Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cytomegalovirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a wide-spread virus, with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe end-organ dysfunction in immunocompromised patients with congenital CMV disease. Human cytomegalovirus is a member of the viral family known as herpesviruses, Herpesviridae, or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5). […] CMV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the herpesviruses. Like other herpesviruses, after recovery of the initial infection, CMV remains dormant within the host. Viral reactivation occurs during the compromise of the immune system with immunosuppression. […] Approximately 59% of the population older than six years old has been exposed to CMV, with an increase in the populations seroprevalence with increasing age. Infection can occur as a primary infection, reinfection, or reactivation.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-overview

  Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the family Herpesviridae, also known as Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). It is the largest (220 nm in diameter) and most complex herpesvirus, with a 235,000 double-stranded DNA genome. CMV seroprevalence in immunocompetent adults varies from 40-100% globally. […] CMV usually causes an asymptomatic infection; afterward, it remains latent throughout life and may reactivate. Infection is defined as isolation of CMV, its viral proteins, or its nucleic acid from any tissue sample or body fluid. […] Clinically significant CMV disease (reactivation of previously latent infection or newly acquired infection) frequently develops in patients immunocompromised by HIV infection, solid-organ transplantation, or bone marrow transplantation, as well as in those receiving high-dose steroids, tumor necrosis antagonists, or other immunosuppressing medications for conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn disease, or psoriasis, among others.

• #3 Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-overview

  Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the family Herpesviridae, also known as Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). It is the largest (220 nm in diameter) and most complex herpesvirus, with a 235,000 double-stranded DNA genome. CMV seroprevalence in immunocompetent adults varies from 40-100% globally. […] CMV usually causes an asymptomatic infection; afterward, it remains latent throughout life and may reactivate. Infection is defined as isolation of CMV, its viral proteins, or its nucleic acid from any tissue sample or body fluid. […] Clinically significant CMV disease (reactivation of previously latent infection or newly acquired infection) frequently develops in patients immunocompromised by HIV infection, solid-organ transplantation, or bone marrow transplantation, as well as in those receiving high-dose steroids, tumor necrosis antagonists, or other immunosuppressing medications for conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn disease, or psoriasis, among others.

• #4 Cytomegalovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (from cyto-’cell’ via Greek ktos- 'container’ + mgas 'big, megalo-’ + -virus via Latin vrus’poison’) is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Humans and other primates serve as natural hosts. The 11 species in this genus include human betaherpesvirus 5 (HCMV, human cytomegalovirus, HHV-5), which is the species that infects humans. Diseases associated with HHV-5 include mononucleosis and pneumonia, and congenital CMV in infants can lead to deafness and ambulatory problems. […] In the medical literature, most mentions of CMV without further specification refer implicitly to human CMV. Human CMV is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses. […] Transmission routes are dependent on coming into contact with bodily fluids (such as saliva, urine, and genital secretions) from an infected individual.

• #5 Cytomegalovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomegalovirus

  All herpesviruses share a characteristic ability to remain latent within the body over long periods. Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals. […] Cytomegalovirus was first observed by German pathologist Hugo Ribbert in 1881 when he noticed enlarged cells with enlarged nuclei present in the cells of an infant. Years later, between 1956 and 1957, Thomas Huckle Weller together with Smith and Rowe independently isolated the virus, known thereafter as „cytomegalovirus”.

• #6 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cytomegalovirus-cmv-a-to-z

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus. It is so common that almost all adults in developing countries and 50% to 85% of adults in the United States have been infected. […] Being infected with this virus can be serious and even fatal in some people, however, including: people receiving chemotherapy for cancer, people with diseases that suppress the immune system, such as AIDS, people who have received organ or bone marrow transplants, newborn babies of women infected with CMV during pregnancy. […] Women infected with CMV for the first time during pregnancy can pass the virus to their unborn babies in the womb. The virus can also pass from mother to baby in vaginal secretions during delivery and in breast milk after birth. The virus can pass from person to person through close personal contact, sexual contact, blood transfusion or organ transplantation.

• #7 Cytomegalovirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/

  CMV infects between 60% to 70% of adults in industrialized countries and close to 100% in emerging countries. Of all herpes viruses, CMV harbors the largest number of genes dedicated to evading innate and adaptive immunity in the host. […] Congenital cytomegalovirus infection can cause morbidity and even death. After infection, CMV often remains latent, but it can reactivate at any time. Eventually, it causes mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and it may be responsible for prostate cancer.

• #8 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Antibodies, IgM and IgG, Serum – Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Microbiology and Infectious Disease Catalog

  https://microbiology.testcatalog.org/show/CMVP

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses and usually causes asymptomatic infection after which it remains latent in patients, primarily within bone marrow derived cells. […] Cytomegalovirus is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among bone marrow or solid organ transplant recipients, individuals with AIDS, and other immunosuppressed patients due to virus reactivation or from a newly acquired infection. […] CMV is also responsible for congenital disease among newborns and is one of the TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, other infections including syphilis, rubella, CMV, and herpes simplex virus). […] Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence increases with age. In the United States, the prevalence of CMV-specific antibodies increases from approximately 36% in children from 6 to 11 years old to over 91% in adults over 80 years old.

