Niedoczynność tarczycy
Epidemiologia

Niedoczynność tarczycy jest najczęstszym schorzeniem endokrynologicznym, z częstością występowania jawnej niedoczynności na poziomie 0,3-0,8% populacji ogólnej, a subklinicznej od 4,3% do 9,4%. Choroba dotyka głównie kobiety (2-8 razy częściej niż mężczyzn), a ryzyko wzrasta wraz z wiekiem, szczególnie u osób powyżej 60 roku życia, gdzie łączna częstość sięga około 15%. W krajach z wystarczającą podażą jodu, najczęstszą przyczyną jest autoimmunologiczne zapalenie tarczycy (choroba Hashimoto), natomiast w regionach z niedoborem jodu – niedobór tego pierwiastka. Subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy charakteryzuje się podwyższonym poziomem TSH przy prawidłowej wolnej T4 i dotyczy 5-10% populacji, z rocznym ryzykiem progresji do jawnej niedoczynności wynoszącym 4-18%, szczególnie u osób z przeciwciałami przeciwtarczycowymi i TSH >10-15 mIU/L.

  1. Epidemiologia niedoczynności tarczycy
    1. Globalna częstotliwość występowania
    2. Niezdiagnozowana niedoczynność tarczycy
    3. Różnice związane z płcią
    4. Wpływ wieku na częstotliwość występowania
    5. Różnice etniczne i geograficzne
  2. Czynniki ryzyka niedoczynności tarczycy
    1. Czynniki genetyczne i rodzinne
    2. Czynniki związane z płcią i ciążą
    3. Choroby współistniejące i czynniki związane z trybem życia
  3. Typy niedoczynności tarczycy i ich częstotliwość występowania
    1. Pierwotna niedoczynność tarczycy
    2. Centralna niedoczynność tarczycy
    3. Subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy
    4. Wrodzona niedoczynność tarczycy
  4. Nadzór i monitorowanie niedoczynności tarczycy
    1. Wytyczne dotyczące badań przesiewowych
    2. Monitorowanie pacjentów z niedoczynnością tarczycy
    3. Szczególne populacje wymagające nadzoru
    4. Znaczenie wczesnego wykrywania i leczenia
    5. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia niedoczynności tarczycy

Niedoczynność tarczycy (hypothyroidism) stanowi najczęstsze schorzenie endokrynologiczne zarówno w Polsce, jak i na świecie. Częstość występowania niedoczynności tarczycy różni się w zależności od zastosowanych kryteriów diagnostycznych, charakterystyki populacji oraz badanego regionu geograficznego. 123

Globalna częstotliwość występowania

Szacuje się, że na całym świecie około miliard ludzi cierpi z powodu niedoboru jodu, chociaż dokładna liczba przypadków, w których prowadzi to do niedoczynności tarczycy, pozostaje nieznana. 1 W dużych badaniach populacyjnych prowadzonych w krajach zachodnich z wystarczającą podażą jodu w diecie, jawna niedoczynność tarczycy (overt hypothyroidism) występuje u 0,3-0,4% populacji. 2 Natomiast subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy (subclinical hypothyroidism) dotyka znacznie większej części populacji, wynosząc od 4,3% do 8,5%. 3

Według National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), częstość występowania jawnej niedoczynności tarczycy wśród osób w wieku 12 lat i starszych w Stanach Zjednoczonych wynosi 0,3%, podczas gdy subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy występuje u 4,3% populacji. 1 Nowsze dane z USA wskazują na wzrost częstości występowania niedoczynności tarczycy, z 9,5% w 2012 roku do 11,7% w 2019 roku. 1

W Europie łączna częstość występowania niedoczynności tarczycy (zarówno zdiagnozowanej, jak i niezdiagnozowanej) wynosi około 3%. 2 Badania przeprowadzone w dziewięciu krajach Europy wykazały, że częstość występowania niezdiagnozowanej niedoczynności tarczycy, obejmującej zarówno łagodne, jak i jawne przypadki, szacuje się na około 5-6%. 1

Niedoczynność tarczycy jest szczególnie powszechna w Indiach, gdzie jej częstość występowania wynosi 11%, w porównaniu z zaledwie 2-4,6% w populacji zachodniej. 1 W Australii częstość występowania niedoczynności tarczycy szacuje się na około 1 na 33 osoby. 1

Niezdiagnozowana niedoczynność tarczycy

Niezdiagnozowana niedoczynność tarczycy stanowi istotny problem zdrowia publicznego. Szacuje się, że około 4-7% populacji w USA i Europie cierpi na niezdiagnozowaną niedoczynność tarczycy. 4 W Stanach Zjednoczonych liczba osób z niezdiagnozowaną niedoczynością tarczycy może sięgać nawet 13 milionów. 1

Badanie przeprowadzone w Chorwacji wykazało, że aż 92,6% osób z subkliniczną niedoczynnością tarczycy i 93,9% z jawną niedoczynnością tarczycy pozostawało niezdiagnozowanych. 12 Podobnie, w Holandii częstość występowania niezdiagnozowanej subklinicznej niedoczynności tarczycy wynosiła 9,4%, a niezdiagnozowanej jawnej niedoczynności tarczycy – 0,7%. 1

Różnice związane z płcią

Niedoczynność tarczycy występuje znacznie częściej u kobiet niż u mężczyzn. 13 Ogólnie, częstość występowania chorób tarczycy jest 2-8 razy wyższa u kobiet. 2 W populacyjnych badaniach wykazano, że kobiety miały siedmiokrotnie większe prawdopodobieństwo niż mężczyźni występowania poziomów TSH powyżej 10 mU/L. 5

W Wielkiej Brytanii niedoczynność tarczycy dotyka 15 na 1000 kobiet i 1 na 1000 mężczyzn. 1 Podobnie, w Stanach Zjednoczonych częstość występowania niedoczynności tarczycy wśród kobiet wynosi do 12 na 1000, a wśród mężczyzn do 4 na 1000. 1

W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Chorwacji kobiety miały 2,37 razy większe szanse na rozwój jawnej niedoczynności tarczycy i 1,58 razy większe szanse na rozwój subklinicznej niedoczynności tarczycy niż mężczyźni. 2 W populacji wojskowej USA częstość występowania pierwotnej niedoczynności tarczycy wśród kobiet (43,7 na 10 000 osobolat) była ponad czterokrotnie wyższa niż wśród mężczyzn (10,2 na 10 000 osobolat). 1

Wpływ wieku na częstotliwość występowania

Częstość występowania niedoczynności tarczycy wzrasta wraz z wiekiem. 14 Jest ona szczególnie powszechna wśród osób starszych, występując u prawie 10% kobiet i 6% mężczyzn powyżej 65 roku życia. 12

Subkliniczna dysfunkcja tarczycy występuje u około 15% starszych kobiet i 10% starszych mężczyzn, szczególnie u osób z podstawowym zapaleniem tarczycy Hashimoto. 3 Według badania Wyne i wsp., między 2012 a 2019 rokiem częstość występowania niedoczynności tarczycy utrzymywała się na stałym poziomie u osób poniżej 50 roku życia, podczas gdy u osób w wieku 50-59 lat wzrosła z 10,4% do 11,2%, a u osób w wieku 60 lat i starszych z 16,2% do 17,8%. 3

W badaniu brytyjskim częstość występowania subklinicznej niedoczynności tarczycy wzrastała wraz z wiekiem, dotykając 15-18% kobiet powyżej 60 roku życia. 1 Podobnie, w badaniu europejskim subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy występowała u około 8% kobiet (10% kobiet powyżej 55 roku życia) i 3% mężczyzn. 1

Rodzaj niedoczynności tarczycy Częstość występowania ogólna Kobiety Mężczyźni Wiek >60 lat
Jawna niedoczynność tarczycy 0,3-0,8% 0,8% 0,3% ~1%
Subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy 4,3-9,4% 5,9-10% 3-3,4% 10-18%
Łącznie 5-11,7% 8-12% 3-6% ~15%

Różnice etniczne i geograficzne

Istnieją istotne różnice etniczne i geograficzne w częstości występowania niedoczynności tarczycy. W badaniu NHANES w Stanach Zjednoczonych wykazano, że 65,6% osób z niedoczynnością tarczycy stanowili biali nie-Latynosi. 4 W obu grupach płci częstość występowania pierwotnej niedoczynności tarczycy i zapalenia tarczycy była wyższa wśród białych nie-Latynosów w porównaniu z osobami z innych grup etnicznych. 2

W Indiach stany śródlądowe mają wyższą częstość występowania niedoczynności tarczycy w porównaniu ze stanami nadmorskimi (11,7% vs 9,5%), prawdopodobnie z powodu niedoboru jodu. 2 W Australii i innych krajach z wystarczającą podażą jodu, najczęstszą przyczyną niedoczynności tarczycy jest autoimmunologiczne przewlekłe limfocytowe zapalenie tarczycy. 2

Niedobór jodu jako przyczyna niedoczynności tarczycy jest bardziej powszechny w krajach słabiej rozwiniętych. 2 Pomimo rutynowego wzbogacania soli, mąki i innych podstawowych produktów spożywczych jodem, szacuje się, że 35-45% światowej populacji cierpi z powodu niedoboru jodu. 3

Czynniki ryzyka niedoczynności tarczycy

Główne czynniki ryzyka rozwoju niedoczynności tarczycy obejmują wiek i płeć. 1 Niedoczynność tarczycy jest powszechnie obserwowana u osób starszych (powyżej 65 roku życia) i w populacji kobiet. 2

Czynniki genetyczne i rodzinne

Dziedziczność jest główną przyczyną rozwoju niedoczynności tarczycy u osób, które mają historię niedoczynności tarczycy w rodzinie. 21 Szanse na przeniesienie TSH z rodziców na dzieci wynoszą 60%, podczas gdy dla wolnej T4 – od 20% do 60%. 32

Czynniki związane z płcią i ciążą

Kobiety są od 5 do 10 razy bardziej narażone na niedoczynność tarczycy niż mężczyźni. 1 Ryzyko niedoczynności tarczycy wzrasta podczas ciąży, po porodzie i w okresie menopauzy. 1

Według European Thyroid Association, częstość występowania jawnej niedoczynności tarczycy w ciąży wynosi 0,2-0,5%, a subklinicznej niedoczynności tarczycy w ciąży – 2-2,5%. 5 Niedoczynność tarczycy rozwija się u 5 na 100 kobiet w ciągu roku od porodu. 2 Częstość występowania poporodowego zapalenia tarczycy w obszarach z wystarczającą podażą jodu określa się na około 5-7%. 6

Choroby współistniejące i czynniki związane z trybem życia

Dysfunkcja tarczycy jest bardziej powszechna wśród osób z chorobami autoimmunologicznymi, takimi jak cukrzyca typu I, choroba trzewna lub autoimmunologiczne zaburzenia endokrynologiczne. 3 Choroba Hashimoto może współwystępować z innymi chorobami autoimmunologicznymi, takimi jak cukrzyca typu 1, choroba Addisona, reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów, toczeń rumieniowaty układowy, zespół Sjögrena, autoimmunologiczne zapalenie wątroby i bielactwo. 1

W Wielkiej Brytanii częstość występowania leczonej niedoczynności tarczycy była pozytywnie związana z płcią żeńską, białą rasą i otyłością. 7 Badania sugerują również, że rosnące spożycie żywności pochodzenia roślinnego w regionie europejskim WHO (składającym się z ponad 50 krajów) jako substytut ważnych źródeł jodu, takich jak mleko, nabiał i ryby, przyczynia się do problemu niewystarczającego spożycia jodu. 4

Badanie z UK Biobank wykazało, że dieta wegetariańska może być związana z umiarkowanie wyższym ryzykiem niedoczynności tarczycy. 1

Typy niedoczynności tarczycy i ich częstotliwość występowania

Niedoczynność tarczycy jest przede wszystkim kategoryzowana jako pierwotna i wtórna (centralna) niedoczynność tarczycy. 2

Pierwotna niedoczynność tarczycy

W pierwotnej niedoczynności tarczycy gruczoł tarczycowy nie może produkować odpowiednich ilości hormonu tarczycy. 3 Pierwotna niedoczynność tarczycy stanowi najczęstszy typ, obejmujący około 99% wszystkich przypadków niedoczynności tarczycy. 3

Najczęstszą przyczyną pierwotnej niedoczynności tarczycy w krajach z wystarczającą podażą jodu jest choroba Hashimoto (przewlekłe autoimmunologiczne zapalenie tarczycy). 11 Choroba Hashimoto dotyka 1-2% osób w Stanach Zjednoczonych i jest najczęstszą przyczyną niedoczynności tarczycy w USA u osób powyżej 6 roku życia. 12

Roczna zapadalność na chorobę Hashimoto na całym świecie szacowana jest na 0,3-1,5 przypadku na 1000 osób. 3 Zapadalność na chorobę Hashimoto jest szacowana na 10-15 razy wyższa u kobiet. 4

Centralna niedoczynność tarczycy

Centralna niedoczynność tarczycy występuje, gdy gruczoł tarczycowy funkcjonuje prawidłowo, jednak niedoczynność tarczycy wynika z nieprawidłowego funkcjonowania przysadki mózgowej lub podwzgórza. 4 Niedoczynność tarczycy wtórna (przysadkowa) lub trzeciorzędowa (podwzgórzowa) występuje, gdy problem dotyczy przysadki mózgowej lub podwzgórza, a nie samej tarczycy. 1

