Materiały źródłowe

• #1 High blood pressure in children – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20373440

  High blood pressure (hypertension) in children is blood pressure that is at or above the 95th percentile for children who are the same sex, age and height as your child. […] Lifestyle changes, such as eating a heart-healthy diet low in salt (sodium) and exercising more, can help reduce high blood pressure in children. But for some children, medications may be necessary. […] Your child’s blood pressure should be checked during routine well-check appointments starting at age 3, and at every appointment if your child is found to have high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure in younger children is often related to other health conditions, such as heart defects, kidney disease, genetic conditions or hormonal disorders. Older children especially those who are overweight are more likely to have primary hypertension. This type of high blood pressure occurs on its own, without an underlying condition. […] High blood pressure can be prevented in children by making the same lifestyle changes that can help treat it controlling your child’s weight, providing a healthy diet low in salt (sodium) and encouraging your child to exercise.

• #2 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. Children often dont have symptoms of high blood pressure, so its important to take them to regular checkups with their healthcare provider. […] High blood pressure in children and teens is called pediatric hypertension. […] Over time, high blood pressure can damage a childs organs because their heart and blood vessels arent delivering blood to their organs the way they should. This can damage a number of organs, including their heart, kidneys and eyes. Because of this, its essential to diagnose and treat pediatric hypertension as soon as possible. […] While hypertension can cause symptoms in severe cases, most children with high blood pressure have no symptoms. Healthcare providers usually discover it when checking a childs blood pressure during a routine checkup.

• #3 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1015/p486.html

  High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked. Children should be screened for elevated blood pressure annually beginning at three years of age or at every visit if risk factors are present. In children younger than 13 years, elevated blood pressure is defined as blood pressure in the 90th percentile or higher for age, height, and sex, and hypertension is defined as blood pressure in the 95th percentile or higher. […] Hypertension in children is initially treated with lifestyle changes such as weight loss if overweight or obese, a healthy diet, and regular exercise. Children with symptomatic hypertension (e.g., headaches, cognitive changes), stage 2 hypertension without a modifiable factor such as obesity, evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography, any stage of hypertension associated with chronic kidney disease or diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite a trial of lifestyle modifications require antihypertensive medications and should be evaluated for cardiovascular damage with echocardiography.

• #4 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  We know that kids who have high blood pressure also tend to have it as adults, said Tran, who co-authored the recent AHA report. […] For children under 13, hypertension is diagnosed if either systolic or diastolic blood pressure is at or above the 95th percentile, meaning 95% of other kids of the same age, sex and height have a lower blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is defined as being below the 90th percentile. […] As with adults, treatment for high blood pressure in children should begin with lifestyle changes, including getting regular physical activity and improving the diet, Tran said.

• #5 Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Lifestyle changes are recommended for children with hypertension (defined as blood pressure >95th percentile) or those with elevated blood pressure (defined as blood pressure >90th to the 95th percentile or if blood pressure exceeds 120/80 mmHg in adolescents 13 years or older). […] Lifestyle changes include: […] ● Weight loss […] ● Regular exercise […] ● Dietary changes, including reducing salt intake and avoiding alcohol […] ● Although cigarette smoke does not directly affect blood pressure, exposure to cigarette smoke (including secondhand exposure) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and should be avoided […] In children who are obese or overweight, losing weight can help to lower blood pressure. In some cases, the child will be referred to a nutritionist, who can work with the child and parents/caregivers to formulate a healthy eating plan.

• #6 Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28827377/

  These pediatric hypertension guidelines are an update to the 2004 „Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.” […] Significant changes in these guidelines include (1) the replacement of the term „prehypertension” with the term „elevated blood pressure,” (2) new normative pediatric blood pressure (BP) tables based on normal-weight children, (3) a simplified screening table for identifying BPs needing further evaluation, (4) a simplified BP classification in adolescents 13 years of age that aligns with the forthcoming American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology adult BP guidelines, (5) a more limited recommendation to perform screening BP measurements only at preventive care visits, (6) streamlined recommendations on the initial evaluation and management of abnormal BPs, (7) an expanded role for ambulatory BP monitoring in the diagnosis and management of pediatric hypertension, and (8) revised recommendations on when to perform echocardiography in the evaluation of newly diagnosed hypertensive pediatric patients (generally only before medication initiation), along with a revised definition of left ventricular hypertrophy.

• #7 Patient education: High blood pressure in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OVERVIEW […] Blood pressure refers to the pressure that blood applies to the inner walls of blood vessels. High blood pressure is also called hypertension. Although hypertension is more common in adults, it often develops during childhood and adolescence, and can increase the risk of early heart disease and stroke during adulthood. Fortunately, high blood pressure is easy to measure and can be treated. […] HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE SYMPTOMS […] A slow increase in blood pressure does not usually cause any symptoms. However, a sudden increase in blood pressure in children and adolescents can cause headache, dizziness, vomiting, seizures, or heart failure. […] BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT […] Expert groups recommend that all children over age three years have their blood pressure measured during routine office visits at least once per year. Blood pressure measurements may be recommended at an earlier age in children who have kidney or heart disease, or present with any of the above-mentioned symptoms that could indicate hypertension.

• #8 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/hbp-child.html

  Children and adolescents three years of age or older should have their blood pressure measured annually. Blood pressure checks should be performed at every health care encounter for children and adolescents who are obese, take medications that raise blood pressure, have renal disease, diabetes or a history of aortic arch obstruction or coarctation. […] Hypertension should be diagnosed in children and adolescents who have auscultatory-confirmed blood pressure readings greater than the 95th percentile, based on sex, age, and height tables, at three different visits. […] Children and adolescents being evaluated for high BP should have a perinatal history, appropriate nutritional history, physical activity history, psychosocial history, and family history recorded and a physical examination to identify findings suggestive of secondary causes of hypertension. Electrocardiography should not be used for initial evaluation.

• #9 Children and High Blood Pressure | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/children-and-high-blood-pressure

  In 2017, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published new guidelines to provide a standardized framework for the diagnosis of hypertension in children. […] The guidelines recommend that blood pressure be measured annually in children starting at age three. […] For children with obesity, diabetes, a history of kidney disease or a heart condition known as aortic coarctation, or those on medications known to increase blood pressure, it should be measured at every medical encounter. […] Trained health care professionals in the office setting should make a diagnosis of hypertension if a child or adolescent has blood pressure readings 95th percentile for age, height and gender at 3 different visits. […] Based on numerous studies, ABPM has been shown to be a better method for monitoring blood pressure in children. […] Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is a precise and cost-effective tool to help make an accurate diagnosis of hypertension in children.

• #10 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  The doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your child’s medical history, family history of high blood pressure, and nutrition and activity level. […] Your child’s blood pressure will be measured. The correct blood pressure cuff size is important for measuring accurately. It is also important that blood pressure be measured with proper technique, in a quiet environment, with the child resting comfortably. During a single visit, your child’s blood pressure might be measured two or more times for accuracy. […] For a diagnosis of high blood pressure, your child’s blood pressure must be higher than normal when measured during at least three visits to the doctor. […] If your child is diagnosed with high blood pressure, it’s important to determine whether it’s primary or secondary.

• #11 Hypertension in children and adolescents

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/hypertension/

  Hypertension in childhood is a key predictor of risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease and end organ damage in adulthood […] All hypertension in children requires monitoring and follow-up […] Blood pressure should be measured annually in healthy children […] Where possible, abnormal machine BP measurement should be confirmed, preferably with a manual BP, ensuring appropriately sized cuff is used for accurate measurement […] Key points when measuring blood pressure Ensure the correct cuff size is selected for each patient, favouring a larger rather than smaller cuff (smaller cuff creates artificial hypertension) […] Abnormal oscillatory BP measurement needs checking with a manual BP from the child’s arm […] Medical management should only be commenced in consultation with a general or renal paediatrician […] Long-acting calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine are recommended as first line therapy. Other medication may be preferred in children with BMI 95th centile, diabetes or proteinuria.

• #12 Patient education: High blood pressure in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS […] In children with no symptoms, the diagnosis of hypertension is made when the blood pressure is at or greater than the 95th percentile on three separate measurements or greater than 130/80, which are separated by days or weeks. Waiting period with repeat measurements is not necessary in those with symptoms or clinical signs of hypertension. […] It is important to identify children with elevated blood pressure (blood pressure that is higher than normal but is not yet hypertension, formerly called „prehypertension”) in order to prevent progression to hypertension. Some children with elevated blood pressure may be candidates for treatment, such as those with chronic kidney disease, cardiac problems, or diabetes mellitus. […] HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE TREATMENT […] Treatment of high blood pressure in children is discussed in detail in a separate topic review. (See „Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics).”)

