Materiały źródłowe

• #1 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. Children often dont have symptoms of high blood pressure, so its important to take them to regular checkups with their healthcare provider. […] While hypertension can cause symptoms in severe cases, most children with high blood pressure have no symptoms. Healthcare providers usually discover it when checking a childs blood pressure during a routine checkup. […] Over time, high blood pressure can damage a childs organs because their heart and blood vessels arent delivering blood to their organs the way they should. This can damage a number of organs, including their heart, kidneys and eyes. Because of this, its essential to diagnose and treat pediatric hypertension as soon as possible.

• #2 Hypertension in Children: Causes, Management, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/hypertension-in-children

  While hypertension is a condition that primarily affects adults, high blood pressure is becoming more common in children and teens. […] Since hypertension doesnt often cause notable symptoms, its important to have your childs blood pressure checked at least once a year during their annual physical. […] High blood pressure doesnt always produce signs or symptoms. In fact, experts say its rare to have symptoms with hypertension. Some sources even give high blood pressure the moniker silent killer as a result. […] That said, when blood pressure is very high (hypertensive crisis), your child may experience any of the following symptoms: headache, seizures, visual issues, nausea or vomiting, chest tightness or pain, heart palpitations. […] A hypertensive crisis is a medical emergency. If your child is experiencing these symptoms, its important to get medical care as soon as possible.

• #3 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  The doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your child’s medical history, family history of high blood pressure, and nutrition and activity level. […] For a diagnosis of high blood pressure, your child’s blood pressure must be higher than normal when measured during at least three visits to the doctor. […] High blood pressure rarely causes symptoms, but it is a risk factor for heart disease and other childhood illnesses.

• #4 Patient education: High blood pressure in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE SYMPTOMS […] A slow increase in blood pressure does not usually cause any symptoms. However, a sudden increase in blood pressure in children and adolescents can cause headache, dizziness, vomiting, seizures, or heart failure. […] HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS […] In children with no symptoms, the diagnosis of hypertension is made when the blood pressure is at or greater than the 95th percentile on three separate measurements or greater than 130/80, which are separated by days or weeks. Waiting period with repeat measurements is not necessary in those with symptoms or clinical signs of hypertension. […] It is important to identify children with elevated blood pressure (blood pressure that is higher than normal but is not yet hypertension, formerly called „prehypertension”) in order to prevent progression to hypertension. Some children with elevated blood pressure may be candidates for treatment, such as those with chronic kidney disease, cardiac problems, or diabetes mellitus.

• #5 High Blood Pressure in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Usually, high blood pressure causes no symptoms in children. High blood pressure typically causes symptoms only after a vital organ is damaged, usually not for many years after blood pressure becomes high. […] Thus, problems due to high blood pressure tend not to develop during childhood. […] Rarely, high blood pressure in children severely damages vital organs because of a sudden hypertensive emergency. The organs that may be affected include the following: Brain, which can result in deterioration of brain function, with drowsiness, confusion, seizures, and even coma; Heart, which can result in heart failure; Eyes, which can result in papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve) and bleeding in the retina, changes in vision, or loss of vision; Kidneys, which can result in kidney failure. […] If untreated, a hypertensive emergency can be fatal.

• #6

  https://healthmatch.io/high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  If you thought high blood pressure only affected older people, youll be surprised to learn that it can affect everyone, including children. […] If untreated, high blood pressure in children can continue to adulthood and lead to life-threatening conditions like kidney disease, heart failure, and stroke. […] Symptoms of high blood pressure in children vary depending on the stage of the condition. […] Children and teens with stage 1 high blood pressure may not show any signs unless identified by the doctor during routine checkups. […] Children with stage 2 hypertension might experience the following symptoms: Double vision, Headaches, Chest pain, Breathing problems, Abdominal pains, Vision loss. […] An infant with stage 2 hypertension might show different symptoms like vomiting, irritability, and not feeding properly. […] High blood pressure is common in children but is highly controllable. […] It’s recommended to seek immediate medical care if you start noticing any of the symptoms described in this article.

• #7 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  Most people think of hypertension (high blood pressure) as something that affects adults, but children can also be affected. In fact, it’s estimated that up to 5 percent of children and adolescents now have hypertension. […] In the early stages of hypertension, children may have no symptoms. […] If left untreated, hypertension can persist into adulthood. […] Often, kids and teens with pre-hypertension or stage 1 hypertension won’t show any symptoms at all. If your child has stage 2 hypertension, she might experience one or more of the following symptoms: headaches, loss of vision, double-vision, chest pain, abdominal pain, breathing problems. […] An infant with stage 2 hypertension may seem irritable, not be feeding properly, or vomiting. Sometimes these infants are diagnosed with “failure to thrive.”