Centralna niedoczynność tarczycy dotyka około 1 na 16 000 do 1 na 100 000 osób. 2 Większość niedoczynności tarczycy ma charakter pierwotny. Centralna/wtórna niedoczynność tarczycy dotyka 1:20 000 do 1:80 000 populacji, czyli około jednej na tysiąc osób z niedoczynnością tarczycy. 6 Wtórna niedoczynność tarczycy jest rzadka, a szacowana częstość występowania waha się między 1 na 20 000 a 1 na 80 000 osób. 8

Subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy

Subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy to biochemiczne rozpoznanie definiowane przez normalny poziom wolnej T4 i podwyższony poziom TSH. 1 Pacjenci mogą mieć lub nie mieć objawów przypisywanych niedoczynności tarczycy. 2

Subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy dotyka 5-10% populacji, jest częstsza u kobiet i zwiększa się wraz z wiekiem. 9 W badaniach ograniczonych do osób starszych, odnotowana częstość występowania subklinicznej niedoczynności tarczycy wynosi od 1,5% do 12,5%. 1

Około 4-18% pacjentów z subkliniczną niedoczynnością tarczycy będzie postępować w kierunku jawnej niedoczynności tarczycy każdego roku. 3 Roczny wskaźnik progresji z subklinicznej do jawnej niedoczynności tarczycy został oszacowany na około 4% u kobiet z podwyższonym TSH i pozytywnymi przeciwciałami przeciwtarczycowymi, 2-4% u osób tylko z podwyższonym TSH i 1-3% u osób tylko z przeciwciałami przeciwtarczycowymi. 2

W badaniu prospektywnym 107 pacjentów w wieku powyżej 55 lat początkowy poziom TSH większy niż 10-15 mIU/L był zmienną najsilniej związaną z progresją do jawnej niedoczynności tarczycy. 3 Ryzyko jest wyższe u osób z przeciwciałami przeciwko peroksydazie tarczycowej. 7

Wrodzona niedoczynność tarczycy

Częstość występowania wrodzonej niedoczynności tarczycy różni się w zależności od wartości odcięcia stosowanych dla poziomów tarczycy. 1 Częstość występowania rozpoznanej wrodzonej niedoczynności tarczycy wzrosła z 1 na 6500 przed erą badań przesiewowych do około 1 na 2000-3000 dzięki badaniom przesiewowym. 2

Około jednego na 4000 noworodków rodzi się z niedoczynnością tarczycy. 1 Zapadalność na wrodzoną niedoczynność tarczycy wynosi 1:2300 noworodków rocznie. 3

Częstość występowania wrodzonej niedoczynności tarczycy waha się w zależności od obszaru geograficznego i rasy. 3 Badanie z Programu Przesiewowego Nowego Jorku w latach 2000-2003 wykazało częstość występowania 1:1601. 4 Częstość była nieco wyższa u dzieci pochodzenia hiszpańskiego (1:1559) i azjatyckiego (1:1016) w porównaniu z białymi (1:1815) i czarnymi niemowlętami (1:1902). 5

Ponadto, częstość występowania była prawie dwukrotnie wyższa u bliźniąt (1:876) w porównaniu z pojedynczym płodem (1:1765), a nawet wyższa u trojaczków (1:575). 6 Wcześniaki (1:1396) miały wyższą częstość występowania niż niemowlęta urodzone o czasie (1:1843). 7

Nadzór i monitorowanie niedoczynności tarczycy

Regularne monitorowanie testów funkcji tarczycy (TFT) jest niezbędne w zarządzaniu pacjentami w celu oceny odpowiedzi na terapię, przestrzegania zaleceń przez pacjenta i dostosowania dawek w związku z zaawansowanym wiekiem. 1

Wytyczne dotyczące badań przesiewowych

American Thyroid Association zaleca rozpoczęcie badań przesiewowych w kierunku niedoczynności tarczycy od 35 roku życia. 3 Badania przesiewowe powinny odbywać się raz na 5 lat. 4 Osoby najbardziej narażone na niedoczynność tarczycy obejmują: kobiety w ciąży, kobiety w wieku 60 lat i starsze, osoby z historią napromieniania głowy i szyi, osoby z zaburzeniami autoimmunologicznymi, osoby z cukrzycą typu 1, osoby z rodzinną historią niedoczynności tarczycy, osoby z pozytywnymi wynikami testów na przeciwciała przeciwko peroksydazie tarczycowej. 5

American Academy of Family Physicians nie zaleca badań przesiewowych w kierunku niedoczynności tarczycy u bezobjawowych dorosłych, a U.S. Preventive Services Task Force nie znalazła wystarczających dowodów na rutynowe badania przesiewowe w tej populacji. 2

Początkowe badanie przesiewowe u pacjentów z podejrzeniem niedoczynności tarczycy przeprowadza się poprzez pomiar poziomu TSH. 4 Pozytywny wynik badania przeciwciał przeciwko peroksydazie tarczycowej potwierdza autoimmunologiczne zapalenie tarczycy jako przyczynę. 5

Monitorowanie pacjentów z niedoczynnością tarczycy

Doroczny nadzór (z badaniem funkcji tarczycy) jest szeroko zalecany w długoterminowej obserwacji leczonych pacjentów z niedoczynnością tarczycy. 2 Jednak zalecana częstotliwość testów opiera się w dużej mierze na konsensusie, a dowody na poparcie tego są ograniczone. 3

Badania wykazały, że obserwacja co 18 miesięcy może być wystarczająca u większości pacjentów poniżej 60 roku życia na stabilnej dawce tyroksyny wynoszącej 100-150 μg/dzień. 1

W przypadku subklinicznej niedoczynności tarczycy z niewielką liczbą objawów lub bez objawów, wymagane będą kontrolne badania krwi, aby upewnić się, że nie rozwija się kliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy. 3 W zależności od poziomu TSH i czy wykryto przeciwciała tarczycowe, badania te powinny być początkowo wykonywane co 6-12 miesięcy. 4

Szczególne populacje wymagające nadzoru

Badania przesiewowe w kierunku niedoczynności tarczycy są uzasadnione w wybranych populacjach (np. noworodki, starsi dorośli z czynnikami ryzyka), w których jest ona stosunkowo bardziej rozpowszechniona, zwłaszcza że może powodować znaczną zachorowalność, a jej objawy mogą być subtelne. 4

Pacjenci z następującymi schorzeniami powinni być badani w kierunku centralnej niedoczynności tarczycy: hiperprolaktynemia, akromegalia, moczówka prosta, nawracające bóle głowy, zmiany w widzeniu, noworodki z hipotonią, przedłużającą się żółtaczką, niezstąpieniem jąder, opóźnieniem rozwoju. 6

Problemy z tarczycą są bardzo powszechne u osób z zespołem Downa, dlatego zalecane są regularne badania krwi w kierunku tarczycy. 1 Od 1 roku życia badanie krwi powinno być wykonywane co roku (lub częściej, jeśli jest to wskazane klinicznie) przez resztę życia. 2

Znaczenie wczesnego wykrywania i leczenia

Większość stanów wymaga, aby niemowlęta miały badanie krwi krótko po urodzeniu w celu sprawdzenia niedoczynności tarczycy. 2 Rozpoczęcie leczenia u niemowlęcia z niedoczynnością tarczycy jak najszybciej po urodzeniu ma na celu zapobieganie trwałemu uszkodzeniu mózgu i niepełnosprawności intelektualnej. 3

Zgodnie z regułą, im wcześniej rozpoczęte leczenie, tym większa szansa ma niemowlę na osiągnięcie pełnego potencjału rozwoju umysłowego. 4 Leczeniem jest codzienna wymiana brakującego hormonu tarczycy tabletkami syntetycznego hormonu tarczycy (nazywanymi również lewotyroksyną sodową lub L-tyroksyną). 5

U dorosłych niedoczynność tarczycy jest leczona lekiem, który dostarcza organizmowi hormon tarczycy potrzebny do normalnego funkcjonowania. 1 Najczęstszymi lekami są syntetyczne formy hormonu, który produkuje tarczyca. 2 Pacjent prawdopodobnie będzie musiał przyjmować tabletki z hormonem tarczycy przez resztę życia. 3

Przy właściwym leczeniu, osoby z niedoczynnością tarczycy mają doskonałe rokowania. 1 Jednak nieleczona niedoczynność tarczycy może powodować powikłania zagrażające życiu, takie jak śpiączka obrzękowa. 2