• #13 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/hbp-child.html

  Children and adolescents three years of age or older should have their blood pressure measured annually. Blood pressure checks should be performed at every health care encounter for children and adolescents who are obese, take medications that raise blood pressure, have renal disease, diabetes or a history of aortic arch obstruction or coarctation. […] Hypertension should be diagnosed in children and adolescents who have auscultatory-confirmed blood pressure readings greater than the 95th percentile, based on sex, age, and height tables, at three different visits. […] Children and adolescents being evaluated for high BP should have a perinatal history, appropriate nutritional history, physical activity history, psychosocial history, and family history recorded and a physical examination to identify findings suggestive of secondary causes of hypertension. Electrocardiography should not be used for initial evaluation.

• #14 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/hbp-child.html

  Children and adolescents three years of age or older should have their blood pressure measured annually. Blood pressure checks should be performed at every health care encounter for children and adolescents who are obese, take medications that raise blood pressure, have renal disease, diabetes or a history of aortic arch obstruction or coarctation. […] Hypertension should be diagnosed in children and adolescents who have auscultatory-confirmed blood pressure readings greater than the 95th percentile, based on sex, age, and height tables, at three different visits. […] Children and adolescents being evaluated for high BP should have a perinatal history, appropriate nutritional history, physical activity history, psychosocial history, and family history recorded and a physical examination to identify findings suggestive of secondary causes of hypertension. Electrocardiography should not be used for initial evaluation.

• #15 High Blood Pressure in Kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/high-blood-pressure-and-kids

  You may think that hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition that affects only adults. However, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), an estimated 3.5% of children and teens have high blood pressure. When left untreated, this condition can cause serious complications, such as heart disease, kidney failure, stroke and vision loss. […] Regular screenings can help identify high blood pressure in children. […] A child’s blood pressure should be checked once a year at their annual exam starting at the age of 3. […] If a child has a health condition that increases their risk for high blood pressure, such as obesity or kidney disease, their blood pressure will be checked at every doctor visit. […] Your child’s pediatrician will track trends in blood pressure over time, not just the initial screening, to accurately identify a diagnosis of hypertension.

• #16 High blood pressure in children – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20373440

  High blood pressure (hypertension) in children is blood pressure that is at or above the 95th percentile for children who are the same sex, age and height as your child. […] Lifestyle changes, such as eating a heart-healthy diet low in salt (sodium) and exercising more, can help reduce high blood pressure in children. But for some children, medications may be necessary. […] Your child’s blood pressure should be checked during routine well-check appointments starting at age 3, and at every appointment if your child is found to have high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure in younger children is often related to other health conditions, such as heart defects, kidney disease, genetic conditions or hormonal disorders. Older children especially those who are overweight are more likely to have primary hypertension. This type of high blood pressure occurs on its own, without an underlying condition. […] High blood pressure can be prevented in children by making the same lifestyle changes that can help treat it controlling your child’s weight, providing a healthy diet low in salt (sodium) and encouraging your child to exercise.

• #17 COORDINATED CARE ACROSS THE CONTINUUM

  https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/htn-hypertension-ed-ped-cpg

  Rapid reduction of blood pressure is dangerous in children and can result in hypoperfusion of vital organs causing treatment-related complications, such as seizures, vision loss or acute kidney injury. […] Blood pressure by auscultation is the preferred method. If an elevated blood pressure is obtained via automated device, repeat by auscultation. Consistently high right arm blood pressures should be followed by measurements in the left arm and a leg. […] Patients with sickle cell disease frequently present with hypertension. It is important to gain adequate pain control prior to determining another cause for blood pressure elevation. […] Categories of hypertension in children are calculated according to age group, sex and height (percentiles) for those under 13 years of age and those 13 years of age and older. The categories are: elevated blood pressure, Stage 1 hypertension and Stage 2 hypertension. […] In young children, hypertension is usually due to a secondary cause that is most often of renal origin. […] Adolescents have essential hypertension (no identifiable cause) more often than younger children. […] There is an increase in children with hypertension related to obesity.

• #18 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  Most people think of hypertension (high blood pressure) as something that affects adults, but children can also be affected. In fact, it’s estimated that up to 5 percent of children and adolescents now have hypertension. […] While children with hypertension don’t carry the same immediate risks that adults with hypertension face, high blood pressure can still cause changes in your child’s body that put him or her at risk for complications later in life. That’s why it should be taken very seriously. […] Our experts evaluate and care for children with hypertension in our Boston and Peabody locations. […] In the Hypertension Program at Boston Children’s, we: provide comprehensive care for children and adolescents with high blood pressure. […] Hypertension is becoming increasingly common in children and adolescents. A recent study that looked at 15,000 adolescents found that nearly one in five had hypertension.

• #19 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) in Children

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hypertension/children-causes-diagnosis-treatment/

  While much of the conversation around hypertension focuses on adults, kids can have high blood pressure, too. […] Approximately 3.5 percent of all children in the United States have high blood pressure, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), but the prevalence is likely higher, experts say, because many cases go undetected. […] The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends all children have yearly blood pressure measurements starting at age 3. […] If your doctor determines your child’s blood pressure reading is high, you will need to bring your child back for a few more readings. […] Your pediatrician may also ask that your child wear a portable device called an ambulatory blood pressure monitor over a 24-hour period. […] Blood pressure that is consistently high will lead to a diagnosis of pediatric hypertension.

• #20 How to Prevent High Blood Pressure in Children

  https://www.ouhealth.com/blog/2024/december/how-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure-in-children/

  Almost half of Americans over 20 years old have hypertension. But what is not widely known is that hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, affects up to 6% of children and adolescents. […] Childhood hypertension rates continue to rise, and over the last 30 years, rates have increased fourfold. A child’s blood pressure is called elevated when it is at or is above the 90th percentile compared to other children the same age, sex, and height over three or more visits. […] Untreated high blood pressure in children may lead to complications later in life. Your child should have their blood pressure checked once a year at an annual health exam from the age of three. If your child has a condition that increases their risk for hypertension or has previously recorded a high blood pressure reading, their blood pressure will be checked every time they visit their primary care provider.

• #21 High Blood Pressure in Children | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Children of all ages, from birth to teens, can have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. There are often no symptoms and early diagnosis and treatment are important. […] Pediatric guidelines recommend that all children ages 3 and older have yearly blood pressure checks for early detection and treatment. Children younger than 3 may need blood pressure checks if they have a high risk condition. […] High blood pressure in children can come from several risk factors. It can also be secondary hypertension, caused by another health condition. A variety of factors can contribute to the condition, including: Family history, Excess weight or obesity, Race — As with Black adults, Black children are also at a higher risk for high blood pressure. […] Treatment includes managing lifestyle factors, (such as diet, weight and physical activity, and medication.

• #22 How to Prevent High Blood Pressure in Children

  https://www.ouhealth.com/blog/2024/december/how-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure-in-children/

  Some of the risk factors for high blood pressure in kids include: Obesity, Exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke, Family history of high blood pressure, High cholesterol or high triglycerides, Sleep apnea, Diabetes, Premature birth or low birth weight, Lack of exercise, High salt intake, High stress levels. […] If your child has primary hypertension, you can reduce their blood pressure through healthy lifestyle changes, which include: Exercise at least 30 minutes every day, Maintain a healthy body weight, Keep your child away from secondhand smoke, Eat a well-balanced diet, Avoid fried foods, Reduce salt intake, Avoid soda and sugary drinks, Avoid foods with added sugar, Limit screen time to under two hours each day, Get 8-12 hours of sleep each day. […] Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying disease, so it is important to identify the cause. Once doctors have identified the source, they can find an effective way to treat the hypertension. Secondary hypertension often requires pharmacological therapy.

• #23 High Blood Pressure in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  In children under 13 years of age, the values that are considered high vary based on sex, age, and height. […] Although individual blood pressure measurements may be high, hypertension is only diagnosed if the blood pressure is elevated at multiple visits, or if the average blood pressure on an ambulatory (home) BP monitor is high. […] High blood pressure may be: Primary (no known cause) […] In children 6 years of age and older, primary high blood pressure is the most common cause, particularly among adolescents. […] Primary hypertension is more common among children who have the following risk factors: Overweight or obesity (the most important risk factor) […] In children under 6 years of age, especially those under 3 years, secondary high blood pressure is more common. […] Usually, high blood pressure causes no symptoms in children.

