Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  High blood pressure – sometimes referred to as „the silent killer” because it can do serious heart and brain damage before symptoms appear – is common in adults. […] Among U.S. children and adolescents, up to 5% have high blood pressure – also known as hypertension – and as many as 18% have elevated blood pressure, according to a scientific statement from the American Heart Association published recently in its journal Hypertension. […] Falkner said concerns about childhood hypertension have increased as childhood obesity levels in the U.S. have reached alarming levels. Being overweight and not getting enough physical activity are major risk factors for hypertension, along with poor diet. […] „A lot of the same things that cause hypertension in adults can cause it in children,” said Dr. Andrew Tran, director of preventive cardiology at the Heart Center at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio.

• #2 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p693.html

  High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked by physicians. […] Overweight and obesity are strongly correlated with primary hypertension in children. […] Hypertension in children is treated with lifestyle changes, including weight loss for those who are overweight or obese; a healthy, low-sodium diet; regular physical activity; and avoidance of tobacco and alcohol. […] All children with prehypertension or hypertension should make therapeutic lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure, including losing weight if overweight, consuming a healthy diet low in sodium, getting regular physical activity, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol use. […] Regular, sustained physical activity is most effective in lowering blood pressure, and the NHBPEP recommends 30 to 60 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity on most days and less than two hours of sedentary activity per day.

• #3 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  High blood pressure – sometimes referred to as „the silent killer” because it can do serious heart and brain damage before symptoms appear – is common in adults. […] Among U.S. children and adolescents, up to 5% have high blood pressure – also known as hypertension – and as many as 18% have elevated blood pressure, according to a scientific statement from the American Heart Association published recently in its journal Hypertension. […] Falkner said concerns about childhood hypertension have increased as childhood obesity levels in the U.S. have reached alarming levels. Being overweight and not getting enough physical activity are major risk factors for hypertension, along with poor diet. […] „A lot of the same things that cause hypertension in adults can cause it in children,” said Dr. Andrew Tran, director of preventive cardiology at the Heart Center at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio.

• #4 Children with high blood pressure often become adults with high blood pressure | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/children-with-high-blood-pressure-often-become-adults-with-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure in youth and the need for appropriate diagnosis, treatment and reduction of lifestyle risk factors outlined in a new American Heart Association scientific statement […] Having high blood pressure as a child often leads to high blood pressure in adulthood, which may increase the likelihood of heart disease and stroke, as well as cause damage to the kidneys, eyes and more. […] Regular and appropriate assessment of blood pressure levels in children is important, as there are often no symptoms of high blood pressure. […] A healthy lifestyle in childhood may be extremely helpful in mitigating the risk of developing hypertension in youth, said Falkner. Preventive measures for families that promote healthy lifestyles in children are important, such as eating healthy food, encouraging physical activity that leads to improved physical fitness and healthy sleep, and avoiding the development of obesity. Regular blood pressure monitoring by a health care clinician is also essential so that if high blood pressure is present, it can be quickly detected and addressed.

• #5 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  Developing high blood pressure in childhood is especially concerning, Tran said, because the longer blood pressure remains high, the greater the risks to the heart and blood vessels in major organs, such as the brain and kidneys. […] „We know that kids who have high blood pressure also tend to have it as adults,” said Tran, who co-authored the recent AHA report. […] Until recently, data linking blood pressure levels to later cardiovascular events was lacking for children. But studies published over the past few years provide growing evidence that high blood pressure in childhood can cause cardiovascular harm within a few years and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. […] For children under 13, hypertension is diagnosed if either systolic or diastolic blood pressure is at or above the 95th percentile, meaning 95% of other kids of the same age, sex and height have a lower blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is defined as being below the 90th percentile.

• #6 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  Developing high blood pressure in childhood is especially concerning, Tran said, because the longer blood pressure remains high, the greater the risks to the heart and blood vessels in major organs, such as the brain and kidneys. […] „We know that kids who have high blood pressure also tend to have it as adults,” said Tran, who co-authored the recent AHA report. […] Until recently, data linking blood pressure levels to later cardiovascular events was lacking for children. But studies published over the past few years provide growing evidence that high blood pressure in childhood can cause cardiovascular harm within a few years and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. […] For children under 13, hypertension is diagnosed if either systolic or diastolic blood pressure is at or above the 95th percentile, meaning 95% of other kids of the same age, sex and height have a lower blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is defined as being below the 90th percentile.

• #7 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3615950/

  The European Society of Hypertension has recently published its recommendations on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. […] The prevention of high blood pressure is based on correct lifestyle and nutrition, starting from childhood age. […] The treatment of primary hypertension in children is almost exclusively dietary/behavioral and includes: a) reduction of overweight whenever present b) reduction of dietary sodium intake c) increase in physical activity. […] Family history of hypertension […] Low birth weight […] Overweight represents over 50% of all the causes of hypertension in children. […] Adequate physical activity lasting 40 minutes for 35 times a week causes a reduction in blood pressure values. […] Salt rich diets already affect blood pressure in childhood, while potassium supplementations could reduce blood pressure values.

• #8 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-39-20

  The European Society of Hypertension has recently published its recommendations on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. […] The prevention of high blood pressure is based on correct lifestyle and nutrition, starting from childhood age. […] Prevention should aim at avoiding the onset of hypertension both in children and in adults. Therefore the pediatrician should identify the main risk factors: Family history of hypertension. […] A lot of international studies show that children coming from hypertensive families have a greater risk to present with elevated blood pressure values. […] Low birth weight. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that intrauterine growth delay and low birth weight are risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.

• #9 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-39-20

  The European Society of Hypertension has recently published its recommendations on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. […] The prevention of high blood pressure is based on correct lifestyle and nutrition, starting from childhood age. […] Prevention should aim at avoiding the onset of hypertension both in children and in adults. Therefore the pediatrician should identify the main risk factors: Family history of hypertension. […] A lot of international studies show that children coming from hypertensive families have a greater risk to present with elevated blood pressure values. […] Low birth weight. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that intrauterine growth delay and low birth weight are risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.

• #10 Primordial Prevention of High Blood Pressure in Childhood: An Opportunity Not to be Missed – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32223379/

  Hypertension is a condition with increased risk for subsequent adverse events, and treatment of hypertension is prescribed for primary prevention of adverse events. Primordial prevention is a concept that precedes primary prevention and focuses on risk factor prevention. Primordial prevention of hypertension consists of strategies to maintain blood pressure in a normal range and prevent development of elevated blood pressure or hypertension. Childhood is a period in which primordial prevention could be effective and if sustained throughout childhood could contribute to a healthier young adulthood. Targets for primordial prevention in childhood include preventing and reducing childhood obesity, achieving an optimal diet that includes avoiding excessive salt consumption, and removing barriers to physical activity and healthy sleep throughout childhood. Primordial prevention also includes the prenatal period wherein some maternal conditions and exposures are associated with higher blood pressure in child offspring.

• #11 Preventive Cardiovascular Measures in Children with Elevated Blood Pressure

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/8/1001

  The primordial prevention of elevated BP and subsequent CVD involves the prevention of the onset of its risk factors. […] During childhood, maintaining a healthy weight, appropriate diet, and regular physical activity are crucial in preventing the development of hypertension. […] Parents significantly impact their children’s health behaviour, influence their behaviour beyond adolescence, and a parent or adolescent’s definition of health can predict health-promoting behaviour, especially for girls. […] In the primary prevention of hypertension development, obesity plays a major role along with other aforementioned factors (genetics, intrauterine factors and perinatal conditions, diet, physical inactivity, sleep etc.). […] Nutritional intervention is globally acknowledged as the first-line treatment for individuals with increased cardiovascular risk, and it is especially crucial for children and adolescents. […] Increasing physical activity offers numerous benefits for children with mild hypertension or risk factors like obesity or a family history of hypertension. Regular exercise strengthens the heart, enhancing its efficiency and reducing arterial pressure. […] Given the prevalence of elevated BP and hypertension in asymptomatic children, elevated BP should be regarded as a long-term health concern in paediatrics. The cornerstone of secondary preventive measures is the timely detection of elevated BP or hypertension, achieved through accurate BP measurement.