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism epidemiology […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism varies according to the definition used, the population characteristics, and the geographical area studied. The prevalence increases in women and with increasing age. […] One European meta-analysis found the total prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of hypothyroidism to be 3%. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism was 4.9% (6.4% in females and 3.4% in males). Of these, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.8% in females and 0.3% in males, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.9% in females and 3.4% in males. […] A retrospective analysis of General Practice data in the North East of England found the overall prevalence of treated hypothyroidism to be 4.5% in 2016. The prevalence increases with increasing age and is up to 10 times more common in women. […] A review of UK national databases found the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased from 2.3% to 3.5% of the total UK population between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism was positively associated with female sex, white ethnicity, and obesity. […] The British Thyroid Association notes that subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-10% of the population. […] The true prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism may have been overestimated in older people, due to the physiological increase in TSH levels with increasing age, that may be misinterpreted as thyroid disease. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is rare. The estimated incidence varies between 1 per 20,000 and 1 per 80,000 people. […] The European Thyroid Association guidelines state that the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 0.2-0.5%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 2-2.5%. […] The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in iodine-sufficient areas is stated as being about 5-7%.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disorder. Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism. In large population-based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.30.4% of the population have overt hypothyroidism. A larger proportion, 4.38.5%, have subclinical hypothyroidism. Undiagnosed hypothyroidism is estimated to affect about 47% of community-derived populations in the US and Europe. Of people with subclinical hypothyroidism, 80% have a TSH level below the 10 mIU/L mark regarded as the threshold for treatment. […] Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men. In population-based studies, women were seven times more likely than men to have TSH levels above 10 mU/L. 24% of people with subclinical hypothyroidism will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year. The risk is higher in those with antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. […] Most hypothyroidism is primary in nature. Central/secondary hypothyroidism affects 1:20,000 to 1:80,000 of the population or about one out of every thousand people with hypothyroidism.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/
    The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII) study found the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism among individuals aged 12 years and older in the US to be 0.3% and subclinical hypothyroidism 4.3%. Female gender and increasing age are associated with a higher risk for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and an increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies. Hypothyroidism is more prevalent in women with small stature at birth and low body mass index in childhood. […] Hypothyroidism is primarily categorized as primary and secondary (ie, central) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland cannot produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone. The less commonly seen secondary or central hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland functions normally; however, hypothyroidism results from the abnormal pituitary gland or hypothalamus function.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview
    A retrospective study by Wyne et al using a medical/pharmacy claims database reported a steady increase in hypothyroidism in the United States, with the prevalence rising from 9.5% in 2012 to 11.7% in 2019. […] Iodine deficiency as a cause of hypothyroidism is more common in less-developed countries. Routine supplementation of salt, flour, and other food staples with iodine has decreased the rates of iodine deficiency, but even so, an estimated 35-45% of the worlds population is affected by iodine deficiency. […] According to a report released in 2024 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Iodine Global Network, the growing consumption of plant-based foods in the WHO European region (made up of over 50 countries) as a substitution for important sources of iodine, such as milk, dairy, and fish, is contributing to the problem of insufficient iodine intake.
  • #1 Epidemiology, Types, Causes, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hypothyroidism
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10613832/
    Hypothyroidism means an underactive thyroid gland. This leads to a decrease in the functioning of the thyroid gland. It is a very common endocrine disorder that causes under-secretion of thyroid hormones, mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It affects people of every age group but is more commonly found in women and older people. […] The prevalence rate of primary hypothyroidism in the general population varies from 0% to 4% and 4% to 8% in the population of the USA and from 0% to 3% and 4% to 7% in the European population. A meta-analytical study done across nine countries in Europe estimated that the prevalence of hypothyroidism that was not diagnosed, including both mild and overt cases, is estimated to be around 5%-6%. […] Heredity is the main cause of the development of hypothyroidism in individuals who have a history of hypothyroidism in their family. The chances of TSH being transferred from parents to children are 60%, while that of free T4 is 20% to 60%.
  • #1
    https://journals.lww.com/trap/fulltext/2022/19010/thyrovigilance_for_hypothyroidism_in_india.1.aspx
    Among endocrine abnormalities, thyroid diseases are the commonest both in India and worldwide. However, the prevalence of hypothyroidism in India is more than twice as high compared to its Western counterparts. Therefore an efficient and effective strategy to manage the disease in India is necessary. We reviewed published literature to determine the prevalence, and identify the challenges in the screening and management of hypothyroidism in India. A review of published literature indicates that nearly one-third of the patients with hypothyroidism across age groups remain undiagnosed and untreated in various regions of India. […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism in India is 11%, compared with only 2%4.6% in the Western population. Inland states have a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism compared to coastal states (11.7% vs. 9.5%), probably due to iodine deficiency.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism – Hormones Australia
    https://www.hormones-australia.org.au/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder in Australia, affecting around 1 in 33 Australians. It is more common in women than men, and in those aged more than 60 years. […] If you have subclinical hypothyroidism and few or no symptoms, you will require follow-up blood tests to ensure that you are not developing clinical hypothyroidism. Depending on the level of TSH and if thyroid antibodies are found, these tests should initially be performed every 6-12 months.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism: An Update | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0801/p244.html
    Hypothyroidism is a clinical disorder commonly encountered by the primary care physician. Data derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggest that about one in 300 persons in the United States has hypothyroidism. The prevalence increases with age, and is higher in females than in males. […] It is estimated that nearly 13 million Americans have undiagnosed hypothyroidism. […] Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most common etiology of hypothyroidism in the United States. […] Family physicians should evaluate for thyroid dysfunction in all patients with symptoms of hypothyroidism. The American Academy of Family Physicians does not recommend screening for hypothyroidism in asymptomatic adults, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found insufficient evidence for routine screening in this population.
  • #1 Epidemiology of Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism and Positive Thyroid Antibodies in the Croatian Population
    https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/3/394
    Thyroid dysfunction appears to be the leading endocrine disorder. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 4402 individuals from three Croatian cohorts. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism (subclinical and clinical) and positive thyroid antibodies in the Croatian population. The results of the study indicated that 17.6% of participants were euthyroid with positive antibodies. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism was 3% and 7.4%, respectively, while the prevalence of clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 0.2% and 1.1%, respectively. Among them, 92.6% subclinical hypothyroid, 93.9% clinical hypothyroid, 83% subclinical hyperthyroid and 71.4% clinical hyperthyroid participants were undiagnosed. Finally, the prevalence of undiagnosed subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism in our population was 6.9% and 2.8%, respectively, while the prevalence of undiagnosed subclinical and clinical hyperthyroidism was 0.9% and 0.1%, respectively. Women showed a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders; 1.57 times higher odds of euthyroidism with positive antibodies, 2.1 times higher odds of subclinical hyperthyroidism, 2.37 times higher odds of clinical hypothyroidism and 1.58 times higher odds of subclinical hypothyroidism than men. These results indicate an extremely high proportion of undiagnosed cases, and therefore require investments in a prevention programme.
  • #1 Epidemiology of thyroid disorders in the Lifelines Cohort Study (the Netherlands) | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242795
    The overall prevalence of diagnosed and treated thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism plus thyrotoxicosis), assessed by medication use, is 3.1%. […] The prevalence of unknown / undetected subclinical hypothyroidism was 9.4%, while the prevalence of undetected overt hypothyroidism was 0.7%. […] In Lifelines participants, a new diagnosis of overt hypothyroidism (TSH 10.0 mIU/L) was made in 0.7%, while the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 9.4%. […] Only 59.3% of those participants who use levothyroxine have a TSH level in the normal range. Reliable ascertainment of previous and new thyroid disorders is not possible based on the currently used questionnaires.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview
    The frequency of hypothyroidism, goiters, and thyroid nodules increases with age. The previously mentioned study by Wyne et al reported that between 2012 and 2019, hyperthyroidism maintained a consistent prevalence in persons aged less than 50 years, while in persons aged 50-59 years, the prevalence grew from 10.4% to 11.2%, and in individuals aged 60 years or older, from 16.2% to 17.8%. […] Community studies use slightly different criteria for determining hypothyroidism; therefore, female-to-male ratios vary. Generally, the prevalence of thyroid disease is reportedly 2-8 times higher in females. […] However, using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 survey cycles, the above-mentioned report by Wyne and colleagues found 51.5% of persons in the United States with hypothyroidism to be female. […] Using the NHANES from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 survey cycles, the aforementioned study by Wyne and colleagues found 65.6% of persons in the United States with hypothyroidism to be non-Hispanic White.
  • #1 Don’t be underactive with your Thyroid surveillance – Ronny Allan – Living with Neuroendocrine Cancer
    https://ronnyallan.net/2024/09/22/dont-be-underactive-with-your-thyroid-surveillance/
    From other posts, youll be aware of the thyroid lesion (approx. 17 x 19mm) which Ive been tracking since 2013. The surveillance included routine thyroid blood tests, mainly TSH, T3 and 4. […] To put things into context, hypothyroidism is an extremely common condition, and the main treatment is the administration of thyroid hormone replacement therapy (i.e. Levothyroxine). This is in the top 5 of the most commonly prescribed medication in USA and UK. […] Hypothyroidism is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesnt produce enough thyroxine. This leads to an underactive thyroid. It seldom causes symptoms in the early stages, but over time, untreated hypothyroidism can cause several health problems, such as obesity, joint pain, infertility and heart disease. Both men and women can have an underactive thyroid, although its more common in women. In the UK, it affects 15 in every 1,000 women and 1 in 1,000 men.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive, resulting in a deficiency of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Prevalence: more common in women. […] Women: up to 12:1,000. […] Men: up to 4:1,000. […] Most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US. […] Within 1 year of delivery in 5:100 of women. […] Incidence: 12:100,000 per year. […] Incidence: 1:2,300 newborns per year. […] Incidence: 1.6:100,000 per year.
  • #1 Thyroid Disorders, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2008–2017 | Health.mil
    https://health.mil/News/Articles/2018/12/01/Thyroid-Disorders
    Between 2008 and 2017, the most common incident thyroid disorder among male and female service members was primary/NOS hypothyroidism and the least common were thyroiditis and other disorders of thyroid. […] Primary/NOS hypothyroidism was diagnosed among 8,641 females (incidence rate: 43.7 per 10,000 person years [p-yrs]) and 11,656 males (incidence rate:10.2 per 10,000 p-yrs). […] Overall incidence rates of thyroid disorders among females ranged from 4.3 (primary hypothyroidism) to 6.5 (other disorders of thyroid) times the rates of the respective conditions among males. […] Among both males and females, overall incidence rates of primary/NOS hypothyroidism and thyroiditis were higher among non-Hispanic white service members compared with service members in other race/ethnicity groups.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism occurs at any age but is particularly common among older adults, where it may present subtly and be difficult to recognize. […] Hypothyroidism is particularly common among older adults. It occurs in close to 10% of women and 6% of men 65 years. […] Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is relatively common; it occurs in approximately 15% of older females and 10% of older males, particularly in those with underlying Hashimoto thyroiditis. […] Screening for hypothyroidism is warranted in select populations (eg, neonates, older adults with risk factors) in which it is relatively more prevalent, especially because it can cause significant morbidity and its manifestations can be subtle.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism Investigation and management
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/hypothyroidism
    Iodine deficiency remains the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. […] However, in Australia and other iodine replete countries, autoimmune chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is the most common aetiology. […] Initial screening for patients with suspected hypothyroidism is performed by measuring the TSH level. […] A positive thyroid peroxidase antibody assay confirms autoimmune thyroiditis as the cause. […] Thyroxine replacement may be beneficial in some cases of elevated TSH associated with normal thyroid hormone levels, however, this remains controversial. […] Subclinical hypothyroidism is detected in 48% of the general population and in up to 15-18% of women aged more than 60 years. […] Approximately 4-18% of patients will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year with an increased risk with the following factors: presence of antithyroid antibodies, presence of a goitre, more pronounced TSH elevation, history of radioiodine ablation therapy, external radiation therapy and chronic lithium therapy.
  • #1 2013 ETA Guideline: Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in: European Thyroid Journal Volume 2 Issue 4 (2013)
    https://etj.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/etj/2/4/ETJ356507.xml
    A significant proportion of otherwise healthy people have asymptomatic chronic AIT, and 8% of women (10% of women 55 years of age) and 3% of men have SCH. […] The only large study to systematically investigate symptoms in patients with overt and SCH as compared to euthyroid controls is the Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study. […] The best evidence that intervention with L-thyroxine may impact on symptoms is provided by a randomised, cross-over study under either 100 g L-thyroxine or placebo in 100 subjects with a mean TSH of 6.6 mU/l. […] The relationship between thyroid function and ageing was hypothesised many years ago, but its clinical impact has only been extensively evaluated for the last 20 years. […] The relationship between thyroid function and ageing was hypothesised many years ago, but its clinical impact has only been extensively evaluated for the last 20 years. […] The deleterious effect of SCH on CV events and mortality appears well established in young adults but is less evident in moderately older people (70-75 years) and could vanish in the oldest old (80-85 years).
  • #1 Epidemiology, Types, Causes, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hypothyroidism
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10613832/
    Hypothyroidism is a very common pathological condition that is caused by a deficiency of the thyroxine hormone. […] The main risk factors for hypothyroidism are age and sex. Hypothyroidism is commonly seen in elderly people (65 years) and in the female population. The main cause of hypothyroidism is heredity. Hypothyroidism has four types, of which primary hypothyroidism is the most common (99%), while the rest are very rare (1%).
  • #1 Differential Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism – Nursing CE Central
    https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/differential-diagnosis-of-hypothyroidism/
    Roughly 5% of the U.S. population has a diagnosed thyroid disorder, and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists suggests that an additional 5% has undiagnosed thyroid disease. […] Impaired thyroid function is more common in females and individuals greater than 65 years old. Thyroid dysfunction is more prevalent among individuals with autoimmune diseases such as diabetes type I, celiac disease, or autoimmune endocrine disorders. […] Heredity is a significant contributor to the development of hypothyroidism in individuals who have a history of hypothyroidism in their family; the chances of TSH being transferred from parents to children are 60%, while that of free T4 is 20% to 60%. […] Hypothyroidism can develop from an extrinsic factor, an acquired condition, or due to a congenital defect that impairs TH biosynthesis.
  • #1 Context | Thyroid disease: assessment and management | Guidance | NICE
    https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145/chapter/Context
    Hypothyroidism is found in about 2% of the UK population and in more than 5% of those over 60. […] Women are 5 to 10 times more likely to be affected than men. […] Long-term consequences of hypothyroidism include cardiovascular disease and an increase in cardiovascular risk factors, including hypercholesterolaemia. […] Standardisation in thyroid hormone replacement strategies for people with hypothyroidism is currently lacking.
