Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hyperthyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/

  Hyperthyroidism is a common thyroid disorder with multiple underlying etiologies. This disease is characterized by excess thyroid hormone production. Hyperthyroidism can be overt or subclinical. Overt hyperthyroidism is defined as low or suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with elevated triiodothyronine (T3) levels and/or elevated thyroxine (T4) levels. Hyperthyroidism is associated with significant short-term and long-term morbidity. Therefore, early recognition of this condition and timely instruction of appropriate therapy is critical. […] Hyperthyroidism has multiple etiologies, clinical manifestations, and treatment modalities. […] The pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism depends on the particular variant of hyperthyroidism. […] This is an autoimmune process with antibodies against the TSH receptor. An interplay between genetic and environmental factors influences this autoimmune process. The antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor (TSHR), leading to increased production and release of thyroid hormones. The trophic effects on the thyroid also lead to the growth of the thyroid gland.

• #2 Hyperthyroidism – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659

  Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. This condition also is called overactive thyroid. Hyperthyroidism speeds up the body’s metabolism. […] Hyperthyroidism can be caused by several medical conditions that affect the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the neck. It has a big impact on the body. Every part of metabolism is controlled by hormones that the thyroid gland makes. […] Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland puts too much of those thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. Conditions that can lead to hyperthyroidism include: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid gland. That prompts the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.

• #3 Graves’ Disease – Thyroid UK

  https://thyroiduk.org/if-you-are-hyperthyroid/about-hyperthyroidism/graves-disease/

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition where your immune system creates antibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs). They mimic thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and trick the thyroid gland into producing more hormones than is necessary (overactive). […] The causes of Graves’ disease are not clear, like most autoimmune conditions. It could be that some people are genetically predisposed and something triggers it such as environmental factors i.e. stress, infection or pregnancy. […] High levels of TSIs or inflammation can indicate Graves’ disease. […] The treatment for Graves’ disease depends on your age, any other conditions you have, and if you’re pregnant and is the same as the treatment for hyperthyroidism.

• #4 Hyperthyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. Thyrotoxicosis is a condition that occurs due to elevated levels of thyroid hormones of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease is the cause of about 50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Other causes include multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, inflammation of the thyroid, eating too much iodine, and too much synthetic thyroid hormone. The diagnosis may be suspected based on signs and symptoms and then confirmed with blood tests. Typically blood tests show a low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and raised T3 or T4. Radioiodine uptake by the thyroid, thyroid scan, and measurement of antithyroid autoantibodies may help determine the cause.

• #5 Hyperthyroidism | Nutrition Guide for Clinicians

  https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342005/all/Hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism is a condition of excess thyroid hormone production. It may be caused by intrinsic thyroid dysfunction or, rarely, by excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland by an autonomous source of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Approximately 70% of cases result from Graves disease, in which autoantibodies to the TSH receptor continually stimulate the thyroid gland to overproduce thyroid hormone. […] Hyperthyroidism may also be caused by excessive ingestion of exogenous thyroid hormone or iodine. Rarely, hyperthyroidism may be caused by a TSH-secreting anterior pituitary adenoma or struma ovarii. […] In Graves disease, for example, typical symptoms include a diffuse, symmetric goiter; orbitopathy (including lid lag and irreversible exophthalmos); and dermopathy (including pretibial myxedema, a thickening and redness of the pretibial skin).

• #6 Hyperthyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/

  Hyperthyroidism is a common thyroid disorder with multiple underlying etiologies. This disease is characterized by excess thyroid hormone production. Hyperthyroidism can be overt or subclinical. Overt hyperthyroidism is defined as low or suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with elevated triiodothyronine (T3) levels and/or elevated thyroxine (T4) levels. Hyperthyroidism is associated with significant short-term and long-term morbidity. Therefore, early recognition of this condition and timely instruction of appropriate therapy is critical. […] Hyperthyroidism has multiple etiologies, clinical manifestations, and treatment modalities. […] The pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism depends on the particular variant of hyperthyroidism. […] This is an autoimmune process with antibodies against the TSH receptor. An interplay between genetic and environmental factors influences this autoimmune process. The antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor (TSHR), leading to increased production and release of thyroid hormones. The trophic effects on the thyroid also lead to the growth of the thyroid gland.

• #7 Graves’ Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15244-graves-disease

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks healthy tissue in your thyroid gland for unknown reasons. Its the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, a condition in which your thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. […] Researchers dont know what causes autoimmune diseases like Graves disease. Something triggers your immune system to overproduce an antibody called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). TSI attaches to healthy thyroid cells, causing your thyroid to overproduce thyroid hormones.

• #8 Graves’ disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves%27_disease

  Graves’ disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter or Basedow’s disease, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. It frequently results in and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of the disease is unclear, but symptoms are a result of antibodies binding to receptors on the thyroid causing over-expression of thyroid hormone. The disorder results from an antibody, called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), that has a similar effect to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). These TSI antibodies cause the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormones. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder, in which the body produces antibodies that are specific to a self-protein – the receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone. These antibodies cause hyperthyroidism because they bind to the TSH receptor and chronically stimulate it. The result of chronic stimulation is an abnormally high production of T3 and T4. This, in turn, causes the clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, and the enlargement of the thyroid gland visible as goiter. The three types of autoantibodies to the TSH receptor are thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins, thyroid growth immunoglobulins, and thyrotrophin binding-inhibiting immunoglobulins.