• #12 Primordial Prevention of High Blood Pressure in Childhood: An Opportunity Not to be Missed – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32223379/

  Hypertension is a condition with increased risk for subsequent adverse events, and treatment of hypertension is prescribed for primary prevention of adverse events. Primordial prevention is a concept that precedes primary prevention and focuses on risk factor prevention. Primordial prevention of hypertension consists of strategies to maintain blood pressure in a normal range and prevent development of elevated blood pressure or hypertension. Childhood is a period in which primordial prevention could be effective and if sustained throughout childhood could contribute to a healthier young adulthood. Targets for primordial prevention in childhood include preventing and reducing childhood obesity, achieving an optimal diet that includes avoiding excessive salt consumption, and removing barriers to physical activity and healthy sleep throughout childhood. Primordial prevention also includes the prenatal period wherein some maternal conditions and exposures are associated with higher blood pressure in child offspring.

• #13 Primordial Prevention of High Blood Pressure in Childhood: An Opportunity Not to be Missed – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32223379/

  Hypertension is a condition with increased risk for subsequent adverse events, and treatment of hypertension is prescribed for primary prevention of adverse events. Primordial prevention is a concept that precedes primary prevention and focuses on risk factor prevention. Primordial prevention of hypertension consists of strategies to maintain blood pressure in a normal range and prevent development of elevated blood pressure or hypertension. Childhood is a period in which primordial prevention could be effective and if sustained throughout childhood could contribute to a healthier young adulthood. Targets for primordial prevention in childhood include preventing and reducing childhood obesity, achieving an optimal diet that includes avoiding excessive salt consumption, and removing barriers to physical activity and healthy sleep throughout childhood. Primordial prevention also includes the prenatal period wherein some maternal conditions and exposures are associated with higher blood pressure in child offspring.

• #14 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3615950/

  Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy have higher blood pressure than babies born from non-smoking mothers. […] The finding of elevated blood pressure values at a control visit that is not confirmed at subsequent measurements could represent a risk factor for later development of hypertension. […] Dietary-behavioral therapy is indicated in children with hypertension or high-normal blood pressure and should be advised to those with transiently elevated blood pressure values or with positive family history for hypertension. […] The intervention of a specialist is always necessary when the patient weighs less than 10-15 kg, when the blood pressure goal is not reached after two drug treatment and in the presence of impaired renal function. […] The present document endorses the recent recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension and represents their translation into the Italian clinical reality.

• #15 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-39-20

  Overweight and obesity. […] Overweight represents over 50% of all the causes of hypertension in children. […] Sedentary behavior. […] Adequate physical activity lasting 40 minutes for 35 times a week causes a reduction in blood pressure values. […] Substances that increase blood pressure. […] Salt rich diets already affect blood pressure in childhood. […] Cigarette smoke. […] Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy have higher blood pressure than babies born from non-smoking mothers. […] Non sustained form of hypertension. […] The finding of elevated blood pressure values at a control visit that is not confirmed at subsequent measurements could represent a risk factor for later development of hypertension. […] Dietary-behavioral therapy is indicated in children with hypertension or high-normal blood pressure and should be advised to those with transiently elevated blood pressure values or with positive family history for hypertension.

• #16 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-39-20

  The European Society of Hypertension has recently published its recommendations on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. […] The prevention of high blood pressure is based on correct lifestyle and nutrition, starting from childhood age. […] Prevention should aim at avoiding the onset of hypertension both in children and in adults. Therefore the pediatrician should identify the main risk factors: Family history of hypertension. […] A lot of international studies show that children coming from hypertensive families have a greater risk to present with elevated blood pressure values. […] Low birth weight. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that intrauterine growth delay and low birth weight are risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.

• #17 Screening for High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/od1.html

  Important risk factors for primary hypertension in children and adolescents are higher body mass index and a family history of hypertension. […] Current practice for blood pressure screening typically involves measurement in office-based health care settings as part of well-child or sports participation examinations, often in conjunction with other vital signs and growth parameters. Several organizations recommend routine measurement of blood pressure at well-child visits starting at age 3 years, based on consensus.

• #18 Could My Child Have High Blood Pressure? – Loudoun Pediatric Associates

  https://www.loudounpeds.com/could-my-child-have-high-blood-pressure/

  Most of us think of high blood pressure as a diagnosis for grown-ups. But hypertension is a growing and underdiagnosed problem in children and teens. […] High blood pressure increases a child’s risk of cardiovascular conditions as an adult and can lead to organ damage and other health issues. […] Your family pediatrician can help with diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and other resources and make parents aware of potential risk factors. […] While high blood pressure in young children is usually related to an underlying medical condition, older children can develop high blood pressure because of obesity/overweight, poor nutrition, and lack of exercise. […] The AAFP identifies several risk factors for high blood pressure in children: Obesity and increased body mass index (BMI), Sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, Chronic Kidney Disease, Family history of hypertension, Low birth weight, Mother smoking during pregnancy, Race and ethnicity: Black and Hispanic children are at greater risk.

• #19 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. […] It’s important for your child to have regular medical checkups, especially if they have risk factors for high blood pressure. […] If your child has no risk factors for high blood pressure, their provider will likely start measuring it at annual checkups, beginning at age 3. If your child does have risk factors, their provider may start checking blood pressure when your child is an infant. […] There are a few steps your child can take to try to prevent high blood pressure, including: Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for them: Talk to your child’s healthcare provider about healthy weight ranges for your child’s age, sex and height. Limiting foods high in salt, saturated fat and sugar: Consistently consuming large amounts of these dietary substances can increase your child’s risk for high blood pressure. Aiming for 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity: This can help manage your child’s weight and helps reduce their risk of high blood pressure. Getting quality sleep: Encourage a healthy sleep routine for your child. Quality sleep is essential to overall health. If you suspect your child may have a sleep disorder, talk to their healthcare provider. Avoiding smoking, vaping (e-cigarettes) and secondhand smoke: Smoking and vaping increase blood pressure. Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke can also raise blood pressure. […] If you have a family history of high blood pressure, be sure to tell your child’s provider. They’ll likely recommend closer monitoring of your child’s blood pressure.

• #20 High blood pressure (hypertension) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410

  High blood pressure is most common in adults. But kids can have high blood pressure too. High blood pressure in children may be caused by problems with the kidneys or heart. But for a growing number of kids, high blood pressure is due to lifestyle habits such as an unhealthy diet and lack of exercise. […] Healthy lifestyle habits such as not smoking, exercising and eating well can help prevent and treat high blood pressure. Some people need medicine to treat high blood pressure. […] Children age 3 and older may have blood pressure measured as a part of their yearly checkups.

