Materiały źródłowe

• #1 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. […] High blood pressure is also called hypertension. High blood pressure in children and teens is called pediatric hypertension. […] High blood pressure is more common in boys. Its also more common in Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black children compared to non-Hispanic white children. […] Over time, high blood pressure can damage a childs organs because their heart and blood vessels arent delivering blood to their organs the way they should. This can damage a number of organs, including their heart, kidneys and eyes. Because of this, its essential to diagnose and treat pediatric hypertension as soon as possible. […] There are two main types, or causes, of pediatric high blood pressure: Primary hypertension and Secondary hypertension.

• #2 Hypertension in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0501/p1558.html

  The development of a national database on normative blood pressure levels throughout childhood has contributed to the recognition of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents. […] Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by renal disease. Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adolescents and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension. […] The prevalence and rate of diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents appear to be increasing. This is due in part to the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity as well as growing awareness of this disease. […] There is evidence that childhood hypertension can lead to adult hypertension. […] Reports have shown an association between blood pressure and body mass index (BMI), suggesting that obesity is a strong risk factor for developing childhood hypertension.

• #3 Hypertension in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/hypertension-in-children/hypertension-in-children

  Hypertension may be […] Primary (no known cause, a diagnosis of exclusion) […] Secondary (caused by another disorder, eg, kidney disease) […] After age 6 years, primary hypertension is the dominant etiology, and this is even more true for adolescents and young adults. Before age 6, secondary hypertension is more common. […] By definition, the cause of primary hypertension is not known, which is why it is a diagnosis of exclusion. However, it is known to be more common among children who have overweight or obesity (most important risk factor for primary hypertension) […] have a family history of hypertension […] are male […] are Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, or Asian-American (in the United States) […] have a sedentary lifestyle […] have unhealthy dietary habits (eg, high salt and calorie intake)

• #4 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Primary hypertension is high blood pressure that doesnt have one distinct cause. Its also known as idiopathic or essential hypertension. […] Primary hypertension is the most common form of high blood pressure in children. […] Secondary hypertension happens when theres an underlying condition causing it. […] Kidney (renal) disease and renovascular disease (the narrowing of the artery to one or both kidneys) are the most common causes of secondary hypertension in children. […] Other causes of pediatric secondary hypertension include congenital heart conditions, hormonal imbalances, obstructive sleep apnea, certain medications, genetic mutations, and environmental exposures. […] Risk factors for high blood pressure in children and teens include overweight or obesity, family history of high blood pressure, high-sodium diet, lack of physical exercise, diabetes, and preterm birth and low birth weight.

• #5 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure, or hypertension, directly increases the future risk of coronary heart disease (heart attack) and stroke. […] Primary hypertension (with an unknown cause) is the most common cause of high blood pressure in adolescents and adults, but is less common in children. […] Many children with high blood pressure also have adult relatives with hypertension, indicating there may be a hereditary aspect to the disease. […] Increased rates of obesity have increased the risk of developing high blood pressure in children. […] Blood pressure is classified as „primary,” or without a definite cause, and „secondary,” related to an illness or behavior. […] Risk factors for primary hypertension in adults, and possibly in children and adolescents, include the following: Family history of high blood pressure, Being overweight, High salt (sodium) intake, Inactivity, Smoking. […] Secondary causes of hypertension in children and adolescents include the following: Kidney and heart disease, Use of prescription or illegal recreational drugs (such as, steroids taken to decrease inflammation, oral contraceptives, or cocaine), Increased levels of certain hormones.

• #6 High Blood Pressure in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Usually, high blood pressure in older children, as in adults, has no identifiable cause. In children younger than 6 years, an identifiable cause is often identified. […] High blood pressure may be: Primary (no known cause) […] Secondary (caused by another disorder such as a kidney disorder). […] In children 6 years of age and older, primary high blood pressure is the most common cause, particularly among adolescents. In children under 6 years of age, especially those under 3 years, secondary high blood pressure is more common. […] Primary hypertension is more common among children who have the following risk factors: Overweight or obesity (the most important risk factor) […] Family history of high blood pressure […] Male sex […] Hispanic, Black, or Asian-American ancestry (in the United States)