• #9

  https://step1.medbullets.com/microbiology/104109/cytomegalovirus-cmv

  cytomegalovirus (CMV) or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5) […] linear, double-stranded DNA virus […] largest virus that causes human infections […] transmission via body fluids or vertical transmission […] CMV-caused diseases can either result from a primary infection or reactivation of a latent infection […] replication of host cells (including epithelial cells, macrophages, and neurons) result in viremia and symptoms from primary infection […] cellular immunity is crucial in clearing this virus […] very common […] risk factors: immunosuppression, men who have sex with other men, poor socioeconomic status, working in childcare, transplant recipients […] prone to CMV pneumonia […] most common cause of non-hereditary congenital sensorineural deafness […] CMV infection also does not typically present with sore throat or lymphadenopathy […] indications for antiviral medications include immunocompromised patients and severe disease or organ damage

• #10 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cytomegalovirus

  CMV is the most common congenitally acquired infection in the developed world. […] Placental infection occurs more commonly during primary infection. Symptomatic congenital infection is more likely to occur in babies of women without pre-existing immunity to CMV. […] CMV may be found both in cervical secretions and in breast milk. […] Most children infected in utero appear healthy but may manifest late sequelae. Those children born with cytomegalic inclusion disease have a poor prognosis. […] In about 10-20% of cases, follow-up shows neurological damage. The most common sequelae are sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation and cerebral palsy. […] CMV is one of the most important pathogens that infect solid organ transplant recipients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Solid organ transplant recipients are particularly susceptible to CMV-related disease due to the immunosuppression necessary to prevent organ rejection.

• #11 Cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) – Rekom Biotech S.L.

  https://www.rekombiotech.com/en/infectious-diseases/cytomegalovirus-infection-cmv

  Cytomegalovirus infection is an infection caused by a type of herpes virus, human herpesvirus type 5 (CMV), belonging to the Betaherpesviridae family. […] The transmission of the virus is through contact with urine, saliva, mucus from the cervix, semen, feces and breast milk of the infected person. […] It can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy (congenital CMV) or childbirth (perinatal CMV). […] It is estimated that 60%-90% of adults have a CMV infection. […] CMV is the virus most frequently transmitted to the fetus. […] It is estimated that it affects 0.2-1% of newborns worldwide.

• #12

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/cmv-and-pregnancy.aspx

  Studies in Australia have shown that out of 1,000 live births, about 6 infants will have congenital CMV infection and 1-2 of those 6 infants (about 1 in 1000 infants overall) will have permanent disabilities of varying degree. […] Sometimes, the virus may reactivate while a woman is pregnant but reactivation does not usually cause problems to the woman or her unborn baby. […] There is no licensed vaccine against CMV currently available. […] Pregnant women are recommended to take steps to reduce their risk of exposure to CMV and so reduce the risk of their developing baby becoming infected. […] A person who has been infected with CMV will develop antibodies in their blood that indicate infection has occurred, either recently, or in the past. […] Testing for CMV should only be offered to pregnant women if they come into frequent contact with large numbers of very young children (eg child care workers). […] Pregnant women diagnosed with primary (first) CMV infection should be referred for specialist follow up and counselling in order to receive up to date information about the risks and benefits of the available treatments, which are currently experimental.

• #13 Cytomegalovirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a wide-spread virus, with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe end-organ dysfunction in immunocompromised patients with congenital CMV disease. Human cytomegalovirus is a member of the viral family known as herpesviruses, Herpesviridae, or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5). […] CMV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the herpesviruses. Like other herpesviruses, after recovery of the initial infection, CMV remains dormant within the host. Viral reactivation occurs during the compromise of the immune system with immunosuppression. […] Approximately 59% of the population older than six years old has been exposed to CMV, with an increase in the populations seroprevalence with increasing age. Infection can occur as a primary infection, reinfection, or reactivation.

• #14 Cytomegalovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomegalovirus

  All herpesviruses share a characteristic ability to remain latent within the body over long periods. Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals. […] Cytomegalovirus was first observed by German pathologist Hugo Ribbert in 1881 when he noticed enlarged cells with enlarged nuclei present in the cells of an infant. Years later, between 1956 and 1957, Thomas Huckle Weller together with Smith and Rowe independently isolated the virus, known thereafter as „cytomegalovirus”.