• #24 COORDINATED CARE ACROSS THE CONTINUUM

  https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/htn-hypertension-ed-ped-cpg

  Rapid reduction of blood pressure is dangerous in children and can result in hypoperfusion of vital organs causing treatment-related complications, such as seizures, vision loss or acute kidney injury. […] Blood pressure by auscultation is the preferred method. If an elevated blood pressure is obtained via automated device, repeat by auscultation. Consistently high right arm blood pressures should be followed by measurements in the left arm and a leg. […] Patients with sickle cell disease frequently present with hypertension. It is important to gain adequate pain control prior to determining another cause for blood pressure elevation. […] Categories of hypertension in children are calculated according to age group, sex and height (percentiles) for those under 13 years of age and those 13 years of age and older. The categories are: elevated blood pressure, Stage 1 hypertension and Stage 2 hypertension. […] In young children, hypertension is usually due to a secondary cause that is most often of renal origin. […] Adolescents have essential hypertension (no identifiable cause) more often than younger children. […] There is an increase in children with hypertension related to obesity.

• #25 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) in Children

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hypertension/children-causes-diagnosis-treatment/

  Essential hypertension occurs on its own without an underlying health condition. […] This type of high blood pressure is more common in older children, generally older than age 6. […] Risk factors that lead to essential hypertension include a genetic predisposition or family history of high blood pressure, being overweight or obese, type 2 diabetes, and high cholesterol or triglycerides. […] According to AAP, by age 7, more than 50 percent of pediatric hypertension cases are caused by obesity. […] That number rises to 85 to 95 percent by adolescence. […] Establishing positive health habits, including a healthy diet that is low in sodium and high in fruits and vegetables, and plenty of physical activity, is essential in the early years of life for warding off high blood pressure and other health problems.

• #26 Pediatric Hypertension: Screening, Diagnosis and Management | Texas Health Steps

  http://www.txhealthsteps.com/636-pediatric-hypertension

  The goal of this module is to equip Texas Health Steps providers and others to monitor blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents, evaluate and follow up on elevated BP readings, and manage pediatric hypertension in collaboration with families. […] Apply clinical best practices to evaluate all elevated blood pressure readings and to diagnose and manage pediatric hypertension. […] This module is based on the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (2017), the first set of guidelines for high blood pressure in children and adolescents developed by the AAP and still in use today. […] American Academy of Pediatrics, healthychildren.org. Screening Treating Kids for High Blood Pressure: AAP Report Explained.

• #27 High Blood Pressure in Kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/high-blood-pressure-and-kids

  A healthy blood pressure for a child depends on their age, height and gender. […] A child is considered to have an elevated blood pressure if their blood pressure falls above the 90th percentile, and hypertension if they are above the 95th percentile. […] If your child’s pediatrician notices a trend of high blood pressure readings, they will closely monitor your child’s blood pressure or refer you to a specialist to address any health concerns. […] Hypertension is often a silent condition. Typically, there aren’t obvious symptoms to let parents know their child has high blood pressure; it is often diagnosed when the doctor discovers it during an exam. This is why regular blood pressure screening is so important. […] If your child is diagnosed with hypertension, your pediatrician may recommend certain lifestyle changes to lower their blood pressure, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise or weight loss.

• #28 How to Diagnose and Treat Pediatric Hypertension

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-diagnose-and-treat-pediatric-hypertension

  While some children may experience symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, or fatigue, most children with pediatric hypertension are asymptomatic, resulting in underdiagnosis. As a result, routine blood pressure screenings during pediatric check-ups are key for identifying hypertension in children, especially those at higher risk due to family history or obesity. […] Accurate diagnosis and comprehensive evaluation of pediatric hypertension are essential for guiding appropriate management strategies and minimizing long-term cardiovascular risks in affected children. […] Managing pediatric hypertension requires a comprehensive approach encompassing both non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions, often within a multidisciplinary care framework. […] Non-pharmacological treatment options serve as the foundation of pediatric hypertension management. Lifestyle modifications play a key role in supporting healthy blood pressure levels and improving overall cardiovascular health.

• #29 Patient education: High blood pressure in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OVERVIEW […] Blood pressure refers to the pressure that blood applies to the inner walls of blood vessels. High blood pressure is also called hypertension. Although hypertension is more common in adults, it often develops during childhood and adolescence, and can increase the risk of early heart disease and stroke during adulthood. Fortunately, high blood pressure is easy to measure and can be treated. […] HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE SYMPTOMS […] A slow increase in blood pressure does not usually cause any symptoms. However, a sudden increase in blood pressure in children and adolescents can cause headache, dizziness, vomiting, seizures, or heart failure. […] BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT […] Expert groups recommend that all children over age three years have their blood pressure measured during routine office visits at least once per year. Blood pressure measurements may be recommended at an earlier age in children who have kidney or heart disease, or present with any of the above-mentioned symptoms that could indicate hypertension.

• #30 High Blood Pressure Emergencies in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-emergencies-in-children

  A hypertensive emergency is a particularly severe, sudden form of high blood pressure that can damage one or more vital organs. […] In children, the first symptoms of a hypertensive emergency are typically a headache, listlessness, confusion, and seizures and, in infants, irritability. […] Treatment of hypertensive emergencies involves admitting children to an intensive care unit and giving medications by vein to lower blood pressure as soon as possible. […] Hypertensive emergencies are relatively rare in children. […] All children with a hypertensive emergency have evidence of organ damage. […] Children with a hypertensive emergency are rapidly admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) or, if an ICU is not available, to an emergency department so that they can be quickly treated and evaluated and monitored closely.

• #31 High Blood Pressure Emergencies in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-emergencies-in-children

  A hypertensive emergency is a particularly severe, sudden form of high blood pressure that can damage one or more vital organs. […] In children, the first symptoms of a hypertensive emergency are typically a headache, listlessness, confusion, and seizures and, in infants, irritability. […] Treatment of hypertensive emergencies involves admitting children to an intensive care unit and giving medications by vein to lower blood pressure as soon as possible. […] Hypertensive emergencies are relatively rare in children. […] All children with a hypertensive emergency have evidence of organ damage. […] Children with a hypertensive emergency are rapidly admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) or, if an ICU is not available, to an emergency department so that they can be quickly treated and evaluated and monitored closely.

• #32 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  The rise in the number of children with primary hypertension in the United States is thought to correlate with the rise of obesity. […] While kids with hypertension are unlikely to have heart attacks and strokes, it still has significant risks. Hypertension causes changes in the structures of the blood vessels and heart. […] Pediatricians are making great efforts to prevent obesity and stem the tide of problems that accompany it. […] We are dedicated to educating families to assist with appropriate dietary and activity choices to improve overall health and reduce the risk of hypertension. […] Learning that your child has high blood pressure can certainly be distressing, but it’s almost always easily managed. […] Most primary hypertension can be treated with changes in diet and exercise habits, and if necessary, there are medications that can help, too.

• #33 High Blood Pressure in Children Signs & Symptoms | Rush | Rush System

  https://www.rush.edu/kids/conditions/high-blood-pressure-children

  If your childs high blood pressure goes untreated, especially for a long period of time, it can cause serious health problems, including the following: Eye disease, Heart disease, Kidney disease, Stroke. […] To reduce the risk of complications, treatment of high blood pressure in kids focuses largely on lowering it. The best way to achieve this is through lifestyle changes that emphasize healthy habits. […] Sometimes lifestyle changes are not enough or your child has other risk factors that make lowering blood pressure difficult. If this is the case, your childs pediatrician may recommend high blood pressure medication.

• #34 High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease in Children | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/high-blood-pressure-and-kidney-disease-children

  High blood pressure is common in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Because of their young age when they develop CKD and high blood pressure, there is a high risk that these children may eventually have heart problems and a worsening of CKD. It is very important for children with CKD to be checked for high blood pressure. Early detection and treatment of high blood pressure helps to reduce the chance of these complications. […] High blood pressure is a leading cause of CKD in adults and contributes to the worsening of CKD in children. High blood pressure can also be a complication of kidney disease. The kidneys play a key role in keeping blood pressure in a healthy range. If your child’s kidneys are damaged, they are less able to help regulate blood pressure. As a result, the child’s blood pressure increases and CKD gets worse. Making sure your child’s treatment plan is followed carefully and his/her blood pressure is controlled can help keep kidney disease from getting worse and prevent heart disease.

• #35 Children with high blood pressure often become adults with high blood pressure | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/children-with-high-blood-pressure-often-become-adults-with-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure in youth and the need for appropriate diagnosis, treatment and reduction of lifestyle risk factors outlined in a new American Heart Association scientific statement […] Having high blood pressure as a child often leads to high blood pressure in adulthood, which may increase the likelihood of heart disease and stroke, as well as cause damage to the kidneys, eyes and more. […] Regular and appropriate assessment of blood pressure levels in children is important, as there are often no symptoms of high blood pressure. […] An estimated 2-5% of children have hypertension, or high blood pressure, and primary hypertension indicating it is not due to an underlying medical condition is now the most common type of high blood pressure in kids, especially in adolescents. […] Since kids with high blood pressure levels tend to maintain high blood pressure into adulthood, diagnosing and appropriately addressing high blood pressure in youth is imperative to ensure improved lifetime health as early as possible.