  • #1 Women and Thyroid Disease
    https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/fr-ch/clinical-specialities/womens-health-information/laboratory-diagnostics/thyroid-disease
    Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland is underactive due to improper formation at birth, surgical removal (all or in part), or inability to produce enough thyroid hormone. One of the most common causes of hypothyroidism in women is the autoimmune disease called Hashimoto’s disease, in which antibodies gradually target the thyroid and destroy its ability to produce thyroid hormone. Globally the prevalence of Hashimotos disease is 1%, but subclinical hypothyroidism affects 4% of the population. Females make up the vast majority of the patients at a ratio of 8:1, female to male. […] Risk factors include: Gender: Hypothyroidism is more common in women than men. […] The rate of hypothyroidism goes up: During pregnancy, After delivery, Around menopause. […] Thyroid disease is the second most common endocrine disorder found in pregnancy. Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to preeclampsia, anemia, miscarriage, stillbirth, and rarely, congestive heart failure. […] Knowing the woman’s thyroid status prior to and during pregnancy is crucial for successful pregnancy outcomes. For mothers with diagnosed thyroid disease proper treatment and monitoring can prevent pregnancy complications.
  • #1 Thyroiditis: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p609.html
    HT (i.e., chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) is the most commonly encountered autoimmune disease worldwide. The estimated incidence of HT is 0.3 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 people per year. HT may present with other autoimmune disorders, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, Addison disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjgren syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, and vitiligo. HT occurs due to the formation of autoantibodies and direct injury to the thyroid from an environmental trigger (e.g., infection, stress, iodine intake) in patients with genetic susceptibility. The degree of injury can differ among individuals but is often progressive over time and can result in fibrotic transformation of the gland. […] The lifetime incidence of postpartum thyroiditis is 5.4% in the general population and is increased in individuals with other autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes or a personal or family history of thyroid disease. Recurrence rates approach 70% with each subsequent pregnancy.
  • #1 Risk of hypothyroidism in meat-eaters, fish-eaters, and vegetarians: a population-based prospective study | BMC Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-025-04045-7
    In Europe, hypothyroidism affects approximately 3% of the population, with an estimated 5% of cases remaining undiagnosed. […] Given the limited research on plant-based diets and hypothyroidism, along with the higher risk of iodine insufficiency and increased consumption of potentially goitrogenic foods among individuals following these diets, this study aimed to assess the risk of hypothyroidism across different dietary groups (high meat-eaters, low meat-eaters, poultry-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans) using data from the population-based UK Biobank. […] Overall, the findings from our study indicate that a vegetarian diet may be associated with a moderately higher risk of hypothyroidism. This finding is consistent with findings from a previous study and warrants further investigation in studies with data on iodine status and thyroid function prior to diagnosis.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/
    Autoimmune thyroid diseases are the leading causes of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions. Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most commonly seen etiology in the US and has a strong association with lymphoma. Hypothyroid etiology can be influenced locally by iodine fortification and the emergence of new iodine-deficient areas.
  • #1 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview
    Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States after age 6 years. […] Hashimoto thyroiditis is part of the spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). […] Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of spontaneous hypothyroidism in areas of adequate iodine intake. The annual incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis worldwide is estimated to be 0.3-1.5 cases per 1000 persons. […] The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. […] The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis.
  • #1 Hashimoto’s disease: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hashimotos-disease/
    Hashimoto’s disease affects 1 to 2 percent of people in the United States. It occurs more often in women than in men, which may be related to hormonal factors. Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of thyroid underactivity (hypothyroidism) in the United States. […] Hashimoto’s disease is classified as an autoimmune disorder, one of a large group of conditions that occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. […] When too many thyroid cells become damaged or die, the thyroid can no longer make enough hormones to regulate body functions. This shortage of thyroid hormones underlies the signs and symptoms of Hashimoto’s disease.
  • #1 Central Hypothyroidism – Endocrinology Advisor
    https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/central-hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism may be defined as primary, secondary, or tertiary hypothyroidism. […] Central hypothyroidism occurs when there is a problem with the pituitary gland (secondary) or hypothalamus (tertiary) rather than with the thyroid gland itself. CeH affects approximately 1 in 16,000 to 1 in 100,000 people. […] Screening for hypothyroidism in general is recommended by the American Thyroid Association starting at age 35. Screening should occur once every 5 years. People most at risk for hypothyroidism include those who are pregnant, are women aged 60 years and older, have a past history of radiation to the head and neck, have autoimmune disorders, have type 1 diabetes, have a family history of hypothyroidism, have tested positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies. […] Patients with the following conditions should be screened for central hypothyroidism: hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, recurring headaches, changes in vision, newborns with hypotonia, prolonged jaundice, undescended testes, developmental delay.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism: An Update | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0801/p244.html
    Subclinical hypothyroidism is a biochemical diagnosis defined by a normal-range free T4 level and an elevated TSH level. Patients may or may not have symptoms attributable to hypothyroidism. On repeat testing, TSH levels may spontaneously normalize in many patients. However, in a prospective study of 107 patients older than 55 years, an initial TSH level greater than 10 to 15 mIU per L was the variable most strongly associated with progression to overt hypothyroidism.
  • #1 Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/subclinical-hypothyroidism
    Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common condition. Prevalence increases with age and is more common in women. Approximately 8% of women (10% of women over 55 years of age) and 3% of men have subclinical hypothyroidism. Other studies have shown it to affect up to 15% of the population. In studies restricted to older persons, the reported prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is between 1.5-12.5%. Treatment with thyroid hormones is increasing and more than 10-15% of people aged over 80 years are prescribed levothyroxine replacement therapy. […] About 62% of TSH levels between 4 and 10 mIU/L normalise without intervention within five years. About 2-5% of people with SCH develop overt hypothyroidism (OH) – progression to OH is particularly more likely with higher serum TSH levels (especially greater than 10 mU/L), with positive thyroid autoantibodies (to thyroid peroxidase), and in women. Observational data suggest that SCH is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality, particularly in those with TSH levels 10 mIU/L. Such associations had not been found for most adults with TSH levels of 5-10 mIU/L but newer evidence is emerging that these patients also have increased risks, albeit lower than patients with TSH 10 mIU/L. The annual rate of progression from subclinical to overt hypothyroidism has been estimated as about 4% in women with raised TSH and positive anti-thyroid antibodies, 2-4% in those with raised TSH alone, and 1-3% in those with anti-thyroid antibodies alone.
  • #1 Transient hypothyroidism in the newborn: to treat or not to treat – Kanike – Translational Pediatrics
    https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16871/html
    The prevalence of CH differs based on the cutoffs used for thyroid levels. The prevalence of recognized CH rose from 1 in 6,500 prior to screening era to approximately 1 in 2,000 to 3,000 with screening. The incidence of transient CH in North America is 5% to 10% in children positive for CH on mass screening, or 1/50,000. However, transient CH accounted for 40% of CH-positive cases in mass screening from 1981 to 2002 in France, while in a study from the Michigan NBS Program, USA, about 24% to 36% of children diagnosed with CH by NBS were later determined to have transient hypothyroidism. […] The incidence of CH fluctuates by geographic area and by race. A study from New York Screening Program from 2000 to 2003 showed an incidence of 1:1,601. The incidence was slightly higher in Hispanic (1:1,559) and Asian infants (1:1,016) compared to white (1:1,815) and black infants (1:1,902). Additionally, the incidence was almost twice in twins (1:876) compared to singletons (1:1,765), and even higher in triplets (1:575). Preterm infants (1:1,396) had higher incidence than term infants (1:1,843) did. Moreover the incidence was higher in older mothers (39 years of age; 1:1,328) than younger mothers (20 years; 1:1,703).
  • #1 Hypothyroidism and Your Infant | Texas DSHS
    https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-screening-program/newborn-screening-parent-resources/hypothyroidism-your-infant
    About one in 4,000 newborn babies is born with hypothyroidism. […] Most states require babies to have a blood test shortly after birth to check for hypothyroidism. […] The likelihood of having another baby with hypothyroidism is only slightly higher than the one in 4,000 chance. […] There is currently no reliable way of detecting hypothyroidism before birth. […] The effects of hypothyroidism are seen in different ways in different babies. […] Starting a hypothyroid baby on treatment as soon as possible after birth is aimed at preventing permanent brain damage and intellectual disabilities. […] As a rule, the earlier treatment is started, the better the chance a baby has of reaching their full mental development potential. […] The treatment is daily replacement of the missing thyroid hormone with synthetic thyroid hormone tablets (also called sodium levothyroxine or L-thyroxine).
  • #1 Is annual surveillance of all treated hypothyroid patients necessary? | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text
    https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6823-7-4
    Annual surveillance (with thyroid function testing) is widely recommended for the long-term follow-up of treated hypothyroid patients. […] The majority of patients in our hospital based thyroid register are on 18 monthly follow-up. […] In the United Kingdom the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in women is at least 1.4 to 1.9% compared to less than 1% in men, and increases with age. […] Hence periodic monitoring of thyroid function tests (TFTs) is essential in the management of patients to judge the response to therapy, patient compliance, and to adjust doses in relation to advancing age. Annual TFT surveillance is widely recommended. […] The recommended frequency of testing is based largely on consensus, and there is limited evidence to support this. […] The majority of patients currently followed up in our hospital based thyroid register are on 18 monthly follow-up.
  • #1 Is annual surveillance of all treated hypothyroid patients necessary? | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text
    https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6823-7-4
    Our study has shown that 18 monthly follow-up may be adequate in the majority of patients under 60 years of age on a stable thyroxine dose of 100-150 g/day. Implementing these recommendations has potential benefits in terms of savings and reduction in the workload. […] Treated hypothyroid patients require regular clinical and biochemical surveillance. Annual surveillance is currently recommended with no evidence to support this practice.
  • #1 Thyroid – Downs Syndrome Association
    https://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/about-downs-syndrome/health-and-wellbeing/thyroid/
    Thyroid issues are very common for people who have Downs syndrome so regular thyroid blood tests are recommended. […] From the age of 1 year, a blood test should be done every year (or more often if clinically indicated) for the rest of life. […] Anyone who has Downs syndrome (age 14 years and over) is entitled to a free learning disability annual health check with their GP thyroid should be tested as part of the annual health check. […] In people who have Downs syndrome, most thyroid issues are due to the thyroid gland and not the pituitary gland. […] Guidelines on thyroid disorder in children and young people with Down syndrome: surveillance and when to initiate treatment. Published April 2020.
  • #1 Thyroid disease
    https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/thyroid-disease
    Hypothyroidism (hy-poh-THY-roi-diz-uhm) is when your thyroid does not make enough thyroid hormones. It is also called underactive thyroid. This slows down many of your body’s functions, like your metabolism. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States is Hashimoto’s disease. In people with Hashimoto’s disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid. This attack damages the thyroid so that it does not make enough hormones. […] Symptoms of hypothyroidism develop slowly, often over several years. At first, you may feel tired and sluggish. Later, you may develop other signs and symptoms of a slowed-down metabolism, including: […] You also may have high LDL or „bad” cholesterol, which can raise your risk for heart disease. […] Hypothyroidism is treated with medicine that gives your body the thyroid hormone it needs to work normally. The most common medicines are man-made forms of the hormone that your thyroid makes. You will likely need to take thyroid hormone pills for the rest of your life. When you take the pills as your doctor tells you to, the pills are very safe.
  • #1 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12120-hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism can affect anyone. Its most common among females over age 60, particularly after menopause. […] Hashimotos disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Its an autoimmune disease, so it happens when your immune system attacks your thyroid. […] With treatment, hypothyroidism complications arent very common. But left untreated, an underactive thyroid can lead to other health conditions like: Goiter, Heart issues, Infertility, Miscarriage or birth defects, Peripheral neuropathy, Myxedema coma (a rare complication that can affect multiple organs and is life-threatening). […] Currently, theres no cure for hypothyroidism. But you can successfully manage the condition with hormone replacement therapy. […] People with hypothyroidism have a great outlook if they receive treatment. Left untreated, an underactive thyroid can cause life-threatening complications like myxedema.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism – Hormones Australia
    https://www.hormones-australia.org.au/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder in Australia, affecting around 1 in 33 Australians. It is more common in women than men, and in those aged more than 60 years. […] If you have subclinical hypothyroidism and few or no symptoms, you will require follow-up blood tests to ensure that you are not developing clinical hypothyroidism. Depending on the level of TSH and if thyroid antibodies are found, these tests should initially be performed every 6-12 months.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disorder. Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism. In large population-based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.30.4% of the population have overt hypothyroidism. A larger proportion, 4.38.5%, have subclinical hypothyroidism. Undiagnosed hypothyroidism is estimated to affect about 47% of community-derived populations in the US and Europe. Of people with subclinical hypothyroidism, 80% have a TSH level below the 10 mIU/L mark regarded as the threshold for treatment. […] Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men. In population-based studies, women were seven times more likely than men to have TSH levels above 10 mU/L. 24% of people with subclinical hypothyroidism will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year. The risk is higher in those with antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. […] Most hypothyroidism is primary in nature. Central/secondary hypothyroidism affects 1:20,000 to 1:80,000 of the population or about one out of every thousand people with hypothyroidism.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism epidemiology […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism varies according to the definition used, the population characteristics, and the geographical area studied. The prevalence increases in women and with increasing age. […] One European meta-analysis found the total prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of hypothyroidism to be 3%. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism was 4.9% (6.4% in females and 3.4% in males). Of these, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.8% in females and 0.3% in males, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.9% in females and 3.4% in males. […] A retrospective analysis of General Practice data in the North East of England found the overall prevalence of treated hypothyroidism to be 4.5% in 2016. The prevalence increases with increasing age and is up to 10 times more common in women. […] A review of UK national databases found the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased from 2.3% to 3.5% of the total UK population between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism was positively associated with female sex, white ethnicity, and obesity. […] The British Thyroid Association notes that subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-10% of the population. […] The true prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism may have been overestimated in older people, due to the physiological increase in TSH levels with increasing age, that may be misinterpreted as thyroid disease. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is rare. The estimated incidence varies between 1 per 20,000 and 1 per 80,000 people. […] The European Thyroid Association guidelines state that the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 0.2-0.5%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 2-2.5%. […] The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in iodine-sufficient areas is stated as being about 5-7%.
  • #2 Epidemiology of Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism and Positive Thyroid Antibodies in the Croatian Population
    https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/3/394