• #21 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. […] It’s important for your child to have regular medical checkups, especially if they have risk factors for high blood pressure. […] If your child has no risk factors for high blood pressure, their provider will likely start measuring it at annual checkups, beginning at age 3. If your child does have risk factors, their provider may start checking blood pressure when your child is an infant. […] There are a few steps your child can take to try to prevent high blood pressure, including: Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for them: Talk to your child’s healthcare provider about healthy weight ranges for your child’s age, sex and height. Limiting foods high in salt, saturated fat and sugar: Consistently consuming large amounts of these dietary substances can increase your child’s risk for high blood pressure. Aiming for 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity: This can help manage your child’s weight and helps reduce their risk of high blood pressure. Getting quality sleep: Encourage a healthy sleep routine for your child. Quality sleep is essential to overall health. If you suspect your child may have a sleep disorder, talk to their healthcare provider. Avoiding smoking, vaping (e-cigarettes) and secondhand smoke: Smoking and vaping increase blood pressure. Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke can also raise blood pressure. […] If you have a family history of high blood pressure, be sure to tell your child’s provider. They’ll likely recommend closer monitoring of your child’s blood pressure.

• #22 Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/08/25/10/39/clinical-practice-guideline-for-screening-and-management-of-hbp

  These pediatric hypertension guidelines are an update to the 2004 Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. […] There is a more restrictive recommendation to perform screening blood pressure measurements only at preventative care visits. Exceptions include patients taking medication known to increase blood pressure, obese patients, and those with diabetes, renal disease, or aortic arch obstruction/coarctation, who should have their blood pressure measured at every health care encounter. […] The new guidelines include an expanded role for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the diagnosis and management of pediatric hypertension. ABPM should be performed for confirmation of hypertension in children with office blood pressure measurements in the elevated blood pressure category for a year or more or with stage I hypertension over three clinic visits.

• #23 Preventive Cardiovascular Measures in Children with Elevated Blood Pressure

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/8/1001

  Identifying, examining, preventing, and treating children with high-risk BP is crucial for both clinical and public health benefits. This step is essential in reducing the excessive burden of CVDs. In children, primordial and preventive measures should be undertaken with an emphasis on family lifestyle modifications. High-risk BP should be detected regularly with appropriate BP measurements as it is an inexpensive, relatively quick, and non-invasive method for screening children for hypertension.

• #24 High blood pressure in teens can lead to serious health issues later | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/news/high-blood-pressure-in-teens-can-lead-to-serious-health-issues-later/

  Plan healthy meals together, grocery shop together and cook together to start good eating habits that will last into adulthood, according to Dr. DiPietro. […] The team at Norton Children’s Heart Institute practices preventive cardiology to help more children and families live heart-healthy lifestyles. […] Most of the time, high blood pressure in teens or others doesn’t cause symptoms. […] A single reading showing high blood pressure isn’t enough to diagnose hypertension. Diagnosing the condition can involve multiple checks over days or weeks and may include urine and blood tests.

• #25 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. […] It’s important for your child to have regular medical checkups, especially if they have risk factors for high blood pressure. […] If your child has no risk factors for high blood pressure, their provider will likely start measuring it at annual checkups, beginning at age 3. If your child does have risk factors, their provider may start checking blood pressure when your child is an infant. […] There are a few steps your child can take to try to prevent high blood pressure, including: Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for them: Talk to your child’s healthcare provider about healthy weight ranges for your child’s age, sex and height. Limiting foods high in salt, saturated fat and sugar: Consistently consuming large amounts of these dietary substances can increase your child’s risk for high blood pressure. Aiming for 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity: This can help manage your child’s weight and helps reduce their risk of high blood pressure. Getting quality sleep: Encourage a healthy sleep routine for your child. Quality sleep is essential to overall health. If you suspect your child may have a sleep disorder, talk to their healthcare provider. Avoiding smoking, vaping (e-cigarettes) and secondhand smoke: Smoking and vaping increase blood pressure. Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke can also raise blood pressure. […] If you have a family history of high blood pressure, be sure to tell your child’s provider. They’ll likely recommend closer monitoring of your child’s blood pressure.

• #26 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  Developing high blood pressure in childhood is especially concerning, Tran said, because the longer blood pressure remains high, the greater the risks to the heart and blood vessels in major organs, such as the brain and kidneys. […] „We know that kids who have high blood pressure also tend to have it as adults,” said Tran, who co-authored the recent AHA report. […] Until recently, data linking blood pressure levels to later cardiovascular events was lacking for children. But studies published over the past few years provide growing evidence that high blood pressure in childhood can cause cardiovascular harm within a few years and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. […] For children under 13, hypertension is diagnosed if either systolic or diastolic blood pressure is at or above the 95th percentile, meaning 95% of other kids of the same age, sex and height have a lower blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is defined as being below the 90th percentile.

• #27 High blood pressure in children – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20373440

  High blood pressure can be prevented in children by making the same lifestyle changes that can help treat it controlling your child’s weight, providing a healthy diet low in salt (sodium) and encouraging your child to exercise. […] High blood pressure caused by another condition can sometimes be controlled, or even prevented, by managing the condition that’s causing it.

• #28 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p693.html

  High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked by physicians. […] Overweight and obesity are strongly correlated with primary hypertension in children. […] Hypertension in children is treated with lifestyle changes, including weight loss for those who are overweight or obese; a healthy, low-sodium diet; regular physical activity; and avoidance of tobacco and alcohol. […] All children with prehypertension or hypertension should make therapeutic lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure, including losing weight if overweight, consuming a healthy diet low in sodium, getting regular physical activity, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol use. […] Regular, sustained physical activity is most effective in lowering blood pressure, and the NHBPEP recommends 30 to 60 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity on most days and less than two hours of sedentary activity per day.

• #29 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-39-20

  Overweight and obesity. […] Overweight represents over 50% of all the causes of hypertension in children. […] Sedentary behavior. […] Adequate physical activity lasting 40 minutes for 35 times a week causes a reduction in blood pressure values. […] Substances that increase blood pressure. […] Salt rich diets already affect blood pressure in childhood. […] Cigarette smoke. […] Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy have higher blood pressure than babies born from non-smoking mothers. […] Non sustained form of hypertension. […] The finding of elevated blood pressure values at a control visit that is not confirmed at subsequent measurements could represent a risk factor for later development of hypertension. […] Dietary-behavioral therapy is indicated in children with hypertension or high-normal blood pressure and should be advised to those with transiently elevated blood pressure values or with positive family history for hypertension.

• #30 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-39-20

  Reduction of overweight. […] As increased blood pressure is often associated with overweight, weight reduction can reduce blood pressure levels. […] Reduction of salt intake. […] A meta-analysis has shown that a modest reduction in sodium intake in children causes a decrease in blood pressure values and may determine a reduction of the physiological age-related increase in blood pressure. […] Increase in physical activity. […] Forty minutes of aerobic-based physical activity 35 days/week are required to improve cardiovascular function and reduce blood pressure in children. […] Pharmacological therapy, when needed, should not in any condition exclude dietary and behavioral therapy as the latter may allow dose reduction of drugs, better therapeutic control and more effective prevention of other cardiovascular risk factors.

• #31 Could My Child Have High Blood Pressure? – Loudoun Pediatric Associates

  https://www.loudounpeds.com/could-my-child-have-high-blood-pressure/

  As pediatricians, our first approach to treating high blood pressure in children and teens involves lifestyle changes. […] We can achieve positive results with the following: Pediatrician-supervised weight loss if a child is overweight or obese, Improved nutrition, adding fresh fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy, increased fiber, and reduced sodium, Regular exercise, with a goal of 30 to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise three to five times per week, Stress reduction, including mindfulness and breathing exercises, meditation, and yoga, Family-focused interventions, including nutritional counseling to improve the entire family’s diet. […] If your child has risk factors, we’ll monitor blood pressure at every checkup. […] We also check for underlying conditions and try to catch and address risk factors early as a prevention tool. […] However, in many cases, early identification allows us to start with diet and exercise, encouraging families to focus on a healthy lifestyle.