• #7 Hypertension in Children | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/h/hypertension

  Blood pressure is the force of blood exerted against the walls of the arteries as the blood travels to all parts of the body. […] The most common reason for high blood pressure is the inherited (genetic) form known as primary hypertension. This accounts for the majority of cases with hypertension in both adults and children. The cause of primary hypertension is unknown. Children and adolescents with primary hypertension are often overweight. […] The remaining cases with high blood pressure are due to an underlying cause, such as a kidney issue, narrowing of the arteries to the kidneys, a congenital defect of the heart such as coarctation of the aorta, or rare tumors of the adrenal gland. When there is another issue causing the high blood pressure, it is called secondary hypertension.

• #8 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) in Children

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hypertension/children-causes-diagnosis-treatment/

  According to AAP, by age 7, more than 50 percent of pediatric hypertension cases are caused by obesity. That number rises to 85 to 95 percent by adolescence. Establishing positive health habits, including a healthy diet that is low in sodium and high in fruits and vegetables, and plenty of physical activity, is essential in the early years of life for warding off high blood pressure and other health problems.

• #9 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: Current Perspectives and Strategies to Improve Future Kidney and Cardiovascular Health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9091586/

  Obesity is a major risk factor for pediatric hypertension. The risk of hypertension is 2.6 greater in overweight children (body mass index-for-age 85th percentile) and 9.2 greater in obese children (95th percentile). […] Dietary sodium intake is also closely associated with BP. In North American children, daily sodium intake is 3000 mg to 3400 mg (approximately 23 times the recommended daily intake), and three-quarters of Canadian children exceed upper tolerable limits. […] Significant racial and ethnic BP differences are well characterized in adults. Minority ethnic groups are consistently shown to have more hypertension and worse BP control. BP level is also higher among Black, Hispanic, and Asian children. […] Although hypertension detection and management have improved significantly in high-income countries, the same is not true in the developing world. High rates of tobacco use, salt intake, and obesity contribute to high hypertension prevalence, whereas low health literacy and limited health care access are major barriers to adequate hypertension control.

• #10 Hypertension in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0501/p1558.html

  Heritability of childhood hypertension is estimated at 50 percent. […] Essential hypertension rarely is found in children younger than 10 years and is a diagnosis of exclusion. Significant risk factors for essential hypertension include family history and increasing BMI. […] Secondary hypertension is more common in children than in adults. It can present in adolescents, especially if they have physical findings not typically seen with essential hypertension. Renal disease is the most common cause of secondary hypertension in children.

• #11 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  Secondary hypertension is caused by a known underlying medical condition. Of these, about 80 percent of children have some kind of kidney disease or blood vessel abnormalities. […] Hypertension in infants with hypertension almost always has a secondary cause. […] Among kids with hypertension, especially those who are very young, secondary hypertension is more common than primary hypertension. But among children who are older than 6 to 8 years old, the ratio of primary to secondary hypertension is approaching 50/50.

• #12 At the bottom of the differential diagnosis list: unusual causes of pediatric hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2755748/

  Hypertension affects 15% of children and adolescents, and the incidence has been increasing in association with obesity. However, secondary causes of hypertension such as renal parenchymal diseases, congenital abnormalities and renovascular disorders still remain the leading cause of pediatric hypertension, particularly in children under 12 years old. […] In contrast to adults, hypertension in children is usually secondary to an identifiable etiology, with the most common cause being renal disease. […] When evaluating a pediatric patient for hypertension, it is reasonable to first consider the common etiologies such as renal parenchymal diseases, congenital abnormalities, and renovascular disorders. […] A number of uncommon processes can also cause hypertension in the pediatric population.