• #8 Hypertension in Children – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/hypertension-in-children/hypertension-in-children

  If BP remains elevated after 6 months, lifestyle changes (eg, diet, activity, weight loss if needed) should be recommended and upper and lower extremity BP measurements should be taken. […] If BP remains elevated over the next 6 months, 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring could be performed, if possible, or the patient could be referred to a specialist. […] If measurements are consistently ≥ 95th percentile but < 95th percentile + 12 mm Hg, children should be considered to have stage 1 hypertension. [...] Measurements that are ≥ 95th percentile + 12 mm Hg or ≥ 140/90, whichever is lower, represent stage 2 hypertension. [...] Children with stage 1 hypertension should be rechecked within 1 to 2 weeks. [...] If BP remains at stage 1, upper and lower extremity BP measurements should be taken, a urinalysis performed, and lifestyle changes recommended. [...] Children with stage 2 hypertension or stage 1 hypertension with symptoms should be referred immediately to an emergency department or a pediatric specialist for possible hospitalization.

• #9 High blood pressure in children – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20373440

  High blood pressure usually doesn’t cause symptoms. However, signs and symptoms that might indicate a high blood pressure emergency (hypertensive crisis) include: […] If your child has any of these signs or symptoms, seek emergency medical care. […] Children who have high blood pressure are likely to continue to have high blood pressure as adults unless they begin treatment. […] If your child’s high blood pressure continues into adulthood, your child could be at risk of:

• #10 Hypertension in Children: Causes, Management, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/hypertension-in-children

  While hypertension is a condition that primarily affects adults, high blood pressure is becoming more common in children and teens. […] Since hypertension doesnt often cause notable symptoms, its important to have your childs blood pressure checked at least once a year during their annual physical. […] High blood pressure doesnt always produce signs or symptoms. In fact, experts say its rare to have symptoms with hypertension. Some sources even give high blood pressure the moniker silent killer as a result. […] That said, when blood pressure is very high (hypertensive crisis), your child may experience any of the following symptoms: headache, seizures, visual issues, nausea or vomiting, chest tightness or pain, heart palpitations. […] A hypertensive crisis is a medical emergency. If your child is experiencing these symptoms, its important to get medical care as soon as possible.

• #11 High blood pressure (hypertension) in teens and kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is also called hypertension. Long-term hypertension can lead to serious health issues later in life. High blood pressure can affect children of any age, including infants. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), one in twenty-five children in the United States has hypertension. […] High blood pressure often doesn’t cause symptoms in kids. This is why it is very important to check blood pressure regularly at doctor visits. However, a child may have symptoms if their blood pressure suddenly shoots very high. […] Schedule an appointment with a doctor if your child exhibits or often complains of: Headaches, Dizziness, Shortness of breath, Visual disturbances or fatigue, Frequent bloody noses.

• #12 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  Most people think of hypertension (high blood pressure) as something that affects adults, but children can also be affected. In fact, it’s estimated that up to 5 percent of children and adolescents now have hypertension. […] In the early stages of hypertension, children may have no symptoms. […] If left untreated, hypertension can persist into adulthood. […] Often, kids and teens with pre-hypertension or stage 1 hypertension won’t show any symptoms at all. If your child has stage 2 hypertension, she might experience one or more of the following symptoms: headaches, loss of vision, double-vision, chest pain, abdominal pain, breathing problems. […] An infant with stage 2 hypertension may seem irritable, not be feeding properly, or vomiting. Sometimes these infants are diagnosed with “failure to thrive.”

• #13 High Blood Pressure Emergencies in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-emergencies-in-children

  In children, the first symptoms of a hypertensive emergency are typically a headache, listlessness, confusion, and seizures and, in infants, irritability. […] Children with severe high blood pressure may not have any symptoms or they may have severe symptoms. Symptoms may be related to the age of the child. In infants and young children, the first symptoms of a hypertensive emergency may be nonspecific including irritability, poor feeding, or growth and weight faltering. Younger children may also have a change of consciousness or seizures. Older children may have a headache, vision changes, dizziness, listlessness (lethargy), or nausea and vomiting. […] All children with a hypertensive emergency have evidence of organ damage. In children with a hypertensive urgency, organ damage may not be present.

• #14 High Blood Pressure Can Happen Earlier Than You Think

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2023/03/pediatric-hypertension-earlier-than-you-think

  Most children with hypertension have no symptoms while others may complain of minor symptoms such as headache, fatigue, or poor sleep quality. […] However, severe symptoms such as severe headache, vomiting and even seizures can occur when the blood pressure is very high or associated with significant kidney diseases.