• #36 High blood pressure can start in childhood – but so can prevention | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2020/05/13/high-blood-pressure-can-start-in-childhood-but-so-can-prevention

  “The most important reason it should be measured in children is to make sure you’re not missing any heart or kidney problems,” she said. “Those can be quite asymptomatic.” […] For children and teens, the AAP guidelines define high blood pressure as 130/80 or higher. For kids 12 and under, a blood pressure reading at or above the 95th percentile also is defined as hypertension. […] Often, if a child’s blood pressure is high, the pediatrician may recommend further tests that look at urine and blood, and ultrasounds to examine the heart or the kidneys. […] Children who have persistent hypertension may develop thicker arteries as early as age 30. […] “The risks are over the long-term,” said Dr. Sarah de Ferranti, director of preventive cardiology at Boston Children’s Hospital. “It’s hard on the kidneys and heart. The muscle of the heart gets thick. Over long periods of time, you could have damage to kidneys.”

• #37 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  High blood pressure is treated similarly in children and adults, usually starting with lifestyle changes. Even if your child takes medication for high blood pressure, lifestyle changes can make the medication work better. […] If your child is overweight, achieving a healthy weight or maintaining the same weight while getting taller can lower blood pressure. […] Encourage your child to eat a heart-healthy diet, emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean sources of protein, such as fish and beans, and limiting fat and sugar. […] Cutting the amount of salt (sodium) in your child’s diet will help lower his or her blood pressure. […] All children should get 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity a day. […] It can be hard for your child to make healthy lifestyle changes if other family members don’t eat well or exercise. Set a good example. Your whole family will benefit from eating better. Create family fun by playing together ride bikes, play catch or take a walk.

• #38 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1015/p486.html

  All children with elevated blood pressure or hypertension should make therapeutic lifestyle changes (e.g., lose weight if overweight or obese; get regular physical activity; eat a healthy diet low in salt; avoid smoking and alcohol intake; reduce stress). […] Children with symptomatic hypertension, stage 2 hypertension without a modifiable factor such as obesity, evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography, any stage of hypertension associated with chronic kidney disease or diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite a trial of lifestyle modifications require antihypertensive medications. […] For children and adolescents, the blood pressure goal is less than the 90th percentile for age, height, and sex for patients younger than 13 years, or less than 130/80 mm Hg for those 13 years and older.

• #39 Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Reducing salt intake and eating more fresh fruits and vegetables and low-fat dairy products can help to reduce blood pressure in children and adolescents with hypertension. When possible, the entire family should make these changes to encourage the child to develop healthy eating habits. […] Children and adolescents who have hypertension should not smoke, because it significantly increases their risk of heart disease and lung cancer. Family members of a child with hypertension are encouraged to quit smoking as well because exposure to secondhand smoke also increases the child’s risk of developing heart disease. […] In children and adolescents, one or more medications may be recommended to reduce high blood pressure in the following circumstances: […] ● Hypertension associated with symptoms that are related to elevated blood pressure, such as headaches or seizures.

• #40 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  In most cases, healthcare providers first recommend lifestyle changes to treat high blood pressure in children, including: Eating a DASH diet: DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. The DASH diet includes multiple servings of fresh vegetables and fruits, whole grains, nuts and legumes with some servings of lean protein foods. It involves limiting foods high in sodium, sugars and saturated fats. […] If the blood pressure is high enough or if lifestyle changes dont lower your childs blood pressure, your childs provider may refer your child to a specialist or recommend medication to manage the condition. […] High blood pressure in children can have many causes and may need quick treatment.

• #41 Most high blood pressure in children and teenagers is linked with unhealthy lifestyle

  https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Most-high-blood-pressure-in-children-and-teenagers-is-linked-with-unhealthy-lifestyle

  Inactivity, diets high in sugar and salt, and excess weight account for nine in ten cases of high blood pressure in children and adolescents, according to a consensus paper by heart health experts published today in European Heart Journal, a journal of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). […] Parents are significant agents of change in the promotion of children’s health behaviours, said first author Professor Giovanni de Simone of the University of Naples Federico II, Italy. […] Dietary recommendations for treating high blood pressure in children include emphasising fresh vegetables, fruits, and other high fibre foods, limiting salt intake, and avoiding sugar-sweetened drinks and saturated fat. […] Early diagnosis of elevated blood pressure is crucial so that it can be managed with lifestyle and, if needed, medications.

• #42 High blood pressure can start in childhood – but so can prevention | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2020/05/13/high-blood-pressure-can-start-in-childhood-but-so-can-prevention

  For children diagnosed with hypertension, it doesn’t have to be a lifelong condition, de Ferranti said. Children above a healthy weight can start by eating a nutritious diet and being more active. […] Parents should serve fruits and vegetables as snacks and stay away from sodium – a major culprit when it comes to hypertension. […] Packaged, processed and fast foods are high in sodium and should be avoided as much as possible, de Ferranti said. Developing lifelong healthy habits in childhood may help avoid health risks in the future. […] The AAP guidelines recommend doctors prescribe blood pressure medications if lifestyle changes do not work, or if the child has another underlying condition. But that’s rare. Only about 1% of kids with hypertension are prescribed blood pressure-lowering medications. […] “For most kids, you can start with lifestyle changes,” de Ferranti said. “Lowering dietary salt intake and decreasing foods like breads and fast food can make a huge difference.”

• #43 Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Weight loss is most effective at reducing the blood pressure when it is combined with exercise. […] Regular exercise helps lower blood pressure, even if the weight is normal. Although exercise recommendations for an individual child may vary, general recommendations include the following: […] ● Twenty to 30 minutes of aerobic exercise per day most days of the week. Aerobic exercise includes walking, swimming, and biking but not weight lifting or strength training. […] ● Sedentary activities (watching television and/or playing video and computer games) should be limited to less than two hours per day. […] Children who have controlled high blood pressure are generally allowed to participate in competitive sports. Children and adolescents with high blood pressure are advised to avoid weight lifting until the blood pressure is better controlled.

• #44 Lifestyle Strategies for Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/treatments/lifestyle-strategies-for-hypertension-in-children

  Doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone partner with you to help your child adopt healthy habits that can reverse prehypertension or prevent hypertension of any degree from getting worse. […] Adopting these habits can also help to keep hypertension from persisting into adulthood, which can lead to complications such as a stroke, heart disease, or kidney disorders. […] Increasing physical activity has many benefits for children with mild hypertension or risk factors such as obesity or a family history of hypertension. […] Regular exercise can strengthen the heart, allowing it to pump more efficiently and reduce pressure within the arteries. […] Exercise can also help to reduce weight, which can lower blood pressure and the risk for other conditions related to hypertension.

• #45 Lifestyle Strategies for Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/treatments/lifestyle-strategies-for-hypertension-in-children

  Studies have shown that incorporating 30 to 60 minutes of moderate aerobic activity into your childs daily routine and limiting sedentary activities, such as watching television or playing video games, to less than two hours a day can lower blood pressure and reduce the need for antihypertensive medications.

• #46 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  High blood pressure is treated similarly in children and adults, usually starting with lifestyle changes. Even if your child takes medication for high blood pressure, lifestyle changes can make the medication work better. […] If your child is overweight, achieving a healthy weight or maintaining the same weight while getting taller can lower blood pressure. […] Encourage your child to eat a heart-healthy diet, emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean sources of protein, such as fish and beans, and limiting fat and sugar. […] Cutting the amount of salt (sodium) in your child’s diet will help lower his or her blood pressure. […] All children should get 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity a day. […] It can be hard for your child to make healthy lifestyle changes if other family members don’t eat well or exercise. Set a good example. Your whole family will benefit from eating better. Create family fun by playing together ride bikes, play catch or take a walk.

• #47 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  The good news is not all children require medication for high blood pressure. Many will improve with diet and exercise. […] If your child has high blood pressure but is showing no symptoms, we may ask her to try three to six months of lifestyle modification (changes in diet and exercise). […] We encourage realistic and progress-oriented goals when it comes to making lifestyle changes like diet and exercise. […] Medication may be necessary to treat hypertension. […] If there’s an underlying cause for the hypertension and its treatment is successful, she may not have to stay on medication. […] Infants may be treated with doses of liquid medication or with medicines given through an IV if they are hospitalized. […] Every child is different, but in general, the outlook for kids with hypertension is quite good. It can almost always be well-managed with medications and/or changes in diet and exercise.