• #32 Diagnosis and Prevention of High blood pressure in children – Infinity Care Hospital

  https://infinitycarehospital.com/diagnosis-and-prevention-of-high-blood-pressure-in-children/

  Hypertension is a rapidly growing disease in children and young people. […] Due to unhealthy lifestyles, this problem is spreading even among children. Lifestyle changes and the inclusion of healthy low-fat foods in the diet, and regular physical activity can reduce the risk of high blood pressure. […] Your childs blood pressure should be measured every year after the age of 3. This test is necessary for children who have obesity. […] Children with high blood pressure can participate in sports only after the recommendation of a doctor. […] High blood pressure treatment is the same in children and adults, usually starting with lifestyle changes. Even if a child takes medicine for high blood pressure, some changes in lifestyle can make the medication work better. […] Control a childs weight. If a child is overweight, achieving a healthy weight or maintaining the same weight while getting taller can lower blood pressure.

• #33 High blood pressure can start in childhood – but so can prevention | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2020/05/13/high-blood-pressure-can-start-in-childhood-but-so-can-prevention

  For children and teens, the AAP guidelines define high blood pressure as 130/80 or higher. For kids 12 and under, a blood pressure reading at or above the 95th percentile also is defined as hypertension. […] Often, if a child’s blood pressure is high, the pediatrician may recommend further tests that look at urine and blood, and ultrasounds to examine the heart or the kidneys. […] For children diagnosed with hypertension, it doesn’t have to be a lifelong condition. Children above a healthy weight can start by eating a nutritious diet and being more active. […] Parents should serve fruits and vegetables as snacks and stay away from sodium – a major culprit when it comes to hypertension. […] Packaged, processed and fast foods are high in sodium and should be avoided as much as possible. Developing lifelong healthy habits in childhood may help avoid health risks in the future.

• #34 Children can have high blood pressure, too. Here’s what to know. | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/04/13/children-can-have-high-blood-pressure-too-heres-what-to-know

  As with adults, treatment for high blood pressure in children should begin with lifestyle changes, including getting regular physical activity and improving the diet, Tran said. „We recommend dietary changes such as eating more fruits and vegetables and reducing sodium.” […] If blood pressure is confirmed to be very high or remains high despite lifestyle changes, medication may be needed, Tran said.

• #35 High Blood Pressure in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Sodium increases blood pressure. When people consume too much salt (sodium), the body retains more fluid, leading to increased blood pressure. […] Parents can help prevent high blood pressure in their children by: Providing healthful, lower-calorie foods such as fruits and vegetables at meals and as snacks, Providing foods that are low in salt, Making water always available (instead of sugary beverages, including energy drinks) and limiting fruit juice, Encouraging their children to be more physically active, Learning about what is considered overweight and obese, Helping their children maintain a healthy weight, Eating healthful foods and exercising each day themselves to be a role model for their children.

• #36 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-39-20

  Reduction of overweight. […] As increased blood pressure is often associated with overweight, weight reduction can reduce blood pressure levels. […] Reduction of salt intake. […] A meta-analysis has shown that a modest reduction in sodium intake in children causes a decrease in blood pressure values and may determine a reduction of the physiological age-related increase in blood pressure. […] Increase in physical activity. […] Forty minutes of aerobic-based physical activity 35 days/week are required to improve cardiovascular function and reduce blood pressure in children. […] Pharmacological therapy, when needed, should not in any condition exclude dietary and behavioral therapy as the latter may allow dose reduction of drugs, better therapeutic control and more effective prevention of other cardiovascular risk factors.

• #37 Hypertension in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/hypertension-in-children/hypertension-in-children

  Weight reduction […] Exercise […] Reducing salt intake […] Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors […] Childhood obesity is a major contributor to hypertension. Clinicians should encourage healthy diets and regular exercise in all pediatric patients. A diet higher in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and low-fat dairy products and lower in sodium, such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, may both help and treat prevent obesity and hypertension. It is recommended that children consume less than 2300 mg of sodium per day (even less for children < 13 years). [...] Children ages 6 to 17 should be doing 30 to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity at least 3 to 5 days per week. Younger children should be physically active throughout the day. [...] It is important to screen for smoking in children and, where necessary, help implement a smoking cessation program. In addition, it is important to screen for use of caffeine (including energy drinks), alcohol, and drugs, all of which can play a role in hypertension.

• #38 High blood pressure can start in childhood

  https://news.childrensmercy.org/american-heart-association-high-blood-pressure-can-start-in-childhood–but-so-can-prevention/

  High blood pressure can start in childhood but so can prevention. But the condition doesn’t just affect adults. In children, it can be caused by obesity, kidney disease, heart abnormalities or other factors. Hypertension at such a young age puts kids at risk for heart disease and stroke later in life. With obesity on the rise, we do see quite a few kids with high blood pressure. It’s underrecognized. It’s not often flagged in the pediatrician office because it is not always checked. Parents should serve fruits and vegetables as snacks and stay away from sodium a major culprit when it comes to hypertension. Nearly 9 in 10 U.S. children eat too much sodium, according to the CDC. The AAP guidelines recommend doctors prescribe blood pressure medications if lifestyle changes do not work, or if the child has another underlying condition. But that’s rare. Only about 1% of kids with hypertension are prescribed blood pressure-lowering medications.

• #39 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p693.html

  High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked by physicians. […] Overweight and obesity are strongly correlated with primary hypertension in children. […] Hypertension in children is treated with lifestyle changes, including weight loss for those who are overweight or obese; a healthy, low-sodium diet; regular physical activity; and avoidance of tobacco and alcohol. […] All children with prehypertension or hypertension should make therapeutic lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure, including losing weight if overweight, consuming a healthy diet low in sodium, getting regular physical activity, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol use. […] Regular, sustained physical activity is most effective in lowering blood pressure, and the NHBPEP recommends 30 to 60 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity on most days and less than two hours of sedentary activity per day.

• #40 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p693.html

  High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked by physicians. […] Overweight and obesity are strongly correlated with primary hypertension in children. […] Hypertension in children is treated with lifestyle changes, including weight loss for those who are overweight or obese; a healthy, low-sodium diet; regular physical activity; and avoidance of tobacco and alcohol. […] All children with prehypertension or hypertension should make therapeutic lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure, including losing weight if overweight, consuming a healthy diet low in sodium, getting regular physical activity, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol use. […] Regular, sustained physical activity is most effective in lowering blood pressure, and the NHBPEP recommends 30 to 60 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity on most days and less than two hours of sedentary activity per day.

• #41 Lifestyle Strategies for Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/treatments/lifestyle-strategies-for-hypertension-in-children

  Doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone partner with you to help your child adopt healthy habits that can reverse prehypertension or prevent hypertension of any degree from getting worse. […] Adopting these habits can also help to keep hypertension from persisting into adulthood, which can lead to complications such as a stroke, heart disease, or kidney disorders. […] Our registered dietitians can work with you and your whole family to develop a meal plan that incorporates healthful foods into your familys diet and limits processed foods, which contain large amounts of salt, sugar, and saturated fats. […] Increasing physical activity has many benefits for children with mild hypertension or risk factors such as obesity or a family history of hypertension. […] Regular exercise can strengthen the heart, allowing it to pump more efficiently and reduce pressure within the arteries.

• #42 Lifestyle Strategies for Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/treatments/lifestyle-strategies-for-hypertension-in-children

  Exercise can also help to reduce weight, which can lower blood pressure and the risk for other conditions related to hypertension. […] Studies have shown that incorporating 30 to 60 minutes of moderate aerobic activity into your childs daily routine and limiting sedentary activities, such as watching television or playing video games, to less than two hours a day can lower blood pressure and reduce the need for antihypertensive medications.