• #15 Hypertension in children and adolescents

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/hypertension/

  Hypertension in childhood is a key predictor of risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease and end organ damage in adulthood […] Severe hypertension requires urgent consultation and management. Hypertension associated with encephalopathy is a medical emergency […] All hypertension in children requires monitoring and follow-up […] Blood pressure should be measured annually in healthy children […] History: Headache/vomiting, Blurred vision, Change in mental state, Seizures, Chest pain/palpitations, Shortness of breath, Cardiac failure, Past history of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) […] Signs of end organ damage: Fundoscopy: hypertensive retinopathy, Cardiovascular: apical heave, hepatomegaly, oedema, Chronic renal failure: palpable kidneys, Focal neurology eg facial nerve palsies […] Hypertensive Emergency: 95th centile + 30 mmHg associated with encephalopathy, eg headache vomiting, vision changes and neurological symptoms (facial nerve palsy, lethargy, seizures, coma) +/- target-end organ damage […] Hypertensive urgency: If medically stable, consider short acting oral agents while investigating cause […] Medical management should only be commenced in consultation with a general or renal paediatrician.

• #16 High & Low Blood Pressure in Kids – Focus on Kids Pediatrics

  https://www.focusonkidspeds.com/info-articles/high-and-low-blood-pressure-in-kids/

  Symptoms of High Blood Pressure […] In the majority of cases, children and teens with high blood pressure are asymptomatic. However, if high blood pressure is severe enough, symptoms could include headaches, dizziness, blurry vision, tachycardia, and nausea.[…] Other symptoms such as seizures, vomiting, chest pain, and shortness of breath could be indicative of a hypertensive crisis. It is important to seek immediate medical attention in the presence of these symptoms.

• #17 High blood pressure in infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007329.htm

  High blood pressure (hypertension) is an increase in the force of blood against the arteries in the body. This article focuses on high blood pressure in infants. […] Most babies with high blood pressure will not have symptoms. Instead, symptoms may be related to the condition causing the high blood pressure. These symptoms may include: Bluish skin (cyanosis), Failure to grow and gain weight, Frequent urinary tract infections, Pale skin (pallor), Rapid breathing. […] Symptoms that may appear if the baby has very high blood pressure include: Irritability, Seizures, Trouble breathing, Vomiting. […] In most cases, the only sign of high blood pressure is the blood pressure measurement itself. […] How well the baby does depends on the cause of high blood pressure and other factors such as: Other health problems in the baby, Whether damage (such as kidney damage) has occurred as a result of the high blood pressure. […] Untreated, high blood pressure may lead to: Heart or kidney failure, Organ damage, Seizures.

• #18 High Blood Pressure Emergencies in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-emergencies-in-children

  In children, the first symptoms of a hypertensive emergency are typically a headache, listlessness, confusion, and seizures and, in infants, irritability. […] Children with severe high blood pressure may not have any symptoms or they may have severe symptoms. Symptoms may be related to the age of the child. In infants and young children, the first symptoms of a hypertensive emergency may be nonspecific including irritability, poor feeding, or growth and weight faltering. Younger children may also have a change of consciousness or seizures. Older children may have a headache, vision changes, dizziness, listlessness (lethargy), or nausea and vomiting. […] All children with a hypertensive emergency have evidence of organ damage. In children with a hypertensive urgency, organ damage may not be present.

• #19 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  Most people think of hypertension (high blood pressure) as something that affects adults, but children can also be affected. In fact, it’s estimated that up to 5 percent of children and adolescents now have hypertension. […] In the early stages of hypertension, children may have no symptoms. […] If left untreated, hypertension can persist into adulthood. […] Often, kids and teens with pre-hypertension or stage 1 hypertension won’t show any symptoms at all. If your child has stage 2 hypertension, she might experience one or more of the following symptoms: headaches, loss of vision, double-vision, chest pain, abdominal pain, breathing problems. […] An infant with stage 2 hypertension may seem irritable, not be feeding properly, or vomiting. Sometimes these infants are diagnosed with “failure to thrive.”

• #20 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  Most people think of hypertension (high blood pressure) as something that affects adults, but children can also be affected. In fact, it’s estimated that up to 5 percent of children and adolescents now have hypertension. […] In the early stages of hypertension, children may have no symptoms. […] If left untreated, hypertension can persist into adulthood. […] Often, kids and teens with pre-hypertension or stage 1 hypertension won’t show any symptoms at all. If your child has stage 2 hypertension, she might experience one or more of the following symptoms: headaches, loss of vision, double-vision, chest pain, abdominal pain, breathing problems. […] An infant with stage 2 hypertension may seem irritable, not be feeding properly, or vomiting. Sometimes these infants are diagnosed with “failure to thrive.”