• #48 Pediatric Hypertension Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonpharmacologic Therapy, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889877-treatment

  In children with mild or moderate hypertension, nonpharmacologic therapy may suffice to lower blood pressure (BP) to within normal limits. This approach avoids the need for drugs that have adverse effects and that require a degree of compliance difficult to achieve in children. […] Weight reduction should be a goal in all overweight children with hypertension, regardless of etiology. Obesity and hypertension are closely correlated, particularly in adolescents. […] Aerobic and isotonic exercises have a direct beneficial effect on BP. They help in reducing excess weight or maintaining appropriate body weight. Encourage participation in sports. Only patients with severe uncontrolled hypertension or cardiac abnormalities that require exercise restriction are exempt from aerobic and isotonic exercises.

• #49 The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/fourth-report-on-diagnosis-evaluation-treatment-high-blood-pressure-in-children-and-adolescents

  Treatment recommendations include nonpharmacologic therapies and reduction of other cardiovascular risk factors. […] The evaluation of hypertensive children should include assessment for additional risk factors. […] Secondary hypertension is more common in children than in adults. […] Weight reduction is the primary therapy for obesity-related hypertension. Prevention of excess weight gain can limit future increases in BP. […] Dietary modification should be strongly encouraged in children and adolescents with prehypertension, as well as those with hypertension. […] Indications for antihypertensive drug therapy in children include secondary hypertension and insufficient response to lifestyle modifications. […] The goal for antihypertensive treatment in children should be reduction of BP to 95th percentile, unless concurrent conditions are present. In that case, BP should be lowered to 90th percentile.

• #50 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  High blood pressure is treated similarly in children and adults, usually starting with lifestyle changes. Even if your child takes medication for high blood pressure, lifestyle changes can make the medication work better. […] If your child is overweight, achieving a healthy weight or maintaining the same weight while getting taller can lower blood pressure. […] Encourage your child to eat a heart-healthy diet, emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean sources of protein, such as fish and beans, and limiting fat and sugar. […] Cutting the amount of salt (sodium) in your child’s diet will help lower his or her blood pressure. […] All children should get 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity a day. […] It can be hard for your child to make healthy lifestyle changes if other family members don’t eat well or exercise. Set a good example. Your whole family will benefit from eating better. Create family fun by playing together ride bikes, play catch or take a walk.

• #51 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  High blood pressure is treated similarly in children and adults, usually starting with lifestyle changes. Even if your child takes medication for high blood pressure, lifestyle changes can make the medication work better. […] If your child is overweight, achieving a healthy weight or maintaining the same weight while getting taller can lower blood pressure. […] Encourage your child to eat a heart-healthy diet, emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean sources of protein, such as fish and beans, and limiting fat and sugar. […] Cutting the amount of salt (sodium) in your child’s diet will help lower his or her blood pressure. […] All children should get 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity a day. […] It can be hard for your child to make healthy lifestyle changes if other family members don’t eat well or exercise. Set a good example. Your whole family will benefit from eating better. Create family fun by playing together ride bikes, play catch or take a walk.

• #52 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  The rise in the number of children with primary hypertension in the United States is thought to correlate with the rise of obesity. […] While kids with hypertension are unlikely to have heart attacks and strokes, it still has significant risks. Hypertension causes changes in the structures of the blood vessels and heart. […] Pediatricians are making great efforts to prevent obesity and stem the tide of problems that accompany it. […] We are dedicated to educating families to assist with appropriate dietary and activity choices to improve overall health and reduce the risk of hypertension. […] Learning that your child has high blood pressure can certainly be distressing, but it’s almost always easily managed. […] Most primary hypertension can be treated with changes in diet and exercise habits, and if necessary, there are medications that can help, too.

• #53 High Blood Pressure in Kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/high-blood-pressure-and-kids

  If needed, your child’s physician may prescribe medications to control blood pressure. […] You can help your child prevent high blood pressure and complications. Talk about the importance of a healthy lifestyle and continue to be a good role model making healthy food choices and engaging in exercise as a family. […] „Taking steps as a family to stay healthy is key to preventing hypertension in children,” says Dr. Vidi.

• #54 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  If your child is diagnosed with slightly or moderately high blood pressure (stage 1 hypertension), your child’s doctor will likely suggest trying lifestyle changes, such as a heart-healthy diet and more exercise, before prescribing medications. […] If lifestyle changes don’t help, your child’s doctor might recommend blood pressure medication. […] If your child is diagnosed with severely high blood pressure (stage 2 hypertension), your child’s doctor will likely recommend blood pressure medications. […] Your child’s doctor will tell you how long your child will need to stay on the medication. […] Although little is known about the long-term effects of blood pressure medication on a child’s growth and development, many of these medications are generally considered safe to take during childhood.

• #55 Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OVERVIEW […] Blood pressure refers to the pressure that blood applies to the inner walls of blood vessels. High blood pressure is also called hypertension. Although hypertension is more common in adults, it often develops during childhood and adolescence and can increase the risk of early heart disease and stroke during adulthood. Fortunately, high blood pressure is easy to measure and can be treated. […] This topic discusses the treatment options for children and adolescents with high blood pressure. High blood pressure is divided into different stages based on the blood pressure measurement; categories include elevated blood pressure (blood pressure that is higher than normal but is not yet hypertension, formerly called „prehypertension”) and stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension. In general, interventions include lifestyle changes for anyone with high blood pressure. Medications are reserved for people with stage 2 hypertension, those with persistent stage 1 hypertension despite lifestyle changes, and those with elevated blood pressure who have other chronic diseases.

• #56 Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  ● Stage 2 hypertension, defined as blood pressure level 12 mmHg greater than the 95th percentile or ≥140/90 mmHg (whichever is lower). […] ● Stage 1 hypertension, defined as blood pressure level between the 95th percentile and stage 2 (or between 130/80 and 139/89, whichever is lower), that persists after four to six months of nonpharmacologic therapy. […] ● There are physical signs of hypertension, such as a thickened wall of the left ventricular chamber of the heart. […] ● Any stage of hypertension or elevated blood pressure in children with chronic kidney disease. […] ● Any stage of hypertension in children with diabetes mellitus. […] The frequency of follow-up depends on the initial level of blood pressure. […] ● Children and adolescents with elevated blood pressure or stage 1 hypertension who are treated only with nonpharmacologic therapies usually have their blood pressure monitored every three to six months.

• #57 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/hbp-child.html

  Children and adolescents who have been diagnosed with hypertension should be counseled regarding lifestyle modifications including diet and physical activity. […] Children and adolescents who fail lifestyle modifications should be prescribed pharmacologic therapy. Treatment options may include an ACE inhibitor, ARB inhibitor, long-acting calcium channel blocker, or thiazide diuretic. […] Treatment goals for children and adolescents who have been diagnosed with hypertension should be a reduction in blood pressure to less than the 90th percentile and less than 130/80 in adolescents aged 13 years or older.

• #58 Pediatric Hypertension Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonpharmacologic Therapy, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889877-treatment

  Many of the antihypertensive agents available for adult use may also be used to manage hypertensive children and adolescents, even though only limited data are available to support this practice. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium-channel blockers have the strongest data to support their use in pediatric patients. […] Indications for pharmacologic treatment include symptomatic hypertension, secondary hypertension, hypertensive target-organ damage, diabetes, and hypertension that persists despite nonpharmacologic measures. […] In general, treatment of chronic hypertension requires expertise that is seldom available in the general pediatrician. Therefore, it is advisable to refer patients to physicians who specialize in treatment of children with high BP.

• #59 Get Care for High Blood Pressure in Children | Cleveland Clinic Children’s

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/pediatrics/services/high-blood-pressure-treatment

  Your childs treatment plan centers around their diagnosis and needs. In most cases, their provider will recommend lifestyle changes. Your child may also need to take medications to manage their blood pressure. […] A big part of treating high blood pressure in children focuses on lifestyle factors and preventing further problems. Your childs provider may recommend a heart-healthy diet, more physical activity and managing stress. […] If your child needs to take blood pressure medication, they may take: ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), Calcium channel blockers, Beta-blockers, Diuretics. […] The good news is that its treatable. And the expert providers at Cleveland Clinic Childrens are here to guide your child (and your family) through diagnosis and treatment.