• #43 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) in Children

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hypertension/children-causes-diagnosis-treatment/

  Aerobic exercise is also vital for lowering kids blood pressure. The AAP recommends 60 minutes of physical activity a day. […] If lifestyle changes are not enough, your pediatrician may recommend blood pressure-lowering medication. The AAP recommends pediatricians start children on blood-pressure-lowering medication only if lifestyle changes have failed to work or if the child has another health condition, such as diabetes or kidney disease.

• #44 Preventing High Blood Pressure Begins in Childhood | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2020/03/preventing-high-blood-pressure-begins-in-childhood

  Send your child down a heart-healthy path. Ask the pediatrician to measure your childs blood pressure every year, starting at age 3. […] To prevent current and future health issues, help your child take on these three big hypertension risk factors. […] Children and teens should be active at least 60 minutes every day. Help yours find activities they enjoy. […] If you think your child has weight problems, talk with their pediatrician, who can help you develop a healthy exercise and eating plan for your family. Most children shouldnt go on diets. But they should eat lots of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and cut back on sugar, salt and saturated fat. […] Follow the pediatricians instructions for treating these problems.

• #45

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/heart-health/lack-sleep-linked-high-blood-pressure-children-teens-new-research-find-rcna157561

  Children and teenagers who regularly get too few hours of sleep may be at higher risk of developing high blood pressure, new research indicates. […] This is another thing parents might want to think about, particularly if the child has high blood pressure. […] Major risk factors for hypertension in children and teens include being overweight, not getting enough physical activity and a poor diet, according to the American Heart Association. […] It’s important to control blood pressure early in life because the longer someone has hypertension, the higher the risk of developing heart disease, said Dr. Barry Love, director of the congenital cardiac catheterization program at Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Heart Center. […] The further sleep duration was from recommended levels, the more likely it was for kids to experience high blood pressure during the day.

• #46

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/heart-health/lack-sleep-linked-high-blood-pressure-children-teens-new-research-find-rcna157561

  Children and teenagers who regularly get too few hours of sleep may be at higher risk of developing high blood pressure, new research indicates. […] This is another thing parents might want to think about, particularly if the child has high blood pressure. […] Major risk factors for hypertension in children and teens include being overweight, not getting enough physical activity and a poor diet, according to the American Heart Association. […] It’s important to control blood pressure early in life because the longer someone has hypertension, the higher the risk of developing heart disease, said Dr. Barry Love, director of the congenital cardiac catheterization program at Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Heart Center. […] The further sleep duration was from recommended levels, the more likely it was for kids to experience high blood pressure during the day.

• #47

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/heart-health/lack-sleep-linked-high-blood-pressure-children-teens-new-research-find-rcna157561

  Parents shouldn’t allow cellphones in kids’ bedrooms at night, Kogon said. She also suggests kids not have any kind of electronics or TVs in bedrooms. […] Other ways to help improve sleep include quitting caffeine at least six hours before bed, keeping to regular sleep schedules, and avoiding naps for older kids.

• #48 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. […] It’s important for your child to have regular medical checkups, especially if they have risk factors for high blood pressure. […] If your child has no risk factors for high blood pressure, their provider will likely start measuring it at annual checkups, beginning at age 3. If your child does have risk factors, their provider may start checking blood pressure when your child is an infant. […] There are a few steps your child can take to try to prevent high blood pressure, including: Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for them: Talk to your child’s healthcare provider about healthy weight ranges for your child’s age, sex and height. Limiting foods high in salt, saturated fat and sugar: Consistently consuming large amounts of these dietary substances can increase your child’s risk for high blood pressure. Aiming for 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity: This can help manage your child’s weight and helps reduce their risk of high blood pressure. Getting quality sleep: Encourage a healthy sleep routine for your child. Quality sleep is essential to overall health. If you suspect your child may have a sleep disorder, talk to their healthcare provider. Avoiding smoking, vaping (e-cigarettes) and secondhand smoke: Smoking and vaping increase blood pressure. Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke can also raise blood pressure. […] If you have a family history of high blood pressure, be sure to tell your child’s provider. They’ll likely recommend closer monitoring of your child’s blood pressure.

• #49 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. […] It’s important for your child to have regular medical checkups, especially if they have risk factors for high blood pressure. […] If your child has no risk factors for high blood pressure, their provider will likely start measuring it at annual checkups, beginning at age 3. If your child does have risk factors, their provider may start checking blood pressure when your child is an infant. […] There are a few steps your child can take to try to prevent high blood pressure, including: Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for them: Talk to your child’s healthcare provider about healthy weight ranges for your child’s age, sex and height. Limiting foods high in salt, saturated fat and sugar: Consistently consuming large amounts of these dietary substances can increase your child’s risk for high blood pressure. Aiming for 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity: This can help manage your child’s weight and helps reduce their risk of high blood pressure. Getting quality sleep: Encourage a healthy sleep routine for your child. Quality sleep is essential to overall health. If you suspect your child may have a sleep disorder, talk to their healthcare provider. Avoiding smoking, vaping (e-cigarettes) and secondhand smoke: Smoking and vaping increase blood pressure. Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke can also raise blood pressure. […] If you have a family history of high blood pressure, be sure to tell your child’s provider. They’ll likely recommend closer monitoring of your child’s blood pressure.

• #50 Preventing Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/prevention

  Hypertension, or chronic high blood pressure, doesnt solely affect adults. More than 3 percent of children and adolescents have hypertension. […] Doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone recommend that families take a proactive approach to preventing hypertension, particularly if a child is overweight or has other risk factors for the condition. […] For example, offer your child a balanced diet that includes plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, and eliminate processed foods, which contain added salt, fat, and sugar. […] Fit exercise into your childs schedule at least three times a week. Studies have shown that regular physical activity decreases the risk of high blood pressure, regardless of weight. […] If your child has an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys, keep up to date with medical appointments to ensure your child is monitored regularly for hypertension. […] Secondhand smoke may also increase a childs risk of hypertension.

• #51 Hypertension in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/hypertension-in-children/hypertension-in-children

  Weight reduction […] Exercise […] Reducing salt intake […] Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors […] Childhood obesity is a major contributor to hypertension. Clinicians should encourage healthy diets and regular exercise in all pediatric patients. A diet higher in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and low-fat dairy products and lower in sodium, such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, may both help and treat prevent obesity and hypertension. It is recommended that children consume less than 2300 mg of sodium per day (even less for children < 13 years). [...] Children ages 6 to 17 should be doing 30 to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity at least 3 to 5 days per week. Younger children should be physically active throughout the day. [...] It is important to screen for smoking in children and, where necessary, help implement a smoking cessation program. In addition, it is important to screen for use of caffeine (including energy drinks), alcohol, and drugs, all of which can play a role in hypertension.

• #52 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-39-20

  Overweight and obesity. […] Overweight represents over 50% of all the causes of hypertension in children. […] Sedentary behavior. […] Adequate physical activity lasting 40 minutes for 35 times a week causes a reduction in blood pressure values. […] Substances that increase blood pressure. […] Salt rich diets already affect blood pressure in childhood. […] Cigarette smoke. […] Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy have higher blood pressure than babies born from non-smoking mothers. […] Non sustained form of hypertension. […] The finding of elevated blood pressure values at a control visit that is not confirmed at subsequent measurements could represent a risk factor for later development of hypertension. […] Dietary-behavioral therapy is indicated in children with hypertension or high-normal blood pressure and should be advised to those with transiently elevated blood pressure values or with positive family history for hypertension.