• #15

  https://step1.medbullets.com/microbiology/104109/cytomegalovirus-cmv

  cytomegalovirus (CMV) or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5) […] linear, double-stranded DNA virus […] largest virus that causes human infections […] transmission via body fluids or vertical transmission […] CMV-caused diseases can either result from a primary infection or reactivation of a latent infection […] replication of host cells (including epithelial cells, macrophages, and neurons) result in viremia and symptoms from primary infection […] cellular immunity is crucial in clearing this virus […] very common […] risk factors: immunosuppression, men who have sex with other men, poor socioeconomic status, working in childcare, transplant recipients […] prone to CMV pneumonia […] most common cause of non-hereditary congenital sensorineural deafness […] CMV infection also does not typically present with sore throat or lymphadenopathy […] indications for antiviral medications include immunocompromised patients and severe disease or organ damage

• #16 Cytomegalovirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/

  CMV infects between 60% to 70% of adults in industrialized countries and close to 100% in emerging countries. Of all herpes viruses, CMV harbors the largest number of genes dedicated to evading innate and adaptive immunity in the host. […] Congenital cytomegalovirus infection can cause morbidity and even death. After infection, CMV often remains latent, but it can reactivate at any time. Eventually, it causes mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and it may be responsible for prostate cancer.

• #17 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Antibodies, IgM and IgG, Serum – Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Microbiology and Infectious Disease Catalog

  https://microbiology.testcatalog.org/show/CMVP

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses and usually causes asymptomatic infection after which it remains latent in patients, primarily within bone marrow derived cells. […] Cytomegalovirus is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among bone marrow or solid organ transplant recipients, individuals with AIDS, and other immunosuppressed patients due to virus reactivation or from a newly acquired infection. […] CMV is also responsible for congenital disease among newborns and is one of the TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, other infections including syphilis, rubella, CMV, and herpes simplex virus). […] Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence increases with age. In the United States, the prevalence of CMV-specific antibodies increases from approximately 36% in children from 6 to 11 years old to over 91% in adults over 80 years old.

• #18 Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-overview

  CMV is transmitted from person to person via close contact with an individual who is excreting the virus. It can be spread through the placenta, blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and breast milk. It also can be spread through sexual transmission. […] Multiple genetically distinct strains of CMV exist. Differences in genotypes may be associated with differences in virulence. Infection with more than one strain of CMV is possible and has been observed in organ transplant recipients. Dual infection is a possible explanation for congenital CMV infection in children of CMV-seropositive mothers.

• #19 Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-overview

  CMV is transmitted from person to person via close contact with an individual who is excreting the virus. It can be spread through the placenta, blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and breast milk. It also can be spread through sexual transmission. […] Multiple genetically distinct strains of CMV exist. Differences in genotypes may be associated with differences in virulence. Infection with more than one strain of CMV is possible and has been observed in organ transplant recipients. Dual infection is a possible explanation for congenital CMV infection in children of CMV-seropositive mothers.

• #20 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes: […] These viruses share a characteristic ability to establish lifelong latency. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains latent and resides in cells without causing detectable damage or illness. […] CMV may reactivate occasionally. Reactivation of CMV infection rarely causes disease unless the persons immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease. […] For most people, CMV infection is not a serious health problem. However, certain groups are at high risk for serious complications from CMV infection: […] The risk of CMV complications to the fetus is greatest if a primary infection occurs during the first trimester. […] CMV is spread through: […] CMV is transmitted by direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.

• #21 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes: […] These viruses share a characteristic ability to establish lifelong latency. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains latent and resides in cells without causing detectable damage or illness. […] CMV may reactivate occasionally. Reactivation of CMV infection rarely causes disease unless the persons immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease. […] For most people, CMV infection is not a serious health problem. However, certain groups are at high risk for serious complications from CMV infection: […] The risk of CMV complications to the fetus is greatest if a primary infection occurs during the first trimester. […] CMV is spread through: […] CMV is transmitted by direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.

• #22 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000568.htm

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a disease caused by a type of herpes virus. […] Infection with CMV is very common. The infection is spread by: Blood transfusions, Organ transplants, Respiratory droplets, Saliva, Sexual contact, Urine, Tears. […] Most people come into contact with CMV in their lifetime, often early in life. But usually, people with a weakened immune system, such as those with HIV/AIDS, become ill from CMV infection. […] CMV is a type of herpes virus. Similar to all herpes viruses, CMV remains in your body for the rest of your life after infection. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms.

• #23 Cytomegalovirus | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.manitoba.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/cmv.html

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpes virus family and subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. CMV is the most common cause of congenital infection. […] Infected people can shed CMV through their bodily fluids. Young children can shed the virus for months once they are infected. It is possible for them to spread the virus to their parents through shedding, although it is uncommon. There are different ways to acquire the infection: Blood of a pregnant woman with primary infection crossing the placenta and infecting her baby; Drinking of mother’s milk; Direct contact with infectious tissues and fluids (for example, urine, saliva, and others); Inhaling respiratory droplets among nursery or day care center workers; Sex; Blood transfusions; Organ transplantation.

• #24 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/symptoms-causes/syc-20355358

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus. Once infected, your body retains the virus for life. […] CMV is related to the viruses that cause chickenpox, herpes simplex and mononucleosis. CMV may cycle through periods when it lies dormant and then reactivates. If you’re healthy, CMV mainly stays dormant. […] When the virus is active in your body, you can pass the virus to other people. The virus is spread through body fluids including blood, urine, saliva, breast milk, tears, semen and vaginal fluids. Casual contact doesn’t transmit CMV. […] Ways the virus can be transmitted include: Touching your eyes or the inside of your nose or mouth after coming into contact with the body fluids of an infected person. Sexual contact with an infected person. The breast milk of an infected mother. Organ, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation or blood transfusions. Birth. An infected mother can pass the virus to her baby before or during birth. The risk of transmitting the virus to your baby is higher if you become infected for the first time during pregnancy.