• #21 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1015/p486.html

  High blood pressure in childhood is correlated with higher blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood, and this relationship strengthens with age. […] Children also experience target organ damage from hypertension, including left ventricular hypertrophy and pathologic vascular changes (i.e., carotid intima-media thickness). […] Despite the increasing prevalence and potential risks of hypertension in children, the diagnosis is often overlooked. […] The combined prevalence of elevated blood pressure and hypertension in children is around 6%, or 3% for each. […] The combined prevalence increases by nearly five times, to around 30%, in adolescents who are obese. […] Primary hypertension in children is associated with other risk factors for CVD, including hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance.

• #22 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  High blood pressure – sometimes referred to as „the silent killer” because it can do serious heart and brain damage before symptoms appear – is common in adults. […] Among U.S. children and adolescents, up to 5% have high blood pressure – also known as hypertension – and as many as 18% have elevated blood pressure, according to a scientific statement from the American Heart Association published recently in its journal Hypertension. […] Conditions such as heart defects and kidney disease also can cause blood pressure to rise in children. […] Developing high blood pressure in childhood is especially concerning, Tran said, because the longer blood pressure remains high, the greater the risks to the heart and blood vessels in major organs, such as the brain and kidneys. […] We now have evidence that children with hypertension have enlarged hearts and stiffer vessels, Falkner said. „There are signs that high blood pressure is having an adverse impact on the child.”

• #23 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Healthcare providers diagnose high blood pressure differently in children than in adults because healthy blood pressure levels change as a child grows. High blood pressure in children occurs when a childs blood pressure is equal to or higher than that of 95% of other children of the same age, sex and height. […] In most cases, lifestyle changes and/or medication work well to manage blood pressure. […] Untreated high blood pressure can damage your childs organs, including their brain, heart and kidneys. High blood pressure can also continue into adulthood. Over time, this damage can lead to such complications as heart attack, heart failure, kidney failure, and stroke.

• #24 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1015/p486.html

  High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked. […] In children younger than 13 years, elevated blood pressure is defined as blood pressure in the 90th percentile or higher for age, height, and sex, and hypertension is defined as blood pressure in the 95th percentile or higher. […] In adolescents 13 years and older, elevated blood pressure is defined as blood pressure of 120 to 129 mm Hg systolic and less than 80 mm Hg diastolic, and hypertension is defined as blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg or higher. […] Hypertension in children is initially treated with lifestyle changes such as weight loss if overweight or obese, a healthy diet, and regular exercise. […] Children with symptomatic hypertension (e.g., headaches, cognitive changes), stage 2 hypertension without a modifiable factor such as obesity, evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography, any stage of hypertension associated with chronic kidney disease or diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite a trial of lifestyle modifications require antihypertensive medications and should be evaluated for cardiovascular damage with echocardiography.

• #25 High blood pressure – children: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007696.htm

  High blood pressure in children up to age 13 is defined differently than in adults. […] Most children do not have any symptoms of high blood pressure. High blood pressure is often discovered during a checkup when a provider checks your child’s blood pressure. […] In most cases, the only sign of high blood pressure is the blood pressure measurement itself. […] Most of the time, high blood pressure in children can be controlled with lifestyle changes and medicine, if needed. […] Untreated high blood pressure in children may lead to complications in adulthood, which may include: Stroke, Heart attack, Heart failure, Kidney disease.

• #26 Children with high blood pressure often become adults with high blood pressure | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/children-with-high-blood-pressure-often-become-adults-with-high-blood-pressure

  Recognizing high blood pressure in children and adolescents who are otherwise healthy and without symptoms may be challenging. […] Current pediatric guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, European Society of Hypertension and Hypertension Canada define a diagnosis of childhood-onset high blood pressure to be systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure levels that are greater than the 95th percentile of blood pressure values in healthy children, based on age, sex and height. […] When high blood pressure is diagnosed in youth, treatment may include dietary changes, increased physical activity, a reduction in screen time (television or other digital devices) and in some cases medication. […] There is a need for increased understanding and greater research surrounding high blood pressure in youth.

• #27 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1015/p486.html

  High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked. […] In children younger than 13 years, elevated blood pressure is defined as blood pressure in the 90th percentile or higher for age, height, and sex, and hypertension is defined as blood pressure in the 95th percentile or higher. […] In adolescents 13 years and older, elevated blood pressure is defined as blood pressure of 120 to 129 mm Hg systolic and less than 80 mm Hg diastolic, and hypertension is defined as blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg or higher. […] Hypertension in children is initially treated with lifestyle changes such as weight loss if overweight or obese, a healthy diet, and regular exercise. […] Children with symptomatic hypertension (e.g., headaches, cognitive changes), stage 2 hypertension without a modifiable factor such as obesity, evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography, any stage of hypertension associated with chronic kidney disease or diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite a trial of lifestyle modifications require antihypertensive medications and should be evaluated for cardiovascular damage with echocardiography.

