Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism has several causes, including […] Graves disease, overactive thyroid nodules, inflammation of the thyroid gland, called thyroiditis, too much iodine, too much thyroid hormone medicine, a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland. […] Graves disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is an autoimmune disorder. With this disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid and causes it to make too much thyroid hormone. […] Overactive thyroid nodules, or lumps in your thyroid, are common and usually not cancerous. However, one or more nodules may become overactive and produce too much thyroid hormone. […] Thyroiditis is inflammation of your thyroid gland. Some types of thyroiditis can cause thyroid hormone to leak out of your thyroid gland into your bloodstream. […] Your thyroid uses iodine to make thyroid hormone. How much iodine you consume affects how much thyroid hormone your thyroid makes. In some people, consuming large amounts of iodine may cause the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. […] In some rare cases, a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, can cause hyperthyroidism.

• #2 Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14129-hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism, also called overactive thyroid, is a condition where your thyroid makes and releases high levels of thyroid hormone. It has multiple possible causes. […] Medical conditions and situations that can cause hyperthyroidism include: […] Graves disease: This is an autoimmune condition that makes your thyroid overactive. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] Thyroid nodules: These are lumps or growths of cells in your thyroid gland. They can sometimes produce excess thyroid hormone. […] Thyroiditis: Thyroiditis is inflammation of your thyroid gland. It can cause hyperthyroidism temporarily. […] Consuming excess iodine: Consuming too much iodine (through foods or medications) can cause your thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone. […] TSH-releasing pituitary adenoma (thyrotropinoma): This is a growth in your pituitary gland that releases excess thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). […] Factors that increase your risk of developing hyperthyroidism include: […] Biological family history of thyroid disease and/or autoimmune conditions. […] Smoking. […] Pregnancy (for postpartum thyroiditis).

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/causes/

  If you have an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), your thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormones. […] There are a number of conditions that can cause your thyroid to become overactive. […] About 4 in every 5 people with an overactive thyroid gland have a condition called Graves’ disease. […] Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition where your immune system produces antibodies that cause the thyroid to produce too much thyroid hormone. […] The cause of Graves’ disease is unknown, but it mostly affects young or middle-aged women and often runs in families. Smoking can also increase your risk of getting it. […] Less commonly, your thyroid can become overactive if lumps (nodules) develop on your thyroid. […] Nodules are usually non-cancerous (benign), but they may contain thyroid tissue, which can result in the production of excess thyroid hormones.

• #4 Causas del Hipertiroidismo | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/hyperthyroidism/causes

  Graves-Basedow disease (GBD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (60-70%). This is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are synthesised that stimulate the thyroid gland to grow and overproduce thyroid hormones. […] Multinodular or nodular goitre. The thyroid has several nodules that can slowly grow and begin to over-synthesise thyroid hormones, eventually causing hyperthyroidism. A toxic (overactive) adenoma is a thyroid nodule that secretes too much thyroid hormone. This inhibits the production of thyroid hormone by the rest of the gland. This nodule may occur within a thyroid or within a multinodular (multi-nodular) goitre. These are more common with age and iodine deficiency. […] Pituitary Gland Tumours. This is a rare cause that occurs when a pituitary tumour produces an excess of thyrotropin (TSH), a hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones in an unregulated manner. As it synthesises so many hormones, the thyroid gland becomes less sensitive to them and develops resistance.

• #5 Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hyperthyroidism-overactive-thyroid?content_id=CON-20373640

  Hyperthyroidism can be caused by several medical conditions that affect the thyroid gland. […] Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland puts too much of those thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. Conditions that can lead to hyperthyroidism include: […] Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid gland. That prompts the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] This condition also is called toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goiter and Plummer disease. This form of hyperthyroidism happens when a thyroid adenoma makes too much thyroid hormone. […] This condition happens when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. In some cases, it’s due to an autoimmune disorder. In others, the reason for it is unclear. The inflammation can cause extra thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid gland to leak into the bloodstream and cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

• #6 Overactive thyroid | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/glands/overactive-thyroid/

  Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormones thyroxine or triiodothyronine. […] There are several possible underlying causes, the most common being Graves disease, in which the bodys immune system targets the thyroid gland and causes it to produce too much of the thyroid hormones. […] Graves disease is the most common cause of overactive thyroid. It is an autoimmune condition. This means the immune system mistakes something in the body for a toxic substance and attacks it. […] In Graves disease, it attacks the thyroid gland, which leads to an overproduction of the thyroid hormones. […] Overproduction of thyroid hormones can be caused by a number of conditions. […] It is possible for lumps to develop in your thyroid gland. These are known as nodules.

• #7 Thyroid – hyperthyroidism | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism means the thyroid gland is overactive. An immune system abnormality called Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease. An abnormality of the immune system is the cause. No one really knows what causes Graves’ disease because the causes of autoimmunity are not fully understood. Stress, both physical and emotional, is known to affect the responsiveness of the immune system and there appears to be some association between stress and the onset of autoimmune conditions – including Graves’ disease. Autoimmune conditions have a distinct genetic element, with some family lines having multiple cases of Graves’ disease and other autoimmune conditions. It is likely that some people’s genetic inheritance could predispose them to Graves’ disease. Another cause is excessive iodine intake. X-ray contrast mediums and a number of disinfectants contain a lot of iodine and can trigger Graves’ disease in susceptible people. […] There is no cure for hyperthyroidism, but it can be successfully managed with treatments such as anti-thyroid medication.

• #8 Hyperthyroidism Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hyperthyroidism/causes-risk-factors/

  A family history of autoimmune diseases can also increase your risk for Graves disease. While autoimmune diseases are hereditary, it’s also possible to have different types of autoimmune conditions than your parents and relatives. […] If you have a genetic disposition for Graves disease, high amounts of stress and smoking cigarettes can increase your risk of developing hyperthyroidism at some point in the future.

• #9 What Causes Hyperthyroidism? Common Triggers and Underlying Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-hyperthyroidism-common-triggers-and-underlying-conditions

  High iodine levels, whether from diet, supplements, or medications, can trigger hyperthyroidism, particularly in individuals with pre-existing thyroid conditions like nodular goiters or latent Graves’ disease. […] Secondary hyperthyroidism is caused by anterior pituitary dysfunction, leading to excessive TSH production, thyroid gland overstimulation, and overproduction of thyroid hormones. […] Individuals with a family history of thyroid disorders, particularly autoimmune thyroid diseases, are more likely to develop hyperthyroidism. Genetic predisposition accounts for up to 80% of the risk for Graves’ disease. […] Women are up to ten times more likely to develop hyperthyroidism than men. […] Research indicates that smokers are at a higher risk of developing Graves’ disease. […] The immune dysfunction observed in autoimmune disease is believed to result from the interplay between environmental exposures and genetic predisposition, leading to the loss of self-tolerance and upregulation of exaggerated immune responses.