• #25 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/cytomegalovirus-infection/

  Cytomegalovirus is a member of the herpes virus group that is characterized by the ability to remain dormant within the body over a long period. Infectious CMV may be shed in bodily fluids (urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk) intermittently without any detectable signs or symptoms. […] Transmission of Cytomegalovirus passes from person to person and is not associated with food, water, or animals. CMV is not highly contagious but has been shown to spread in households and among young children in daycare centers. The virus, if passed onto a hand, may not enter the body, but if this hand touches the mouth, eyes, or nose, it is able to enter the body. CMV is spread through close, intimate contact with a person excreting the virus in their saliva, urine, breast milk, or other bodily fluids.

• #26 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cytomegalovirus/fact_sheet.htm

  CMV is a common virus that infects 50 to 80 percent of people at some time during their lives but rarely causes obvious illness. […] Anyone can become infected with CMV. Almost all people have been exposed to CMV by the time they reach adulthood. […] Although the virus is not highly communicable, it can be spread from person to person by direct contact. The virus is shed in the urine, saliva, semen and to a lesser extent in other body fluids. […] Approximately 8 out of every 1,000 babies born in the United States will have CMV infection, of which 1 to 2 may have significant illness involving nervous system damage or developmental disabilities. […] CMV remains in the body throughout a lifetime. Infected people may occasionally shed the virus in urine or saliva. […] No treatment is currently indicated for CMV infection in healthy individuals. Antiviral treatment is used for immunocompromised individuals who have eye infections or life-threatening illnesses due to CMV. […] Good handwashing is the best preventive measure. Plastic disposable gloves should be worn when handling linen or underclothes soiled with feces or urine.

• #27 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/symptoms-causes/syc-20355358

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus. Once infected, your body retains the virus for life. […] CMV is related to the viruses that cause chickenpox, herpes simplex and mononucleosis. CMV may cycle through periods when it lies dormant and then reactivates. If you’re healthy, CMV mainly stays dormant. […] When the virus is active in your body, you can pass the virus to other people. The virus is spread through body fluids including blood, urine, saliva, breast milk, tears, semen and vaginal fluids. Casual contact doesn’t transmit CMV. […] Ways the virus can be transmitted include: Touching your eyes or the inside of your nose or mouth after coming into contact with the body fluids of an infected person. Sexual contact with an infected person. The breast milk of an infected mother. Organ, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation or blood transfusions. Birth. An infected mother can pass the virus to her baby before or during birth. The risk of transmitting the virus to your baby is higher if you become infected for the first time during pregnancy.

• #28 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cytomegalovirus/fact_sheet.htm

  CMV is a common virus that infects 50 to 80 percent of people at some time during their lives but rarely causes obvious illness. […] Anyone can become infected with CMV. Almost all people have been exposed to CMV by the time they reach adulthood. […] Although the virus is not highly communicable, it can be spread from person to person by direct contact. The virus is shed in the urine, saliva, semen and to a lesser extent in other body fluids. […] Approximately 8 out of every 1,000 babies born in the United States will have CMV infection, of which 1 to 2 may have significant illness involving nervous system damage or developmental disabilities. […] CMV remains in the body throughout a lifetime. Infected people may occasionally shed the virus in urine or saliva. […] No treatment is currently indicated for CMV infection in healthy individuals. Antiviral treatment is used for immunocompromised individuals who have eye infections or life-threatening illnesses due to CMV. […] Good handwashing is the best preventive measure. Plastic disposable gloves should be worn when handling linen or underclothes soiled with feces or urine.

• #29 Cytomegalovirus | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.manitoba.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/cmv.html

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpes virus family and subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. CMV is the most common cause of congenital infection. […] Infected people can shed CMV through their bodily fluids. Young children can shed the virus for months once they are infected. It is possible for them to spread the virus to their parents through shedding, although it is uncommon. There are different ways to acquire the infection: Blood of a pregnant woman with primary infection crossing the placenta and infecting her baby; Drinking of mother’s milk; Direct contact with infectious tissues and fluids (for example, urine, saliva, and others); Inhaling respiratory droplets among nursery or day care center workers; Sex; Blood transfusions; Organ transplantation.

• #30 Cytomegalovirus | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus group of infections. Like herpes, it is inactive at times, but it is an incurable life-time infection. CMV is a major concern if a mother becomes first infected while pregnant. […] About 1 to 4 percent of women first become infected while pregnant. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 to 4 percent of women first become infected with CMV during pregnancy. […] With a first infection during pregnancy, there is a higher risk that after birth the baby may have CMV-related complications. […] CMV is found in bodily fluids such as saliva, urine, semen, and others. […] The virus is easily spread in households and in daycare centers. […] It can be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy and to the baby during delivery or in breast milk.