• #53 Hypertension in Children – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/hypertension-in-children/hypertension-in-children

  Weight reduction […] Exercise […] Reducing salt intake […] Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors […] Childhood obesity is a major contributor to hypertension. Clinicians should encourage healthy diets and regular exercise in all pediatric patients. A diet higher in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and low-fat dairy products and lower in sodium, such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, may both help and treat prevent obesity and hypertension. It is recommended that children consume less than 2300 mg of sodium per day (even less for children < 13 years). [...] Children ages 6 to 17 should be doing 30 to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity at least 3 to 5 days per week. Younger children should be physically active throughout the day. [...] It is important to screen for smoking in children and, where necessary, help implement a smoking cessation program. In addition, it is important to screen for use of caffeine (including energy drinks), alcohol, and drugs, all of which can play a role in hypertension.

• #54 Preventive Cardiovascular Measures in Children with Elevated Blood Pressure

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/8/1001

  The primordial prevention of elevated BP and subsequent CVD involves the prevention of the onset of its risk factors. […] During childhood, maintaining a healthy weight, appropriate diet, and regular physical activity are crucial in preventing the development of hypertension. […] Parents significantly impact their children’s health behaviour, influence their behaviour beyond adolescence, and a parent or adolescent’s definition of health can predict health-promoting behaviour, especially for girls. […] In the primary prevention of hypertension development, obesity plays a major role along with other aforementioned factors (genetics, intrauterine factors and perinatal conditions, diet, physical inactivity, sleep etc.). […] Nutritional intervention is globally acknowledged as the first-line treatment for individuals with increased cardiovascular risk, and it is especially crucial for children and adolescents. […] Increasing physical activity offers numerous benefits for children with mild hypertension or risk factors like obesity or a family history of hypertension. Regular exercise strengthens the heart, enhancing its efficiency and reducing arterial pressure. […] Given the prevalence of elevated BP and hypertension in asymptomatic children, elevated BP should be regarded as a long-term health concern in paediatrics. The cornerstone of secondary preventive measures is the timely detection of elevated BP or hypertension, achieved through accurate BP measurement.

• #55 High Blood Pressure in Children and Teens

  https://library.valleymed.org/Library/Wellness/Prevention/90,P01609

  What can I do to prevent high blood pressure in my child? Not all high blood pressure can be prevented. But making heart-healthy lifestyle choices may lower the chance of developing high blood pressure. A family-based approach plays a major role in conditions that involve lifestyle changes. By making similar healthier choices in your habits, you not only support your child’s good health but ensure your good health, too. Help your child: Stay at a healthy weight. Eat a healthy diet. Be active every day. Stay away from smoking. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends children older than 3 years old have blood pressure screenings at their yearly well-child visit. It should be checked at every encounter if they are obese, are taking medicine known to increase blood pressure, have kidney disease, diabetes, or a history of aortic arch obstruction or coarctation. Normal blood pressure in kids depends on their gender, age, and height. […] Lifestyle changes like weight loss, exercise, and healthy eating can help to lower high blood pressure.

• #56 High Blood Pressure in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/high-blood-pressure-in-children/high-blood-pressure-in-children

  Sodium increases blood pressure. When people consume too much salt (sodium), the body retains more fluid, leading to increased blood pressure. […] Parents can help prevent high blood pressure in their children by: Providing healthful, lower-calorie foods such as fruits and vegetables at meals and as snacks, Providing foods that are low in salt, Making water always available (instead of sugary beverages, including energy drinks) and limiting fruit juice, Encouraging their children to be more physically active, Learning about what is considered overweight and obese, Helping their children maintain a healthy weight, Eating healthful foods and exercising each day themselves to be a role model for their children.

• #57 High blood pressure in teens can lead to serious health issues later | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/news/high-blood-pressure-in-teens-can-lead-to-serious-health-issues-later/

  About 1 in 7 U.S. teens have high blood pressure or elevated blood pressure – conditions that often have no symptoms and can lead to serious heart issues as they grow into young adults. […] Teens with high blood pressure, also called hypertension, or even with milder elevated blood pressure, can take steps to lower their blood pressure with physical activity and healthy eating choices. […] “Preventing or treating these conditions at a young age can help prevent heart failure, heart attacks and other life-threatening conditions from striking in young adulthood or later.” […] According to Dr. DiPietro, parents can model the healthy lifestyle they want for their children. Planning physical activities as a family, setting a healthy example by exercising yourself and including the kids in the activities you enjoy can help children get engaged in staying active.

• #58 High blood pressure in teens can lead to serious health issues later | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/news/high-blood-pressure-in-teens-can-lead-to-serious-health-issues-later/

  Plan healthy meals together, grocery shop together and cook together to start good eating habits that will last into adulthood, according to Dr. DiPietro. […] The team at Norton Children’s Heart Institute practices preventive cardiology to help more children and families live heart-healthy lifestyles. […] Most of the time, high blood pressure in teens or others doesn’t cause symptoms. […] A single reading showing high blood pressure isn’t enough to diagnose hypertension. Diagnosing the condition can involve multiple checks over days or weeks and may include urine and blood tests.

• #59 High blood pressure (hypertension) in teens and kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/high-blood-pressure

  Build healthy habits – Keeping physically active, eating a balanced diet and avoiding smoking all help keep blood pressure levels in check. […] Work together as a family – Children can most successfully lower their blood pressure when the whole family changes eating and exercise habits with them. […] Have routine blood pressure checks – When they turn 3 years old, your child should start having their blood pressure checked every year. If they have one or more risk factors, the doctor will check their blood pressure at each visit. […] Learn stress management – Learning meditation and other ways to relax early in life can help bring and keep blood pressure down.

• #60 Preventing Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/prevention

  Hypertension, or chronic high blood pressure, doesnt solely affect adults. More than 3 percent of children and adolescents have hypertension. […] Doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone recommend that families take a proactive approach to preventing hypertension, particularly if a child is overweight or has other risk factors for the condition. […] For example, offer your child a balanced diet that includes plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, and eliminate processed foods, which contain added salt, fat, and sugar. […] Fit exercise into your childs schedule at least three times a week. Studies have shown that regular physical activity decreases the risk of high blood pressure, regardless of weight. […] If your child has an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys, keep up to date with medical appointments to ensure your child is monitored regularly for hypertension. […] Secondhand smoke may also increase a childs risk of hypertension.

• #61 Preventing High Blood Pressure in Kids – CHOC – Children’s health hub

  https://health.choc.org/preventing-high-blood-pressure-kids/

  Encourage your kids to be active and limit sedentary activity to two hours or less per day. […] Children with kidneys problems or those born prematurely (especially if they suffered complications) have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure. Make sure these children get their blood pressure checked regularly.

• #62 High blood pressure – children – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/high-blood-pressure-children

  High blood pressure can be prevented in children by following lifestyle changes designed to bring blood pressure down. […] Your child’s provider will measure your child’s blood pressure at least once a year, starting at age 3. […] A referral to a pediatric nephrologist may be recommended for children and adolescents with hypertension.

• #63 High blood pressure – children Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-children

  High blood pressure in children up to age 13 is defined differently than in adults. […] You can help prevent high blood pressure in your child by following lifestyle changes designed to bring blood pressure down. […] A referral to a pediatric nephrologist may be recommended for children and adolescents with hypertension.

• #64 Preventing High Blood Pressure in Kids – CHOC – Children’s health hub

  https://health.choc.org/preventing-high-blood-pressure-kids/

  Encourage your kids to be active and limit sedentary activity to two hours or less per day. […] Children with kidneys problems or those born prematurely (especially if they suffered complications) have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure. Make sure these children get their blood pressure checked regularly.