• #28 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  The doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your child’s medical history, family history of high blood pressure, and nutrition and activity level. […] For a diagnosis of high blood pressure, your child’s blood pressure must be higher than normal when measured during at least three visits to the doctor. […] High blood pressure rarely causes symptoms, but it is a risk factor for heart disease and other childhood illnesses.

• #29 High Blood Pressure in Children and Teens | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/h/high-blood-pressure-in-children-and-adolescents.html

  High blood pressure often doesn’t cause any symptoms. This is why it’s often referred to as the silent killer. It’s often found during a routine visit to a healthcare provider. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) means that the pressure inside the arteries is too high. This higher pressure may harm the arteries and cause the heart to work harder. […] One high blood pressure reading doesn’t mean that your child has high blood pressure. Your child’s healthcare provider will want to check your child’s blood pressure over a period of days or weeks. When blood pressure stays high, it may be a problem. […] High blood pressure may damage the blood vessels and heart. This increases the risk for heart attack and stroke later in life. […] Blood pressure changes. Your child’s provider will check it over a period of days or weeks before making a diagnosis of high blood pressure.

• #30 High Blood Pressure in Kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/high-blood-pressure-and-kids

  When a young child (under 6) has high blood pressure, the cause is often a related medical condition, such as kidney disease. This is called secondary hypertension. […] When high blood pressure has no disease-related cause, it’s called primary hypertension. Primary hypertension is more common in older children and teens and is commonly related to obesity or to a family history of hypertension. […] „There is a growing trend in the number of children and teens who are overweight or have obesity, and this is a major cause of high blood pressure in kids,” says Smitha Vidi, M.D., a pediatric nephrologist at Children’s Health and Assistant Professor at UT Southwestern. „Additionally, kids are eating a lot of processed foods, which have very high amounts of salt. A high-salt diet is a big contributor to increasing blood pressures.”

• #31 High Blood Pressure in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p704.html

  High blood pressure, or hypertension, sometimes doesn’t have a known cause. This is called primary hypertension and is more common in older children, children who are overweight, or children who have a family history of high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure usually doesn’t cause symptoms in children. If it is very high, it may cause headaches, vomiting, or seizures. If your child has high blood pressure and any of these symptoms, you should see a doctor right away. […] Kids with very high blood pressure, blood pressure that doesn’t get better with lifestyle changes, or possible heart or blood vessel damage need medicine to help lower blood pressure.

• #32 High Blood Pressure in Kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/high-blood-pressure-and-kids

  When a young child (under 6) has high blood pressure, the cause is often a related medical condition, such as kidney disease. This is called secondary hypertension. […] When high blood pressure has no disease-related cause, it’s called primary hypertension. Primary hypertension is more common in older children and teens and is commonly related to obesity or to a family history of hypertension. […] „There is a growing trend in the number of children and teens who are overweight or have obesity, and this is a major cause of high blood pressure in kids,” says Smitha Vidi, M.D., a pediatric nephrologist at Children’s Health and Assistant Professor at UT Southwestern. „Additionally, kids are eating a lot of processed foods, which have very high amounts of salt. A high-salt diet is a big contributor to increasing blood pressures.”

• #33 High blood pressure in children – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20373440

  High blood pressure usually doesn’t cause symptoms. However, signs and symptoms that might indicate a high blood pressure emergency (hypertensive crisis) include: […] If your child has any of these signs or symptoms, seek emergency medical care. […] Children who have high blood pressure are likely to continue to have high blood pressure as adults unless they begin treatment. […] If your child’s high blood pressure continues into adulthood, your child could be at risk of:

• #34 Children with high blood pressure often become adults with high blood pressure | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/children-with-high-blood-pressure-often-become-adults-with-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure in youth and the need for appropriate diagnosis, treatment and reduction of lifestyle risk factors outlined in a new American Heart Association scientific statement […] Having high blood pressure as a child often leads to high blood pressure in adulthood, which may increase the likelihood of heart disease and stroke, as well as cause damage to the kidneys, eyes and more. […] Regular and appropriate assessment of blood pressure levels in children is important, as there are often no symptoms of high blood pressure. […] An estimated 2-5% of children have hypertension, or high blood pressure, and primary hypertensionindicating it is not due to an underlying medical conditionis now the most common type of high blood pressure in kids, especially in adolescents. […] Since kids with high blood pressure levels tend to maintain high blood pressure into adulthood, diagnosing and appropriately addressing high blood pressure in youth is imperative to ensure improved lifetime health as early as possible.