• #10 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/hyperthyroidism-leaflet

  Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces more thyroid hormones than is needed by the body. It is also referred to as thyrotoxicosis, or an overactive thyroid. It can occur if you have: […] Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the UK and is much more common in women than in men. […] Graves disease is an autoimmune condition. The body’s immune system turns against the thyroid gland, which in response becomes over-active. The disease has a strong genetic component and tends to run in families. […] Stress also seems to play a role and sometimes people with Graves disease may have experienced major stresses in their lives a year or so before Graves disease is diagnosed. […] Graves disease is more common in people who smoke cigarettes. Smokers are also up to eight times more likely to develop thyroid eye disease than non-smokers.

• #11

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/

  An overactive thyroid can affect anyone, but it’s about 10 times more common in women than men, and typically happens between 20 and 40 years of age. […] There are several reasons why your thyroid can become overactive. […] These include: Graves’ disease an autoimmune condition where the immune system produces antibodies that cause the thyroid to produce too much thyroid hormone (about 4 in every 5 people with an overactive thyroid have Graves’ disease) […] lumps (nodules) on the thyroid this extra thyroid tissue can produce thyroid hormones, causing your levels to be too high […] some medicines such as amiodarone, which can be used to treat an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia).

• #12 Understanding Hyperthyroidism ( Overactive Thyroid Gland ): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The American Journal of Patient Health Info

  https://ajphi.org/ajphi/article/view/38

  Hyperthyroidism occurs when you have an excess amount of thyroid hormone produced by your thyroid gland. […] The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves disease. It is an autoimmune condition where the body produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid. […] Graves disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in developed countries. It is more commonly seen between people of 30 and 60 years, with 5-10 times increased frequency in women. About 79% of the people are genetically predisposed, and about 21% of them have some environmental factors as a risk factor. […] Graves’ Disease: This is known as the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder where the body produces antibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism symptoms.

• #13

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/

  An overactive thyroid can affect anyone. But it is about 10 times more common in women than men. It usually happens between ages 20 and 50. […] There are many reasons why your thyroid can become overactive. […] These include: Graves’ disease – your immune system attacks the thyroid by mistake, lumps (nodules) on the thyroid, some medicines.

• #14 Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/hyperthyroidism/

  Hyperthyroidism is known as overactive thyroid. It occurs when your thyroid gland makes and releases too much thyroid hormone. […] Hyperthyroidism can be related to Graves’ disease. This is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland. […] In more than 70% of cases, hyperthyroidism is caused by Graves’ disease. Normally, the immune system helps protect your body against viruses, bacteria, and other substances. An autoimmune disease causes it to attack your body’s tissues and/or organs. With Graves’ disease, the immune system stimulates your thyroid, making it produce too much hormone. […] Two other common causes for hyperthyroidism are: Hyperfunctioning (overactive) thyroid nodules. One or more nodules or lumps in the thyroid grow. This increases the production of the thyroid hormone.

• #15 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/hyperthyroidism-leaflet

  Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces more thyroid hormones than is needed by the body. It is also referred to as thyrotoxicosis, or an overactive thyroid. It can occur if you have: […] Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the UK and is much more common in women than in men. […] Graves disease is an autoimmune condition. The body’s immune system turns against the thyroid gland, which in response becomes over-active. The disease has a strong genetic component and tends to run in families. […] Stress also seems to play a role and sometimes people with Graves disease may have experienced major stresses in their lives a year or so before Graves disease is diagnosed. […] Graves disease is more common in people who smoke cigarettes. Smokers are also up to eight times more likely to develop thyroid eye disease than non-smokers.

• #16

  https://www.medichecks.com/blogs/thyroid/what-is-an-overactive-thyroid

  High levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin this can happen in early pregnancy, a multiple pregnancy, or molar pregnancy (a lump of abnormal cells that grows in the womb instead of a foetus). […] Pituitary adenoma a non-cancerous (benign) pituitary gland tumour. […] Thyroid cancer rarely, a cancerous thyroid tumour can cause excess production of thyroid hormones. […] A family history of hyperthyroidism can put you at increased risk of developing the condition. Graves disease has a strong genetic component and tends to run in families. […] However, environmental and lifestyle factors also play a part. For example, studies show that smoking can increase the risk of Graves disease, and the condition occurs twice as frequently in smokers compared to non-smokers. […] An overactive thyroid can cause complications if its not treated appropriately or early enough.

• #17 Thyroid – hyperthyroidism | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism means the thyroid gland is overactive. An immune system abnormality called Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease. An abnormality of the immune system is the cause. No one really knows what causes Graves’ disease because the causes of autoimmunity are not fully understood. Stress, both physical and emotional, is known to affect the responsiveness of the immune system and there appears to be some association between stress and the onset of autoimmune conditions – including Graves’ disease. Autoimmune conditions have a distinct genetic element, with some family lines having multiple cases of Graves’ disease and other autoimmune conditions. It is likely that some people’s genetic inheritance could predispose them to Graves’ disease. Another cause is excessive iodine intake. X-ray contrast mediums and a number of disinfectants contain a lot of iodine and can trigger Graves’ disease in susceptible people. […] There is no cure for hyperthyroidism, but it can be successfully managed with treatments such as anti-thyroid medication.

• #18 What Causes Hyperthyroidism? Common Triggers and Underlying Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-hyperthyroidism-common-triggers-and-underlying-conditions

  More than 12% of the United States population will develop a thyroid condition during their lifetime. Hyperthyroidism is one type of thyroid disease characterized by the excess production of thyroid hormones, leading to an overactive metabolism. […] Understanding the causes of hyperthyroidism enhances diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy. While autoimmune conditions like Graves’ disease are the most common culprits, other factors that you may not be aware of might be triggering excess hormone production. […] The most common reasons hyperthyroidism occurs are autoimmunity and hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules. […] Graves’ disease is an autoimmune thyroid disease and the leading cause of hyperthyroidism, attributed to nearly 80% of all cases. […] The exact cause of Graves’ disease is not fully understood, but, as with any autoimmune disease, it is believed to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Stress, infections, and smoking have been identified as potential triggers for the onset of the disease in genetically predisposed individuals.

• #19 Graves’ Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/34730-graves-disease-overactive-thyroid.html

  Pregnancy could also trigger Graves’ disease. According to the National Women’s Health Information Center, as many as 30 percent of young women who get Graves’ disease have been pregnant in the 12 months prior to the onset of symptoms. Why? Pregnancy causes many different hormonal changes that stress the thyroid gland, including higher amounts of hormones that both stimulate and block the thyroid.

• #20 Understanding Hyperthyroidism ( Overactive Thyroid Gland ): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | The American Journal of Patient Health Info

  https://ajphi.org/ajphi/article/view/38

  Thyroid Nodules: Sometimes, nodules or lumps form in the thyroid gland, which can autonomously produce thyroid hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. […] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland can release stored thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, resulting in a temporary surge of thyroid hormones in the blood, leading to hyperthyroidism. […] Tumors of the Pituitary Gland or Thyroid: Tumors in the pituitary gland can cause excessive production of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. […] Iodine-Containing Medications: Certain medications, such as amiodarone (used to treat heart rhythm problems), can contain high levels of iodine, contributing to hyperthyroidism in susceptible individuals. […] Pregnancy: Hyperthyroidism can develop during pregnancy due to changes in hormone levels and immune function. […] Subacute Thyroiditis: This condition involves thyroid gland inflammation, often following a viral infection, and can cause temporary hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism as the thyroid gland becomes less active.