• #13 Hypertension in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/hypertension-in-children/hypertension-in-children

  had various intrauterine factors (eg, resulting in low birth weight, prematurity, or small for gestational age) […] have social risk factors (eg, child abuse, family and/or interpersonal violence, food and/or housing insecurity—the number, duration, and severity of these factors have a cumulative effect) […] smoking and secondhand smoke exposure. […] Secondary hypertension has an identifiable cause; the hypertension may be reversible if the cause is resolved. […] The most common causes of secondary hypertension in children are: […] Renal parenchymal disease (eg, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, reflux nephropathy) or congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (eg, obstructive uropathy, polycystic kidney disease, dysplastic kidneys) […] Renovascular disease (eg, renal artery stenosis, renal vein thrombosis)

• #14 Hypertension: symptoms and causes | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/hypertension/hypertension-symptoms-and-causes/

  Some children have scars in the kidney this is called renal scarring. Some children are born with these scars and do not have any other symptoms. Other children have urinary tract infections, which are caused by germs in the urine, because of the scars. […] In renovascular disease (or renal vascular disease), there is a problem with the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. Types of renal vascular disease include mid-aortic syndrome and renal artery stenosis.

• #15 High blood pressure in children – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20373440

  High blood pressure in younger children is often related to other health conditions, such as heart defects, kidney disease, genetic conditions or hormonal disorders. […] Older children especially those who are overweight are more likely to have primary hypertension. This type of high blood pressure occurs on its own, without an underlying condition. […] Secondary hypertension is caused by another condition. It’s more common in young children. Other causes of high blood pressure include: Chronic kidney disease, Polycystic kidney disease, Heart problems, such as severe narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta, Adrenal disorders, Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), Narrowing of the artery to the kidney (renal artery stenosis), Sleep disorders, especially obstructive sleep apnea, Certain drugs and medications, including those used to relieve a stuffy nose (decongestants), stimulants used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), caffeine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids, Cocaine, methamphetamine and similar drugs.

• #16 Hypertension in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/hypertension-in-children/hypertension-in-children

  Cardiovascular disease (eg, coarctation of the thoracic aorta, midaortic syndrome, arteriovenous fistula) […] Endocrine disease (eg, hyperthyroidism, mineralocorticoid excess, corticosteroid excess, catecholamine excess). […] Other causes of secondary hypertension include the following: […] Sleep-disordered breathing […] Neurologic causes (eg, increased intracranial pressure) […] Medications and substances (eg, glucocorticoids, anabolic steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, stimulants, oral contraceptives, nicotine, caffeine, certain illicit drugs) […] Psychologic stress or pain […] Other causes (eg, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor). […] Syndromes commonly associated with hypertension include the following: […] Neurofibromatosis type 1 (renovascular disease, midaortic syndrome, pheochromocytoma) […] Williams syndrome (renovascular disease, midaortic syndrome) […] Alagille syndrome (renovascular disease) […] Tuberous sclerosis (renal angiomyolipomas).

• #17 Childhood Hypertension: A Retrospective Analysis of Causes, Treatments, and Complications

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/10/1234

  In our cohort, renal parenchymal disease was identified as the leading cause of secondary hypertension in 78 (68%) children. […] Endocrine causes accounted for 10.6% (11 children) of secondary hypertension cases in our cohort, with two-thirds attributed to apparent mineralocorticoid excess. […] Vascular causes were identified as the third etiology of secondary hypertension in 8.7% (nine children) of cases, with renal artery stenosis being the most frequent subtype. […] Obesity plays a significant role in the development of primary hypertension.

• #18 Diagnosing Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/diagnosis

  In young children, hypertension often results from an underlying medical condition. This kind of hypertension, known as secondary hypertension, can be caused by an imbalance of hormones that help to regulate blood pressure. […] For instance, children with excess levels of aldosterone, a hormone made in the adrenal glands, often retain water and salt while eliminating too much potassium, which can lead to hypertension. […] Cushings disease, which causes overproduction of another adrenal hormone, cortisol, may raise a childs blood pressure. Hypertension can also occur in children with Graves disease, in which an increase in thyroid hormone levels raises heart rate. […] Chronic kidney disease, which causes progressive kidney damage, is another important cause of hypertension. Chronic kidney disease can occur in children who are born with a congenital kidney problem, or in those with conditions that affect filtering structures in the kidneys, such as glomerulonephritis and renal tubular disorders.