• #65 Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/08/25/10/39/clinical-practice-guideline-for-screening-and-management-of-hbp

  These pediatric hypertension guidelines are an update to the 2004 Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. […] There is a more restrictive recommendation to perform screening blood pressure measurements only at preventative care visits. Exceptions include patients taking medication known to increase blood pressure, obese patients, and those with diabetes, renal disease, or aortic arch obstruction/coarctation, who should have their blood pressure measured at every health care encounter. […] The new guidelines include an expanded role for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the diagnosis and management of pediatric hypertension. ABPM should be performed for confirmation of hypertension in children with office blood pressure measurements in the elevated blood pressure category for a year or more or with stage I hypertension over three clinic visits.

• #66 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. […] It’s important for your child to have regular medical checkups, especially if they have risk factors for high blood pressure. […] If your child has no risk factors for high blood pressure, their provider will likely start measuring it at annual checkups, beginning at age 3. If your child does have risk factors, their provider may start checking blood pressure when your child is an infant. […] There are a few steps your child can take to try to prevent high blood pressure, including: Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for them: Talk to your child’s healthcare provider about healthy weight ranges for your child’s age, sex and height. Limiting foods high in salt, saturated fat and sugar: Consistently consuming large amounts of these dietary substances can increase your child’s risk for high blood pressure. Aiming for 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity: This can help manage your child’s weight and helps reduce their risk of high blood pressure. Getting quality sleep: Encourage a healthy sleep routine for your child. Quality sleep is essential to overall health. If you suspect your child may have a sleep disorder, talk to their healthcare provider. Avoiding smoking, vaping (e-cigarettes) and secondhand smoke: Smoking and vaping increase blood pressure. Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke can also raise blood pressure. […] If you have a family history of high blood pressure, be sure to tell your child’s provider. They’ll likely recommend closer monitoring of your child’s blood pressure.

• #67

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/news/Pages/AAP-Publishes-New-Guidelines-on-Identifying-and-Treating-High-Blood-Pressure-in-Children.aspx

  An estimated 3.5% of all children and adolescents have hypertension, which is when the blood pressure remains abnormally high. […] „Prevention and early detection are key,” said Joseph Flynn, MD, MS, FAAP, who co-chaired the subcommittee. „High blood pressure levels tend to carry into adulthood, raising the risks for cardiovascular disease and other problems. By catching the condition early, we are able to work with the family to manage it, whether that’s through lifestyle changes, medication, or a combination of treatments.” […] The first-line treatment remains lifestyle changes, as there is a high correlation between hypertension and obesity.

• #68 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p693.html

  High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked by physicians. […] Overweight and obesity are strongly correlated with primary hypertension in children. […] Hypertension in children is treated with lifestyle changes, including weight loss for those who are overweight or obese; a healthy, low-sodium diet; regular physical activity; and avoidance of tobacco and alcohol. […] All children with prehypertension or hypertension should make therapeutic lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure, including losing weight if overweight, consuming a healthy diet low in sodium, getting regular physical activity, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol use. […] Regular, sustained physical activity is most effective in lowering blood pressure, and the NHBPEP recommends 30 to 60 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity on most days and less than two hours of sedentary activity per day.

• #69 Diagnosis and Prevention of High blood pressure in children – Infinity Care Hospital

  https://infinitycarehospital.com/diagnosis-and-prevention-of-high-blood-pressure-in-children/

  Hypertension is a rapidly growing disease in children and young people. […] Due to unhealthy lifestyles, this problem is spreading even among children. Lifestyle changes and the inclusion of healthy low-fat foods in the diet, and regular physical activity can reduce the risk of high blood pressure. […] Your childs blood pressure should be measured every year after the age of 3. This test is necessary for children who have obesity. […] Children with high blood pressure can participate in sports only after the recommendation of a doctor. […] High blood pressure treatment is the same in children and adults, usually starting with lifestyle changes. Even if a child takes medicine for high blood pressure, some changes in lifestyle can make the medication work better. […] Control a childs weight. If a child is overweight, achieving a healthy weight or maintaining the same weight while getting taller can lower blood pressure.

• #70 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p693.html

  Children with symptomatic hypertension, secondary hypertension, target organ damage, diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite nonpharmacologic measures require antihypertensive medications. […] Thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers are safe, effective, and well tolerated in children.

• #71 Hypertension in Childhood: Causes and Consequences | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension-in-childhood

  Hypertension in children is often associated with the presence of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high lipid levels and diabetes. […] Prevention of the problem through healthy lifestyle choices and prevention of obesity is extremely important. […] Hypertension in children and adolescents is treated with lifestyle changes, including weight loss if indicated, a healthy, low-sodium diet, regular physical activity and avoidance of tobacco and alcohol. […] Children with symptomatic hypertension, secondary hypertension, target organ damage, diabetes or persistent hypertension despite non-pharmacological measures should be treated with antihypertensive medications. […] Indications for antihypertensive therapy in children include: Symptomatic hypertension, Secondary hypertension, Hypertensive target-organ damage, Diabetes mellitus, Persistent hypertension despite lifestyle measures, and pulmonary hypertension.

• #72 Hypertension in Childhood: Causes and Consequences | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension-in-childhood

  The effect of antihypertensive treatment on growth and development is not known. Treatment should be started only if benefits are clear. Antihypertensive therapy should be initiated with a single drug at the lowest recommended dose. […] Refractory hypertension may require additional treatment with agents such as minoxidil or clonidine hydrochloride. […] A Cochrane review found sparse data with regard to the use of antihypertensive agents in children. Those studied appeared to be safe, at least in the short term.

• #73 High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p693.html

  Children with symptomatic hypertension, secondary hypertension, target organ damage, diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite nonpharmacologic measures require antihypertensive medications. […] Thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers are safe, effective, and well tolerated in children.

• #74 Hypertension in Childhood: Causes and Consequences | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension-in-childhood

  The effect of antihypertensive treatment on growth and development is not known. Treatment should be started only if benefits are clear. Antihypertensive therapy should be initiated with a single drug at the lowest recommended dose. […] Refractory hypertension may require additional treatment with agents such as minoxidil or clonidine hydrochloride. […] A Cochrane review found sparse data with regard to the use of antihypertensive agents in children. Those studied appeared to be safe, at least in the short term.

• #75 Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3615950/

  Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy have higher blood pressure than babies born from non-smoking mothers. […] The finding of elevated blood pressure values at a control visit that is not confirmed at subsequent measurements could represent a risk factor for later development of hypertension. […] Dietary-behavioral therapy is indicated in children with hypertension or high-normal blood pressure and should be advised to those with transiently elevated blood pressure values or with positive family history for hypertension. […] The intervention of a specialist is always necessary when the patient weighs less than 10-15 kg, when the blood pressure goal is not reached after two drug treatment and in the presence of impaired renal function. […] The present document endorses the recent recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension and represents their translation into the Italian clinical reality.

• #76 Pediatric Hypertension: Screening, Diagnosis and Management | Texas Health Steps

  http://www.txhealthsteps.com/636-pediatric-hypertension

  The goal of this module is to equip Texas Health Steps providers and others to monitor blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents, evaluate and follow up on elevated BP readings, and manage pediatric hypertension in collaboration with families. […] Integrate recommended prevention and intervention strategies and connect families with helpful resources. […] American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.