• #21 Graves’ disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves%27_disease

  Graves’ disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter or Basedow’s disease, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. It frequently results in and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of the disease is unclear, but symptoms are a result of antibodies binding to receptors on the thyroid causing over-expression of thyroid hormone. Persons are more likely to be affected if they have a family member with the disease. The onset of disease may be triggered by physical or emotional stress, infection, or giving birth. Those with other autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, are more likely to be affected. Smoking increases the risk of disease and may worsen eye problems. The disorder results from an antibody, called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), that has a similar effect to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). These TSI antibodies cause the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormones. The exact cause is unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While a theoretical mechanism occurs by which exposure to severe stressors and high levels of subsequent distress such as post-traumatic stress disorder could increase the risk of immune disease and cause an aggravation of the autoimmune response that leads to Graves disease, more robust clinical data are needed for a firm conclusion. A genetic predisposition for Graves’ disease is seen, with some people more prone to develop TSH receptor-activating antibodies due to a genetic cause. Since Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that appears suddenly, often later in life, a viral or bacterial infection may trigger antibodies, which cross-react with the human TSH receptor, a phenomenon known as antigenic mimicry.

• #22 Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html

  Hyperthyroidism is an excessive concentration of thyroid hormones in tissues caused by increased synthesis of thyroid hormones, excessive release of preformed thyroid hormones, or an endogenous or exogenous extrathyroidal source. The most common causes of an excessive production of thyroid hormones are Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma. […] The common endogenous causes of hyperthyroidism are Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, and painless thyroiditis. Graves disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States, is an autoimmune disorder in which thyroid-stimulating antibodies activate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, triggering thyroid hormone synthesis. Risk factors for Graves disease include female sex and personal or family history of an autoimmune disorder.

• #23 Hyperthyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121865-overview

  The most reliable screening measure of thyroid function in the healthy ambulatory adult population is the TSH level. […] Thyroid hormone levels can be highly elevated in Graves disease. […] The next most common cause of thyrotoxicosis is subacute thyroiditis (approximately 15-20% of cases), a destructive release of preformed thyroid hormone. […] Toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer disease) accounts for 15-20% of thyrotoxicosis cases. […] Toxic adenoma is caused by a single hyperfunctioning follicular thyroid adenoma. […] Several rare causes of thyrotoxicosis exist that deserve mention.

• #24 Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html

  Toxic multinodular goiter is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States and the most common cause in older persons living in iodine-deficient areas. Over time, nodules arise from the frequent replication of clonogenic cells that leads to a somatic activating mutation of TSH receptors. A single nodule is called a toxic adenoma (Plummer disease). […] In contrast with these three disorders, painless or transient (silent) thyroiditis causes a destruction of thyroid follicles via an autoimmune mechanism and a release of preformed thyroid hormones into the circulation. […] Gestational hyperthyroidism develops in the first trimester of pregnancy as a result of the stimulatory action of placental beta human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG), which shares structural features with TSH, on the thyroid gland. […] Other rare causes of hyperthyroidism are TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma, metastatic follicular thyroid cancer, and struma ovarii.

• #25 Hyperthyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hyperthyroidism/

  Hyperthyroidism can be caused by an autoimmune condition (Graves disease), inflammation of the thyroid (thyroiditis), or due to thyroid nodules making too much thyroid hormone (hot nodule or toxic multinodular goiter). […] Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune thyroid condition caused by antibodies that stimulate all the cells in the thyroid gland to make too much thyroid hormone. […] A toxic nodule means that there is one area of your thyroid (a nodule) making too much thyroid hormone (also called a hot nodule). A toxic multi-nodular goiter means that there are several nodules making too much thyroid hormone. […] Thyroiditis is due to inflammation of your thyroid gland. This can cause the thyroid hormones inside the thyroid gland to leak out into the blood stream, resulting in too much thyroid hormone in the body.

• #26 OVERACTIVE THYROID (HYPERTHYROIDISM) – Symptoms, Causes, Risk Groups and Treatment – Ecosh

  https://ecosh.com/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism-symptoms-causes-risk-groups-and-treatment/

  Hyperthyroidism means that the thyroid gland is overactive. As a result, it makes too much of its hormone and causes your body to use energy too quickly. […] Most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves disease (affects about 70 % of people with an overactive thyroid). However, nodules on the thyroid (toxic nodular goiter or multinodular goiter) can also cause the gland to overproduce its hormones. […] Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) may be both caused by other diseases that affect the way the thyroid gland works. […] In this autoimmune disorder, which is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism the entire thyroid gland might be overactive and secrete too much hormone (also called diffuse toxic goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)). […] Overactive nodules within the thyroid can also cause hyperthyroidism: Toxic autonomously functioning thyroid nodule: a single nodule. Toxic multinodular goiter: a gland with several nodules.

• #27 Pediatric Hyperthyroidism | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/pediatric-hyperthyroidism/

  Hyperthyroidism happens when a child’s thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone than they need. […] The main causes of pediatric hyperthyroidism include the following: […] Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children. It is an autoimmune disorder that happens when the body’s immune system gets confused, and in addition to attacking germs, attacks the thyroid gland. […] Taking too much thyroid hormone medicine can cause hyperthyroidism. […] Taking in too much dietary iodine can also cause hyperthyroidism. […] Thyroid nodules are growths in the thyroid gland that sometimes produce extra hormones. […] Thyroiditis is a condition in which the thyroid gland becomes inflamed and leaks extra hormones into the blood. […] Neonatal Graves’ disease, while rare, is the most common form of hyperthyroidism in newborns.

• #28 Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-and-metabolism/hyperthyroidism-and-graves-disease

  Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. […] Hyperthyroidism can be caused by a number of things: […] Toxic nodule – A single nodule or lump in the thyroid can produce more thyroid hormone than the body needs and lead to hyperthyroidism. […] Toxic multinodular goiter – If the thyroid gland has several nodules, those nodules can sometimes produce too much thyroid hormone causing hyperthyroidism. […] Graves’ disease – Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid. […] Sub-acute thyroiditis – This type of hyperthyroidism can follow a viral infection which causes inflammation of the thyroid gland. […] Postpartum thyroiditis – Some women develop mild to moderate hyperthyroidism within several months of giving birth, which usually lasts 1 to 2 months.

• #29 Overview: Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279480/

  The most common cause of an overactive thyroid gland is Graves disease. In this condition, a problem with the immune system causes the thyroid gland to make more thyroid hormones than normal. […] Hyperthyroidism may also arise if thyroid gland cells start producing hormones autonomously in other words, without being told to. The activity of the thyroid gland is usually regulated by the pituitary gland. It constantly monitors whether the right amount of thyroid hormones is being produced and can then help make adjustments as needed. Sometimes, though, the thyroid gland cells no longer react to signals from the pituitary gland. As a result, the thyroid gland may produce far more hormones than are actually needed. The autonomous cells are sometimes found in the whole thyroid gland, and sometimes they are only found in one or several benign (non-cancerous) growths called nodules. These growths are also known as hot nodules.