• #19 High Blood Pressure in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Hormonal disorders, such as an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). […] Other causes of secondary hypertension include: Sleep apnea […] Increased pressure within the skull (increased intracranial pressure) […] Medications, such as corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, oral contraceptives (birth control pills), nicotine, caffeine, stimulant medications, and certain illicit drugs […] Certain genetic syndromes that cause kidney problems (tuberous sclerosis or neurofibromatosis type 1) or blood vessel abnormalities (Williams syndrome or Alagille syndrome) […] Chronic stress or pain.

• #20 Hypertension in Children: Causes, Management, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/hypertension-in-children

  Secondary hypertension is more common in children than adults. In these cases, underlying health conditions or certain medications elevate your child’s blood pressure. […] Associated conditions include: heart issues, like coarctation (narrowing) of the aorta, Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, adrenal disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease. […] Drugs or medications that can contribute to high blood pressure include: over-the-counter (OTC) drugs or supplements, like caffeine, diet pills, or ephedra; prescription medications, like oral contraceptives, steroids, or central nervous system stimulants; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stimulant drugs; illicit substances, like amphetamines, cocaine, or anabolic steroids.

• #20 Hypertension in Children: Causes, Management, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/hypertension-in-children

  While hypertension is a condition that primarily affects adults, high blood pressure is becoming more common in children and teens. Causes can range from having certain health issues or taking certain medications to other factors, like family history, age, weight, and more. […] Other researchers estimate that between 4.7 and 19.4 percent of children have high blood pressure. This number depends on a child’s sex, race, body mass index, genetic predisposition, and other factors. For example, studies show that 20 percent of children with obesity may have hypertension. […] Risk factors for primary hypertension in children include: overweight or obesity, family history of hypertension or heart disease, a birthing parent who smoked during pregnancy, being genetically male. […] There is evidence that Black children and teens (especially boys) are at higher risk of hypertension, just like Black adults.

• #21 At the bottom of the differential diagnosis list: unusual causes of pediatric hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2755748/

  The pathophysiology of immobilization hypertension is unclear and likely multifactorial. […] The etiology of hypertension in burned children is not entirely clear but seems in part to be due to a complex neuroendocrine response. […] Hypertension associated with an abdominal wall defect and its repair is most commonly mild and transient. […] The etiology of hypertension in Williams syndrome may be: Hypercalcemia, Vascular stenoses, Decreased vessel wall compliance, All of the above. […] Hypertension is common in patients with NF1, and its prevalence increases with age. […] Hypertension may be a presenting feature of neuroblastoma and is due to excess catecholamine production and secretion by the mass. […] Pheochromocytoma is the cause of hypertension in the pediatric age group in less than 1% of cases. […] JCT are exceedingly rare, benign, renin-secreting tumors that develop from the smooth muscle cells of the afferent arterioles.

• #22 Hypertension | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypertension-in-children

  Many medications can raise blood pressure; among them are oral contraceptives, central nervous system stimulants, and corticosteroids, as can some over-the-counter nasal decongestants and cold medicines, herbal and nutritional supplements, dietary products, and recreational drugs. […] Environmental exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury, or phthalates may raise blood pressure. […] High blood pressure in infants and young children, and in older children whose high blood pressure is not resolved with lifestyle changes, may be a sign of other medical conditions, such as kidney disease, a heart defect, or hormonal disorders. […] Research shows that heart disease in adults often begins in childhood. Untreated, childhood hypertension can lead to a number of serious health problems in adulthood, including heart attack or heart failure at an early age, kidney disease or kidney failure, stroke, vision loss, and sexual dysfunction. […] Early diagnosis of hypertension can lead to better long-term outcomes.

• #23 High Blood Pressure Emergencies in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-emergencies-in-children

  Hypertensive emergencies usually occur when blood pressure rapidly increases. What causes the rapid increase varies by age. The most common causes are: […] During infancy: Birth defects of the kidneys, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, coarctation of the aorta, renal vein thrombosis, and other disorders that affect the blood vessels to the kidneys […] During childhood: Kidney tissue disease, disorders that affect the blood vessels to the kidneys, hormonal disorders, medications, and toxins […] During adolescence: Kidney tissue disease, not taking medications they were prescribed for their high blood pressure, and use of medications such as stimulants (for example, amphetamines and cocaine), anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, or certain oral contraceptives (birth control pills).