• #60 Hypertension in children and adolescents

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/hypertension/

  Hypertension in childhood is a key predictor of risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease and end organ damage in adulthood […] All hypertension in children requires monitoring and follow-up […] Blood pressure should be measured annually in healthy children […] Where possible, abnormal machine BP measurement should be confirmed, preferably with a manual BP, ensuring appropriately sized cuff is used for accurate measurement […] Key points when measuring blood pressure Ensure the correct cuff size is selected for each patient, favouring a larger rather than smaller cuff (smaller cuff creates artificial hypertension) […] Abnormal oscillatory BP measurement needs checking with a manual BP from the child’s arm […] Medical management should only be commenced in consultation with a general or renal paediatrician […] Long-acting calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine are recommended as first line therapy. Other medication may be preferred in children with BMI 95th centile, diabetes or proteinuria.

• #61 Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  ● If medications are given to lower blood pressure, the child or adolescent is generally seen every four to six weeks for medication changes until a stable regimen is established. If no additional changes are required, the time between follow-ups is gradually increased to three to six months. […] The goal blood pressure for most children with hypertension is less than the 90th percentile. If the child is obese, has high cholesterol, has diabetes, or has organ damage related to hypertension, the blood pressure goal is lower. […] Your child’s health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your child’s medical problem.

• #62 Pediatric Hypertension Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonpharmacologic Therapy, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889877-treatment

  After BP is stabilized, the patient can return to the general pediatrician for follow-up care. The pediatrician should work in close collaboration with the specialist. […] Closely monitoring patients with hypertension is important, particularly during the initial phase of therapy. A chemistry panel should be checked after therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) is started or increased.

• #63 Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  ● If medications are given to lower blood pressure, the child or adolescent is generally seen every four to six weeks for medication changes until a stable regimen is established. If no additional changes are required, the time between follow-ups is gradually increased to three to six months. […] The goal blood pressure for most children with hypertension is less than the 90th percentile. If the child is obese, has high cholesterol, has diabetes, or has organ damage related to hypertension, the blood pressure goal is lower. […] Your child’s health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your child’s medical problem.

• #64 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1015/p486.html

  All children with elevated blood pressure or hypertension should make therapeutic lifestyle changes (e.g., lose weight if overweight or obese; get regular physical activity; eat a healthy diet low in salt; avoid smoking and alcohol intake; reduce stress). […] Children with symptomatic hypertension, stage 2 hypertension without a modifiable factor such as obesity, evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography, any stage of hypertension associated with chronic kidney disease or diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite a trial of lifestyle modifications require antihypertensive medications. […] For children and adolescents, the blood pressure goal is less than the 90th percentile for age, height, and sex for patients younger than 13 years, or less than 130/80 mm Hg for those 13 years and older.

• #65 The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/fourth-report-on-diagnosis-evaluation-treatment-high-blood-pressure-in-children-and-adolescents

  Treatment recommendations include nonpharmacologic therapies and reduction of other cardiovascular risk factors. […] The evaluation of hypertensive children should include assessment for additional risk factors. […] Secondary hypertension is more common in children than in adults. […] Weight reduction is the primary therapy for obesity-related hypertension. Prevention of excess weight gain can limit future increases in BP. […] Dietary modification should be strongly encouraged in children and adolescents with prehypertension, as well as those with hypertension. […] Indications for antihypertensive drug therapy in children include secondary hypertension and insufficient response to lifestyle modifications. […] The goal for antihypertensive treatment in children should be reduction of BP to 95th percentile, unless concurrent conditions are present. In that case, BP should be lowered to 90th percentile.

• #66

  https://lettersinhighenergyphysics.com/index.php/LHEP/article/view/1065

  Nursing care for children with pediatric hypertension focuses on comprehensive assessments, appropriate interventions, and ongoing education to manage and prevent complications associated with high blood pressure. […] Accurate blood pressure measurement is crucial, requiring careful technique and appropriate cuff sizing to ensure reliable readings. […] Nurses should perform thorough health assessments, including taking detailed medical histories and physical examinations to identify potential causes of hypertension, such as obesity, kidney disease, or hormonal imbalances. […] Additionally, regular monitoring of blood pressure and other vital signs is essential to track the child’s progress and response to treatment. […] Education plays a pivotal role in nursing care, as families often need guidance on lifestyle modifications to manage hypertension effectively.

• #67

  https://lettersinhighenergyphysics.com/index.php/LHEP/article/view/1065

  Nursing care for children with pediatric hypertension focuses on comprehensive assessments, appropriate interventions, and ongoing education to manage and prevent complications associated with high blood pressure. […] Accurate blood pressure measurement is crucial, requiring careful technique and appropriate cuff sizing to ensure reliable readings. […] Nurses should perform thorough health assessments, including taking detailed medical histories and physical examinations to identify potential causes of hypertension, such as obesity, kidney disease, or hormonal imbalances. […] Additionally, regular monitoring of blood pressure and other vital signs is essential to track the child’s progress and response to treatment. […] Education plays a pivotal role in nursing care, as families often need guidance on lifestyle modifications to manage hypertension effectively.

• #68 Blood pressure in peds patients – Emergency Nursing

  https://allnurses.com/blood-pressure-peds-patients-t715392/

  If at all possible, try to take the pressure while the parent is holding. […] If I ever do have to chart a BP that I think seems inaccurate, I’ll at least annotate „patient agitated/inconsolable,” or even „patient screaming, unable to obtain,” and just try again later if possible. […] I have always worked in mixed age EDs. These are the guidelines that I basically follow when triaging…. 1. Super sick kids…..lethargic, severe respiratory distress, sepsis, pre-existing health issues (congenital heart disease, neuro issues….etc. – get a blood pressure. […] If you cannot get an accurate reading after one or two attempts and the child is screaming/upset – just abandon it. It is not worth putting the child through something that is not very valuable in a generally healthy, lower acuity child.

• #69 Blood pressure in peds patients – Emergency Nursing

  https://allnurses.com/blood-pressure-peds-patients-t715392/

  If at all possible, try to take the pressure while the parent is holding. […] If I ever do have to chart a BP that I think seems inaccurate, I’ll at least annotate „patient agitated/inconsolable,” or even „patient screaming, unable to obtain,” and just try again later if possible. […] I have always worked in mixed age EDs. These are the guidelines that I basically follow when triaging…. 1. Super sick kids…..lethargic, severe respiratory distress, sepsis, pre-existing health issues (congenital heart disease, neuro issues….etc. – get a blood pressure. […] If you cannot get an accurate reading after one or two attempts and the child is screaming/upset – just abandon it. It is not worth putting the child through something that is not very valuable in a generally healthy, lower acuity child.

• #70

  https://lettersinhighenergyphysics.com/index.php/LHEP/article/view/1065

  Nurses can provide information on healthy dietary practices, the importance of physical activity, and strategies for maintaining a healthy weight. […] Collaborating with dietitians and other healthcare professionals may enhance these efforts, ensuring a holistic approach to care. […] Empowering families with knowledge about recognizing signs of hypertension and the importance of adherence to prescribed treatment can also support better management of the condition.

• #71 Triage Nurses Treating High Blood Pressure among Children – TriageLogic: Remote Nurse Triage Software and Services

  https://triagelogic.com/triage-nurses-treating-high-blood-pressure-among-children/

  Triage nurses can provide simple solutions to alleviate the medical situation by providing parents with health education and by reassuring parental concerns about their childs health. […] Triage nurses can educate parents of children suffering from high blood pressure by providing them with tips on better ways to eat nutritionally. Nurses can also send doctor-approved handouts for reference, all while evaluating the children when an unusual symptom arises. Triage nurses assess if there are any serious medical symptoms and if immediate medical care is needed. […] As every pediatrician knows, high blood pressure in children can be controlled simply by implementing healthier lifestyle choices. Monitoring the childs weight, a healthier diet, and consistent exercise are few of the many options for preventing high blood pressure among children. Remember to encourage parents to have routine blood pressure checks with their doctor if they already have high blood pressure and let triage nurses educate parents who need additional support and information.

• #72

  https://journals.lww.com/tnpj/fulltext/2020/05000/pediatric_hypertension__a_guideline_update.6.aspx

  When using nonpharmacologic strategies to manage pediatric hypertension, clinical practice guidelines recommend scheduling follow-up visits every 4 to 6 weeks. […] A crucial strategy to achieve BP control for pediatric patients includes shared decision-making that involves children and their parents.

• #73 Triage Nurses Treating High Blood Pressure among Children – TriageLogic: Remote Nurse Triage Software and Services

  https://triagelogic.com/triage-nurses-treating-high-blood-pressure-among-children/

  Triage nurses can provide simple solutions to alleviate the medical situation by providing parents with health education and by reassuring parental concerns about their childs health. […] Triage nurses can educate parents of children suffering from high blood pressure by providing them with tips on better ways to eat nutritionally. Nurses can also send doctor-approved handouts for reference, all while evaluating the children when an unusual symptom arises. Triage nurses assess if there are any serious medical symptoms and if immediate medical care is needed. […] As every pediatrician knows, high blood pressure in children can be controlled simply by implementing healthier lifestyle choices. Monitoring the childs weight, a healthier diet, and consistent exercise are few of the many options for preventing high blood pressure among children. Remember to encourage parents to have routine blood pressure checks with their doctor if they already have high blood pressure and let triage nurses educate parents who need additional support and information.