• #30 What Causes Hyperthyroidism? Common Triggers and Underlying Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-hyperthyroidism-common-triggers-and-underlying-conditions

  Toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG), or Plummer’s disease, is a thyroid disorder characterized by multiple nodules in the thyroid gland and the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] These nodules become overactive („toxic”), functioning independently of the normal regulatory control of TSH, and release too much T3 and T4. […] Thyroid adenomas are benign (non-cancerous), solitary thyroid nodules. A single nodule is called a toxic adenoma when it produces excess thyroid hormones independently of the body’s regulatory signals. […] Several other conditions can less frequently trigger the thyroid gland to release excessive thyroid hormones. […] Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid gland. There are many types of thyroiditis, many of which begin with the destruction of thyroid cells via an inflammatory immune mechanism, releasing excessive amounts of thyroid hormones into circulation.

• #31 Patient education: Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hyperthyroidism-overactive-thyroid-beyond-the-basics/print

  Painless („silent or lymphocytic”) thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis are disorders in which the thyroid becomes temporarily inflamed and releases thyroid hormone stores into the bloodstream, causing hyperthyroidism. […] Subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis is thought to be caused by a virus. It causes a painful, tender, enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid becomes inflamed and releases thyroid hormone into the blood stream; the hyperthyroidism resolves when the viral infection improves and may also be followed by several months of hypothyroid symptoms. […] Taking too much thyroid hormone medication for hypothyroidism increases blood levels into the range seen in people with hyperthyroidism.

• #32 Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism

  Thyroiditis can happen: […] After pregnancy […] When you get a virus or have another issue with your immune system […] If you take too much thyroid medication […] You can also get hyperthyroidism if you get lots of iodine in a medication or supplement. That’s because your thyroid uses iodine to help make thyroid hormone.

• #33 Patient education: Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hyperthyroidism-overactive-thyroid-beyond-the-basics

  • Painless („silent or lymphocytic”) thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis are disorders in which the thyroid becomes temporarily inflamed and releases thyroid hormone stores into the bloodstream, causing hyperthyroidism. […] Postpartum thyroiditis can occur several months after delivery. The hyperthyroid symptoms may last for several months, often followed by several months of hypothyroid symptoms, such as fatigue, muscle cramps, bloating, and weight gain. […] • Subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis is thought to be caused by a virus. It causes a painful, tender, enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid becomes inflamed and releases thyroid hormone into the blood stream; the hyperthyroidism resolves when the viral infection improves and may also be followed by several months of hypothyroid symptoms. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with subacute thyroiditis. […] • Taking too much thyroid hormone medication for hypothyroidism increases blood levels into the range seen in people with hyperthyroidism.

• #34 Hyperthyroidism | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/hyperthyroidism/

  Thyroid inflammation or thyroiditis a rare cause of hyperthyroidism (12% of cases) usually due to a viral illness, which causes inflammation and tissue destruction of the thyroid gland, leading to release of stored thyroid hormones. […] Drugs drugs being used to treat other conditions can cause hyperthyroidism. The most common is amiodarone, a drug used to control an irregular heartbeat. […] There are some other extremely rare causes of hyperthyroidism such as benign tumours of the pituitary gland that produce an excess of thyroid stimulating hormone.

• #35 Patient education: Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hyperthyroidism-overactive-thyroid-beyond-the-basics/print

  Painless („silent or lymphocytic”) thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis are disorders in which the thyroid becomes temporarily inflamed and releases thyroid hormone stores into the bloodstream, causing hyperthyroidism. […] Subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis is thought to be caused by a virus. It causes a painful, tender, enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid becomes inflamed and releases thyroid hormone into the blood stream; the hyperthyroidism resolves when the viral infection improves and may also be followed by several months of hypothyroid symptoms. […] Taking too much thyroid hormone medication for hypothyroidism increases blood levels into the range seen in people with hyperthyroidism.

• #36 Patient education: Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hyperthyroidism-overactive-thyroid-beyond-the-basics

  • Painless („silent or lymphocytic”) thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis are disorders in which the thyroid becomes temporarily inflamed and releases thyroid hormone stores into the bloodstream, causing hyperthyroidism. […] Postpartum thyroiditis can occur several months after delivery. The hyperthyroid symptoms may last for several months, often followed by several months of hypothyroid symptoms, such as fatigue, muscle cramps, bloating, and weight gain. […] • Subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis is thought to be caused by a virus. It causes a painful, tender, enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid becomes inflamed and releases thyroid hormone into the blood stream; the hyperthyroidism resolves when the viral infection improves and may also be followed by several months of hypothyroid symptoms. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with subacute thyroiditis. […] • Taking too much thyroid hormone medication for hypothyroidism increases blood levels into the range seen in people with hyperthyroidism.

• #37 Hyperthyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism is a endocrine disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. Graves’ disease is the cause of about 50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Other causes include multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, inflammation of the thyroid, eating too much iodine, and too much synthetic thyroid hormone. A less common cause is a pituitary adenoma. There are several causes of hyperthyroidism. Most often, the entire gland is overproducing thyroid hormone. Less commonly, a single nodule is responsible for the excess hormone secretion, called a „hot” nodule. Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) can also cause hyperthyroidism. The major causes in humans are: Graves’ disease, toxic thyroid adenoma, and toxic multinodular goiter. High blood levels of thyroid hormones (most accurately termed hyperthyroxinemia) can occur for a number of other reasons: inflammation of the thyroid is called thyroiditis. There are several different kinds of thyroiditis including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis. Oral consumption of excess thyroid hormone tablets is possible, as is the rare event of eating ground beef or pork contaminated with thyroid tissue, and thus thyroid hormones. Amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic drug, is structurally similar to thyroxine and may cause either under-or overactivity of the thyroid. Postpartum thyroiditis occurs in about 7% of women during the year after they give birth. A struma ovarii is a rare form of monodermal teratoma that contains mostly thyroid tissue, which leads to hyperthyroidism. Excess iodine consumption notably from algae such as kelp. Thyrotoxicosis can also occur after taking too much thyroid hormone in the form of supplements, such as levothyroxine. Hypersecretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn is almost always caused by a pituitary adenoma, accounts for much less than 1 percent of hyperthyroidism cases.

