases such as amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, and haemochromatosis cause an abnormal substance to build up in the thyroid (amyloid, granulomas, or iron, respectively). This prevents it from functioning normally.

• #2 Hypothyroidism – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hypothyroidism/

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive, resulting in a deficiency of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). […] The etiology of acquired hypothyroidism is typically autoimmune (Hashimoto thyroiditis) or iatrogenic. […] Primary hypothyroidism: insufficient thyroid hormone production […] Hashimoto thyroiditis: The most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions. […] Nutritional (insufficient intake of iodine): the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide, particularly in iodine-deficient regions. […] Secondary hypothyroidism: pituitary disorders (e.g., pituitary adenoma) TSH deficiency. […] Tertiary hypothyroidism: hypothalamic disorders TRH deficiency. […] Autoimmune thyroiditis: Associated with HLA-DR3.

• #2 Hypothyroidism Secondary – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/hypothyroidism-secondary

  Secondary hypothyroidism involves decreased activity of the thyroid caused by failure of the pituitary gland. […] The cause of secondary hypothyroidism is failure of the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This is usually caused by a tumor in the region of the pituitary. Rarely the cause is an infiltration of the pituitary by inflammatory cells from the immune system or foreign substances (such as iron in hemochromotosis). […] Risk factors for secondary hypothyroidism include being over 50 years old, being female, and having a history of pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction. […] Myxedema coma, the most severe form of hypothyroidism, is rare. It may be precipitated by an infection, illness, exposure to cold, or certain medications.

• #2 Hypothyroidism | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/hypothyroidism/

  This is the autoimmune condition where the body attacks the thyroid with antibodies. […] Subclinical or mild hypothyroidism is sometimes used to describe when the thyroid hormone levels in the blood are within the normal range but the pituitary is having to work harder, and send higher levels of TSH to get the thyroid to work properly. […] Hypothyroidism is common, especially in middle-aged women. […] People with a family history of thyroid problems are more likely to have hypothyroidism. […] Doctors diagnose hypothyroidism by testing hormone levels in the blood they diagnose hypothyroidism if there are high TSH and low T4 levels. […] Hypothyroidism is treated with a medicine called levothyroxine, which replaces the missing thyroid hormones. […] With treatment, people with hypothyroidism can live normal lives. However, untreated hypothyroidism can cause heart and brain issues.

• #2 Patient education: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. It is the most common thyroid disorder. […] In approximately 95 percent of cases, hypothyroidism is due to a problem in the thyroid gland itself and is called „primary hypothyroidism.” […] However, certain medications and diseases can also decrease thyroid function. As an example, hypothyroidism can also develop after medical treatments for hyperthyroidism, such as thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid) or radioiodine treatment (to destroy thyroid tissue). In some cases, hypothyroidism is a result of decreased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the pituitary gland (called secondary hypothyroidism). […] Thyroid problems are more common in females, increase with age, and (in the United States) are more common in white people and Mexican Americans than in African Americans.

• #2 Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0515/p605.html

  Clinical hypothyroidism occurs when there is inadequate thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland or insufficient stimulation by the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Causes may include primary gland failure or can be iatrogenic, transient, or central. […] Central causes, such as low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), are rare. […] Clinical hypothyroidism occurs in 0.3% of the U.S. general population, with a higher prevalence in people older than 65 years. […] Other risk factors include autoimmune disease (e.g., type 1 diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, autoimmune gastric atrophy, multiple autoimmune endocrinopathies), Down syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] Signs and symptoms are nonspecific and can vary in individual presentations. […] Diagnosis is based on blood levels of decreased FT4, with a corresponding elevated thyrotropin (i.e., TSH) level in primary causes (thyroid source); the TSH level may be normal to low in secondary (pituitary source) or tertiary (hypothalamic source) causes.

• #2 10 Common Causes of Hypothyroidism You Need to Know

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/hypothyroidism/hashimotos-thyroiditis-plus-other-causes-hypothyroidism/

  Hashimotos thyroiditis, also called Hashimotos hypothyroidism, is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Its an autoimmune disease, a class of disorders in which your body attacks its own healthy tissues. People who have Hashimotos have antibodies that attack thyroid gland tissues. When your thyroid gland no longer has healthy tissues, it can weaken and fail to produce hormones as it should. […] The exact cause of autoimmune diseases isnt known, but genetics are thought to contribute. Hashimotos tends to run in families, so you may be at risk if a close relative has the condition. […] Pregnancy leads to many hormonal changes, and thyroid hormone alterations are among them. Thyroid hormone demands increase during pregnancy, and a thyroid that is not working as well may not be able to keep up, which can trigger hypothyroidism.

• #2 Potential Root Causes of Thyroid Dysfunction | Paloma Health

  https://www.palomahealth.com/learn/root-causes-thyroid-dysfunction?srsltid=AfmBOopd_GICzWYSHkJyytjulmgW7F5F3LIsZYEQRnufX45Se-9m760a

  Genetics are complex and often play a role in thyroid dysfunction. Those with a family history of thyroid disorders have a higher chance of developing one themselves. […] In Hashimotos, thyroid antibodies destroy the thyroid gland, lowering thyroid hormone production. This results in an underactive thyroid. Hashimotos is the primary cause of hypothyroidism, which affects 1 in 5 adult Americans. […] Chronic stress, poor diet, or an untreated infection can worsen inflammation. Several studies link chronic inflammation to a leaky gut, a precursor to thyroid autoimmune conditions. […] Your thyroid depends on various nutrients to function at its best. Nutrient deficiencies can lead to thyroid dysfunction. […] Chronic stress or traumatic events can lead to high cortisol levels, thus disrupting the delicate balance of your hormonal systems. […] Many viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and adenoviruses, can contribute to the development of hypothyroidism and other types of thyroid dysfunction.