• #74 Hypertension Detection and Treatment Program | Children’s National | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/departments/hypertension-detection-and-treatment-program

  High blood pressure in children is an increasing public health concern. Left untreated, children are at a higher risk for serious complications affecting the heart, kidneys, and overall health. Children with high blood pressure are more likely to have hypertension as adults. […] Because the cause of hypertension in young patients is often different from adults, it is important that your child sees a pediatric specialist with the expertise and experience to diagnose and treat the condition in children. […] The staff of the Hypertension Detection and Treatment program works closely with the children and families to educate them about lifestyle changes that can help control blood pressure. Children meet with a dietician during every visit to discuss food choices and dietary changes that can help improve health.

• #75 How to Prevent High Blood Pressure in Children

  https://www.ouhealth.com/blog/2024/december/how-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure-in-children/

  Untreated hypertension can cause complications related to damaged blood vessels and injury to the brain, kidneys, and heart. Most children with high blood pressure have no symptoms. […] The prevalence of youth-onset hypertension is increasing, and hypertension in childhood tends to persist into adulthood, leading to cardiovascular disease. Diagnosing hypertension and providing the right treatment choices in early life is essential. […] The pediatric hypertension clinic is a multidisciplinary team that includes pediatric nephrologists, nurses, dieticians, and social workers. The team collaborates with pediatric cardiology, interventional radiology, vascular surgery, transplant surgery, rheumatology, endocrinology, and other healthcare specialists to care for your children.

• #76 Pediatric Hypertension | Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist: Brenner Children’s

  https://www.wakehealth.edu/condition/p/pediatric-hypertension

  We will work with you to create an individualized treatment plan that includes lifestyle counseling (eating healthier and being more physically active) and may include medicine to lower blood pressure to a safe level. […] We treat children with all hypertensive conditions: Elevated blood pressure, Hypertension, White coat hypertension, Masked hypertension. […] Team work is crucial to successful treatment. We work closely with patients, families and other providers to ensure that each patient has the opportunity to succeed. […] Lifestyle counseling to eat healthier and be more physically active is the most important step. […] Many patients need medicine to lower their blood pressure to a safe level. Many patients can safely come off the medicine after a few years, but some patients need medicine for a long time to treat their hypertension.

• #77 Preventing Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/prevention

  Hypertension, or chronic high blood pressure, doesnt solely affect adults. More than 3 percent of children and adolescents have hypertension. […] In young children, hypertension is often caused by underlying medical conditions that involve the kidneys, heart, and hormone system. […] Doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone recommend that families take a proactive approach to preventing hypertension, particularly if a child is overweight or has other risk factors for the condition. […] If your child has an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys, keep up to date with medical appointments to ensure your child is monitored regularly for hypertension. […] Secondhand smoke may also increase a childs risk of hypertension.

• #78 How to Diagnose and Treat Pediatric Hypertension

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-diagnose-and-treat-pediatric-hypertension

  Preventive measures focus on cultivating healthy lifestyle habits from infancy, including promoting breastfeeding, encouraging physical activity, and dietary habits rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. Limiting sodium intake and minimizing exposure to processed foods and sugars also contribute to lowering the risk of hypertension in children. […] Early screening programs are essential for detecting hypertension in children before complications arise. Healthcare providers advocate for routine blood pressure measurements during pediatric check-ups and school health screenings.

• #79 Children with high blood pressure often become adults with high blood pressure | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/children-with-high-blood-pressure-often-become-adults-with-high-blood-pressure

  A healthy lifestyle in childhood may be extremely helpful in mitigating the risk of developing hypertension in youth […] Regular blood pressure monitoring by a health care clinician is also essential so that if high blood pressure is present, it can be quickly detected and addressed. […] Health care professionals should be trained on the specific techniques to measure pediatric blood pressure more accurately, and if levels are elevated, the child’s blood pressure should be checked on at least three different days using appropriate measurement techniques, as outlined in the scientific statement. […] When high blood pressure is diagnosed in youth, treatment may include dietary changes, increased physical activity, a reduction in screen time (television or other digital devices) and in some cases medication. […] There is a need for increased understanding and greater research surrounding high blood pressure in youth.

• #80 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/hbp-child.html

  Children and adolescents three years of age or older should have their blood pressure measured annually. Blood pressure checks should be performed at every health care encounter for children and adolescents who are obese, take medications that raise blood pressure, have renal disease, diabetes or a history of aortic arch obstruction or coarctation. […] Hypertension should be diagnosed in children and adolescents who have auscultatory-confirmed blood pressure readings greater than the 95th percentile, based on sex, age, and height tables, at three different visits. […] Children and adolescents being evaluated for high BP should have a perinatal history, appropriate nutritional history, physical activity history, psychosocial history, and family history recorded and a physical examination to identify findings suggestive of secondary causes of hypertension. Electrocardiography should not be used for initial evaluation.

• #81 High blood pressure in children – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20373440

  High blood pressure (hypertension) in children is blood pressure that is at or above the 95th percentile for children who are the same sex, age and height as your child. […] Lifestyle changes, such as eating a heart-healthy diet low in salt (sodium) and exercising more, can help reduce high blood pressure in children. But for some children, medications may be necessary. […] Your child’s blood pressure should be checked during routine well-check appointments starting at age 3, and at every appointment if your child is found to have high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure in younger children is often related to other health conditions, such as heart defects, kidney disease, genetic conditions or hormonal disorders. Older children especially those who are overweight are more likely to have primary hypertension. This type of high blood pressure occurs on its own, without an underlying condition. […] High blood pressure can be prevented in children by making the same lifestyle changes that can help treat it controlling your child’s weight, providing a healthy diet low in salt (sodium) and encouraging your child to exercise.

• #82 Most high blood pressure in children and teenagers is linked with unhealthy lifestyle

  https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Most-high-blood-pressure-in-children-and-teenagers-is-linked-with-unhealthy-lifestyle

  Inactivity, diets high in sugar and salt, and excess weight account for nine in ten cases of high blood pressure in children and adolescents, according to a consensus paper by heart health experts published today in European Heart Journal, a journal of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). […] Parents are significant agents of change in the promotion of children’s health behaviours, said first author Professor Giovanni de Simone of the University of Naples Federico II, Italy. […] Dietary recommendations for treating high blood pressure in children include emphasising fresh vegetables, fruits, and other high fibre foods, limiting salt intake, and avoiding sugar-sweetened drinks and saturated fat. […] Early diagnosis of elevated blood pressure is crucial so that it can be managed with lifestyle and, if needed, medications.

• #83 The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/fourth-report-on-diagnosis-evaluation-treatment-high-blood-pressure-in-children-and-adolescents

  Treatment recommendations include nonpharmacologic therapies and reduction of other cardiovascular risk factors. […] The evaluation of hypertensive children should include assessment for additional risk factors. […] Secondary hypertension is more common in children than in adults. […] Weight reduction is the primary therapy for obesity-related hypertension. Prevention of excess weight gain can limit future increases in BP. […] Dietary modification should be strongly encouraged in children and adolescents with prehypertension, as well as those with hypertension. […] Indications for antihypertensive drug therapy in children include secondary hypertension and insufficient response to lifestyle modifications. […] The goal for antihypertensive treatment in children should be reduction of BP to 95th percentile, unless concurrent conditions are present. In that case, BP should be lowered to 90th percentile.

• #84 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  The rise in the number of children with primary hypertension in the United States is thought to correlate with the rise of obesity. […] While kids with hypertension are unlikely to have heart attacks and strokes, it still has significant risks. Hypertension causes changes in the structures of the blood vessels and heart. […] Pediatricians are making great efforts to prevent obesity and stem the tide of problems that accompany it. […] We are dedicated to educating families to assist with appropriate dietary and activity choices to improve overall health and reduce the risk of hypertension. […] Learning that your child has high blood pressure can certainly be distressing, but it’s almost always easily managed. […] Most primary hypertension can be treated with changes in diet and exercise habits, and if necessary, there are medications that can help, too.