    This is, to our knowledge, the first epidemiological study to analyse the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism (subclinical and clinical) and positive thyroid antibodies in the iodine-sufficient Croatian population. The results of our study showed that the prevalence of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism was 3% and 7.4%, respectively, while the prevalence of clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 0.2% and 1.1%, respectively. Additionally, 17.6% of participants were euthyroid with positive antibodies. Most of these cases had not been previously diagnosed. The prevalence of undiagnosed subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism in our population was 6.9% and 2.8%, respectively, while the prevalence of undiagnosed subclinical and clinical hyperthyroidism was 0.9% and 0.1%, respectively. Thus, in our population, as much as 92.6% of subclinical hypothyroid, 93.9% of clinical hypothyroid, 83% of subclinical hyperthyroid, and 71.4% of clinical hyperthyroid participants were undiagnosed. Clinical hyperthyroid participants were most likely to be diagnosed (OR = 11.4). In addition to a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders, women were also more likely to develop antibody-positive euthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, clinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism. Men were more likely to be euthyroid. Participants with positive antibodies were more likely to develop subclinical hyperthyroidism, clinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview
    The frequency of hypothyroidism, goiters, and thyroid nodules increases with age. The previously mentioned study by Wyne et al reported that between 2012 and 2019, hyperthyroidism maintained a consistent prevalence in persons aged less than 50 years, while in persons aged 50-59 years, the prevalence grew from 10.4% to 11.2%, and in individuals aged 60 years or older, from 16.2% to 17.8%. […] Community studies use slightly different criteria for determining hypothyroidism; therefore, female-to-male ratios vary. Generally, the prevalence of thyroid disease is reportedly 2-8 times higher in females. […] However, using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 survey cycles, the above-mentioned report by Wyne and colleagues found 51.5% of persons in the United States with hypothyroidism to be female. […] Using the NHANES from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 survey cycles, the aforementioned study by Wyne and colleagues found 65.6% of persons in the United States with hypothyroidism to be non-Hispanic White.
  • #2 Epidemiology of Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism and Positive Thyroid Antibodies in the Croatian Population
    https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/3/394
    Thyroid dysfunction appears to be the leading endocrine disorder. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 4402 individuals from three Croatian cohorts. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism (subclinical and clinical) and positive thyroid antibodies in the Croatian population. The results of the study indicated that 17.6% of participants were euthyroid with positive antibodies. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism was 3% and 7.4%, respectively, while the prevalence of clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 0.2% and 1.1%, respectively. Among them, 92.6% subclinical hypothyroid, 93.9% clinical hypothyroid, 83% subclinical hyperthyroid and 71.4% clinical hyperthyroid participants were undiagnosed. Finally, the prevalence of undiagnosed subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism in our population was 6.9% and 2.8%, respectively, while the prevalence of undiagnosed subclinical and clinical hyperthyroidism was 0.9% and 0.1%, respectively. Women showed a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders; 1.57 times higher odds of euthyroidism with positive antibodies, 2.1 times higher odds of subclinical hyperthyroidism, 2.37 times higher odds of clinical hypothyroidism and 1.58 times higher odds of subclinical hypothyroidism than men. These results indicate an extremely high proportion of undiagnosed cases, and therefore require investments in a prevention programme.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism occurs at any age but is particularly common among older adults, where it may present subtly and be difficult to recognize. […] Hypothyroidism is particularly common among older adults. It occurs in close to 10% of women and 6% of men 65 years. […] Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is relatively common; it occurs in approximately 15% of older females and 10% of older males, particularly in those with underlying Hashimoto thyroiditis. […] Screening for hypothyroidism is warranted in select populations (eg, neonates, older adults with risk factors) in which it is relatively more prevalent, especially because it can cause significant morbidity and its manifestations can be subtle.
  • #2 Thyroid Disorders, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2008–2017 | Health.mil
    https://health.mil/News/Articles/2018/12/01/Thyroid-Disorders
    Between 2008 and 2017, the most common incident thyroid disorder among male and female service members was primary/NOS hypothyroidism and the least common were thyroiditis and other disorders of thyroid. […] Primary/NOS hypothyroidism was diagnosed among 8,641 females (incidence rate: 43.7 per 10,000 person years [p-yrs]) and 11,656 males (incidence rate:10.2 per 10,000 p-yrs). […] Overall incidence rates of thyroid disorders among females ranged from 4.3 (primary hypothyroidism) to 6.5 (other disorders of thyroid) times the rates of the respective conditions among males. […] Among both males and females, overall incidence rates of primary/NOS hypothyroidism and thyroiditis were higher among non-Hispanic white service members compared with service members in other race/ethnicity groups.
  • #2
    https://journals.lww.com/trap/fulltext/2022/19010/thyrovigilance_for_hypothyroidism_in_india.1.aspx
    Among endocrine abnormalities, thyroid diseases are the commonest both in India and worldwide. However, the prevalence of hypothyroidism in India is more than twice as high compared to its Western counterparts. Therefore an efficient and effective strategy to manage the disease in India is necessary. We reviewed published literature to determine the prevalence, and identify the challenges in the screening and management of hypothyroidism in India. A review of published literature indicates that nearly one-third of the patients with hypothyroidism across age groups remain undiagnosed and untreated in various regions of India. […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism in India is 11%, compared with only 2%4.6% in the Western population. Inland states have a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism compared to coastal states (11.7% vs. 9.5%), probably due to iodine deficiency.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism Investigation and management
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/hypothyroidism
    Iodine deficiency remains the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. […] However, in Australia and other iodine replete countries, autoimmune chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is the most common aetiology. […] Initial screening for patients with suspected hypothyroidism is performed by measuring the TSH level. […] A positive thyroid peroxidase antibody assay confirms autoimmune thyroiditis as the cause. […] Thyroxine replacement may be beneficial in some cases of elevated TSH associated with normal thyroid hormone levels, however, this remains controversial. […] Subclinical hypothyroidism is detected in 48% of the general population and in up to 15-18% of women aged more than 60 years. […] Approximately 4-18% of patients will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year with an increased risk with the following factors: presence of antithyroid antibodies, presence of a goitre, more pronounced TSH elevation, history of radioiodine ablation therapy, external radiation therapy and chronic lithium therapy.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview
    A retrospective study by Wyne et al using a medical/pharmacy claims database reported a steady increase in hypothyroidism in the United States, with the prevalence rising from 9.5% in 2012 to 11.7% in 2019. […] Iodine deficiency as a cause of hypothyroidism is more common in less-developed countries. Routine supplementation of salt, flour, and other food staples with iodine has decreased the rates of iodine deficiency, but even so, an estimated 35-45% of the worlds population is affected by iodine deficiency. […] According to a report released in 2024 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Iodine Global Network, the growing consumption of plant-based foods in the WHO European region (made up of over 50 countries) as a substitution for important sources of iodine, such as milk, dairy, and fish, is contributing to the problem of insufficient iodine intake.
  • #2 Epidemiology, Types, Causes, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hypothyroidism
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10613832/
    Hypothyroidism is a very common pathological condition that is caused by a deficiency of the thyroxine hormone. […] The main risk factors for hypothyroidism are age and sex. Hypothyroidism is commonly seen in elderly people (65 years) and in the female population. The main cause of hypothyroidism is heredity. Hypothyroidism has four types, of which primary hypothyroidism is the most common (99%), while the rest are very rare (1%).
  • #2 Epidemiology, Types, Causes, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hypothyroidism
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10613832/
    Hypothyroidism means an underactive thyroid gland. This leads to a decrease in the functioning of the thyroid gland. It is a very common endocrine disorder that causes under-secretion of thyroid hormones, mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It affects people of every age group but is more commonly found in women and older people. […] The prevalence rate of primary hypothyroidism in the general population varies from 0% to 4% and 4% to 8% in the population of the USA and from 0% to 3% and 4% to 7% in the European population. A meta-analytical study done across nine countries in Europe estimated that the prevalence of hypothyroidism that was not diagnosed, including both mild and overt cases, is estimated to be around 5%-6%. […] Heredity is the main cause of the development of hypothyroidism in individuals who have a history of hypothyroidism in their family. The chances of TSH being transferred from parents to children are 60%, while that of free T4 is 20% to 60%.
  • #2 Differential Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism – Nursing CE Central
    https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/differential-diagnosis-of-hypothyroidism/
    Roughly 5% of the U.S. population has a diagnosed thyroid disorder, and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists suggests that an additional 5% has undiagnosed thyroid disease. […] Impaired thyroid function is more common in females and individuals greater than 65 years old. Thyroid dysfunction is more prevalent among individuals with autoimmune diseases such as diabetes type I, celiac disease, or autoimmune endocrine disorders. […] Heredity is a significant contributor to the development of hypothyroidism in individuals who have a history of hypothyroidism in their family; the chances of TSH being transferred from parents to children are 60%, while that of free T4 is 20% to 60%. […] Hypothyroidism can develop from an extrinsic factor, an acquired condition, or due to a congenital defect that impairs TH biosynthesis.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive, resulting in a deficiency of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Prevalence: more common in women. […] Women: up to 12:1,000. […] Men: up to 4:1,000. […] Most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US. […] Within 1 year of delivery in 5:100 of women. […] Incidence: 12:100,000 per year. […] Incidence: 1:2,300 newborns per year. […] Incidence: 1.6:100,000 per year.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/
    The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII) study found the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism among individuals aged 12 years and older in the US to be 0.3% and subclinical hypothyroidism 4.3%. Female gender and increasing age are associated with a higher risk for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and an increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies. Hypothyroidism is more prevalent in women with small stature at birth and low body mass index in childhood. […] Hypothyroidism is primarily categorized as primary and secondary (ie, central) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland cannot produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone. The less commonly seen secondary or central hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland functions normally; however, hypothyroidism results from the abnormal pituitary gland or hypothalamus function.
  • #2 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview
    Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States after age 6 years. […] Hashimoto thyroiditis is part of the spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). […] Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of spontaneous hypothyroidism in areas of adequate iodine intake. The annual incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis worldwide is estimated to be 0.3-1.5 cases per 1000 persons. […] The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. […] The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis.
  • #2 Central Hypothyroidism – Endocrinology Advisor
    https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/central-hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism may be defined as primary, secondary, or tertiary hypothyroidism. […] Central hypothyroidism occurs when there is a problem with the pituitary gland (secondary) or hypothalamus (tertiary) rather than with the thyroid gland itself. CeH affects approximately 1 in 16,000 to 1 in 100,000 people. […] Screening for hypothyroidism in general is recommended by the American Thyroid Association starting at age 35. Screening should occur once every 5 years. People most at risk for hypothyroidism include those who are pregnant, are women aged 60 years and older, have a past history of radiation to the head and neck, have autoimmune disorders, have type 1 diabetes, have a family history of hypothyroidism, have tested positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies. […] Patients with the following conditions should be screened for central hypothyroidism: hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, recurring headaches, changes in vision, newborns with hypotonia, prolonged jaundice, undescended testes, developmental delay.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism: An Update | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0801/p244.html
    Subclinical hypothyroidism is a biochemical diagnosis defined by a normal-range free T4 level and an elevated TSH level. Patients may or may not have symptoms attributable to hypothyroidism. On repeat testing, TSH levels may spontaneously normalize in many patients. However, in a prospective study of 107 patients older than 55 years, an initial TSH level greater than 10 to 15 mIU per L was the variable most strongly associated with progression to overt hypothyroidism.
  • #2 Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/subclinical-hypothyroidism
    Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common condition. Prevalence increases with age and is more common in women. Approximately 8% of women (10% of women over 55 years of age) and 3% of men have subclinical hypothyroidism. Other studies have shown it to affect up to 15% of the population. In studies restricted to older persons, the reported prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is between 1.5-12.5%. Treatment with thyroid hormones is increasing and more than 10-15% of people aged over 80 years are prescribed levothyroxine replacement therapy. […] About 62% of TSH levels between 4 and 10 mIU/L normalise without intervention within five years. About 2-5% of people with SCH develop overt hypothyroidism (OH) – progression to OH is particularly more likely with higher serum TSH levels (especially greater than 10 mU/L), with positive thyroid autoantibodies (to thyroid peroxidase), and in women. Observational data suggest that SCH is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality, particularly in those with TSH levels 10 mIU/L. Such associations had not been found for most adults with TSH levels of 5-10 mIU/L but newer evidence is emerging that these patients also have increased risks, albeit lower than patients with TSH 10 mIU/L. The annual rate of progression from subclinical to overt hypothyroidism has been estimated as about 4% in women with raised TSH and positive anti-thyroid antibodies, 2-4% in those with raised TSH alone, and 1-3% in those with anti-thyroid antibodies alone.
  • #2 Transient hypothyroidism in the newborn: to treat or not to treat – Kanike – Translational Pediatrics
    https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16871/html
    The prevalence of CH differs based on the cutoffs used for thyroid levels. The prevalence of recognized CH rose from 1 in 6,500 prior to screening era to approximately 1 in 2,000 to 3,000 with screening. The incidence of transient CH in North America is 5% to 10% in children positive for CH on mass screening, or 1/50,000. However, transient CH accounted for 40% of CH-positive cases in mass screening from 1981 to 2002 in France, while in a study from the Michigan NBS Program, USA, about 24% to 36% of children diagnosed with CH by NBS were later determined to have transient hypothyroidism. […] The incidence of CH fluctuates by geographic area and by race. A study from New York Screening Program from 2000 to 2003 showed an incidence of 1:1,601. The incidence was slightly higher in Hispanic (1:1,559) and Asian infants (1:1,016) compared to white (1:1,815) and black infants (1:1,902). Additionally, the incidence was almost twice in twins (1:876) compared to singletons (1:1,765), and even higher in triplets (1:575). Preterm infants (1:1,396) had higher incidence than term infants (1:1,843) did. Moreover the incidence was higher in older mothers (39 years of age; 1:1,328) than younger mothers (20 years; 1:1,703).
  • #2 Hypothyroidism: An Update | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0801/p244.html
    Hypothyroidism is a clinical disorder commonly encountered by the primary care physician. Data derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggest that about one in 300 persons in the United States has hypothyroidism. The prevalence increases with age, and is higher in females than in males. […] It is estimated that nearly 13 million Americans have undiagnosed hypothyroidism. […] Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most common etiology of hypothyroidism in the United States. […] Family physicians should evaluate for thyroid dysfunction in all patients with symptoms of hypothyroidism. The American Academy of Family Physicians does not recommend screening for hypothyroidism in asymptomatic adults, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found insufficient evidence for routine screening in this population.
  • #2 Is annual surveillance of all treated hypothyroid patients necessary? | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text
    https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6823-7-4
    Annual surveillance (with thyroid function testing) is widely recommended for the long-term follow-up of treated hypothyroid patients. […] The majority of patients in our hospital based thyroid register are on 18 monthly follow-up. […] In the United Kingdom the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in women is at least 1.4 to 1.9% compared to less than 1% in men, and increases with age. […] Hence periodic monitoring of thyroid function tests (TFTs) is essential in the management of patients to judge the response to therapy, patient compliance, and to adjust doses in relation to advancing age. Annual TFT surveillance is widely recommended. […] The recommended frequency of testing is based largely on consensus, and there is limited evidence to support this. […] The majority of patients currently followed up in our hospital based thyroid register are on 18 monthly follow-up.