• #31 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21166-cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common infection from a herpes virus. If you get infected shortly before or during pregnancy, you can give birth to a baby with congenital CMV. Congenital CMV can cause hearing loss and developmental issues. CMV can cause serious complications in people who have a compromised immune system, such as transplant recipients. […] CMV infections are caused by human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5). It can prevent your organs from working properly, or from developing properly in a fetus. Because of the way the virus hides in your body, you can have symptoms when you’re initially infected (primary infection) or at a later time (reactivation). […] You get CMV from the body fluids of someone else who’s infected. This includes spit (saliva), pee (urine), blood, breast milk and semen. Common ways CMV transmits from person to person include: Through direct contact with pee and spit. Experts think this is the most common way that young children and pregnant women get the infection. […] CMV isn’t considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Sex can transmit CMV, but it’s not the most common way to get infected.

• #32 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  A pregnant woman can pass CMV to their baby following a: […] Risk of transmission for primary infection is 30 to 40% in the first and second trimesters, and 40 to 70% in the third trimester. The risk of transmission following non-primary infection is much lower (3%). […] Most healthy people, children, and infants who acquire CMV after birth have few symptoms and no long-term health complications from infection. […] About 10% of infants with congenital CMV infection will have signs at birth, which include: […] About 40 to 60% of infants born with signs of congenital CMV disease at birth will have long-term health problems. These can be: […] CMV is common in children and can be found in especially high amounts in young children’s saliva and urine. Avoiding contact with saliva and urine from young children might reduce the risk of CMV infection.

• #33 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  A pregnant woman can pass CMV to their baby following a: […] Risk of transmission for primary infection is 30 to 40% in the first and second trimesters, and 40 to 70% in the third trimester. The risk of transmission following non-primary infection is much lower (3%). […] Most healthy people, children, and infants who acquire CMV after birth have few symptoms and no long-term health complications from infection. […] About 10% of infants with congenital CMV infection will have signs at birth, which include: […] About 40 to 60% of infants born with signs of congenital CMV disease at birth will have long-term health problems. These can be: […] CMV is common in children and can be found in especially high amounts in young children’s saliva and urine. Avoiding contact with saliva and urine from young children might reduce the risk of CMV infection.

• #34 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) during pregnancy | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/cytomegalovirus-cmv-during-pregnancy

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that often doesn’t cause any symptoms, but it can be dangerous for your baby if you catch it during pregnancy. […] It’s possible for an unborn baby to become infected with CMV, especially if you are infected for the first time while you are pregnant. This can sometimes cause serious problems for your baby. […] If you have CMV when you’re pregnant, the virus can travel across the placenta and infect your baby. This is called congenital CMV. […] You are more likely to pass the virus on to your baby if you have a primary CMV infection during pregnancy. CMV can spread to your baby at any stage of pregnancy, but risk is higher in the first half of pregnancy. […] If an unborn baby gets CMV from their mother, it can cause hearing loss and intellectual disability.

• #35 Neurological Consequences of Cytomegalovirus Infection

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/neurological-disorders-az/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/neurological-consequences-of-cytomegalovirus-infection

  CMV is the most common congenital infection in the U.S. Most infants will have no permanent health consequences, but a small number will have at birth or will develop long-term neurological conditions, such as hearing loss, visual impairment, seizures, or disabilities of mental or physical function. […] The highest risk of these severe effects on the fetus is for women who acquire CMV infection for the first time during pregnancy.

• #36 Partners in Care | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is treated in the…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/cytomegalovirus-infection

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a very common viral infection that is related to a type of herpes virus and affects people of all ages. Approximately 1 to 4 in 100 women contract CMV during pregnancy. If a woman catches CMV during pregnancy, the pregnant mother has a 1 in 3 (33%) chance of passing CMV to the unborn baby. […] A primary CMV infection occurs when a pregnant woman gets infected for the first time. A recurrent CMV infection occurs when there has been a prior infection and the virus has returned to its active state. CMV can be passed from the pregnant mothers blood to the baby through the placenta at any time during pregnancy whether the pregnant mother is infected for the first time or a prior CMV infection has reactivated. […] Almost all severe CMV infections diagnosed in the fetus are the result of the pregnant mother contracting a CMV infection in the first 12 weeks of the pregnancy. Approximately 33% of all cases in which the pregnant mother has contracted a primary CMV infection during pregnancy will result in the passing of the virus through the placenta and into the bloodstream of the fetus.

• #37 Cytomegalovirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a wide-spread virus, with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe end-organ dysfunction in immunocompromised patients with congenital CMV disease. Human cytomegalovirus is a member of the viral family known as herpesviruses, Herpesviridae, or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5). […] CMV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the herpesviruses. Like other herpesviruses, after recovery of the initial infection, CMV remains dormant within the host. Viral reactivation occurs during the compromise of the immune system with immunosuppression. […] Approximately 59% of the population older than six years old has been exposed to CMV, with an increase in the populations seroprevalence with increasing age. Infection can occur as a primary infection, reinfection, or reactivation.