• #9 Graves’ Disease

  https://www.thyroid.org/graves-disease/

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that leads to a generalized overactivity of the entire thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). […] Graves disease is triggered by a process in the bodys immune system, which normally protects us from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. […] In Graves disease these antibodies (called the thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) or thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) do the opposite they cause the cells to work overtime. The antibodies in Graves disease bind to receptors on the surface of thyroid cells and stimulate those cells to overproduce and release thyroid hormones. This results in an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). […] The diagnosis of hyperthyroidism is made on the basis of your symptoms and findings during a physical exam and it is confirmed by laboratory tests that measure the amount of thyroid hormones (thyroxine, or T4, and triiodothyronine, or T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in your blood.

• #10 Pathogenesis of Graves’ disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-graves-disease/print

  Graves’ disease is a syndrome that may consist of hyperthyroidism, goiter, thyroid eye disease (TED; Graves’ orbitopathy), and occasionally a dermopathy referred to as pretibial or localized myxedema (PTM). […] Nevertheless, hyperthyroidism is the most common feature of Graves’ disease, affecting nearly all patients, and is caused by autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TRAb) that activate the receptor, thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion as well as thyroid growth (causing a diffuse goiter). […] This topic will review the immune pathogenesis of Graves’ thyroid disease, with emphasis on the role of B and T cells in the production of the TRAb that are responsible for the thyroid stimulation and growth. […] The histology of the thyroid gland in patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism is characterized by follicular hyperplasia, intracellular colloid droplets, cell scalloping, a reduction in follicular colloid, and a patchy (multifocal) lymphocytic infiltration.

• #11 Pathogenesis of Graves’ disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-graves-disease

  Pathogenesis of Graves’ disease […] Graves’ disease is a syndrome that may consist of hyperthyroidism, goiter, thyroid eye disease (TED; Graves’ orbitopathy), and occasionally a dermopathy referred to as pretibial or localized myxedema (PTM). […] Nevertheless, hyperthyroidism is the most common feature of Graves’ disease, affecting nearly all patients, and is caused by autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TRAb) that activate the receptor, thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion as well as thyroid growth (causing a diffuse goiter). […] This topic will review the immune pathogenesis of Graves’ thyroid disease, with emphasis on the role of B and T cells in the production of the TRAb that are responsible for the thyroid stimulation and growth. […] The thyroid is usually, but not always, diffusely enlarged. The histology of the thyroid gland in patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism is characterized by follicular hyperplasia, intracellular colloid droplets, cell scalloping, a reduction in follicular colloid, and a patchy (multifocal) lymphocytic infiltration. […] The majority of intrathyroidal lymphocytes are T cells but plenty of B cells may be present, though nothing like that seen in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease).

• #12 Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html

  Hyperthyroidism is an excessive concentration of thyroid hormones in tissues caused by increased synthesis of thyroid hormones, excessive release of preformed thyroid hormones, or an endogenous or exogenous extrathyroidal source. The most common causes of an excessive production of thyroid hormones are Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma. […] The common endogenous causes of hyperthyroidism are Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, and painless thyroiditis. Graves disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States, is an autoimmune disorder in which thyroid-stimulating antibodies activate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, triggering thyroid hormone synthesis. […] Toxic multinodular goiter is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States and the most common cause in older persons living in iodine-deficient areas. Over time, nodules arise from the frequent replication of clonogenic cells that leads to a somatic activating mutation of TSH receptors.

• #13 Hyperthyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/

  Pathogenesis of TMNG includes the initial phase of development of the nodular disease. This phase is prolonged and present for years before the nodules develop autonomy for thyroid hormone production. The somatic mutations involving the TSHR lead to constitutive activation of the cAMP signaling pathway, resulting in thyroid autonomy. […] These are solitary nodules with autonomous thyroid hormone production due to somatic mutations in the TSHR. […] This is typically iatrogenic, resulting from excessive iodine intake through diet or administration of iodine-containing medications such as contrast media or amiodarone. […] Type 1 AIT leads to increased thyroid hormone production secondary to excess iodine exposure from amiodarone in the setting of pre-existing thyroid disease (as seen in the Jod-Basedow phenomenon). Type 2 AIT is destructive thyroiditis due to the direct toxic effects of amiodarone on the thyroid follicular cells. […] Thyroiditis results in the transient increase in circulating thyroid hormone resulting from inflammation or destruction of the thyroid follicular cells. Various etiologies of thyroiditis have this common pathophysiology but vary in their clinical presentations.

• #14 Hyperthyroidism | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism means your thyroid gland is too active. This tiny butterfly type of gland is found in your neck. An overactive thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. This makes your metabolism work at a faster rate. […] Hyperthyroidism has several causes. These may include: […] Graves disease. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder. It happens when an antibody overstimulates the thyroid. This condition is most often found in young to middle-aged women. It also tends to run in families. […] Toxic nodular goiter. This condition happens when one or more lumps (nodules) of the thyroid gland make thyroid hormone independently from the normal feedback mechanism. Health experts don’t know what causes this to happen. In most cases, the nodules are not cancer (benign). But in rare cases, the overactive thyroid tissue is cancer.