  • #2 Thyroid – Downs Syndrome Association
    https://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/about-downs-syndrome/health-and-wellbeing/thyroid/
    Thyroid issues are very common for people who have Downs syndrome so regular thyroid blood tests are recommended. […] From the age of 1 year, a blood test should be done every year (or more often if clinically indicated) for the rest of life. […] Anyone who has Downs syndrome (age 14 years and over) is entitled to a free learning disability annual health check with their GP thyroid should be tested as part of the annual health check. […] In people who have Downs syndrome, most thyroid issues are due to the thyroid gland and not the pituitary gland. […] Guidelines on thyroid disorder in children and young people with Down syndrome: surveillance and when to initiate treatment. Published April 2020.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism and Your Infant | Texas DSHS
    https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-screening-program/newborn-screening-parent-resources/hypothyroidism-your-infant
    About one in 4,000 newborn babies is born with hypothyroidism. […] Most states require babies to have a blood test shortly after birth to check for hypothyroidism. […] The likelihood of having another baby with hypothyroidism is only slightly higher than the one in 4,000 chance. […] There is currently no reliable way of detecting hypothyroidism before birth. […] The effects of hypothyroidism are seen in different ways in different babies. […] Starting a hypothyroid baby on treatment as soon as possible after birth is aimed at preventing permanent brain damage and intellectual disabilities. […] As a rule, the earlier treatment is started, the better the chance a baby has of reaching their full mental development potential. […] The treatment is daily replacement of the missing thyroid hormone with synthetic thyroid hormone tablets (also called sodium levothyroxine or L-thyroxine).
  • #2 Thyroid disease
    https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/thyroid-disease
    Hypothyroidism (hy-poh-THY-roi-diz-uhm) is when your thyroid does not make enough thyroid hormones. It is also called underactive thyroid. This slows down many of your body’s functions, like your metabolism. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States is Hashimoto’s disease. In people with Hashimoto’s disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid. This attack damages the thyroid so that it does not make enough hormones. […] Symptoms of hypothyroidism develop slowly, often over several years. At first, you may feel tired and sluggish. Later, you may develop other signs and symptoms of a slowed-down metabolism, including: […] You also may have high LDL or „bad” cholesterol, which can raise your risk for heart disease. […] Hypothyroidism is treated with medicine that gives your body the thyroid hormone it needs to work normally. The most common medicines are man-made forms of the hormone that your thyroid makes. You will likely need to take thyroid hormone pills for the rest of your life. When you take the pills as your doctor tells you to, the pills are very safe.
  • #2 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12120-hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism can affect anyone. Its most common among females over age 60, particularly after menopause. […] Hashimotos disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Its an autoimmune disease, so it happens when your immune system attacks your thyroid. […] With treatment, hypothyroidism complications arent very common. But left untreated, an underactive thyroid can lead to other health conditions like: Goiter, Heart issues, Infertility, Miscarriage or birth defects, Peripheral neuropathy, Myxedema coma (a rare complication that can affect multiple organs and is life-threatening). […] Currently, theres no cure for hypothyroidism. But you can successfully manage the condition with hormone replacement therapy. […] People with hypothyroidism have a great outlook if they receive treatment. Left untreated, an underactive thyroid can cause life-threatening complications like myxedema.
  • #3 Thyroid disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_disease
    In the United States, autoimmune inflammation is the most common form of thyroid disease while worldwide hypothyroidism and goiter due to dietary iodine deficiency is the most common. According to the American Thyroid Association in 2015, approximately 20 million people in the United States alone are affected by thyroid disease. Hypothyroidism affects 3-10% percent of adults, with a higher incidence in women and the elderly. An estimated one-third of the world’s population currently lives in areas of low dietary iodine levels. In regions of severe iodine deficiency, the prevalence of goiter is as high as 80%. […] In areas where iodine-deficiency is not found, the most common type of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune subtype called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, with a prevalence of 1-2%. […] As for hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, another autoimmune condition, is the most common type with a prevalence of 0.5% in males and 3% in females. […] Although thyroid nodules are common, thyroid cancer is rare. Thyroid cancer accounts for less than 1% of all cancer in the UK, though it is the most common endocrine tumor and makes up greater than 90% of all cancers of the endocrine glands.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disorder. Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism. In large population-based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.30.4% of the population have overt hypothyroidism. A larger proportion, 4.38.5%, have subclinical hypothyroidism. Undiagnosed hypothyroidism is estimated to affect about 47% of community-derived populations in the US and Europe. Of people with subclinical hypothyroidism, 80% have a TSH level below the 10 mIU/L mark regarded as the threshold for treatment. […] Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men. In population-based studies, women were seven times more likely than men to have TSH levels above 10 mU/L. 24% of people with subclinical hypothyroidism will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year. The risk is higher in those with antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. […] Most hypothyroidism is primary in nature. Central/secondary hypothyroidism affects 1:20,000 to 1:80,000 of the population or about one out of every thousand people with hypothyroidism.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism epidemiology […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism varies according to the definition used, the population characteristics, and the geographical area studied. The prevalence increases in women and with increasing age. […] One European meta-analysis found the total prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of hypothyroidism to be 3%. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism was 4.9% (6.4% in females and 3.4% in males). Of these, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.8% in females and 0.3% in males, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.9% in females and 3.4% in males. […] A retrospective analysis of General Practice data in the North East of England found the overall prevalence of treated hypothyroidism to be 4.5% in 2016. The prevalence increases with increasing age and is up to 10 times more common in women. […] A review of UK national databases found the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased from 2.3% to 3.5% of the total UK population between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism was positively associated with female sex, white ethnicity, and obesity. […] The British Thyroid Association notes that subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-10% of the population. […] The true prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism may have been overestimated in older people, due to the physiological increase in TSH levels with increasing age, that may be misinterpreted as thyroid disease. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is rare. The estimated incidence varies between 1 per 20,000 and 1 per 80,000 people. […] The European Thyroid Association guidelines state that the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 0.2-0.5%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 2-2.5%. […] The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in iodine-sufficient areas is stated as being about 5-7%.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism occurs at any age but is particularly common among older adults, where it may present subtly and be difficult to recognize. […] Hypothyroidism is particularly common among older adults. It occurs in close to 10% of women and 6% of men 65 years. […] Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is relatively common; it occurs in approximately 15% of older females and 10% of older males, particularly in those with underlying Hashimoto thyroiditis. […] Screening for hypothyroidism is warranted in select populations (eg, neonates, older adults with risk factors) in which it is relatively more prevalent, especially because it can cause significant morbidity and its manifestations can be subtle.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview
    The frequency of hypothyroidism, goiters, and thyroid nodules increases with age. The previously mentioned study by Wyne et al reported that between 2012 and 2019, hyperthyroidism maintained a consistent prevalence in persons aged less than 50 years, while in persons aged 50-59 years, the prevalence grew from 10.4% to 11.2%, and in individuals aged 60 years or older, from 16.2% to 17.8%. […] Community studies use slightly different criteria for determining hypothyroidism; therefore, female-to-male ratios vary. Generally, the prevalence of thyroid disease is reportedly 2-8 times higher in females. […] However, using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 survey cycles, the above-mentioned report by Wyne and colleagues found 51.5% of persons in the United States with hypothyroidism to be female. […] Using the NHANES from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 survey cycles, the aforementioned study by Wyne and colleagues found 65.6% of persons in the United States with hypothyroidism to be non-Hispanic White.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview
    A retrospective study by Wyne et al using a medical/pharmacy claims database reported a steady increase in hypothyroidism in the United States, with the prevalence rising from 9.5% in 2012 to 11.7% in 2019. […] Iodine deficiency as a cause of hypothyroidism is more common in less-developed countries. Routine supplementation of salt, flour, and other food staples with iodine has decreased the rates of iodine deficiency, but even so, an estimated 35-45% of the worlds population is affected by iodine deficiency. […] According to a report released in 2024 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Iodine Global Network, the growing consumption of plant-based foods in the WHO European region (made up of over 50 countries) as a substitution for important sources of iodine, such as milk, dairy, and fish, is contributing to the problem of insufficient iodine intake.
  • #3 Epidemiology, Types, Causes, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hypothyroidism
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10613832/
    Hypothyroidism means an underactive thyroid gland. This leads to a decrease in the functioning of the thyroid gland. It is a very common endocrine disorder that causes under-secretion of thyroid hormones, mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It affects people of every age group but is more commonly found in women and older people. […] The prevalence rate of primary hypothyroidism in the general population varies from 0% to 4% and 4% to 8% in the population of the USA and from 0% to 3% and 4% to 7% in the European population. A meta-analytical study done across nine countries in Europe estimated that the prevalence of hypothyroidism that was not diagnosed, including both mild and overt cases, is estimated to be around 5%-6%. […] Heredity is the main cause of the development of hypothyroidism in individuals who have a history of hypothyroidism in their family. The chances of TSH being transferred from parents to children are 60%, while that of free T4 is 20% to 60%.
  • #3 Differential Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism – Nursing CE Central
    https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/differential-diagnosis-of-hypothyroidism/
    Roughly 5% of the U.S. population has a diagnosed thyroid disorder, and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists suggests that an additional 5% has undiagnosed thyroid disease. […] Impaired thyroid function is more common in females and individuals greater than 65 years old. Thyroid dysfunction is more prevalent among individuals with autoimmune diseases such as diabetes type I, celiac disease, or autoimmune endocrine disorders. […] Heredity is a significant contributor to the development of hypothyroidism in individuals who have a history of hypothyroidism in their family; the chances of TSH being transferred from parents to children are 60%, while that of free T4 is 20% to 60%. […] Hypothyroidism can develop from an extrinsic factor, an acquired condition, or due to a congenital defect that impairs TH biosynthesis.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/
    The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII) study found the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism among individuals aged 12 years and older in the US to be 0.3% and subclinical hypothyroidism 4.3%. Female gender and increasing age are associated with a higher risk for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and an increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies. Hypothyroidism is more prevalent in women with small stature at birth and low body mass index in childhood. […] Hypothyroidism is primarily categorized as primary and secondary (ie, central) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland cannot produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone. The less commonly seen secondary or central hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland functions normally; however, hypothyroidism results from the abnormal pituitary gland or hypothalamus function.
  • #3 Epidemiology, Types, Causes, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hypothyroidism
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10613832/
    Hypothyroidism is a very common pathological condition that is caused by a deficiency of the thyroxine hormone. […] The main risk factors for hypothyroidism are age and sex. Hypothyroidism is commonly seen in elderly people (65 years) and in the female population. The main cause of hypothyroidism is heredity. Hypothyroidism has four types, of which primary hypothyroidism is the most common (99%), while the rest are very rare (1%).
  • #3 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview
    Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States after age 6 years. […] Hashimoto thyroiditis is part of the spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). […] Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of spontaneous hypothyroidism in areas of adequate iodine intake. The annual incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis worldwide is estimated to be 0.3-1.5 cases per 1000 persons. […] The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. […] The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism Investigation and management
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/hypothyroidism
    Iodine deficiency remains the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. […] However, in Australia and other iodine replete countries, autoimmune chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is the most common aetiology. […] Initial screening for patients with suspected hypothyroidism is performed by measuring the TSH level. […] A positive thyroid peroxidase antibody assay confirms autoimmune thyroiditis as the cause. […] Thyroxine replacement may be beneficial in some cases of elevated TSH associated with normal thyroid hormone levels, however, this remains controversial. […] Subclinical hypothyroidism is detected in 48% of the general population and in up to 15-18% of women aged more than 60 years. […] Approximately 4-18% of patients will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year with an increased risk with the following factors: presence of antithyroid antibodies, presence of a goitre, more pronounced TSH elevation, history of radioiodine ablation therapy, external radiation therapy and chronic lithium therapy.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism: An Update | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0801/p244.html
    Subclinical hypothyroidism is a biochemical diagnosis defined by a normal-range free T4 level and an elevated TSH level. Patients may or may not have symptoms attributable to hypothyroidism. On repeat testing, TSH levels may spontaneously normalize in many patients. However, in a prospective study of 107 patients older than 55 years, an initial TSH level greater than 10 to 15 mIU per L was the variable most strongly associated with progression to overt hypothyroidism.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive, resulting in a deficiency of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Prevalence: more common in women. […] Women: up to 12:1,000. […] Men: up to 4:1,000. […] Most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US. […] Within 1 year of delivery in 5:100 of women. […] Incidence: 12:100,000 per year. […] Incidence: 1:2,300 newborns per year. […] Incidence: 1.6:100,000 per year.
  • #3 Transient hypothyroidism in the newborn: to treat or not to treat – Kanike – Translational Pediatrics
    https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16871/html
    The prevalence of CH differs based on the cutoffs used for thyroid levels. The prevalence of recognized CH rose from 1 in 6,500 prior to screening era to approximately 1 in 2,000 to 3,000 with screening. The incidence of transient CH in North America is 5% to 10% in children positive for CH on mass screening, or 1/50,000. However, transient CH accounted for 40% of CH-positive cases in mass screening from 1981 to 2002 in France, while in a study from the Michigan NBS Program, USA, about 24% to 36% of children diagnosed with CH by NBS were later determined to have transient hypothyroidism. […] The incidence of CH fluctuates by geographic area and by race. A study from New York Screening Program from 2000 to 2003 showed an incidence of 1:1,601. The incidence was slightly higher in Hispanic (1:1,559) and Asian infants (1:1,016) compared to white (1:1,815) and black infants (1:1,902). Additionally, the incidence was almost twice in twins (1:876) compared to singletons (1:1,765), and even higher in triplets (1:575). Preterm infants (1:1,396) had higher incidence than term infants (1:1,843) did. Moreover the incidence was higher in older mothers (39 years of age; 1:1,328) than younger mothers (20 years; 1:1,703).
  • #3 Central Hypothyroidism – Endocrinology Advisor