• #77 High Blood Pressure in Teens & Kids (Pediatric Hypertension)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21150-high-blood-pressure-in-children

  High blood pressure in children varies based on their age, sex and height, as healthy blood pressure changes as your child grows. […] It’s important for your child to have regular medical checkups, especially if they have risk factors for high blood pressure. […] If your child has no risk factors for high blood pressure, their provider will likely start measuring it at annual checkups, beginning at age 3. If your child does have risk factors, their provider may start checking blood pressure when your child is an infant. […] There are a few steps your child can take to try to prevent high blood pressure, including: Maintaining a weight that’s healthy for them: Talk to your child’s healthcare provider about healthy weight ranges for your child’s age, sex and height. Limiting foods high in salt, saturated fat and sugar: Consistently consuming large amounts of these dietary substances can increase your child’s risk for high blood pressure. Aiming for 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity: This can help manage your child’s weight and helps reduce their risk of high blood pressure. Getting quality sleep: Encourage a healthy sleep routine for your child. Quality sleep is essential to overall health. If you suspect your child may have a sleep disorder, talk to their healthcare provider. Avoiding smoking, vaping (e-cigarettes) and secondhand smoke: Smoking and vaping increase blood pressure. Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke can also raise blood pressure. […] If you have a family history of high blood pressure, be sure to tell your child’s provider. They’ll likely recommend closer monitoring of your child’s blood pressure.

• #78

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/Presion-arterial-alta-en-ninos-hispanos.aspx

  High blood pressure in children can be prevented, in many cases, with a healthy lifestyle. This includes maintaining a healthy weight, eating healthy and making it a priority to get enough physical activity and sleep. […] Talk to your pediatrician or primary care provider if your child has a family history of hypertension or if something worries you. Your doctor should measure your child’s blood pressure as part of your regular health checkups.

• #79 High blood pressure – children Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure-children

  High blood pressure in children up to age 13 is defined differently than in adults. […] You can help prevent high blood pressure in your child by following lifestyle changes designed to bring blood pressure down. […] A referral to a pediatric nephrologist may be recommended for children and adolescents with hypertension.

• #80 Pediatric Hypertension: A Review of Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pediatric-hypertension-a-review-of-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Pharmacists can play a key role in the treatment of children with hypertension. Encouraging lifestyle modifications, ensuring that the pharmacotherapy plan is appropriate, providing adequate counseling, and assisting in the monitoring of the patient’s BP are a few examples of how the pharmacist can assist in the treatment of pediatric hypertension.

• #81 Most high blood pressure in children and teenagers is linked with unhealthy lifestyle

  https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Most-high-blood-pressure-in-children-and-teenagers-is-linked-with-unhealthy-lifestyle

  The authors call for public health agencies to prioritise prevention and management of hypertension in children and adolescents. For example, campaigns to increase awareness of the risks of high blood pressure in young people and the positive impact of a healthy lifestyle including physical activity, a nutritious diet low in salt and sugar, and not smoking.

• #82 Hypertension Screening in Children and Adolescents — National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, United States, 2007–2010

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6302a8.htm

  Public health authorities and other stakeholders should work with health-care providers to increase blood pressure screening in children and adolescents. […] In 2004, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP) Working Group on Children and Adolescents recommended that health-care providers measure blood pressure in children aged 3 years who are seen in a medical setting. […] The Bright Futures guidelines developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) at the request of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) recommends that children and adolescents aged 3-17 years receive blood pressure screening during their annual preventive care visit. […] An updated review conducted by USPSTF in 2012 concluded that blood pressure screening in children and adolescents might be effective in identifying high blood pressure, but insufficient evidence exists on routine screening, and false positive rates might be high.

• #83 Most high blood pressure in children and teenagers is linked with unhealthy lifestyle

  https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Most-high-blood-pressure-in-children-and-teenagers-is-linked-with-unhealthy-lifestyle

  The authors call for public health agencies to prioritise prevention and management of hypertension in children and adolescents. For example, campaigns to increase awareness of the risks of high blood pressure in young people and the positive impact of a healthy lifestyle including physical activity, a nutritious diet low in salt and sugar, and not smoking.

• #84 The prevalence of high blood pressure and its determinants among Tunisian adolescents | Journal of Human Hypertension

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-022-00677-x

  Elevated BP within the hypertension range was found to have a high prevalence among adolescents and to be strongly associated with some modifiable factors, such as overweight and obesity. […] Most importantly, hypertension is preventable if relatively simple measures such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding certain risk factors are followed. […] A comprehensive strategy for the prevention of hypertension and its risk factors among youth is urgently needed. […] Following a healthy lifestyle, regular PA and the maintenance of a healthy diet throughout life are crucial to preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). […] The targeting of children and adolescents at school through education about the impact of lifestyles on health is probably the most cost-effective way to reduce the burden of CVD in the long term.

• #85 My Child Has High Blood Pressure, Now What?

  https://blog.cincinnatichildrens.org/rare-and-complex-conditions/heart-conditions/my-child-has-high-blood-pressure-now-what/

  If your child’s blood pressure is determined to be normal, it is still important to establish healthy habits to ward off heart disease in adulthood. If he or she has a confirmed diagnosis of hypertension, the good news is that early detection and treatment can prevent the progression of heart disease, and in some cases, may even reverse changes that have already occurred.

• #86 The prevalence of high blood pressure and its determinants among Tunisian adolescents | Journal of Human Hypertension

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-022-00677-x

  Elevated BP within the hypertension range was found to have a high prevalence among adolescents and to be strongly associated with some modifiable factors, such as overweight and obesity. […] Most importantly, hypertension is preventable if relatively simple measures such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding certain risk factors are followed. […] A comprehensive strategy for the prevention of hypertension and its risk factors among youth is urgently needed. […] Following a healthy lifestyle, regular PA and the maintenance of a healthy diet throughout life are crucial to preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). […] The targeting of children and adolescents at school through education about the impact of lifestyles on health is probably the most cost-effective way to reduce the burden of CVD in the long term.

• #87 1 in 7 kids in US may have blood pressure that’s higher than normal | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/09/05/1-in-7-kids-in-us-may-have-blood-pressure-thats-higher-than-normal

  About 14% of children and teens in the U.S. either have high blood pressure or are headed toward it, according to preliminary new research that suggests a need for greater prevention efforts earlier in life. […] „Childhood is a great time to learn healthy habits to reduce these risks,” she said. […] High blood pressure can be managed or prevented by maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet high in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fats, limiting sodium, not smoking, limiting alcohol and staying physically active. […] The findings highlight the need for greater attention to prevention efforts for kids, said Urbina, who also is a professor in the department of pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati. […] „The rate of hypertension has to be addressed. Otherwise, we’re going to have people having heart attacks and strokes at a young age,” she said.

• #88 Preventive Cardiovascular Measures in Children with Elevated Blood Pressure

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/8/1001

  Identifying, examining, preventing, and treating children with high-risk BP is crucial for both clinical and public health benefits. This step is essential in reducing the excessive burden of CVDs. In children, primordial and preventive measures should be undertaken with an emphasis on family lifestyle modifications. High-risk BP should be detected regularly with appropriate BP measurements as it is an inexpensive, relatively quick, and non-invasive method for screening children for hypertension.

• #89 Preventive Cardiovascular Measures in Children with Elevated Blood Pressure

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/8/1001

  Identifying, examining, preventing, and treating children with high-risk BP is crucial for both clinical and public health benefits. This step is essential in reducing the excessive burden of CVDs. In children, primordial and preventive measures should be undertaken with an emphasis on family lifestyle modifications. High-risk BP should be detected regularly with appropriate BP measurements as it is an inexpensive, relatively quick, and non-invasive method for screening children for hypertension.

• #90 Preventive Cardiovascular Measures in Children with Elevated Blood Pressure

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/8/1001

  Identifying, examining, preventing, and treating children with high-risk BP is crucial for both clinical and public health benefits. This step is essential in reducing the excessive burden of CVDs. In children, primordial and preventive measures should be undertaken with an emphasis on family lifestyle modifications. High-risk BP should be detected regularly with appropriate BP measurements as it is an inexpensive, relatively quick, and non-invasive method for screening children for hypertension.

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