• #15 Hyperthyroidism | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hyperthyroidism.html

  Hyperthyroidism means your thyroid gland is too active. This tiny butterfly type of gland is found in your neck. An overactive thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. This makes your metabolism work at a faster rate. […] Hyperthyroidism has several causes. These may include: Graves disease. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder. It happens when an antibody overstimulates the thyroid. This condition is most often found in young to middle-aged women. It also tends to run in families. […] Toxic nodular goiter. This condition happens when one or more lumps (nodules) of the thyroid gland make thyroid hormone independently from the normal feedback mechanism. Health experts don’t know what causes this to happen. In most cases, the nodules are not cancer (benign). But in rare cases, the overactive thyroid tissue is cancer.

• #16 Hyperthyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/

  Pathogenesis of TMNG includes the initial phase of development of the nodular disease. This phase is prolonged and present for years before the nodules develop autonomy for thyroid hormone production. The somatic mutations involving the TSHR lead to constitutive activation of the cAMP signaling pathway, resulting in thyroid autonomy. […] These are solitary nodules with autonomous thyroid hormone production due to somatic mutations in the TSHR. […] This is typically iatrogenic, resulting from excessive iodine intake through diet or administration of iodine-containing medications such as contrast media or amiodarone. […] Type 1 AIT leads to increased thyroid hormone production secondary to excess iodine exposure from amiodarone in the setting of pre-existing thyroid disease (as seen in the Jod-Basedow phenomenon). Type 2 AIT is destructive thyroiditis due to the direct toxic effects of amiodarone on the thyroid follicular cells. […] Thyroiditis results in the transient increase in circulating thyroid hormone resulting from inflammation or destruction of the thyroid follicular cells. Various etiologies of thyroiditis have this common pathophysiology but vary in their clinical presentations.

• #17 Hyperthyroidism – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659

  This form of hyperthyroidism happens when a thyroid adenoma makes too much thyroid hormone. An adenoma is a part of the gland that is walled off from the rest of the gland. It forms noncancerous lumps that can make the thyroid bigger than usual. […] The inflammation can cause extra thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid gland to leak into the bloodstream and cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

• #18 Hyperthyroidism – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-gland-disorders/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism is overactivity of the thyroid gland that leads to high levels of thyroid hormones and speeding up of vital body functions. […] Graves disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is an autoimmune disorder. In an autoimmune disorder, the person’s immune system produces antibodies that attack the body’s own tissues. Usually, the antibodies damage cells and worsen their ability to function. However, in Graves disease, the antibodies stimulate the thyroid gland to produce and secrete excess thyroid hormones into the blood. This cause of hyperthyroidism is often hereditary and almost always leads to enlargement of the thyroid. […] A toxic (overactive) thyroid nodule (a benign tumor, or adenoma) is an area of abnormal local tissue growth within the thyroid gland. This abnormal tissue produces thyroid hormones even without stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones). Thus, a nodule escapes the mechanisms that normally control the thyroid gland and produces thyroid hormones in large quantities.

• #19 Hyperthyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/

  Pathogenesis of TMNG includes the initial phase of development of the nodular disease. This phase is prolonged and present for years before the nodules develop autonomy for thyroid hormone production. The somatic mutations involving the TSHR lead to constitutive activation of the cAMP signaling pathway, resulting in thyroid autonomy. […] These are solitary nodules with autonomous thyroid hormone production due to somatic mutations in the TSHR. […] This is typically iatrogenic, resulting from excessive iodine intake through diet or administration of iodine-containing medications such as contrast media or amiodarone. […] Type 1 AIT leads to increased thyroid hormone production secondary to excess iodine exposure from amiodarone in the setting of pre-existing thyroid disease (as seen in the Jod-Basedow phenomenon). Type 2 AIT is destructive thyroiditis due to the direct toxic effects of amiodarone on the thyroid follicular cells. […] Thyroiditis results in the transient increase in circulating thyroid hormone resulting from inflammation or destruction of the thyroid follicular cells. Various etiologies of thyroiditis have this common pathophysiology but vary in their clinical presentations.

• #20 Hyperthyroidism | Graves’ Disease | Overactive Thyroid | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hyperthyroidism.html

  Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, happens when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs. […] Hyperthyroidism has several causes. They include: Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which your immune system attacks your thyroid and causes it to make too much hormone. This is the most common cause. […] Thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid. It causes stored thyroid hormone to leak out of your thyroid gland. […] Too much iodine. Iodine is found in some medicines, cough syrups, seaweed and seaweed-based supplements. Taking too much of them can cause your thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. […] The treatments for hyperthyroidism include medicines, radioiodine therapy, and thyroid surgery: Antithyroid medicines, which cause your thyroid to make less thyroid hormone. […] Radioiodine therapy is a common and effective treatment for hyperthyroidism. It involves taking radioactive iodine by mouth as a capsule or liquid. This slowly destroys the cells of the thyroid gland that produce thyroid hormone.

• #21 Hyperthyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hyperthyroidism

  Nonautoimmune autosomal dominant hyperthyroidism manifests during infancy. It results from mutations in the TSH receptor gene that produce continuous thyroid stimulation. […] In hyperthyroidism, serum T3 usually increases more than does T4, probably because of increased secretion of T3 as well as conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues. […] The various forms of thyroiditis commonly have a hyperthyroid phase followed by a hypothyroid phase.