• #35 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  High blood pressure – sometimes referred to as „the silent killer” because it can do serious heart and brain damage before symptoms appear – is common in adults. […] Among U.S. children and adolescents, up to 5% have high blood pressure – also known as hypertension – and as many as 18% have elevated blood pressure, according to a scientific statement from the American Heart Association published recently in its journal Hypertension. […] Conditions such as heart defects and kidney disease also can cause blood pressure to rise in children. […] Developing high blood pressure in childhood is especially concerning, Tran said, because the longer blood pressure remains high, the greater the risks to the heart and blood vessels in major organs, such as the brain and kidneys. […] We now have evidence that children with hypertension have enlarged hearts and stiffer vessels, Falkner said. „There are signs that high blood pressure is having an adverse impact on the child.”

• #36 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1015/p486.html

  High blood pressure in childhood is correlated with higher blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood, and this relationship strengthens with age. […] Children also experience target organ damage from hypertension, including left ventricular hypertrophy and pathologic vascular changes (i.e., carotid intima-media thickness). […] Despite the increasing prevalence and potential risks of hypertension in children, the diagnosis is often overlooked. […] The combined prevalence of elevated blood pressure and hypertension in children is around 6%, or 3% for each. […] The combined prevalence increases by nearly five times, to around 30%, in adolescents who are obese. […] Primary hypertension in children is associated with other risk factors for CVD, including hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance.

• #37 Pediatric Hypertension: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889877-overview

  Obese children have approximately a 3-fold higher risk for hypertension than nonobese children. […] As many as 41% of children with high blood pressure (BP) have left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). […] Almost 60% of children with persistent elevated BP have relative weights greater than 120% of the median for their sex, height, and age.

• #38 High blood pressure – children: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007696.htm

  High blood pressure in children up to age 13 is defined differently than in adults. […] Most children do not have any symptoms of high blood pressure. High blood pressure is often discovered during a checkup when a provider checks your child’s blood pressure. […] In most cases, the only sign of high blood pressure is the blood pressure measurement itself. […] Most of the time, high blood pressure in children can be controlled with lifestyle changes and medicine, if needed. […] Untreated high blood pressure in children may lead to complications in adulthood, which may include: Stroke, Heart attack, Heart failure, Kidney disease.

• #39 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) in Children

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hypertension/children-causes-diagnosis-treatment/

  High blood pressure in children, just as in adults, usually does not cause any symptoms. […] Occasionally, children with severe hypertension may experience symptoms like headaches, loss of vision, double vision, chest pain, abdominal pain, and breathing problems. […] Children and teens with high blood pressure are likely to continue to struggle with it into adulthood unless they begin treatment. […] Cardiovascular complications associated with pediatric hypertension include thickening (hypertrophy) of the heart, which can progress to heart failure. If high blood pressure persists into adulthood, your child could be at an increased risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and kidney disease.

• #40 Hypertension in children and adolescents

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/hypertension/

  Hypertension in childhood is a key predictor of risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease and end organ damage in adulthood […] Severe hypertension requires urgent consultation and management. Hypertension associated with encephalopathy is a medical emergency […] All hypertension in children requires monitoring and follow-up […] Blood pressure should be measured annually in healthy children […] History: Headache/vomiting, Blurred vision, Change in mental state, Seizures, Chest pain/palpitations, Shortness of breath, Cardiac failure, Past history of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) […] Signs of end organ damage: Fundoscopy: hypertensive retinopathy, Cardiovascular: apical heave, hepatomegaly, oedema, Chronic renal failure: palpable kidneys, Focal neurology eg facial nerve palsies […] Hypertensive Emergency: 95th centile + 30 mmHg associated with encephalopathy, eg headache vomiting, vision changes and neurological symptoms (facial nerve palsy, lethargy, seizures, coma) +/- target-end organ damage […] Hypertensive urgency: If medically stable, consider short acting oral agents while investigating cause […] Medical management should only be commenced in consultation with a general or renal paediatrician.

• #41 High Blood Pressure in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Usually, high blood pressure causes no symptoms in children. High blood pressure typically causes symptoms only after a vital organ is damaged, usually not for many years after blood pressure becomes high. […] Thus, problems due to high blood pressure tend not to develop during childhood. […] Rarely, high blood pressure in children severely damages vital organs because of a sudden hypertensive emergency. The organs that may be affected include the following: Brain, which can result in deterioration of brain function, with drowsiness, confusion, seizures, and even coma; Heart, which can result in heart failure; Eyes, which can result in papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve) and bleeding in the retina, changes in vision, or loss of vision; Kidneys, which can result in kidney failure. […] If untreated, a hypertensive emergency can be fatal.