    https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/central-hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism may be defined as primary, secondary, or tertiary hypothyroidism. […] Central hypothyroidism occurs when there is a problem with the pituitary gland (secondary) or hypothalamus (tertiary) rather than with the thyroid gland itself. CeH affects approximately 1 in 16,000 to 1 in 100,000 people. […] Screening for hypothyroidism in general is recommended by the American Thyroid Association starting at age 35. Screening should occur once every 5 years. People most at risk for hypothyroidism include those who are pregnant, are women aged 60 years and older, have a past history of radiation to the head and neck, have autoimmune disorders, have type 1 diabetes, have a family history of hypothyroidism, have tested positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies. […] Patients with the following conditions should be screened for central hypothyroidism: hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, recurring headaches, changes in vision, newborns with hypotonia, prolonged jaundice, undescended testes, developmental delay.
  • #3 Is annual surveillance of all treated hypothyroid patients necessary? | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text
    https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6823-7-4
    Annual surveillance (with thyroid function testing) is widely recommended for the long-term follow-up of treated hypothyroid patients. […] The majority of patients in our hospital based thyroid register are on 18 monthly follow-up. […] In the United Kingdom the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in women is at least 1.4 to 1.9% compared to less than 1% in men, and increases with age. […] Hence periodic monitoring of thyroid function tests (TFTs) is essential in the management of patients to judge the response to therapy, patient compliance, and to adjust doses in relation to advancing age. Annual TFT surveillance is widely recommended. […] The recommended frequency of testing is based largely on consensus, and there is limited evidence to support this. […] The majority of patients currently followed up in our hospital based thyroid register are on 18 monthly follow-up.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism – Hormones Australia
    https://www.hormones-australia.org.au/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder in Australia, affecting around 1 in 33 Australians. It is more common in women than men, and in those aged more than 60 years. […] If you have subclinical hypothyroidism and few or no symptoms, you will require follow-up blood tests to ensure that you are not developing clinical hypothyroidism. Depending on the level of TSH and if thyroid antibodies are found, these tests should initially be performed every 6-12 months.
  • #3 Hypothyroidism and Your Infant | Texas DSHS
    https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-screening-program/newborn-screening-parent-resources/hypothyroidism-your-infant
    About one in 4,000 newborn babies is born with hypothyroidism. […] Most states require babies to have a blood test shortly after birth to check for hypothyroidism. […] The likelihood of having another baby with hypothyroidism is only slightly higher than the one in 4,000 chance. […] There is currently no reliable way of detecting hypothyroidism before birth. […] The effects of hypothyroidism are seen in different ways in different babies. […] Starting a hypothyroid baby on treatment as soon as possible after birth is aimed at preventing permanent brain damage and intellectual disabilities. […] As a rule, the earlier treatment is started, the better the chance a baby has of reaching their full mental development potential. […] The treatment is daily replacement of the missing thyroid hormone with synthetic thyroid hormone tablets (also called sodium levothyroxine or L-thyroxine).
  • #3 Thyroid disease
    https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/thyroid-disease
    Hypothyroidism (hy-poh-THY-roi-diz-uhm) is when your thyroid does not make enough thyroid hormones. It is also called underactive thyroid. This slows down many of your body’s functions, like your metabolism. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States is Hashimoto’s disease. In people with Hashimoto’s disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid. This attack damages the thyroid so that it does not make enough hormones. […] Symptoms of hypothyroidism develop slowly, often over several years. At first, you may feel tired and sluggish. Later, you may develop other signs and symptoms of a slowed-down metabolism, including: […] You also may have high LDL or „bad” cholesterol, which can raise your risk for heart disease. […] Hypothyroidism is treated with medicine that gives your body the thyroid hormone it needs to work normally. The most common medicines are man-made forms of the hormone that your thyroid makes. You will likely need to take thyroid hormone pills for the rest of your life. When you take the pills as your doctor tells you to, the pills are very safe.
  • #4 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disorder. Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism. In large population-based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.30.4% of the population have overt hypothyroidism. A larger proportion, 4.38.5%, have subclinical hypothyroidism. Undiagnosed hypothyroidism is estimated to affect about 47% of community-derived populations in the US and Europe. Of people with subclinical hypothyroidism, 80% have a TSH level below the 10 mIU/L mark regarded as the threshold for treatment. […] Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men. In population-based studies, women were seven times more likely than men to have TSH levels above 10 mU/L. 24% of people with subclinical hypothyroidism will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year. The risk is higher in those with antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. […] Most hypothyroidism is primary in nature. Central/secondary hypothyroidism affects 1:20,000 to 1:80,000 of the population or about one out of every thousand people with hypothyroidism.
  • #4 Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism epidemiology […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism varies according to the definition used, the population characteristics, and the geographical area studied. The prevalence increases in women and with increasing age. […] One European meta-analysis found the total prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of hypothyroidism to be 3%. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism was 4.9% (6.4% in females and 3.4% in males). Of these, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.8% in females and 0.3% in males, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.9% in females and 3.4% in males. […] A retrospective analysis of General Practice data in the North East of England found the overall prevalence of treated hypothyroidism to be 4.5% in 2016. The prevalence increases with increasing age and is up to 10 times more common in women. […] A review of UK national databases found the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased from 2.3% to 3.5% of the total UK population between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism was positively associated with female sex, white ethnicity, and obesity. […] The British Thyroid Association notes that subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-10% of the population. […] The true prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism may have been overestimated in older people, due to the physiological increase in TSH levels with increasing age, that may be misinterpreted as thyroid disease. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is rare. The estimated incidence varies between 1 per 20,000 and 1 per 80,000 people. […] The European Thyroid Association guidelines state that the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 0.2-0.5%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 2-2.5%. […] The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in iodine-sufficient areas is stated as being about 5-7%.
  • #4 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview
    The frequency of hypothyroidism, goiters, and thyroid nodules increases with age. The previously mentioned study by Wyne et al reported that between 2012 and 2019, hyperthyroidism maintained a consistent prevalence in persons aged less than 50 years, while in persons aged 50-59 years, the prevalence grew from 10.4% to 11.2%, and in individuals aged 60 years or older, from 16.2% to 17.8%. […] Community studies use slightly different criteria for determining hypothyroidism; therefore, female-to-male ratios vary. Generally, the prevalence of thyroid disease is reportedly 2-8 times higher in females. […] However, using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 survey cycles, the above-mentioned report by Wyne and colleagues found 51.5% of persons in the United States with hypothyroidism to be female. […] Using the NHANES from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 survey cycles, the aforementioned study by Wyne and colleagues found 65.6% of persons in the United States with hypothyroidism to be non-Hispanic White.
  • #4 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview
    A retrospective study by Wyne et al using a medical/pharmacy claims database reported a steady increase in hypothyroidism in the United States, with the prevalence rising from 9.5% in 2012 to 11.7% in 2019. […] Iodine deficiency as a cause of hypothyroidism is more common in less-developed countries. Routine supplementation of salt, flour, and other food staples with iodine has decreased the rates of iodine deficiency, but even so, an estimated 35-45% of the worlds population is affected by iodine deficiency. […] According to a report released in 2024 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Iodine Global Network, the growing consumption of plant-based foods in the WHO European region (made up of over 50 countries) as a substitution for important sources of iodine, such as milk, dairy, and fish, is contributing to the problem of insufficient iodine intake.
  • #4 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview
    Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States after age 6 years. […] Hashimoto thyroiditis is part of the spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). […] Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of spontaneous hypothyroidism in areas of adequate iodine intake. The annual incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis worldwide is estimated to be 0.3-1.5 cases per 1000 persons. […] The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. […] The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis.
  • #4 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/
    The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII) study found the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism among individuals aged 12 years and older in the US to be 0.3% and subclinical hypothyroidism 4.3%. Female gender and increasing age are associated with a higher risk for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and an increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies. Hypothyroidism is more prevalent in women with small stature at birth and low body mass index in childhood. […] Hypothyroidism is primarily categorized as primary and secondary (ie, central) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland cannot produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone. The less commonly seen secondary or central hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland functions normally; however, hypothyroidism results from the abnormal pituitary gland or hypothalamus function.
  • #4 Transient hypothyroidism in the newborn: to treat or not to treat – Kanike – Translational Pediatrics
    https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16871/html
    The prevalence of CH differs based on the cutoffs used for thyroid levels. The prevalence of recognized CH rose from 1 in 6,500 prior to screening era to approximately 1 in 2,000 to 3,000 with screening. The incidence of transient CH in North America is 5% to 10% in children positive for CH on mass screening, or 1/50,000. However, transient CH accounted for 40% of CH-positive cases in mass screening from 1981 to 2002 in France, while in a study from the Michigan NBS Program, USA, about 24% to 36% of children diagnosed with CH by NBS were later determined to have transient hypothyroidism. […] The incidence of CH fluctuates by geographic area and by race. A study from New York Screening Program from 2000 to 2003 showed an incidence of 1:1,601. The incidence was slightly higher in Hispanic (1:1,559) and Asian infants (1:1,016) compared to white (1:1,815) and black infants (1:1,902). Additionally, the incidence was almost twice in twins (1:876) compared to singletons (1:1,765), and even higher in triplets (1:575). Preterm infants (1:1,396) had higher incidence than term infants (1:1,843) did. Moreover the incidence was higher in older mothers (39 years of age; 1:1,328) than younger mothers (20 years; 1:1,703).
  • #4 Central Hypothyroidism – Endocrinology Advisor
    https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/central-hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism may be defined as primary, secondary, or tertiary hypothyroidism. […] Central hypothyroidism occurs when there is a problem with the pituitary gland (secondary) or hypothalamus (tertiary) rather than with the thyroid gland itself. CeH affects approximately 1 in 16,000 to 1 in 100,000 people. […] Screening for hypothyroidism in general is recommended by the American Thyroid Association starting at age 35. Screening should occur once every 5 years. People most at risk for hypothyroidism include those who are pregnant, are women aged 60 years and older, have a past history of radiation to the head and neck, have autoimmune disorders, have type 1 diabetes, have a family history of hypothyroidism, have tested positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies. […] Patients with the following conditions should be screened for central hypothyroidism: hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, recurring headaches, changes in vision, newborns with hypotonia, prolonged jaundice, undescended testes, developmental delay.
  • #4 Hypothyroidism Investigation and management
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/hypothyroidism
    Iodine deficiency remains the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. […] However, in Australia and other iodine replete countries, autoimmune chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is the most common aetiology. […] Initial screening for patients with suspected hypothyroidism is performed by measuring the TSH level. […] A positive thyroid peroxidase antibody assay confirms autoimmune thyroiditis as the cause. […] Thyroxine replacement may be beneficial in some cases of elevated TSH associated with normal thyroid hormone levels, however, this remains controversial. […] Subclinical hypothyroidism is detected in 48% of the general population and in up to 15-18% of women aged more than 60 years. […] Approximately 4-18% of patients will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year with an increased risk with the following factors: presence of antithyroid antibodies, presence of a goitre, more pronounced TSH elevation, history of radioiodine ablation therapy, external radiation therapy and chronic lithium therapy.
  • #4 Hypothyroidism – Hormones Australia
    https://www.hormones-australia.org.au/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder in Australia, affecting around 1 in 33 Australians. It is more common in women than men, and in those aged more than 60 years. […] If you have subclinical hypothyroidism and few or no symptoms, you will require follow-up blood tests to ensure that you are not developing clinical hypothyroidism. Depending on the level of TSH and if thyroid antibodies are found, these tests should initially be performed every 6-12 months.
  • #4 Hypothyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism occurs at any age but is particularly common among older adults, where it may present subtly and be difficult to recognize. […] Hypothyroidism is particularly common among older adults. It occurs in close to 10% of women and 6% of men 65 years. […] Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is relatively common; it occurs in approximately 15% of older females and 10% of older males, particularly in those with underlying Hashimoto thyroiditis. […] Screening for hypothyroidism is warranted in select populations (eg, neonates, older adults with risk factors) in which it is relatively more prevalent, especially because it can cause significant morbidity and its manifestations can be subtle.
  • #4 Hypothyroidism and Your Infant | Texas DSHS
    https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-screening-program/newborn-screening-parent-resources/hypothyroidism-your-infant
    About one in 4,000 newborn babies is born with hypothyroidism. […] Most states require babies to have a blood test shortly after birth to check for hypothyroidism. […] The likelihood of having another baby with hypothyroidism is only slightly higher than the one in 4,000 chance. […] There is currently no reliable way of detecting hypothyroidism before birth. […] The effects of hypothyroidism are seen in different ways in different babies. […] Starting a hypothyroid baby on treatment as soon as possible after birth is aimed at preventing permanent brain damage and intellectual disabilities. […] As a rule, the earlier treatment is started, the better the chance a baby has of reaching their full mental development potential. […] The treatment is daily replacement of the missing thyroid hormone with synthetic thyroid hormone tablets (also called sodium levothyroxine or L-thyroxine).
  • #5 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disorder. Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism. In large population-based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.30.4% of the population have overt hypothyroidism. A larger proportion, 4.38.5%, have subclinical hypothyroidism. Undiagnosed hypothyroidism is estimated to affect about 47% of community-derived populations in the US and Europe. Of people with subclinical hypothyroidism, 80% have a TSH level below the 10 mIU/L mark regarded as the threshold for treatment. […] Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men. In population-based studies, women were seven times more likely than men to have TSH levels above 10 mU/L. 24% of people with subclinical hypothyroidism will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year. The risk is higher in those with antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. […] Most hypothyroidism is primary in nature. Central/secondary hypothyroidism affects 1:20,000 to 1:80,000 of the population or about one out of every thousand people with hypothyroidism.
  • #5 Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism epidemiology […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism varies according to the definition used, the population characteristics, and the geographical area studied. The prevalence increases in women and with increasing age. […] One European meta-analysis found the total prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of hypothyroidism to be 3%. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism was 4.9% (6.4% in females and 3.4% in males). Of these, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.8% in females and 0.3% in males, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.9% in females and 3.4% in males. […] A retrospective analysis of General Practice data in the North East of England found the overall prevalence of treated hypothyroidism to be 4.5% in 2016. The prevalence increases with increasing age and is up to 10 times more common in women. […] A review of UK national databases found the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased from 2.3% to 3.5% of the total UK population between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism was positively associated with female sex, white ethnicity, and obesity. […] The British Thyroid Association notes that subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-10% of the population. […] The true prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism may have been overestimated in older people, due to the physiological increase in TSH levels with increasing age, that may be misinterpreted as thyroid disease. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is rare. The estimated incidence varies between 1 per 20,000 and 1 per 80,000 people. […] The European Thyroid Association guidelines state that the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 0.2-0.5%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 2-2.5%. […] The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in iodine-sufficient areas is stated as being about 5-7%.