• #22 Hyperthyroidism | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/hyperthyroidism

  Radioactive iodine. It comes in the form of a pill or liquid. It slowly destroys the cells of the thyroid gland so that less thyroid hormone is made. […] These medicines block the action of the thyroid hormone on the body. That helps with rapid heart rate and palpitations. […] This condition can be caused by Graves disease, toxic nodular goiter, thyroiditis, and taking too much thyroid medicine.

• #23 Hyperthyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/

  Pathogenesis of TMNG includes the initial phase of development of the nodular disease. This phase is prolonged and present for years before the nodules develop autonomy for thyroid hormone production. The somatic mutations involving the TSHR lead to constitutive activation of the cAMP signaling pathway, resulting in thyroid autonomy. […] These are solitary nodules with autonomous thyroid hormone production due to somatic mutations in the TSHR. […] This is typically iatrogenic, resulting from excessive iodine intake through diet or administration of iodine-containing medications such as contrast media or amiodarone. […] Type 1 AIT leads to increased thyroid hormone production secondary to excess iodine exposure from amiodarone in the setting of pre-existing thyroid disease (as seen in the Jod-Basedow phenomenon). Type 2 AIT is destructive thyroiditis due to the direct toxic effects of amiodarone on the thyroid follicular cells. […] Thyroiditis results in the transient increase in circulating thyroid hormone resulting from inflammation or destruction of the thyroid follicular cells. Various etiologies of thyroiditis have this common pathophysiology but vary in their clinical presentations.

• #24 Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism has several causes, including […] Graves disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is an autoimmune disorder. With this disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid and causes it to make too much thyroid hormone. […] Overactive thyroid nodules, or lumps in your thyroid, are common and usually not cancerous. However, one or more nodules may become overactive and produce too much thyroid hormone. […] Thyroiditis is inflammation of your thyroid gland. Some types of thyroiditis can cause thyroid hormone to leak out of your thyroid gland into your bloodstream. As a result, you may develop symptoms of hyperthyroidism. […] Your thyroid uses iodine to make thyroid hormones. If you have Graves disease or another autoimmune thyroid disorder, you may be sensitive to harmful side effects from iodine. Eating foods that have large amounts of iodine such as kelp, dulse, or other kinds of seaweed may cause or worsen hyperthyroidism. Taking iodine supplements can have the same effect. […] In some rare cases, a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, can cause hyperthyroidism.

• #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hyperthyroidism-Causes.aspx

  Iodine is an essential component in the production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the thyroid gland. It is usually obtained from dietary sources but significant increases in the iodine intake, as with supplements, can affect the production of the thyroid hormones and lead to hyperthyroidism. […] Amiodarone is an anti-arrhythmic medication that is commonly used in the management of atrial fibrillation. As it contains iodine, it can cause hyperthyroidism, particularly in individuals that are already at risk of the condition, such as those who have thyroid nodules. […] Follicular thyroid cancer, also known as functioning thyroid cancer, may be responsible for causing hyperthyroidism in rare cases. This type of cancer begins in the follicles of the thyroid, and the cancer cells can sometimes begin to produce the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This results in hyperthyroidism. […] It is essential to establish the likely cause of hyperthyroidism during diagnosis, as this will help to guide the decisions throughout treatment.

• #26 Hyperthyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/

  Pathogenesis of TMNG includes the initial phase of development of the nodular disease. This phase is prolonged and present for years before the nodules develop autonomy for thyroid hormone production. The somatic mutations involving the TSHR lead to constitutive activation of the cAMP signaling pathway, resulting in thyroid autonomy. […] These are solitary nodules with autonomous thyroid hormone production due to somatic mutations in the TSHR. […] This is typically iatrogenic, resulting from excessive iodine intake through diet or administration of iodine-containing medications such as contrast media or amiodarone. […] Type 1 AIT leads to increased thyroid hormone production secondary to excess iodine exposure from amiodarone in the setting of pre-existing thyroid disease (as seen in the Jod-Basedow phenomenon). Type 2 AIT is destructive thyroiditis due to the direct toxic effects of amiodarone on the thyroid follicular cells. […] Thyroiditis results in the transient increase in circulating thyroid hormone resulting from inflammation or destruction of the thyroid follicular cells. Various etiologies of thyroiditis have this common pathophysiology but vary in their clinical presentations.

• #27 Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html

  In contrast with these three disorders, painless or transient (silent) thyroiditis causes a destruction of thyroid follicles via an autoimmune mechanism and a release of preformed thyroid hormones into the circulation. […] Gestational hyperthyroidism develops in the first trimester of pregnancy as a result of the stimulatory action of placental beta human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG), which shares structural features with TSH, on the thyroid gland. […] Other rare causes of hyperthyroidism are TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma, metastatic follicular thyroid cancer, and struma ovarii.