• #38 Cytomegalovirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a wide-spread virus, with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe end-organ dysfunction in immunocompromised patients with congenital CMV disease. Human cytomegalovirus is a member of the viral family known as herpesviruses, Herpesviridae, or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5). […] CMV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the herpesviruses. Like other herpesviruses, after recovery of the initial infection, CMV remains dormant within the host. Viral reactivation occurs during the compromise of the immune system with immunosuppression. […] Approximately 59% of the population older than six years old has been exposed to CMV, with an increase in the populations seroprevalence with increasing age. Infection can occur as a primary infection, reinfection, or reactivation.

• #39 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes: […] These viruses share a characteristic ability to establish lifelong latency. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains latent and resides in cells without causing detectable damage or illness. […] CMV may reactivate occasionally. Reactivation of CMV infection rarely causes disease unless the persons immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease. […] For most people, CMV infection is not a serious health problem. However, certain groups are at high risk for serious complications from CMV infection: […] The risk of CMV complications to the fetus is greatest if a primary infection occurs during the first trimester. […] CMV is spread through: […] CMV is transmitted by direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.

• #40 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes: […] These viruses share a characteristic ability to establish lifelong latency. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains latent and resides in cells without causing detectable damage or illness. […] CMV may reactivate occasionally. Reactivation of CMV infection rarely causes disease unless the persons immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease. […] For most people, CMV infection is not a serious health problem. However, certain groups are at high risk for serious complications from CMV infection: […] The risk of CMV complications to the fetus is greatest if a primary infection occurs during the first trimester. […] CMV is spread through: […] CMV is transmitted by direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.

• #41 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes: […] These viruses share a characteristic ability to establish lifelong latency. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains latent and resides in cells without causing detectable damage or illness. […] CMV may reactivate occasionally. Reactivation of CMV infection rarely causes disease unless the persons immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease. […] For most people, CMV infection is not a serious health problem. However, certain groups are at high risk for serious complications from CMV infection: […] The risk of CMV complications to the fetus is greatest if a primary infection occurs during the first trimester. […] CMV is spread through: […] CMV is transmitted by direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.

• #42 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/cytomegalovirus-cmv.html

  In most cases, healthy people who become infected with CMV usually develop minor symptoms or no symptoms at all. […] People who have had an organ or bone marrow transplant and those with AIDS can develop serious illness caused by CMV. […] Reactivated CMV infection can affect many parts of the body: CMV retinitis affects the eyes and can cause blindness. […] Although there is no cure for CMV, organ transplant recipients, people with AIDS and others with immune disorders may need treatment to suppress the latent infection.

• #43 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpesvirus family. Infection is worldwide and usually asymptomatic. CMV may cause a mononucleosis infection in healthy individuals but can cause severe illness in congenital infection and in an immunocompromised host. […] The most common disease manifestation is gastrointestinal disease. CMV pneumonia is the most serious complication but has become less common with prevention strategies for at-risk patients. Rare manifestations include retinitis and encephalitis. CMV also has an immunosuppressive effect, which can lead to an increased susceptibility to invasive bacterial and fungal disease as well as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). […] After initial infection, human CMV remains in a persistent state within the host. Immunity against the virus controls replication, although intermittent viral shedding can still take place in the immunocompetent person.

• #44 Cytomegalovirus infection – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/cytomegalovirus-infection/

  The virus uses polymorphonuclear cells to disseminate through the body and may spread to infect various organs. In the fetus and neonate, CMV infection most commonly involves salivary glands and neurons. In immunocompetent individuals, the virus typically infects lymphoid tissues. In immunocompromised patients infected with CMV, the virus targets the lungs or other organs. […] It is possible that CMV causes immunosuppression by decreasing the ratio of helper T lymphocytes to suppressor lymphocytes. Furthermore, CMV has been found in various human tumors, implicating it as a possible contributor to tumorigenesis.

• #45

  https://step1.medbullets.com/microbiology/104109/cytomegalovirus-cmv

  cytomegalovirus (CMV) or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5) […] linear, double-stranded DNA virus […] largest virus that causes human infections […] transmission via body fluids or vertical transmission […] CMV-caused diseases can either result from a primary infection or reactivation of a latent infection […] replication of host cells (including epithelial cells, macrophages, and neurons) result in viremia and symptoms from primary infection […] cellular immunity is crucial in clearing this virus […] very common […] risk factors: immunosuppression, men who have sex with other men, poor socioeconomic status, working in childcare, transplant recipients […] prone to CMV pneumonia […] most common cause of non-hereditary congenital sensorineural deafness […] CMV infection also does not typically present with sore throat or lymphadenopathy […] indications for antiviral medications include immunocompromised patients and severe disease or organ damage

• #46 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpesvirus family. Infection is worldwide and usually asymptomatic. CMV may cause a mononucleosis infection in healthy individuals but can cause severe illness in congenital infection and in an immunocompromised host. […] The most common disease manifestation is gastrointestinal disease. CMV pneumonia is the most serious complication but has become less common with prevention strategies for at-risk patients. Rare manifestations include retinitis and encephalitis. CMV also has an immunosuppressive effect, which can lead to an increased susceptibility to invasive bacterial and fungal disease as well as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). […] After initial infection, human CMV remains in a persistent state within the host. Immunity against the virus controls replication, although intermittent viral shedding can still take place in the immunocompetent person.