• #42 High Blood Pressure in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Usually, high blood pressure causes no symptoms in children. High blood pressure typically causes symptoms only after a vital organ is damaged, usually not for many years after blood pressure becomes high. […] Thus, problems due to high blood pressure tend not to develop during childhood. […] Rarely, high blood pressure in children severely damages vital organs because of a sudden hypertensive emergency. The organs that may be affected include the following: Brain, which can result in deterioration of brain function, with drowsiness, confusion, seizures, and even coma; Heart, which can result in heart failure; Eyes, which can result in papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve) and bleeding in the retina, changes in vision, or loss of vision; Kidneys, which can result in kidney failure. […] If untreated, a hypertensive emergency can be fatal.

• #43 High Blood Pressure in Children | Go Red for Women

  https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Children of all ages, from birth to teens, can have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. There are often no symptoms and early diagnosis and treatment are important. […] Pediatric guidelines recommend that all children ages 3 and older have yearly blood pressure checks for early detection and treatment. Children younger than 3 may need blood pressure checks if they have a high risk condition. […] High blood pressure in children can come from several risk factors. It can also be secondary hypertension, caused by another health condition. A variety of factors can contribute to the condition, including: Family history, Excess weight or obesity, Race — As with Black adults, Black children are also at a higher risk for high blood pressure. […] Treatment includes managing lifestyle factors, (such as diet, weight and physical activity, and medication.

• #44 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  For children under 13, hypertension is diagnosed if either systolic or diastolic blood pressure is at or above the 95th percentile, meaning 95% of other kids of the same age, sex and height have a lower blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is defined as being below the 90th percentile. […] As with adults, treatment for high blood pressure in children should begin with lifestyle changes, including getting regular physical activity and improving the diet, Tran said. „We recommend dietary changes such as eating more fruits and vegetables and reducing sodium.” […] If blood pressure is confirmed to be very high or remains high despite lifestyle changes, medication may be needed, Tran said.

• #45 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1015/p486.html

  High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked. […] In children younger than 13 years, elevated blood pressure is defined as blood pressure in the 90th percentile or higher for age, height, and sex, and hypertension is defined as blood pressure in the 95th percentile or higher. […] In adolescents 13 years and older, elevated blood pressure is defined as blood pressure of 120 to 129 mm Hg systolic and less than 80 mm Hg diastolic, and hypertension is defined as blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg or higher. […] Hypertension in children is initially treated with lifestyle changes such as weight loss if overweight or obese, a healthy diet, and regular exercise. […] Children with symptomatic hypertension (e.g., headaches, cognitive changes), stage 2 hypertension without a modifiable factor such as obesity, evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography, any stage of hypertension associated with chronic kidney disease or diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite a trial of lifestyle modifications require antihypertensive medications and should be evaluated for cardiovascular damage with echocardiography.

• #46 Children with high blood pressure often become adults with high blood pressure | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/children-with-high-blood-pressure-often-become-adults-with-high-blood-pressure

  Recognizing high blood pressure in children and adolescents who are otherwise healthy and without symptoms may be challenging. […] Current pediatric guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, European Society of Hypertension and Hypertension Canada define a diagnosis of childhood-onset high blood pressure to be systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure levels that are greater than the 95th percentile of blood pressure values in healthy children, based on age, sex and height. […] When high blood pressure is diagnosed in youth, treatment may include dietary changes, increased physical activity, a reduction in screen time (television or other digital devices) and in some cases medication. […] There is a need for increased understanding and greater research surrounding high blood pressure in youth.

• #47 Hypertension | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypertension-in-children

  High blood pressure in infants and young children, and in older children whose high blood pressure is not resolved with lifestyle changes, maybe a sign of other medical conditions, such as kidney disease, a heart defect, or hormonal disorders. […] Research shows that heart disease in adults often begins in childhood. Untreated, childhood hypertension can lead to a number of serious health problems in adulthood, including heart attack or heart failure at an early age, kidney disease or kidney failure, stroke, vision loss, and sexual dysfunction. […] Early diagnosis of hypertension can lead to better long-term outcomes. Children are more resilient than adults. When high blood pressure is treated in young people, damage to the heart and arteries can often be reversed and damage to other organs is prevented.

• #48 High Blood Pressure in Children: Not Just an Adult Problem – kidsheart.com

  https://www.kidsheart.com/high-blood-pressure-not-just-an-adult-problem/

  For older kids, high blood pressure can occur for the same reasons adults develop it including excess weight, a sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition habits. […] Early detection and treatment of pediatric hypertension can prevent the progression of heart disease, and in some cases, reverse changes that have already happened. […] An elevated pressure reading may require further evaluation by a blood pressure specialist. […] With a diagnosis of hypertension, a blood pressure specialist may decide to do the following: Recommend an echocardiogram to help determine if it has affected the heart muscle. […] Start medications to lower blood pressure. […] Discuss heart-healthy lifestyle modifications such as reducing sodium intake and increasing exercise.