• #28 Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism has several causes, including […] Graves disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is an autoimmune disorder. With this disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid and causes it to make too much thyroid hormone. […] Overactive thyroid nodules, or lumps in your thyroid, are common and usually not cancerous. However, one or more nodules may become overactive and produce too much thyroid hormone. […] Thyroiditis is inflammation of your thyroid gland. Some types of thyroiditis can cause thyroid hormone to leak out of your thyroid gland into your bloodstream. As a result, you may develop symptoms of hyperthyroidism. […] Your thyroid uses iodine to make thyroid hormones. If you have Graves disease or another autoimmune thyroid disorder, you may be sensitive to harmful side effects from iodine. Eating foods that have large amounts of iodine such as kelp, dulse, or other kinds of seaweed may cause or worsen hyperthyroidism. Taking iodine supplements can have the same effect. […] In some rare cases, a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, can cause hyperthyroidism.

• #29 Thyroid: What It Is, Function & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23188-thyroid

  Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) happens when your thyroid produces and releases more thyroid hormones than your body needs. This causes aspects of your metabolism to speed up. Approximately 1 out of 100 people over the age of 12 have hyperthyroidism in the United States. It is treatable. […] Causes of hyperthyroidism include: Graves disease, an autoimmune condition. […] In primary thyroid disease, the disease originates in your thyroid gland. In secondary thyroid disease, the disease originates in your pituitary gland. As an example, if you have a nodule on your thyroid that’s releasing excess amounts of thyroid hormones, it would be called primary hyperthyroidism. If a tumor in your pituitary gland is releasing excess amounts of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then stimulates your thyroid to produce excess thyroid hormones, it would be called secondary hyperthyroidism.

• #30 Hyperthyroidism | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism means your thyroid gland is too active. This tiny butterfly type of gland is found in your neck. An overactive thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. This makes your metabolism work at a faster rate. […] It happens when an antibody overstimulates the thyroid. This condition is most often found in young to middle-aged women. […] This condition happens when one or more lumps (nodules) of the thyroid gland make thyroid hormone independently from the normal feedback mechanism. […] This occurs when the thyroid becomes irritated. It temporarily causes the thyroid to release large amounts of thyroid hormone. […] Hyperthyroidism may occur for other reasons. These include: Taking too much thyroid hormone medicine to treat an underactive thyroid, Having too much iodine in your diet or in medicines (very rare), Having a noncancerous tumor in the pituitary gland that makes your thyroid overactive. […] This tiny gland is found in your neck. If it is overactive, it makes too much thyroid hormone. Your body’s metabolism then begins to work at a faster rate. […] This condition can be caused by Graves disease, toxic nodular goiter, thyroiditis, and taking too much thyroid medicine.

• #31 Hyperthyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121865-overview

  Any process that causes an increase in the peripheral circulation of unbound thyroid hormone can cause thyrotoxicosis. […] Disturbances of the normal homeostatic mechanism can occur at the level of the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, or in the periphery. […] Regardless of etiology, the result is an increase in transcription in cellular proteins, causing an increase in the basal metabolic rate. […] In many ways, signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism resemble a state of catecholamine excess, and adrenergic blockade can improve these symptoms.

• #32 Evaluating and managing patients with thyrotoxicosis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/evaluating-and-managing-patients-with-thyrotoxicos

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterised by the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies. It can occur at any age, but has a peak onset between 40 and 60 years. Women are 510 times more likely to be affected than men. It clusters in families and genetic associations have been found, but no single gene is known to be necessary or sufficient to cause Graves disease. Smoking, psychological stress and the postpartum period are associated with the development of Graves disease. Other autoimmune diseases, such as coeliac disease, occur more frequently in patients with Graves disease and this risk persists after treatment. […] Patients with Graves disease have thyrotoxicosis associated with a diffuse goitre. Clinical features that distinguish Graves disease from other causes of thyrotoxicosis include the presence of Graves ophthalmopathy (thyroid eye disease) and the presence of uncommon manifestations of Graves disease such as thyroid dermopathy (pretibial myxoedema, 12%) and thyroid acropachy (digital clubbing, 1%). Clinical features of Graves ophthalmopathy occur in about 50% of patients with Graves disease and a further 20% have evidence of ophthalmopathy on imaging. Eyelid lag or retraction and periorbital oedema are the most frequent signs and proptosis is common.

• #33 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Overactive-Thyroid-and-Tremors.aspx

  An overactive thyroid results in the excessive production of thyroid hormone. This disorder is called hyperthyroidism. […] Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the metabolic balance of the body is up regulated, resulting in increased energy production by every cell of the body. As a result, the nervous stimuli become excessive, resulting in hand tremor. […] The thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) increase the excitability of the nerve cells in the oscillatory loops of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This is by increasing the number of calcium channels and beta-adrenergic receptors formed in response to calcium channels in all cells capable of excitation. […] Oscillatory tremor is caused by reflexes originating in the afferent muscle pathways. This increases the amplitude of the tremor above the normal fine oscillation, by producing a synchronized tremor.

• #34 Hyperthyroidism in Cats | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hyperthyroidism-cats

  Hyperthyroidism is a common disease in cats, and mostly afflicts cats middle-aged and older. […] Also called thyrotoxicosis, hyperthyroidism is caused by an increase in production of thyroid hormones (known as T3 and T4) from an enlarged thyroid gland in a cats neck. In most cases, enlargement of thyroid glands is caused by a non-cancerous tumor called an adenoma. Some rare cases of hyperthyroid disease are caused by malignant tumors known as thyroid adenocarcinomas. Although the cause of feline hyperthyroidism is not known, possible contributing factors include deficiencies or excesses of certain compounds in the diet and chronic exposure to thyroid-disrupting chemicals in food or the environment. […] Thyroid hormones affect nearly all of the organs in the body; therefore, thyroid disease often causes secondary problems.