• #47 Cytomegalovirus infection – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/cytomegalovirus-infection/

  The virus uses polymorphonuclear cells to disseminate through the body and may spread to infect various organs. In the fetus and neonate, CMV infection most commonly involves salivary glands and neurons. In immunocompetent individuals, the virus typically infects lymphoid tissues. In immunocompromised patients infected with CMV, the virus targets the lungs or other organs. […] It is possible that CMV causes immunosuppression by decreasing the ratio of helper T lymphocytes to suppressor lymphocytes. Furthermore, CMV has been found in various human tumors, implicating it as a possible contributor to tumorigenesis.

• #48 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-clinical

  Life-threatening CMV pneumonia may develop in immunocompromised patients, with the incidence varying based on the type of transplant received. […] The most common clinical presentation of CMV pneumonia is fever and shortness of breath, accompanied by an interstitial infiltrate. […] CMV pneumonia is difficult to treat, even with the antivirals now available. […] Severe CMV disease likely is secondary to synergism between the virus and other factors, such as radiation, chemotherapy, conditioning regimens, a nonimmune inflammatory response, or other infections. […] CMV often is isolated from patients who are co-infected with other bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. […] The etiology of CMV infection in Pneumocystis pneumonia is unclear, and treatment of the latter usually leads to resolution of the pneumonia and hypoxemia, meaning that CMV treatment typically is not warranted in most cases. […] In patients with HIV infection, CMV can involve parts of the entire GI tract. […] Diagnosis of CMV GI disease depends on a biopsy specimen demonstrating the typical CMV intranuclear inclusions.

• #49 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-clinical

  Life-threatening CMV pneumonia may develop in immunocompromised patients, with the incidence varying based on the type of transplant received. […] The most common clinical presentation of CMV pneumonia is fever and shortness of breath, accompanied by an interstitial infiltrate. […] CMV pneumonia is difficult to treat, even with the antivirals now available. […] Severe CMV disease likely is secondary to synergism between the virus and other factors, such as radiation, chemotherapy, conditioning regimens, a nonimmune inflammatory response, or other infections. […] CMV often is isolated from patients who are co-infected with other bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. […] The etiology of CMV infection in Pneumocystis pneumonia is unclear, and treatment of the latter usually leads to resolution of the pneumonia and hypoxemia, meaning that CMV treatment typically is not warranted in most cases. […] In patients with HIV infection, CMV can involve parts of the entire GI tract. […] Diagnosis of CMV GI disease depends on a biopsy specimen demonstrating the typical CMV intranuclear inclusions.

• #50 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-clinical

  Life-threatening CMV pneumonia may develop in immunocompromised patients, with the incidence varying based on the type of transplant received. […] The most common clinical presentation of CMV pneumonia is fever and shortness of breath, accompanied by an interstitial infiltrate. […] CMV pneumonia is difficult to treat, even with the antivirals now available. […] Severe CMV disease likely is secondary to synergism between the virus and other factors, such as radiation, chemotherapy, conditioning regimens, a nonimmune inflammatory response, or other infections. […] CMV often is isolated from patients who are co-infected with other bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. […] The etiology of CMV infection in Pneumocystis pneumonia is unclear, and treatment of the latter usually leads to resolution of the pneumonia and hypoxemia, meaning that CMV treatment typically is not warranted in most cases. […] In patients with HIV infection, CMV can involve parts of the entire GI tract. […] Diagnosis of CMV GI disease depends on a biopsy specimen demonstrating the typical CMV intranuclear inclusions.

• #51 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-clinical

  Life-threatening CMV pneumonia may develop in immunocompromised patients, with the incidence varying based on the type of transplant received. […] The most common clinical presentation of CMV pneumonia is fever and shortness of breath, accompanied by an interstitial infiltrate. […] CMV pneumonia is difficult to treat, even with the antivirals now available. […] Severe CMV disease likely is secondary to synergism between the virus and other factors, such as radiation, chemotherapy, conditioning regimens, a nonimmune inflammatory response, or other infections. […] CMV often is isolated from patients who are co-infected with other bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. […] The etiology of CMV infection in Pneumocystis pneumonia is unclear, and treatment of the latter usually leads to resolution of the pneumonia and hypoxemia, meaning that CMV treatment typically is not warranted in most cases. […] In patients with HIV infection, CMV can involve parts of the entire GI tract. […] Diagnosis of CMV GI disease depends on a biopsy specimen demonstrating the typical CMV intranuclear inclusions.