  • #5 Transient hypothyroidism in the newborn: to treat or not to treat – Kanike – Translational Pediatrics
    https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16871/html
    The prevalence of CH differs based on the cutoffs used for thyroid levels. The prevalence of recognized CH rose from 1 in 6,500 prior to screening era to approximately 1 in 2,000 to 3,000 with screening. The incidence of transient CH in North America is 5% to 10% in children positive for CH on mass screening, or 1/50,000. However, transient CH accounted for 40% of CH-positive cases in mass screening from 1981 to 2002 in France, while in a study from the Michigan NBS Program, USA, about 24% to 36% of children diagnosed with CH by NBS were later determined to have transient hypothyroidism. […] The incidence of CH fluctuates by geographic area and by race. A study from New York Screening Program from 2000 to 2003 showed an incidence of 1:1,601. The incidence was slightly higher in Hispanic (1:1,559) and Asian infants (1:1,016) compared to white (1:1,815) and black infants (1:1,902). Additionally, the incidence was almost twice in twins (1:876) compared to singletons (1:1,765), and even higher in triplets (1:575). Preterm infants (1:1,396) had higher incidence than term infants (1:1,843) did. Moreover the incidence was higher in older mothers (39 years of age; 1:1,328) than younger mothers (20 years; 1:1,703).
  • #5 Central Hypothyroidism – Endocrinology Advisor
    https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/central-hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism may be defined as primary, secondary, or tertiary hypothyroidism. […] Central hypothyroidism occurs when there is a problem with the pituitary gland (secondary) or hypothalamus (tertiary) rather than with the thyroid gland itself. CeH affects approximately 1 in 16,000 to 1 in 100,000 people. […] Screening for hypothyroidism in general is recommended by the American Thyroid Association starting at age 35. Screening should occur once every 5 years. People most at risk for hypothyroidism include those who are pregnant, are women aged 60 years and older, have a past history of radiation to the head and neck, have autoimmune disorders, have type 1 diabetes, have a family history of hypothyroidism, have tested positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies. […] Patients with the following conditions should be screened for central hypothyroidism: hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, recurring headaches, changes in vision, newborns with hypotonia, prolonged jaundice, undescended testes, developmental delay.
  • #5 Hypothyroidism Investigation and management
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/hypothyroidism
    Iodine deficiency remains the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. […] However, in Australia and other iodine replete countries, autoimmune chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is the most common aetiology. […] Initial screening for patients with suspected hypothyroidism is performed by measuring the TSH level. […] A positive thyroid peroxidase antibody assay confirms autoimmune thyroiditis as the cause. […] Thyroxine replacement may be beneficial in some cases of elevated TSH associated with normal thyroid hormone levels, however, this remains controversial. […] Subclinical hypothyroidism is detected in 48% of the general population and in up to 15-18% of women aged more than 60 years. […] Approximately 4-18% of patients will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year with an increased risk with the following factors: presence of antithyroid antibodies, presence of a goitre, more pronounced TSH elevation, history of radioiodine ablation therapy, external radiation therapy and chronic lithium therapy.
  • #5 Hypothyroidism and Your Infant | Texas DSHS
    https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-screening-program/newborn-screening-parent-resources/hypothyroidism-your-infant
    About one in 4,000 newborn babies is born with hypothyroidism. […] Most states require babies to have a blood test shortly after birth to check for hypothyroidism. […] The likelihood of having another baby with hypothyroidism is only slightly higher than the one in 4,000 chance. […] There is currently no reliable way of detecting hypothyroidism before birth. […] The effects of hypothyroidism are seen in different ways in different babies. […] Starting a hypothyroid baby on treatment as soon as possible after birth is aimed at preventing permanent brain damage and intellectual disabilities. […] As a rule, the earlier treatment is started, the better the chance a baby has of reaching their full mental development potential. […] The treatment is daily replacement of the missing thyroid hormone with synthetic thyroid hormone tablets (also called sodium levothyroxine or L-thyroxine).
  • #6 Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism epidemiology […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism varies according to the definition used, the population characteristics, and the geographical area studied. The prevalence increases in women and with increasing age. […] One European meta-analysis found the total prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of hypothyroidism to be 3%. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism was 4.9% (6.4% in females and 3.4% in males). Of these, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.8% in females and 0.3% in males, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.9% in females and 3.4% in males. […] A retrospective analysis of General Practice data in the North East of England found the overall prevalence of treated hypothyroidism to be 4.5% in 2016. The prevalence increases with increasing age and is up to 10 times more common in women. […] A review of UK national databases found the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased from 2.3% to 3.5% of the total UK population between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism was positively associated with female sex, white ethnicity, and obesity. […] The British Thyroid Association notes that subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-10% of the population. […] The true prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism may have been overestimated in older people, due to the physiological increase in TSH levels with increasing age, that may be misinterpreted as thyroid disease. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is rare. The estimated incidence varies between 1 per 20,000 and 1 per 80,000 people. […] The European Thyroid Association guidelines state that the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 0.2-0.5%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 2-2.5%. […] The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in iodine-sufficient areas is stated as being about 5-7%.
  • #6 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disorder. Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism. In large population-based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.30.4% of the population have overt hypothyroidism. A larger proportion, 4.38.5%, have subclinical hypothyroidism. Undiagnosed hypothyroidism is estimated to affect about 47% of community-derived populations in the US and Europe. Of people with subclinical hypothyroidism, 80% have a TSH level below the 10 mIU/L mark regarded as the threshold for treatment. […] Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men. In population-based studies, women were seven times more likely than men to have TSH levels above 10 mU/L. 24% of people with subclinical hypothyroidism will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year. The risk is higher in those with antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. […] Most hypothyroidism is primary in nature. Central/secondary hypothyroidism affects 1:20,000 to 1:80,000 of the population or about one out of every thousand people with hypothyroidism.
  • #6 Transient hypothyroidism in the newborn: to treat or not to treat – Kanike – Translational Pediatrics
    https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16871/html
    The prevalence of CH differs based on the cutoffs used for thyroid levels. The prevalence of recognized CH rose from 1 in 6,500 prior to screening era to approximately 1 in 2,000 to 3,000 with screening. The incidence of transient CH in North America is 5% to 10% in children positive for CH on mass screening, or 1/50,000. However, transient CH accounted for 40% of CH-positive cases in mass screening from 1981 to 2002 in France, while in a study from the Michigan NBS Program, USA, about 24% to 36% of children diagnosed with CH by NBS were later determined to have transient hypothyroidism. […] The incidence of CH fluctuates by geographic area and by race. A study from New York Screening Program from 2000 to 2003 showed an incidence of 1:1,601. The incidence was slightly higher in Hispanic (1:1,559) and Asian infants (1:1,016) compared to white (1:1,815) and black infants (1:1,902). Additionally, the incidence was almost twice in twins (1:876) compared to singletons (1:1,765), and even higher in triplets (1:575). Preterm infants (1:1,396) had higher incidence than term infants (1:1,843) did. Moreover the incidence was higher in older mothers (39 years of age; 1:1,328) than younger mothers (20 years; 1:1,703).
  • #6 Central Hypothyroidism – Endocrinology Advisor
    https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/central-hypothyroidism/
    Hypothyroidism may be defined as primary, secondary, or tertiary hypothyroidism. […] Central hypothyroidism occurs when there is a problem with the pituitary gland (secondary) or hypothalamus (tertiary) rather than with the thyroid gland itself. CeH affects approximately 1 in 16,000 to 1 in 100,000 people. […] Screening for hypothyroidism in general is recommended by the American Thyroid Association starting at age 35. Screening should occur once every 5 years. People most at risk for hypothyroidism include those who are pregnant, are women aged 60 years and older, have a past history of radiation to the head and neck, have autoimmune disorders, have type 1 diabetes, have a family history of hypothyroidism, have tested positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies. […] Patients with the following conditions should be screened for central hypothyroidism: hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, recurring headaches, changes in vision, newborns with hypotonia, prolonged jaundice, undescended testes, developmental delay.
  • #7 Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism epidemiology […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism varies according to the definition used, the population characteristics, and the geographical area studied. The prevalence increases in women and with increasing age. […] One European meta-analysis found the total prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of hypothyroidism to be 3%. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism was 4.9% (6.4% in females and 3.4% in males). Of these, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.8% in females and 0.3% in males, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.9% in females and 3.4% in males. […] A retrospective analysis of General Practice data in the North East of England found the overall prevalence of treated hypothyroidism to be 4.5% in 2016. The prevalence increases with increasing age and is up to 10 times more common in women. […] A review of UK national databases found the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased from 2.3% to 3.5% of the total UK population between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism was positively associated with female sex, white ethnicity, and obesity. […] The British Thyroid Association notes that subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-10% of the population. […] The true prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism may have been overestimated in older people, due to the physiological increase in TSH levels with increasing age, that may be misinterpreted as thyroid disease. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is rare. The estimated incidence varies between 1 per 20,000 and 1 per 80,000 people. […] The European Thyroid Association guidelines state that the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 0.2-0.5%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 2-2.5%. […] The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in iodine-sufficient areas is stated as being about 5-7%.
  • #7 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disorder. Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism. In large population-based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.30.4% of the population have overt hypothyroidism. A larger proportion, 4.38.5%, have subclinical hypothyroidism. Undiagnosed hypothyroidism is estimated to affect about 47% of community-derived populations in the US and Europe. Of people with subclinical hypothyroidism, 80% have a TSH level below the 10 mIU/L mark regarded as the threshold for treatment. […] Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men. In population-based studies, women were seven times more likely than men to have TSH levels above 10 mU/L. 24% of people with subclinical hypothyroidism will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year. The risk is higher in those with antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. […] Most hypothyroidism is primary in nature. Central/secondary hypothyroidism affects 1:20,000 to 1:80,000 of the population or about one out of every thousand people with hypothyroidism.
  • #7 Transient hypothyroidism in the newborn: to treat or not to treat – Kanike – Translational Pediatrics
    https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16871/html
    The prevalence of CH differs based on the cutoffs used for thyroid levels. The prevalence of recognized CH rose from 1 in 6,500 prior to screening era to approximately 1 in 2,000 to 3,000 with screening. The incidence of transient CH in North America is 5% to 10% in children positive for CH on mass screening, or 1/50,000. However, transient CH accounted for 40% of CH-positive cases in mass screening from 1981 to 2002 in France, while in a study from the Michigan NBS Program, USA, about 24% to 36% of children diagnosed with CH by NBS were later determined to have transient hypothyroidism. […] The incidence of CH fluctuates by geographic area and by race. A study from New York Screening Program from 2000 to 2003 showed an incidence of 1:1,601. The incidence was slightly higher in Hispanic (1:1,559) and Asian infants (1:1,016) compared to white (1:1,815) and black infants (1:1,902). Additionally, the incidence was almost twice in twins (1:876) compared to singletons (1:1,765), and even higher in triplets (1:575). Preterm infants (1:1,396) had higher incidence than term infants (1:1,843) did. Moreover the incidence was higher in older mothers (39 years of age; 1:1,328) than younger mothers (20 years; 1:1,703).
  • #8 Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism epidemiology […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism varies according to the definition used, the population characteristics, and the geographical area studied. The prevalence increases in women and with increasing age. […] One European meta-analysis found the total prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of hypothyroidism to be 3%. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism was 4.9% (6.4% in females and 3.4% in males). Of these, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.8% in females and 0.3% in males, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.9% in females and 3.4% in males. […] A retrospective analysis of General Practice data in the North East of England found the overall prevalence of treated hypothyroidism to be 4.5% in 2016. The prevalence increases with increasing age and is up to 10 times more common in women. […] A review of UK national databases found the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased from 2.3% to 3.5% of the total UK population between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism was positively associated with female sex, white ethnicity, and obesity. […] The British Thyroid Association notes that subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-10% of the population. […] The true prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism may have been overestimated in older people, due to the physiological increase in TSH levels with increasing age, that may be misinterpreted as thyroid disease. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is rare. The estimated incidence varies between 1 per 20,000 and 1 per 80,000 people. […] The European Thyroid Association guidelines state that the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 0.2-0.5%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 2-2.5%. […] The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in iodine-sufficient areas is stated as being about 5-7%.
  • #9 Hypothyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism epidemiology […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism varies according to the definition used, the population characteristics, and the geographical area studied. The prevalence increases in women and with increasing age. […] One European meta-analysis found the total prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of hypothyroidism to be 3%. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism was 4.9% (6.4% in females and 3.4% in males). Of these, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.8% in females and 0.3% in males, and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.9% in females and 3.4% in males. […] A retrospective analysis of General Practice data in the North East of England found the overall prevalence of treated hypothyroidism to be 4.5% in 2016. The prevalence increases with increasing age and is up to 10 times more common in women. […] A review of UK national databases found the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased from 2.3% to 3.5% of the total UK population between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism was positively associated with female sex, white ethnicity, and obesity. […] The British Thyroid Association notes that subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-10% of the population. […] The true prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism may have been overestimated in older people, due to the physiological increase in TSH levels with increasing age, that may be misinterpreted as thyroid disease. […] Secondary hypothyroidism is rare. The estimated incidence varies between 1 per 20,000 and 1 per 80,000 people. […] The European Thyroid Association guidelines state that the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 0.2-0.5%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is 2-2.5%. […] The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in iodine-sufficient areas is stated as being about 5-7%.

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dysfunkcja tarczycy podwzgórze choroba Hashimoto zespół Downa autoimmunologiczne zapalenie wątroby reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów pierwotna niedoczynność tarczycy przeciwciała przeciwko peroksydazie tarczycowej przysadka mózgowa choroba Addisona test funkcji tarczycy jawna niedoczynność tarczycy choroba trzewna wrodzona niedoczynność tarczycy śpiączka obrzękowa schorzenie endokrynologiczne przewlekłe autoimmunologiczne zapalenie tarczycy przeciwciała przeciwtarczycowe poporodowe zapalenie tarczycy wtórna niedoczynność tarczycy zespół Sjögrena niedoczynność tarczycy centralna niedoczynność tarczycy zapalenie tarczycy Hashimoto poziom TSH subkliniczna niedoczynność tarczycy toczeń rumieniowaty układowy niedobór jodu bielactwo