• #35 Hyperthyroidism in Cats | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hyperthyroidism-cats

  Because of the important role the thyroid gland plays in the body, some cats with hyperthyroidism develop secondary problems, including heart disease and high blood pressure. […] Elevated thyroid hormones stimulate an increased heart rate and a stronger contraction of the heart muscle, and can cause thickening of the left ventricle of the heart over time. […] Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is another potential complication of hyperthyroidism, and can cause additional damage to several organs, including the eyes, kidneys, heart, and brain. […] The prognosis for cats with hyperthyroidism is generally good with appropriate therapy.

• #36 Thyroid Disorders: Types, Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/thyroid_disorders/article.htm

  Hyperthyroidism describes excessive production of thyroid hormone, a less common condition than hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism usually relate to increased metabolism. In mild cases, there may not be apparent symptoms. […] Some of the most common causes of hyperthyroidism include: Graves’ disease, Toxic multinodular goiter, Thyroid nodules that overexpress thyroid hormone (known as „hot” nodules), Excessive iodine consumption. […] If untreated, hyperthyroidism can lead to various complications, such as: Cardiac (heart) complications: Cardiac complications of hyperthyroidism can be serious and life-threatening. Cardiac complications include a rapid heart rate and altered heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation which can increase the risk of stroke and heart failure. […] Thyrotoxic crisis is a sudden intensification of symptoms, causing fever, palpitations, and altered mental status. This requires emergency medical attention.

• #37 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Overactive-Thyroid-and-Tremors.aspx

  An overactive thyroid results in the excessive production of thyroid hormone. This disorder is called hyperthyroidism. […] Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the metabolic balance of the body is up regulated, resulting in increased energy production by every cell of the body. As a result, the nervous stimuli become excessive, resulting in hand tremor. […] The thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) increase the excitability of the nerve cells in the oscillatory loops of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This is by increasing the number of calcium channels and beta-adrenergic receptors formed in response to calcium channels in all cells capable of excitation. […] Oscillatory tremor is caused by reflexes originating in the afferent muscle pathways. This increases the amplitude of the tremor above the normal fine oscillation, by producing a synchronized tremor.

• #38 Hyperthyroidism and Seizures: Does One Lead to the Other?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hyperthyroidism-seizures

  Hyperthyroidism has been linked to an increased risk of seizures. It may increase risk by creating excitability in your brain that lowers the threshold needed for one to occur. […] Its thought that hyperthyroidism might make you more prone to seizures by increasing the excitability in your brain. Seizures can also develop due to a serious complication of hyperthyroidism called a thyroid storm. […] Excessive thyroid hormone circulating through your bloodstream is called thyrotoxicosis. Thyrotoxicosis has been associated with seizures in people with no previous history of seizures or epilepsy. […] The results of animal research suggest that high levels of thyroid hormone might increase brain excitability and lower the seizure threshold. The exact mechanism by which thyroid hormone might influence seizure development is still largely unknown.

• #39 Hyperthyroidism and Seizures: Does One Lead to the Other?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hyperthyroidism-seizures

  Hyperthyroidism has been linked to many different neurological complications, such as movement disorders, tremors, atypical involuntary muscle movements, emotional and cognitive impairment, psychiatric disorders, headaches, sleep disorders, and nerve damage. […] Hyperthyroidism has been linked to an increased risk of seizures. Additionally, seizures are also associated with a complication of hyperthyroidism called a thyroid storm. This complication can be life threatening and cause coma or death.

• #40 Diarrhea as the only symptoms in hyperthyroidism-case report | ECE2022 | European Congress of Endocrinology 2022 | Endocrine Abstracts

  https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0081/ea0081ep1107

  Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) is a condition where thyroid makes and releases high levels of thyroid hormone (thyroxine) in the blood. This condition can speed up our body metabolism. Hyperthyroidism causes an overactivity of the sympathetic system. […] Unimazole control of such cases of hyperthyroidism with diarrhea can be explained by the effect of this drug in reducing intestinal hypermotility as the basis of physiopathology in hyperthyroidism. […] Thyroid hormone in excess, among its other possible effects in the organism, affect the gastrointestinal tract through sympathetic intestinal hyperstimulation and increased motility causing diarrhea. Antithyroid therapy act by blocking sympathetic hyperstimulation. Our case leads us to think that hyperthyroidism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea of unknown cause.

• #41 Hyperthyroidism and Diarrhea: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hyperthyroidism-and-diarrhea

  When you have hyperthyroidism, it can make your bodys fight or flight system work too much and cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal (GI) tract symptoms. […] Hyperthyroidism happens when your thyroid produces too much of these hormones, speeding up your metabolism. […] Hyperthyroidism can affect typical bodily functions, including your GI tract, resulting in symptoms like diarrhea. […] With hyperthyroidism, the thyroid produces too many T4 and T3 hormones, overstimulating the nerves that manage your digestive tract. […] When your bowel nerves are overstimulated, they can increase your intestinal motility, which refers to the movement and contraction of muscles in the intestines. This causes your bowel muscles to contract more quickly than usual and push food through before its fully digested. This also prevents fluids from being fully absorbed from food as it passes through, leading to watery diarrhea.