• #24 High blood pressure in infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007329.htm

  High blood pressure (hypertension) is an increase in the force of blood against the arteries in the body. This article focuses on high blood pressure in infants. […] High blood pressure in infants may be due to kidney or heart disease that is present at birth (congenital). Common examples include: Coarctation of the aorta (narrowing of the large blood vessel of the heart called the aorta), Patent ductus arteriosus (blood vessel between the aorta and pulmonary artery that should close after birth, but remains open), Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (lung condition that affects newborn babies who were either put on a breathing machine after birth or were born very early), Kidney disease, Renal artery stenosis (narrowing of the major blood vessel of the kidney). […] Other causes of high blood pressure in infants may include: Certain medicines, Exposure to illegal drugs such as cocaine, Certain tumors, Inherited conditions (problems that run in families), Thyroid problems.

• #25 Hypertension in children and adolescents

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/hypertension/

  Hypertension in childhood is a key predictor of risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease and end organ damage in adulthood […] Primary/essential hypertension accounts for the majority of hypertension in children 6 years old and is generally associated with obesity or a family history of hypertension […] Secondary hypertension is more common in younger children (6 years old) with renal disease being the most prevalent cause. This population is at greater risk of hypertensive emergencies due to an underlying condition […] Causes of Hypertension include Primary Hypertension, Situational Hypertension, and Secondary Hypertension.

• #26 High & Low Blood Pressure in Kids – Focus on Kids Pediatrics

  https://www.focusonkidspeds.com/info-articles/high-and-low-blood-pressure-in-kids/

  Hypertension (high blood pressure) in kids and teens typically occurs without an underlying medical condition. Lifestyle factors such as obesity, stress, diet, and certain medications are the main cause of high blood pressure, especially in older children and teens. […] However, in some cases, it can be due to a variety of medical issues including kidney disease, hormonal disorders, lung problems, or heart problems. Hypertension in children under the age of 7 is usually caused by one of these concerns.

• #27 High Blood Pressure in Kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/high-blood-pressure-and-kids

  „There is a growing trend in the number of children and teens who are overweight or have obesity, and this is a major cause of high blood pressure in kids,” says Smitha Vidi, M.D., a pediatric nephrologist at Children’s Health and Assistant Professor at UT Southwestern. „Additionally, kids are eating a lot of processed foods, which have very high amounts of salt. A high-salt diet is a big contributor to increasing blood pressures.”

• #28 Obesity and hypertension in children and adolescents | Clinical Hypertension | Full Text

  https://clinicalhypertension.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40885-024-00278-5

  Factors related to the characteristics of obesity concerning the development of hypertension include the degree, duration, and distribution of obesity and the patients age. […] Excessive salt intake has been associated with the development of obesity and high BP, and the impact of excessive salt intake on BP is even more significant in obese individuals. […] The lack of physical activity and sedentary behaviors, such as playing video games and watching television, are related to an increased risk of developing hypertension in overweight adolescents. […] In children, obesity is strongly associated with hypertension, and with the increase in obesity in recent years, hypertension has become an essential health condition in children. Several factors, including SNS and RAAS activity, cause the development of hypertension in obese children. Risk factors for hypertension in obesity include degree, duration, and distribution of obesity, patient age, hormonal changes during puberty, high-sodium diet, sedentary lifestyle, and SES. Treatment in obese children is a combination of treatment for obesity and hypertension. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, with weight loss being crucial to lowering BP.

• #28 Obesity and hypertension in children and adolescents | Clinical Hypertension | Full Text

  https://clinicalhypertension.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40885-024-00278-5

  As childhood obesity rates increase worldwide, the prevalence of obesity-related hypertension is also on the rise. Obesity has been identified as a significant risk factor for hypertension in this age group. […] In particular, obesity is a significant risk factor for hypertension in this age group. […] The pathogenesis of hypertension in obesity involves multiple factors, including increased sympathetic nervous system activity, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and renal compression due to fat accumulation. […] Risk factors for hypertension in obesity include degree, duration, and distribution of obesity, patient age, hormonal changes during puberty, high-sodium diet, sedentary lifestyle, and socioeconomic status. […] Obesity is the most critical risk factor for hypertension in children and adolescents.