• #85 Most high blood pressure in children and teenagers is linked with unhealthy lifestyle

  https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Most-high-blood-pressure-in-children-and-teenagers-is-linked-with-unhealthy-lifestyle

  When blood pressure measurements point to hypertension, a medical history and physical examination are needed to determine potential causes and identify behaviours that can be modified. […] In the early stages, treatment of childhood hypertension should focus on education and behaviour change. […] The authors call for public health agencies to prioritise prevention and management of hypertension in children and adolescents.

• #86 Hypertension | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypertension-in-children

  An estimated 3.5 percent of all children and teens, or more than 2.5 million children under 18 suffer from high blood pressure. […] When high blood pressure is detected in overweight children and adolescents, the suggested first steps in treatment, in most cases, are changes to diet and physical activity. […] High blood pressure in infants and young children, and in older children whose high blood pressure is not resolved with lifestyle changes, maybe a sign of other medical conditions, such as kidney disease, a heart defect, or hormonal disorders. […] When a child is diagnosed with hypertension, regular monitoring is needed to see that the treatment is working, whether that treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication, or intervention for another condition. […] CHOPs Hypertension Clinic, a cutting-edge collaboration between the Division of Nephrology and the Cardiac Center, specializes in evaluating and managing high blood pressure in children, adolescents, and young adults.

• #87 Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  ● If medications are given to lower blood pressure, the child or adolescent is generally seen every four to six weeks for medication changes until a stable regimen is established. If no additional changes are required, the time between follow-ups is gradually increased to three to six months. […] The goal blood pressure for most children with hypertension is less than the 90th percentile. If the child is obese, has high cholesterol, has diabetes, or has organ damage related to hypertension, the blood pressure goal is lower. […] Your child’s health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your child’s medical problem.

• #88 Patient education: High blood pressure treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  ● If medications are given to lower blood pressure, the child or adolescent is generally seen every four to six weeks for medication changes until a stable regimen is established. If no additional changes are required, the time between follow-ups is gradually increased to three to six months. […] The goal blood pressure for most children with hypertension is less than the 90th percentile. If the child is obese, has high cholesterol, has diabetes, or has organ damage related to hypertension, the blood pressure goal is lower. […] Your child’s health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your child’s medical problem.

• #89 How to Diagnose and Treat Pediatric Hypertension

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-diagnose-and-treat-pediatric-hypertension

  Pharmacological treatment may be necessary for children with persistent or severe hypertension despite lifestyle modifications. […] Multidisciplinary care is essential for managing pediatric hypertension effectively. This approach involves collaboration among pediatricians, cardiologists, nephrologists, dietitians, and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care tailored to the individual needs of each child. […] Regular monitoring of blood pressure and assessment of treatment efficacy are important components of managing pediatric hypertension effectively. […] Long-term follow-up strategies are essential to support cardiovascular health and optimize outcomes in children with hypertension. […] Pediatric hypertension management encompasses a holistic approach that emphasizes preventive measures, public health initiatives, and early screening programs to promote cardiovascular health from an early age.

• #90 High blood pressure in children – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373446

  High blood pressure is treated similarly in children and adults, usually starting with lifestyle changes. Even if your child takes medication for high blood pressure, lifestyle changes can make the medication work better. […] If your child is overweight, achieving a healthy weight or maintaining the same weight while getting taller can lower blood pressure. […] Encourage your child to eat a heart-healthy diet, emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean sources of protein, such as fish and beans, and limiting fat and sugar. […] Cutting the amount of salt (sodium) in your child’s diet will help lower his or her blood pressure. […] All children should get 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity a day. […] It can be hard for your child to make healthy lifestyle changes if other family members don’t eat well or exercise. Set a good example. Your whole family will benefit from eating better. Create family fun by playing together ride bikes, play catch or take a walk.

• #91 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/high-blood-pressure

  Specific treatment for high blood pressure will be determined by your adolescent’s doctor based on: Your adolescent’s age, overall health, and medical history; Extent of the condition; Your child’s tolerance to specific medications, procedures, or treatments; Expectations for the course of the condition; Your opinion or preference. […] If a secondary cause has been found, such as kidney disease, the disease will be treated. If no cause has been determined, the first treatment approach often involves making appropriate lifestyle changes, including one, or more, of the following: Weight reduction; Increased physical activity; Healthy diet. […] These interventions can lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, improve the strength of the heart, and lower blood cholesterol. These are all important in preventing heart disease as an adult.

• #92 Hypertension | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hypertension

  The good news is not all children require medication for high blood pressure. Many will improve with diet and exercise. […] If your child has high blood pressure but is showing no symptoms, we may ask her to try three to six months of lifestyle modification (changes in diet and exercise). […] We encourage realistic and progress-oriented goals when it comes to making lifestyle changes like diet and exercise. […] Medication may be necessary to treat hypertension. […] If there’s an underlying cause for the hypertension and its treatment is successful, she may not have to stay on medication. […] Infants may be treated with doses of liquid medication or with medicines given through an IV if they are hospitalized. […] Every child is different, but in general, the outlook for kids with hypertension is quite good. It can almost always be well-managed with medications and/or changes in diet and exercise.

• #93 Atlanta GA Pediatric Hypertension Specialists | Decatur, Brookhaven

  https://intownpediatrics.com/hypertension/

  The treatment for pediatric hypertension depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. […] In many cases, lifestyle changes are the first line of treatment. For children with secondary hypertension, treating the underlying medical condition may help lower blood pressure. […] If left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to serious long-term health problems, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage. […] However, with early detection and proper management, most children with hypertension can lead healthy, active lives. Regular monitoring and adherence to treatment plans are crucial for preventing complications later in life. […] If you’re concerned about your child’s blood pressure or risk for hypertension, contact Intown Pediatric Adolescent Medicine to schedule an appointment. […] Our experienced pediatricians offer expert diagnosis and personalized treatment for pediatric hypertension in Atlanta, ensuring your child receives the care they need to maintain a healthy heart.

• #94 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  We know that kids who have high blood pressure also tend to have it as adults, said Tran, who co-authored the recent AHA report. […] For children under 13, hypertension is diagnosed if either systolic or diastolic blood pressure is at or above the 95th percentile, meaning 95% of other kids of the same age, sex and height have a lower blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is defined as being below the 90th percentile. […] As with adults, treatment for high blood pressure in children should begin with lifestyle changes, including getting regular physical activity and improving the diet, Tran said.

• #95 How to Prevent High Blood Pressure in Children

  https://www.ouhealth.com/blog/2024/december/how-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure-in-children/

  Untreated hypertension can cause complications related to damaged blood vessels and injury to the brain, kidneys, and heart. Most children with high blood pressure have no symptoms. […] The prevalence of youth-onset hypertension is increasing, and hypertension in childhood tends to persist into adulthood, leading to cardiovascular disease. Diagnosing hypertension and providing the right treatment choices in early life is essential. […] The pediatric hypertension clinic is a multidisciplinary team that includes pediatric nephrologists, nurses, dieticians, and social workers. The team collaborates with pediatric cardiology, interventional radiology, vascular surgery, transplant surgery, rheumatology, endocrinology, and other healthcare specialists to care for your children.

• #96 Hypertension Program | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/programs/hypertension-program

  The Hypertension Program at Boston Children’s Hospital was developed specifically to treat children, adolescents, and young adults with high blood pressure (hypertension). Our clinical staff brings together a number of providers from various sub-specialties who work as a team to provide the most consistent, comprehensive, and personalized care. […] We offer a full spectrum of care to children from infancy to young adulthood who have high blood pressure. […] At a visit to the Hypertension Program at Boston Children’s Hospital, children are seen by nephrologists, nutritionists, nurses, and a social worker who specialize in identifying the different needs of children with high blood pressure and navigating through the health care system to put a treatment plan in place. This includes setting up school-based blood pressure monitoring and home monitoring programs to track blood pressure, as well as guidance regarding medication administration and compliance. […] Our mission is to maintain a systematic, consistent, and effective approach to evaluating children, adolescents, and young adults with high blood pressure, while assuring coordinated and individualized care tailored to fit the needs of each patient.

• #97 How to Prevent High Blood Pressure in Children

  https://www.ouhealth.com/blog/2024/december/how-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure-in-children/

  Untreated hypertension can cause complications related to damaged blood vessels and injury to the brain, kidneys, and heart. Most children with high blood pressure have no symptoms. […] The prevalence of youth-onset hypertension is increasing, and hypertension in childhood tends to persist into adulthood, leading to cardiovascular disease. Diagnosing hypertension and providing the right treatment choices in early life is essential. […] The pediatric hypertension clinic is a multidisciplinary team that includes pediatric nephrologists, nurses, dieticians, and social workers. The team collaborates with pediatric cardiology, interventional radiology, vascular surgery, transplant surgery, rheumatology, endocrinology, and other healthcare specialists to care for your children.

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