• #38 What Causes Hyperthyroidism? Common Triggers and Underlying Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-hyperthyroidism-common-triggers-and-underlying-conditions

  High iodine levels, whether from diet, supplements, or medications, can trigger hyperthyroidism, particularly in individuals with pre-existing thyroid conditions like nodular goiters or latent Graves’ disease. […] Secondary hyperthyroidism is caused by anterior pituitary dysfunction, leading to excessive TSH production, thyroid gland overstimulation, and overproduction of thyroid hormones. […] Individuals with a family history of thyroid disorders, particularly autoimmune thyroid diseases, are more likely to develop hyperthyroidism. Genetic predisposition accounts for up to 80% of the risk for Graves’ disease. […] Women are up to ten times more likely to develop hyperthyroidism than men. […] Research indicates that smokers are at a higher risk of developing Graves’ disease. […] The immune dysfunction observed in autoimmune disease is believed to result from the interplay between environmental exposures and genetic predisposition, leading to the loss of self-tolerance and upregulation of exaggerated immune responses.

• #39 Overactive thyroid | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/glands/overactive-thyroid/

  However, the nodules can contain abnormal thyroid tissue, which affects the normal production of thyroxine or triiodothyronine, causing an overactive thyroid. […] Iodine contained in the food you eat is used by your thyroid gland to produce the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. However, taking additional iodine in supplements can cause your thyroid gland to produce too much thyroxine or triiodothyronine. […] Amiodarone can cause a type of hyperthyroidism usually more severe and difficult to treat through a harmful effect on thyroid tissue. […] In rare cases, you may develop an overactive thyroid as a result of thyroid cancer that starts in your thyroid follicles.

• #40 Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/thyroid-disorders/hyperthyroidism

  Iodine exposure: The thyroid uses iodine to produce thyroid hormone. Consuming too much iodine can cause hyperthyroidism. […] Overactive thyroid nodule: This noncancerous cyst grows on the thyroid gland and produces additional thyroid hormone. This more commonly affects older adults. […] Thyroiditis: This refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland due to a viral infection. It may also develop after giving birth (postpartum thyroiditis). […] High dosages of thyroid hormone medications: If you are taking thyroid hormone medications for hypothyroidism, you should have your thyroid hormone levels checked at least once per year to determine if the dosage needs adjusting.

• #41

  https://www.medichecks.com/blogs/thyroid/what-is-an-overactive-thyroid

  An overactive thyroid is where the thyroid gland makes too many thyroid hormones, which can include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). This condition is also commonly known as hyperthyroidism. […] Causes of hyperthyroidism include: Graves disease an autoimmune thyroid condition where the immune system makes antibodies that cause the thyroid to overproduce thyroid hormones. This is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (about four in five people with an overactive thyroid have Graves disease). […] Thyroiditis inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can cause excess thyroid hormone production. […] Thyroid lumps (nodules) lumps containing thyroid tissue that can make extra thyroid hormones. […] Excess iodine too much iodine can cause temporary hyperthyroidism. Foods, such as fish and dairy, contain iodine, and its also present in some medications like amiodarone, which is used to treat an irregular heartbeat.

• #42 Hyperthyroidism: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000356.htm

  Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. The condition is often called overactive thyroid. […] Many diseases and conditions can cause hyperthyroidism, including: Graves disease (most common cause of hyperthyroidism), inflammation (thyroiditis) of the thyroid due to viral infections, some medicines, or after pregnancy (common), taking too much thyroid hormone (common), noncancerous growths of the thyroid gland or pituitary gland (rare), some tumors of the testes or ovaries (rare), getting medical imaging tests with contrast dye that has iodine (rare, and only if there is already a problem with the thyroid), eating too much of foods that contain iodine (very rare, and only if there is already a problem with the thyroid).

• #43 Patient education: Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hyperthyroidism-overactive-thyroid-beyond-the-basics/print

  Painless („silent or lymphocytic”) thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis are disorders in which the thyroid becomes temporarily inflamed and releases thyroid hormone stores into the bloodstream, causing hyperthyroidism. […] Subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis is thought to be caused by a virus. It causes a painful, tender, enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid becomes inflamed and releases thyroid hormone into the blood stream; the hyperthyroidism resolves when the viral infection improves and may also be followed by several months of hypothyroid symptoms. […] Taking too much thyroid hormone medication for hypothyroidism increases blood levels into the range seen in people with hyperthyroidism.

• #44 Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hyperthyroidism

  Drugs: These include amiodarone, lithium and exogenous iodine. […] Amiodarone can cause hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. […] Amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis occurs in 6-10% of people given the drug and is more common in iodine-deficient areas. […] Type 1 – thyrotoxicosis in a patient who has underlying thyroid dysfunction. […] Type 2 – thyrotoxicosis resulting from destructive thyroiditis in which there is excess release of pre-formed T4 and T3 into the circulation.

• #45 Hyperthyroidism

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hyperthyroidism

  Amiodarone, an iodinated drug used in heart disease, which can induce both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. […] Lithium, often used for mental illness and eating disorders. It can also induce hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. […] Subacute thyroiditis is also known as De Quervain thyroiditis. […] Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid gland. […] Rare causes of hyperthyroidism include thyroid cancer, a malignant proliferation of thyroid tissue. […] Some forms of pituitary adenoma, a benign growth within the pituitary gland in the brain. Pituitary adenoma causes secondary hyperthyroidism.

• #46

  https://healthmatch.io/hyperthyroidism/drugs-that-cause-hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism occurs in around 1 out of every 100 people over the age of 12 in the US. The condition is characterized by elevated levels of thyroid hormones. While there are several potential causes for hyperthyroidism, including Graves’ disease and overactive thyroid nodules, certain medications may also lead to the condition. […] There are many different causes of hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease is the most common one, but certain medications may also cause it. […] These medications include: Amiodarone: This medication is primarily used to treat heart rhythm disorders. It contains around 100 times the typical daily intake of iodine. The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce hormones, and an increased amount of iodine can cause the thyroid gland to become overactive. […] Interferon-alpha: This medication is used to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Around 15% of people who take this medication develop thyroid disease. While this may be due to the medication itself, there are also indications that HCV may play a role in causing the development of hyperthyroidism.

• #47

  https://healthmatch.io/hyperthyroidism/drugs-that-cause-hyperthyroidism

  Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors: PD-1 inhibitors are used in cancer immunotherapy, working to help the body’s natural defense system to fight cancer cells. They also increase the risk of developing hyperthyroidism. The medication causes the release of antibodies that work against thyroid hormones. […] Alemtuzumab: This is another drug for the treatment of cancer. Patients who take this medication are especially susceptible to developing Graves’ disease, one of the most common causes of hyperthyroidism. This happens when the body creates antibodies that attack the thyroid gland. […] Lithium: This is used to treat bipolar disorder. Rarely, it may cause the development of hyperthyroidism or Graves’ disease. It does this by increasing the thyroid gland’s ability to use and retain iodine, which is needed to create thyroid hormones.

• #48

  https://healthmatch.io/hyperthyroidism/drugs-that-cause-hyperthyroidism

  Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors: PD-1 inhibitors are used in cancer immunotherapy, working to help the body’s natural defense system to fight cancer cells. They also increase the risk of developing hyperthyroidism. The medication causes the release of antibodies that work against thyroid hormones. […] Alemtuzumab: This is another drug for the treatment of cancer. Patients who take this medication are especially susceptible to developing Graves’ disease, one of the most common causes of hyperthyroidism. This happens when the body creates antibodies that attack the thyroid gland. […] Lithium: This is used to treat bipolar disorder. Rarely, it may cause the development of hyperthyroidism or Graves’ disease. It does this by increasing the thyroid gland’s ability to use and retain iodine, which is needed to create thyroid hormones.