• #29 High Blood Pressure in Children Signs & Symptoms | Rush | Rush System

  https://www.rush.edu/kids/conditions/high-blood-pressure-children

  Blood pressure measures the health of your childs arteries and how hard the heart is working to pump blood through those arteries. An increased force of blood rising against the arteries creates high blood pressure or hypertension. […] Factors that can affect your childs blood pressure include the following: Health of the kidneys, Health of the blood vessels, heart and nervous system, Diet, Weight. […] Surprisingly, high blood pressure in kids can occur just as easily as it does in adults. But the following factors can increase the risk in children: Excess body weight or obesity, Family history of high blood pressure, High blood sugar or type 2 diabetes, High cholesterol, Race (African-Americans are at greater risk for high blood pressure). […] Most often high blood pressure in kids is related to being overweight, but other health issues (referred to as secondary causes) can also cause it. These secondary causes include the following: Certain types of tumors, Heart problems including coarctation of aorta, Kidney problems, Medications, including ibuprofen, steroids, birth control pills and some that treat the common cold, Sleep apnea, Thyroid problems. […] If your childs high blood pressure goes untreated, especially for a long period of time, it can cause serious health problems, including the following: Eye disease, Heart disease, Kidney disease, Stroke.

• #30 Children with high blood pressure often become adults with high blood pressure | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/children-with-high-blood-pressure-often-become-adults-with-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure in youth and the need for appropriate diagnosis, treatment and reduction of lifestyle risk factors outlined in a new American Heart Association scientific statement. […] Primary hypertensionhigh blood pressure that is not due to an underlying medical conditionoccurs in up to 5% of children and adolescents in the U.S. and other countries. […] Having high blood pressure as a child often leads to high blood pressure in adulthood, which may increase the likelihood of heart disease and stroke, as well as cause damage to the kidneys, eyes and more. […] Some factors that may contribute to high blood pressure in children are not modifiable, such as genetics, low birth weight and even environmental exposures. […] There are some significant risk factors for high blood pressure that may be modified to improve blood pressure levels, including obesity, physical activity and a key factornutrition.

• #31 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Healthcare providers diagnose high blood pressure differently in children than in adults because healthy blood pressure levels change as a child grows. […] Your childs healthcare provider will also try to determine the underlying cause of their high blood pressure. […] Treatment for high blood pressure depends on your childs unique situation and the cause. […] The main treatment options are lifestyle changes and medication. […] In most cases, healthcare providers first recommend lifestyle changes to treat high blood pressure in children. […] If the blood pressure is high enough or if lifestyle changes dont lower your childs blood pressure, your childs provider may refer your child to a specialist or recommend medication to manage the condition. […] High blood pressure can also continue into adulthood.

• #32 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  The doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your child’s medical history, family history of high blood pressure, and nutrition and activity level. […] If your child is diagnosed with high blood pressure, it’s important to determine whether it’s primary or secondary. These tests might be used to look for another condition that could be causing your child’s high blood pressure: […] Your child’s doctor will tell you how long your child will need to stay on the medication. If your child’s high blood pressure is caused by obesity, losing weight might make medication unnecessary. Treating other medical conditions your child has might also control his or her blood pressure. […] Although little is known about the long-term effects of blood pressure medication on a child’s growth and development, many of these medications are generally considered safe to take during childhood.

• #33 My Child Has High Blood Pressure, Now What?

  https://blog.cincinnatichildrens.org/rare-and-complex-conditions/heart-conditions/my-child-has-high-blood-pressure-now-what/

  If a diagnosis of hypertension is made, a blood pressure specialist may decide to do the following: […] Depending on the results of the work up for high blood pressure, medication may be necessary. […] If it is determined that your child does have hypertension, we will go over lifestyle recommendations at this visit. […] If your child’s blood pressure is determined to be normal, it is still important to establish healthy habits to ward off heart disease in adulthood. […] The good news is that early detection and treatment can prevent the progression of heart disease, and in some cases, may even reverse changes that have already occurred.

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