• #42 Hyperthyroidism and Diarrhea: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hyperthyroidism-and-diarrhea

  Hyperthyroidism also has links to other GI tract problems that can result from increased metabolism. […] When food passes through your digestive tract too quickly, your intestines dont have enough time to absorb nutrients from your food. This is called malabsorption. Inflammation that may result from hyperthyroidism can also keep your intestines from absorbing nutrients as usual, leading to malnutrition. […] Hyperthyroidism can overstimulate the sympathetic nervous system and cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal (GI) tract symptoms. These may include frequent bowel movements and malnutrition.

• #43 Hyperthyroidism and menstrual cycle: Periods, fertility, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hyperthyroidism-and-menstrual-cycle

  Hyperthyroidism is when the thyroid gland, a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck, produces more thyroid hormones than the body needs. […] Thyroid hormones are essential to most bodily functions, systems, and organs, including the menstrual cycle and reproductive system. […] In people with hyperthyroidism, menstruation may occur irregularly, and menstrual flow may be lighter. This may cause fertility problems. […] Hyperthyroidism can cause low levels of a protein called sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). This protein attaches itself to both male and female sex hormones. […] A person with abnormal SHBG levels may experience fertility problems. […] An irregular menstrual cycle is a potential complication of hyperthyroidism. […] People with hyperthyroidism are more likely to experience abnormally low bleeding during periods. This is known as hypomenorrhea.

• #44 Hyperthyroidism and menstrual cycle: Periods, fertility, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hyperthyroidism-and-menstrual-cycle

  Hyperthyroidism can also cause a person to have fewer periods. […] The absence of periods is called amenorrhea. […] In thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism, elevated levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood may lead to impaired ovulation, which can cause irregularities and stoppages in menstruation. […] Because hyperthyroidism can affect ovulation, which is the release of an egg from the ovary, it can affect fertility. […] Increased prolactin levels can prevent the egg, or ovum, from releasing and traveling down the fallopian tube in preparation for fertilization. […] If the immune system is the cause of a persons hyperthyroidism for example, in Graves disease it may affect other glands, including the ovaries. […] When this occurs, the condition can lead to premature menopause before the age of 40.

• #45 Hyperthyroidism and menstrual cycle: Periods, fertility, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hyperthyroidism-and-menstrual-cycle

  Hyperthyroidism can cause menstrual problems because it leads to higher production of the protein sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which can lead to irregular, lighter, or missed periods. […] Elevated levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood, which can affect menstruation, ovulation, and fertility. […] High levels of prolactin and the protein SHBG can interfere with the functioning of the ovaries, causing periods to become irregular, infrequent, or lighter than usual. It can also cause periods to stop. […] Because hyperthyroidism may directly affect ovulation, it can lead to infertility or difficulty conceiving. […] If a person does not receive treatment, hyperthyroidism can lead to serious health problems.

• #46 Evaluating and managing patients with thyrotoxicosis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/evaluating-and-managing-patients-with-thyrotoxicos

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterised by the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies. It can occur at any age, but has a peak onset between 40 and 60 years. Women are 510 times more likely to be affected than men. It clusters in families and genetic associations have been found, but no single gene is known to be necessary or sufficient to cause Graves disease. Smoking, psychological stress and the postpartum period are associated with the development of Graves disease. Other autoimmune diseases, such as coeliac disease, occur more frequently in patients with Graves disease and this risk persists after treatment. […] Patients with Graves disease have thyrotoxicosis associated with a diffuse goitre. Clinical features that distinguish Graves disease from other causes of thyrotoxicosis include the presence of Graves ophthalmopathy (thyroid eye disease) and the presence of uncommon manifestations of Graves disease such as thyroid dermopathy (pretibial myxoedema, 12%) and thyroid acropachy (digital clubbing, 1%). Clinical features of Graves ophthalmopathy occur in about 50% of patients with Graves disease and a further 20% have evidence of ophthalmopathy on imaging. Eyelid lag or retraction and periorbital oedema are the most frequent signs and proptosis is common.

• #47 Graves’ disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/graves-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356240

  Graves’ disease is an immune system condition that affects the thyroid gland. It causes the body to make too much thyroid hormone. That condition is called hyperthyroidism. […] The immune system makes antibodies that target viruses, bacteria or other foreign substances. In Graves’ disease, the immune system makes an antibody to one part of the cells in the hormone-making gland in the neck, called the thyroid gland. […] The antibody linked with Graves’ disease is called thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb). TRAb takes over the work of the pituitary hormone. That leads to more thyroid hormone in the body than the body needs. That condition is called hyperthyroidism. […] Thyroid eye disease, also called Graves’ ophthalmopathy, comes from a buildup of certain carbohydrates in the muscles and tissues behind the eyes. The cause isn’t known. It may involve the same antibody that can cause the thyroid gland to not work correctly.

• #48 Pulsenotes | Hyperthyroidism notes

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/endocrinology/notes/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine condition caused by an overactive thyroid gland causing an excess of thyroid hormone. […] Thyrotoxicosis with hyperthyroidism is an excess of thyroid hormone caused by overactivity of the thyroid gland. […] The pathogenesis of Graves ophthalmopathy is not fully understood, it is known that TSHR-Abs are involved. Inflammation and accumulation of mucopolysaccharides occur in the retro-orbital adipose tissue and extra-ocular muscles.