• #49

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/causes/

  An increased level of iodine in your body can cause your thyroid to produce excess thyroid hormones. […] Other possible causes of an overactive thyroid include: high levels of a substance called human chorionic gonadotrophin in your body this can happen in early pregnancy, a multiple pregnancy or a molar pregnancy (where a lump of abnormal cells grows in the womb instead of a healthy foetus), a pituitary adenoma a non-cancerous (benign) tumour in the pituitary gland (a gland at the base of the brain that can affect the level of hormones produced by your thyroid), thyroiditis swelling (inflammation) of your thyroid, which can cause extra thyroid hormones to be produced, thyroid cancer rarely, a cancerous thyroid tumour can affect the production of thyroid hormones.

• #50 Hyperthyroidism – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-gland-disorders/hyperthyroidism

  Other causes of hyperthyroidism include some medications, including too much thyroid hormone taken orally, and rarely, overstimulation due to an overactive pituitary gland. […] Medications and iodine can cause hyperthyroidism. […] An overactive pituitary gland can produce too much thyroid-stimulating hormone, which in turn leads to overproduction of thyroid hormones. […] Other rare causes of hyperthyroidism include certain abnormalities of the placenta that produce excess levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin, which can stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormone, certain tumors of the ovary that contain thyroid tissue, and thyroid cancer that has spread to other areas of the body.

• #51 Hyperthyroidism | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hyperthyroidism.html

  Hyperthyroidism has several causes. These may include: […] It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder. It happens when an antibody overstimulates the thyroid. […] This condition happens when one or more lumps (nodules) of the thyroid gland make thyroid hormone independently from the normal feedback mechanism. Health experts don’t know what causes this to happen. […] This occurs when the thyroid becomes irritated. It temporarily causes the thyroid to release large amounts of thyroid hormone. […] Hyperthyroidism may occur for other reasons. These include: Taking too much thyroid hormone medicine to treat an underactive thyroid […] Having too much iodine in your diet or in medicines (very rare) […] Having a noncancerous tumor in the pituitary gland that makes your thyroid overactive. […] This condition can be caused by Graves disease, toxic nodular goiter, thyroiditis, and taking too much thyroid medicine.

• #52 Hyperthyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/hyperthyroidism

  Researchers suspect that Graves disease (the most common form of hyperthyroidism) is caused by an antibody that mistakenly stimulates the thyroid to produce too much hormone. […] Toxic nodular goiter is caused by a noncancerous tumor in nodules that make up the thyroid gland. […] Secondary hyperthyroidism results when the pituitary (a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates the release of hormones from several other glands) overrides the thyroid’s normal instructions, and orders it to make too much thyroid hormone. […] Other causes include excessive thyroid hormone taken to treat hypothyroidism.

• #53

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/causes/

  An increased level of iodine in your body can cause your thyroid to produce excess thyroid hormones. […] Other possible causes of an overactive thyroid include: high levels of a substance called human chorionic gonadotrophin in your body this can happen in early pregnancy, a multiple pregnancy or a molar pregnancy (where a lump of abnormal cells grows in the womb instead of a healthy foetus), a pituitary adenoma a non-cancerous (benign) tumour in the pituitary gland (a gland at the base of the brain that can affect the level of hormones produced by your thyroid), thyroiditis swelling (inflammation) of your thyroid, which can cause extra thyroid hormones to be produced, thyroid cancer rarely, a cancerous thyroid tumour can affect the production of thyroid hormones.

• #54 Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html

  Toxic multinodular goiter is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States and the most common cause in older persons living in iodine-deficient areas. Over time, nodules arise from the frequent replication of clonogenic cells that leads to a somatic activating mutation of TSH receptors. A single nodule is called a toxic adenoma (Plummer disease). […] In contrast with these three disorders, painless or transient (silent) thyroiditis causes a destruction of thyroid follicles via an autoimmune mechanism and a release of preformed thyroid hormones into the circulation. […] Gestational hyperthyroidism develops in the first trimester of pregnancy as a result of the stimulatory action of placental beta human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG), which shares structural features with TSH, on the thyroid gland. […] Other rare causes of hyperthyroidism are TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma, metastatic follicular thyroid cancer, and struma ovarii.

• #55 Pulsenotes | Hyperthyroidism notes

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/endocrinology/notes/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine condition caused by an overactive thyroid gland causing an excess of thyroid hormone. […] Thyrotoxicosis with hyperthyroidism is an excess of thyroid hormone caused by overactivity of the thyroid gland. […] Graves disease is a common autoimmune condition and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (60-80% of cases) in the UK. […] Toxic multinodular goitre is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the UK. […] In this condition, multiple autonomous nodules develop that are capable of producing and secreting thyroid hormones. […] In this condition, a single adenoma develops and produces and releases excess thyroid hormones. […] Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis type 1 is seen in patients with pre-existing thyroid disease. […] In metastatic follicular thyroid cancer, malignant tissue may remain functional. The increased amounts of tissue can lead to an overproduction of thyroid hormone.

• #56 Hyperthyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism is a endocrine disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. Graves’ disease is the cause of about 50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Other causes include multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, inflammation of the thyroid, eating too much iodine, and too much synthetic thyroid hormone. A less common cause is a pituitary adenoma. There are several causes of hyperthyroidism. Most often, the entire gland is overproducing thyroid hormone. Less commonly, a single nodule is responsible for the excess hormone secretion, called a „hot” nodule. Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) can also cause hyperthyroidism. The major causes in humans are: Graves’ disease, toxic thyroid adenoma, and toxic multinodular goiter. High blood levels of thyroid hormones (most accurately termed hyperthyroxinemia) can occur for a number of other reasons: inflammation of the thyroid is called thyroiditis. There are several different kinds of thyroiditis including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis. Oral consumption of excess thyroid hormone tablets is possible, as is the rare event of eating ground beef or pork contaminated with thyroid tissue, and thus thyroid hormones. Amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic drug, is structurally similar to thyroxine and may cause either under-or overactivity of the thyroid. Postpartum thyroiditis occurs in about 7% of women during the year after they give birth. A struma ovarii is a rare form of monodermal teratoma that contains mostly thyroid tissue, which leads to hyperthyroidism. Excess iodine consumption notably from algae such as kelp. Thyrotoxicosis can also occur after taking too much thyroid hormone in the form of supplements, such as levothyroxine. Hypersecretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn is almost always caused by a pituitary adenoma, accounts for much less than 1 percent of hyperthyroidism cases.

• #57 Overview: Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279480/

  Sometimes too many thyroid hormones get into the blood if the thyroid gland is inflamed. Thyroid hormones that are stored in the inflamed tissue are then released, temporarily leading to symptoms similar to those caused by an overactive thyroid. […] High thyroid hormone levels are only very rarely caused by malignant (cancerous) thyroid tumors.