• #49 Children with high blood pressure often become adults with high blood pressure | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/children-with-high-blood-pressure-often-become-adults-with-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure in youth and the need for appropriate diagnosis, treatment and reduction of lifestyle risk factors outlined in a new American Heart Association scientific statement […] Having high blood pressure as a child often leads to high blood pressure in adulthood, which may increase the likelihood of heart disease and stroke, as well as cause damage to the kidneys, eyes and more. […] Regular and appropriate assessment of blood pressure levels in children is important, as there are often no symptoms of high blood pressure. […] An estimated 2-5% of children have hypertension, or high blood pressure, and primary hypertensionindicating it is not due to an underlying medical conditionis now the most common type of high blood pressure in kids, especially in adolescents. […] Since kids with high blood pressure levels tend to maintain high blood pressure into adulthood, diagnosing and appropriately addressing high blood pressure in youth is imperative to ensure improved lifetime health as early as possible.

• #50 High Blood Pressure in Children Signs & Symptoms | Rush | Rush System

  https://www.rush.edu/kids/conditions/high-blood-pressure-children

  Blood pressure measures the health of your childs arteries and how hard the heart is working to pump blood through those arteries. An increased force of blood rising against the arteries creates high blood pressure or hypertension. […] If either one or both of these numbers is too high, your child may have high blood pressure. […] Your child may not show symptoms of high blood pressure, so your childs pediatrician may discover a blood pressure problem during a blood pressure check at a regular doctors appointment. […] If your childs high blood pressure goes untreated, especially for a long period of time, it can cause serious health problems, including the following: Eye disease, Heart disease, Kidney disease, Stroke. […] To reduce the risk of complications, treatment of high blood pressure in kids focuses largely on lowering it. The best way to achieve this is through lifestyle changes that emphasize healthy habits.

• #51 High & Low Blood Pressure in Kids – Focus on Kids Pediatrics

  https://www.focusonkidspeds.com/info-articles/high-and-low-blood-pressure-in-kids/

  Symptoms of High Blood Pressure […] In the majority of cases, children and teens with high blood pressure are asymptomatic. However, if high blood pressure is severe enough, symptoms could include headaches, dizziness, blurry vision, tachycardia, and nausea.[…] Other symptoms such as seizures, vomiting, chest pain, and shortness of breath could be indicative of a hypertensive crisis. It is important to seek immediate medical attention in the presence of these symptoms.

• #52 Pediatric Hypertension | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/specialties/cardiology-cardiac-surgery/our-services/hypertension-center/pediatric-hypertension

  High blood pressure also known as hypertension is often thought to be an adult problem. In recent years, there has been a rise in hypertension in children and adolescents. […] Its important to have your child evaluated if he or she has been diagnosed with hypertension. Hypertension in children can lead to future health problems that may include kidney disease and even stroke and heart failure. […] Generally, high blood pressure does not cause symptoms in children. Symptoms that might mean a serious problem associated with high blood pressure include: Headaches, Vomiting, Chest pains, Heart palpitations, Shortness of breath, Seizures. […] If your child has high blood pressure and is experiencing any of these symptoms, you should seek emergency care.

• #53

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/Presion-arterial-alta-en-ninos-hispanos.aspx

  We generally think of high blood pressure (hypertension) as a problem that only affects adults. But the reality is that it can occur at any age. […] High blood pressure can cause serious health problems in the future, such as heart disease. That’s why it’s important to keep it under control. […] A large proportion of children and adolescents with elevated blood pressure continue to have high blood pressure as adults. […] As more research is done on young people, harmful effects of high blood pressure on the heart, blood vessels and even learning have been found. […] High blood pressure in children can be prevented, in many cases, with a healthy lifestyle. This includes maintaining a healthy weight, eating healthy and making it a priority to get enough physical activity and sleep. In other words, controlling one disease (obesity) can help prevent the other (hypertension).

• #54 High Blood Pressure in Children and Teens | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/better-me/hypertension-in-children-and-teens-and-how-to-prevent-future-risks

  In some cases, children may need blood pressure medication. […] Children who require medication are those with a secondary cause, those who are symptomatic from their hypertension or those with a chronic condition like diabetes, Dr. Prasad said. It may also be recommended for children who continue to have hypertension after making lifestyle changes. […] Hypertension in children and teens is a growing concern, but it can be managed and even prevented with the right lifestyle changes and medical care.

Zobacz więcej