• #49 Hyperthyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hyperthyroidism

  Hyperthyroidism may result from increased synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]) from the thyroid, caused by thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) or by autonomous thyroid hyperfunction. […] Graves disease is caused by an autoantibody (TSI) against the thyroid receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); unlike most autoantibodies, which are inhibitory, this autoantibody is stimulatory, thus causing continuous synthesis and secretion of excess T4 and T3. […] The pathogenesis of infiltrative ophthalmopathy (responsible for the exophthalmos in Graves disease) is poorly understood but may result from immunoglobulins directed to the TSH receptors in the orbital fibroblasts and fat that result in release of proinflammatory cytokines, inflammation, and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans.

• #50 Graves’ disease: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/graves-disease/

  Graves’ disease is thought to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Graves’ disease is classified as an autoimmune disorder, one of a large group of conditions that occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. In people with Graves’ disease, the immune system creates a protein (antibody) called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). TSI signals the thyroid to increase its production of hormones abnormally. The resulting overactivity of the thyroid causes many of the signs and symptoms of Graves’ disease. […] Studies suggest that immune system abnormalities also underlie Graves’ ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxedema.

• #51 Pathogenesis of Graves’ disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-graves-disease

  In Graves’ disease, the main autoantigen is the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) receptor (TSHR), which is expressed primarily in the thyroid but also in adipocytes, fibroblasts, bone cells, brain tanycytes and a variety of additional cells. […] Data suggest that there is eventual shedding or degradation of the TSHR ectodomain, although this has not been demonstrated in vivo. […] However, factors that contribute to TSHR presentation as a target for the immune system in humans are not well understood but are considered to be primarily factors that build on a state of enhanced genetic susceptibility combined with a failure of immune tolerance.

• #52 Evaluating and managing patients with thyrotoxicosis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/evaluating-and-managing-patients-with-thyrotoxicos

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterised by the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies. It can occur at any age, but has a peak onset between 40 and 60 years. Women are 510 times more likely to be affected than men. It clusters in families and genetic associations have been found, but no single gene is known to be necessary or sufficient to cause Graves disease. Smoking, psychological stress and the postpartum period are associated with the development of Graves disease. Other autoimmune diseases, such as coeliac disease, occur more frequently in patients with Graves disease and this risk persists after treatment. […] Patients with Graves disease have thyrotoxicosis associated with a diffuse goitre. Clinical features that distinguish Graves disease from other causes of thyrotoxicosis include the presence of Graves ophthalmopathy (thyroid eye disease) and the presence of uncommon manifestations of Graves disease such as thyroid dermopathy (pretibial myxoedema, 12%) and thyroid acropachy (digital clubbing, 1%). Clinical features of Graves ophthalmopathy occur in about 50% of patients with Graves disease and a further 20% have evidence of ophthalmopathy on imaging. Eyelid lag or retraction and periorbital oedema are the most frequent signs and proptosis is common.

• #53 How should daily care for thyroid hyperthyroidism in traditional Chinese medicine? 甲狀腺亢進症日常應如何中醫調理？ | 衛教單張 – China Medical University Hospital

  https://www.cmuh.cmu.edu.tw/HealthEdus/Detail_EN?no=6201

  Hyper secretion of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland results in hyperthyroidism. […] The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, which is an autoimmune disorder. […] Hyperthyroidism in Chinese medicine falls under the scope of Goiter. Goiter is generally believed to be induced by geographic water (drinking water and food), physical factors and emotional frustration which results in depression of liver, stagnated sputum in front of neck of liver meridian, and lead to Qi, Yin deficiency, and fire. […] Usually it is congenital for one to have such physical inclination but under the acquired mental stimulation, excess anxiety, trauma infection, puberty, maternity, breastfeeding, endocrine disorders, and other factors, the disorder of immune mechanism will be triggered for onset.

• #54

  https://healthmatch.io/hyperthyroidism/does-hyperthyroidism-cause-weight-loss

  Hyperthyroidism is a condition caused by a malfunctioning thyroid gland. When your thyroid begins producing too large an amount of thyroid hormones, the entire body feels the adverse effect. […] When the thyroid gland overacts and releases too much thyroxine, the body feels the effects of thyrotoxicosis. The short-term effects of this condition include weight loss, irregular heart rate, hair loss, irregular menstrual cycle, insomnia, goiter (enlarged thyroid), and more. […] Thyroid hormones regulate your metabolism. When the thyroid gland begins producing excess hormones, your metabolic rate increases. This means your body starts burning more calories than it needs. This can lead to weight loss. […] When your body produces more thyroxine than necessary, it speeds up the metabolic rate and burns more calories than it needs to survive.

• #55

  https://healthmatch.io/hyperthyroidism/does-hyperthyroidism-cause-weight-loss

  Once your doctor makes a diagnosis, they will suggest a course of treatment. The treatment can include: Anti-thyroid medication: This medicine prevents the thyroid gland from producing new thyroid hormones. […] Hyperthyroidism occurs when your thyroid begins to produce excess thyroid hormones. Your metabolism speeds up and, in most cases, causes weight loss.

Zobacz więcej