• #58 Overactive thyroid | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/o/overactive-thyroid

  An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) is when your thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. […] Common causes include Graves disease, thyroid nodules, thyroiditis and some medicines, eg, amiodarone. […] An overactive thyroid can be caused by a number of conditions: Graves disease. This is the most common cause. It is an autoimmune disease in which your body’s immune system mistakenly attacks your thyroid gland. Sometimes this condition runs in families. […] Thyroid nodules. These are benign (non-cancerous) lumps that grow on your thyroid. They can produce extra thyroid hormones. […] Too much iodine in your body. This can be caused by taking iodine supplements such as kelp or seaweed. […] Thyroiditis (inflammation of your thyroid gland). This can be caused by a virus or can happen soon after having a baby. […] Some medicines such as lithium or amiodarone can cause an overactive thyroid. […] Thyroid cancer. This is rare, but a thyroid cancer can affect the production of thyroid hormones.

• #59

  https://healthmatch.io/hyperthyroidism/what-causes-overactive-thyroid

  Hyperthyroidism or overactive thyroid occurs when your thyroid makes more hormones than your body needs. […] Many factors can contribute to a hyperthyroidism diagnosis, including: […] Most people with hyperthyroidism also have Graves disease. […] Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes your immune system to attack your thyroid gland as if it were an invader. This can cause your thyroid to become overactive. […] Certain medications can cause your body to produce too many thyroid hormones. Medications containing iodine that are used to treat an irregular heartbeat are an example. […] While less common, nodules can grow on your thyroid and cause an increase in hormone production. […] In rare cases, thyroid cancer has been known to cause the thyroid gland to produce too many hormones. […] The condition is more common among women over the age of 60 and people with Graves disease. Having a family history of autoimmune conditions or consuming excess iodine may also increase your chances of developing hyperthyroidism.

• #60 What Causes Hyperthyroidism? Common Triggers and Underlying Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-hyperthyroidism-common-triggers-and-underlying-conditions

  High iodine levels, whether from diet, supplements, or medications, can trigger hyperthyroidism, particularly in individuals with pre-existing thyroid conditions like nodular goiters or latent Graves’ disease. […] Secondary hyperthyroidism is caused by anterior pituitary dysfunction, leading to excessive TSH production, thyroid gland overstimulation, and overproduction of thyroid hormones. […] Individuals with a family history of thyroid disorders, particularly autoimmune thyroid diseases, are more likely to develop hyperthyroidism. Genetic predisposition accounts for up to 80% of the risk for Graves’ disease. […] Women are up to ten times more likely to develop hyperthyroidism than men. […] Research indicates that smokers are at a higher risk of developing Graves’ disease. […] The immune dysfunction observed in autoimmune disease is believed to result from the interplay between environmental exposures and genetic predisposition, leading to the loss of self-tolerance and upregulation of exaggerated immune responses.

• #61

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/

  An overactive thyroid can affect anyone, but it’s about 10 times more common in women than men, and typically happens between 20 and 40 years of age. […] There are several reasons why your thyroid can become overactive. […] These include: Graves’ disease an autoimmune condition where the immune system produces antibodies that cause the thyroid to produce too much thyroid hormone (about 4 in every 5 people with an overactive thyroid have Graves’ disease) […] lumps (nodules) on the thyroid this extra thyroid tissue can produce thyroid hormones, causing your levels to be too high […] some medicines such as amiodarone, which can be used to treat an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia).

• #62

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/

  An overactive thyroid can affect anyone. But it is about 10 times more common in women than men. It usually happens between ages 20 and 50. […] There are many reasons why your thyroid can become overactive. […] These include: Graves’ disease – your immune system attacks the thyroid by mistake, lumps (nodules) on the thyroid, some medicines.

• #63 Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14129-hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism, also called overactive thyroid, is a condition where your thyroid makes and releases high levels of thyroid hormone. It has multiple possible causes. […] Medical conditions and situations that can cause hyperthyroidism include: […] Graves disease: This is an autoimmune condition that makes your thyroid overactive. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] Thyroid nodules: These are lumps or growths of cells in your thyroid gland. They can sometimes produce excess thyroid hormone. […] Thyroiditis: Thyroiditis is inflammation of your thyroid gland. It can cause hyperthyroidism temporarily. […] Consuming excess iodine: Consuming too much iodine (through foods or medications) can cause your thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone. […] TSH-releasing pituitary adenoma (thyrotropinoma): This is a growth in your pituitary gland that releases excess thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). […] Factors that increase your risk of developing hyperthyroidism include: […] Biological family history of thyroid disease and/or autoimmune conditions. […] Smoking. […] Pregnancy (for postpartum thyroiditis).

• #64 Hyperthyroidism Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hyperthyroidism/causes-risk-factors/

  A family history of autoimmune diseases can also increase your risk for Graves disease. While autoimmune diseases are hereditary, it’s also possible to have different types of autoimmune conditions than your parents and relatives. […] If you have a genetic disposition for Graves disease, high amounts of stress and smoking cigarettes can increase your risk of developing hyperthyroidism at some point in the future.

• #65 Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-and-metabolism/hyperthyroidism-and-graves-disease

  Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. […] Hyperthyroidism can be caused by a number of things: […] Toxic nodule – A single nodule or lump in the thyroid can produce more thyroid hormone than the body needs and lead to hyperthyroidism. […] Toxic multinodular goiter – If the thyroid gland has several nodules, those nodules can sometimes produce too much thyroid hormone causing hyperthyroidism. […] Graves’ disease – Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid. […] Sub-acute thyroiditis – This type of hyperthyroidism can follow a viral infection which causes inflammation of the thyroid gland. […] Postpartum thyroiditis – Some women develop mild to moderate hyperthyroidism within several months of giving birth, which usually lasts 1 to 2 months.

• #66

  https://www.medichecks.com/blogs/thyroid/what-is-an-overactive-thyroid

  High levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin this can happen in early pregnancy, a multiple pregnancy, or molar pregnancy (a lump of abnormal cells that grows in the womb instead of a foetus). […] Pituitary adenoma a non-cancerous (benign) pituitary gland tumour. […] Thyroid cancer rarely, a cancerous thyroid tumour can cause excess production of thyroid hormones. […] A family history of hyperthyroidism can put you at increased risk of developing the condition. Graves disease has a strong genetic component and tends to run in families. […] However, environmental and lifestyle factors also play a part. For example, studies show that smoking can increase the risk of Graves disease, and the condition occurs twice as frequently in smokers compared to non-smokers. […] An overactive thyroid can cause complications if its not treated appropriately or early enough.