• #2 Hyperthyroidism Vs. Hypothyroidism: How to Spot the Differences: The Endocrine Center: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Thyroid Specialists

  https://www.endocrinecenter.com/blog/hyperthyroidism-vs-hypothyroidism-how-to-spot-the-differences

  Hypothyroidism is the opposite of hyperthyroidism, as it results in an underactive thyroid. […] An underproductive thyroid may be the result of several causes, including autoimmune diseases, a response to hyperthyroidism treatments, radiation therapy, thyroid surgery, pituitary gland disorders, and congenital conditions. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis, the most common cause of hypothyroidism, occurs when your immune system attacks your thyroid and causes it to underproduce. […] Radiation therapy, especially if targeted at your head and neck, and other drugs can interfere with your thyroids ability to produce enough hormones. If youve been treated for hyperthyroidism and your body overreacts to the medication, it can lower your thyroid function and lead to hypothyroidism. […] Iodine deficiency, rare pituitary gland disorders, and thyroid defects present at birth can also trigger low thyroid-stimulating hormones.

• #2 The lowdown on thyroid slowdown – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/the-lowdown-on-thyroid-slowdown

  Inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis) may occur after a viral infection, pregnancy (postpartum thyroiditis), or an autoimmune attack. […] Some medications can suppress thyroid hormone production. […] If your TSH is high and your T4 low, you have an underactive thyroid, which should be treated. […] Hypothyroidism is usually treated with a daily dose of synthetic T4 (levothyroxine sodium), in pill form. […] Most people who take enough synthetic T4 to normalize TSH levels will find that their symptoms go away.

• #2 7 Early Warning Signs of Thyroid Issues – Associated Endocrinologist, P.C.

  https://www.endocrinemds.com/blogs/7-early-warning-signs-of-thyroid-issues/

  There are two types of thyroid disease, hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid). […] Patients with an underactive thyroid produce too little thyroid hormone, causing their metabolism to slow significantly. […] Hypothyroidism is more common than hyperthyroidism, with about 1 in 20 Americans suffering from the condition. […] One of the key signs that a patient is developing hypothyroidism is fatigue; however, the fatigue associated with hypothyroidism is different from the fatigue experienced on an everyday basis. […] With an underactive thyroid, this process is essentially reversed. With too little thyroid hormone circulating in the body, the metabolism slows, and the body converts food to energy at a slower rate. Consequently, patients with hypothyroidism often gain weight rapidly without altering their diet.

• #2 Causes of Hypothyroidism and Risk factors| Hypothyroidism Causes and Risks| PatientsEngage

  https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/hypothyroidism/causes-risk-factors

  Primary hypothyroidism is the most common type of hypothyroidism. It occurs when the dysfunction is in the thyroid gland itself. Central hypothyroidism Secondary hypothyroidism occurs when there is dysfunction in the pituitary gland. Tertiary hypothyroidism results from hypothalamus disorders. Subclinical or Underactive Thyroid is the early form of thyroid failure when T4 levels are still normal. It is seen in 3-8% of the population.

• #2 Borderline Hypothyroidism: Symptoms, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/condition/thyroid/treatment-for-borderline-underactive-thyroid

  Subclinical, or „borderline,” hypothyroidism is an early form of hypothyroidism. This condition causes an underactive thyroid, which results in high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. […] Hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid. Thyroiditis damages the cells in the thyroid, negatively affecting hormone production. Autoimmune disorders, pregnancy, and viral infections can result in thyroiditis. […] The brain releases more TSH in an effort to increase levels when you have an underactive thyroid. Borderline hypothyroidism happens if TSH levels are higher than normal but T3 and T4 levels are normal.

• #2 19+ Signs You Have Thyroid Problems

  https://thesurgicalclinics.com/signs-thyroid-isnt-working-right/

  Now that we’ve covered the signs of an overactive thyroid let’s look at what happens with an underactive thyroid gland, also known as hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones. This leads to a slowing down of the body’s metabolic processes. Common causes of hypothyroidism include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (an autoimmune disease) and iodine deficiency. […] Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, or Hashimoto’s Disease, is a common cause of hypothyroidism where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. This is an autoimmune disorder where immune system cells gradually destroy the thyroid gland’s hormone-producing cells. […] Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to several serious health issues. Firstly, it can significantly affect mental well-being, potentially causing mood disorders such as depression. Additionally, there is a considerable risk of developing peripheral neuropathy, which involves nerve damage leading to pain and numbness in the extremities.

• #2 Thyroid Disease Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/endocrinology/conditions/thyroid-disease

  Thyroid disease causes your thyroid gland to make too much or too little of the hormones. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s disease. This disease causes the immune system to attack the thyroid by mistake. […] Left untreated, hypothyroidism can lead to an increased risk of miscarriage or other problems during pregnancy. […] Left untreated, hyperthyroidism can lead to fast, irregular heart rate.

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