• #67 Thyroid – hyperthyroidism | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism means the thyroid gland is overactive. An immune system abnormality called Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease. An abnormality of the immune system is the cause. No one really knows what causes Graves’ disease because the causes of autoimmunity are not fully understood. Stress, both physical and emotional, is known to affect the responsiveness of the immune system and there appears to be some association between stress and the onset of autoimmune conditions – including Graves’ disease. Autoimmune conditions have a distinct genetic element, with some family lines having multiple cases of Graves’ disease and other autoimmune conditions. It is likely that some people’s genetic inheritance could predispose them to Graves’ disease. Another cause is excessive iodine intake. X-ray contrast mediums and a number of disinfectants contain a lot of iodine and can trigger Graves’ disease in susceptible people. […] There is no cure for hyperthyroidism, but it can be successfully managed with treatments such as anti-thyroid medication.

• #68 What Causes Hyperthyroidism? Common Triggers and Underlying Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-hyperthyroidism-common-triggers-and-underlying-conditions

  High iodine levels, whether from diet, supplements, or medications, can trigger hyperthyroidism, particularly in individuals with pre-existing thyroid conditions like nodular goiters or latent Graves’ disease. […] Secondary hyperthyroidism is caused by anterior pituitary dysfunction, leading to excessive TSH production, thyroid gland overstimulation, and overproduction of thyroid hormones. […] Individuals with a family history of thyroid disorders, particularly autoimmune thyroid diseases, are more likely to develop hyperthyroidism. Genetic predisposition accounts for up to 80% of the risk for Graves’ disease. […] Women are up to ten times more likely to develop hyperthyroidism than men. […] Research indicates that smokers are at a higher risk of developing Graves’ disease. […] The immune dysfunction observed in autoimmune disease is believed to result from the interplay between environmental exposures and genetic predisposition, leading to the loss of self-tolerance and upregulation of exaggerated immune responses.

• #69 Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid) – Symptoms and causes

  https://www.utentclinic.com/news/what-are-causes-of-hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism affects around 1 in 100 people in the United States of America. Women are more likely to have a hyperthyroid compared to men. In fact, nearly 1 in every 10 women have hyperthyroidism. […] Hyperthyroidism is the name given for the condition when the thyroid gland is producing too many thyroid hormones. These hormones have an affect on the metabolism and while this is so it can result in unintended weight loss. […] A thyroid condition such as hyperthyroidism may be caused by inflammation. […] Other illnesses may bring it on (Graves disease) – Sometimes illnesses such as Graves disease can also result in the development of the condition. […] It could also be a case of a tumor of the pituitary gland – This would have to be removed through. […] Thyroid medication may be too much – While thyroid meds are there to help it can also cause the opposite effect when it is taken in excess.

• #70 Graves’ Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15244-graves-disease

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks healthy tissue in your thyroid gland for unknown reasons. Its the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, a condition in which your thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. […] Researchers dont know what causes autoimmune diseases like Graves disease. Something triggers your immune system to overproduce an antibody called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). TSI attaches to healthy thyroid cells, causing your thyroid to overproduce thyroid hormones. […] The trigger of the attack may be a combination of having a genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as: Stress, Virus/infection, Pregnancy. […] Even though Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, accounting for 60% to 80% of hyperthyroidism cases, its a relatively rare condition. Approximately 1.2% of people in the United States have hyperthyroidism.

• #71 Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hyperthyroidism

  Three gene regions consistently linked to Graves’ hyperthyroidism are the human leukocyte antigen region, CTLA4 and PTPN22, all of which encode proteins that are involved in immune function and linked to the cause of other autoimmune disorders. […] This is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and has an autoimmune basis. […] It is an autoimmune disease mediated by antibodies that stimulate the TSH receptor, leading to excess secretion of thyroid hormones and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells, resulting in hyperthyroidism and diffuse goitre. […] Toxic nodular goitre: The presence of a multinodular goitre without the above symptoms (ie specific features of Graves’ disease) suggests toxic nodular goitre (common in the elderly). […] Self-medication: This includes over-the-counter iodine supplements and 'energy-boosting’ preparations containing thyroid hormones.

• #72 Hyperthyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121865-overview

  Hyperthyroidism is a set of disorders that involve excess synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland, which leads to the hypermetabolic condition of thyrotoxicosis. […] The most common forms of hyperthyroidism include diffuse toxic goiter (Graves disease), toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma. […] The most common cause of thyrotoxicosis is Graves disease (50-60% of cases). […] Several genetic syndromes have been associated with hyperthyroidism, especially autoimmune thyroid disease. […] A number of disorders of thyroid function have been found to be caused by mutations in the TSHR gene, which encodes the TSH receptor protein. […] Autoimmune thyroid disease has a higher prevalence in patients with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRw3 and HLA-B89. […] Iodine intake also appears to influence the occurrence of thyrotoxicosis.

• #73 Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hyperthyroidism-overactive-thyroid?content_id=CON-20373640

  Hyperthyroidism can be caused by several medical conditions that affect the thyroid gland. […] Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland puts too much of those thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. Conditions that can lead to hyperthyroidism include: […] Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid gland. That prompts the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] This condition also is called toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goiter and Plummer disease. This form of hyperthyroidism happens when a thyroid adenoma makes too much thyroid hormone. […] This condition happens when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. In some cases, it’s due to an autoimmune disorder. In others, the reason for it is unclear. The inflammation can cause extra thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid gland to leak into the bloodstream and cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

• #74 What Causes Hyperthyroidism? Common Triggers and Underlying Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-hyperthyroidism-common-triggers-and-underlying-conditions

  Hyperthyroidism can arise from a variety of causes, with the most common being Graves’ disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma. […] Other factors, such as genetics, high iodine intake, taking certain medications, and smoking, can also increase your risk for hyperthyroidism. […] Understanding the underlying cause of hyperthyroidism is important for choosing the most appropriate treatment, whether it be antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, surgery, or watchful waiting.

• #75 Hyperthyroidism > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism is the medical term for an overactive thyroid. This means the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, which speeds up your metabolism and leads to a variety of worrisome symptoms. […] Although there are several causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves disease, an autoimmune condition, is the most common one. In a person with Graves disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid, causing the gland to produce too much thyroid hormone. […] Other causes of hyperthyroidism include: Thyroiditis (thyroid inflammation) from viral infections or certain medications, Overactive thyroid nodules (small lumps within the thyroid gland), Post-pregnancy thyroid inflammation, Consuming a high-iodine diet, in rare cases. […] Hyperthyroidism treatments include: Antithyroid drugs, such as propylthiouracil or methimazole, help to minimize the effects of the extra thyroid hormone in your system. […] Radioactive iodine, which destroys the thyroid, thereby stopping the excess production of thyroid hormone. […] Surgery, during which the thyroid gland is removed, permanently stopping the production of thyroid hormone.

• #76 What Causes Hyperthyroidism? Common Triggers and Underlying Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-hyperthyroidism-common-triggers-and-underlying-conditions

  Hyperthyroidism can arise from a variety of causes, with the most common being Graves’ disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma. […] Other factors, such as genetics, high iodine intake, taking certain medications, and smoking, can also increase your risk for hyperthyroidism. […] Understanding the underlying cause of hyperthyroidism is important for choosing the most appropriate treatment, whether it be antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, surgery, or watchful waiting.

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