• #52 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes: […] These viruses share a characteristic ability to establish lifelong latency. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains latent and resides in cells without causing detectable damage or illness. […] CMV may reactivate occasionally. Reactivation of CMV infection rarely causes disease unless the persons immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease. […] For most people, CMV infection is not a serious health problem. However, certain groups are at high risk for serious complications from CMV infection: […] The risk of CMV complications to the fetus is greatest if a primary infection occurs during the first trimester. […] CMV is spread through: […] CMV is transmitted by direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.

• #53 Cytomegalovirus infection – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cytomegalovirus-infection/

  Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV or human herpes virus 5) is generally asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals but can cause mild, mononucleosis-like symptoms. […] Pathogen: cytomegalovirus (CMV, human herpes virus 5, HHV-5). […] Transmission: Blood transfusions, Sexual transmission, Transplacentally (highest risk during the third trimester of pregnancy), Perinatal transmission (e.g., contact with contaminated blood/vaginal secretions during delivery or breastfeeding), Body fluids (e.g., respiratory droplets, saliva, breast milk, urine, genital secretions), Transplant-transmitted infection (e.g., bone marrow, lungs, kidneys). […] CMV infection in immunocompetent patients typically resolves without treatment. […] There is currently no CMV vaccine. […] The risk of CMV infection or complications from infection is increased in selected groups, e.g.: Immunosuppressed individuals, including individuals with HIV, Pregnant individuals, Premature and low birth weight infants. […] Educate pregnant individuals about the risk for congenital CMV infection and ways to reduce the risk of contracting CMV infection.

• #54 Cytomegalovirus Colitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542231/

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis management is complex, and new approaches have been introduced. […] Identify the etiology and risk factors for cytomegalovirus colitis. […] CMV colitis occurs most commonly in immunocompromised hosts, including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, organ transplantation, hematological malignancy, cancer therapy, and corticosteroid therapy. […] The work of Ko JH et al, in a case-control study, identified several risk factors associated with CMV colitis in immunocompetent individuals, including renal diseases, patients on hemodialysis, neurological disorders, rheumatic disease, or those in the intensive care unit, or exposed to antibiotics, antacids, corticosteroids, or red blood cell transfusion within 1 month of diagnosis of colitis. […] CMV colitis should be a consideration in the differential diagnosis not only in immunocompromised patients but also in immunocompetent patients, particularly elderly presenting with hematochezia, who have comorbidities, are admitted to the intensive care unit or are treated with corticosteroids or red blood transfusion.

• #55 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cytomegalovirus

  The major risk factor for CMV pneumonia is a CMV-seronegative transplant recipient receiving a CMV-seropositive organ. […] Because of the multiple human strains of CMV, seropositive organ recipients are at risk of re-infection with a different strain of virus. […] CMV can cause very serious infection in HIV-positive people. […] CMV may cause disease in the peripheral and central nervous system. […] The prognosis of patients with CMV hepatitis is generally good. Most patients recover completely. […] CMV pneumonia in patients who have received transplants once carried a very high mortality rate but the use of ganciclovir plus high-dose immunoglobulin for the treatment of CMV pneumonia in patients who have received transplants has lowered the mortality rate considerably. […] CMV has been implicated in the development of a variety of different cancers.

• #56 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cytomegalovirus

  The major risk factor for CMV pneumonia is a CMV-seronegative transplant recipient receiving a CMV-seropositive organ. […] Because of the multiple human strains of CMV, seropositive organ recipients are at risk of re-infection with a different strain of virus. […] CMV can cause very serious infection in HIV-positive people. […] CMV may cause disease in the peripheral and central nervous system. […] The prognosis of patients with CMV hepatitis is generally good. Most patients recover completely. […] CMV pneumonia in patients who have received transplants once carried a very high mortality rate but the use of ganciclovir plus high-dose immunoglobulin for the treatment of CMV pneumonia in patients who have received transplants has lowered the mortality rate considerably. […] CMV has been implicated in the development of a variety of different cancers.

• #57 Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/2001

  CMV can be transmitted to the neonate by several routes, including transplacentally, through maternal genital secretions during delivery and postnatally via maternal oral secretions, breast milk, objects contaminated with body fluids (e.g., utensils such as drink bottles, dummies/soothers) and via blood products. […] However, the premature neonate, very low birthweight neonate and the neonate with primary immunodeficiency are at a significant risk of severe CMV infection, including pneumonia, hepatitis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and enterocolitis. […] In these individuals, persistent CMV can also drive progression to lymphoid malignancy. […] CMV infection and disease is common following allogeneic HSCT and, despite advances in diagnosis and pre-emptive therapy, still causes significant morbidity and mortality.

• #58 Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/2001

  CMV viraemia occurs in approximately 25% of paediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients post-transplant, occurring mostly early post-transplant. […] Current prophylactic and pre-emptive strategies used to manage CMV reactivation in paediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients effectively prevent CMV disease but are associated with significant side effects, and the optimum approach remains unclear. […] The risk of CMV reactivation and disease post-transplant is dynamic over time, and depends on multiple factors, including the CMV serostatus of donor and recipient, donor type, stem cell source, T cell depletion of the graft, conditioning regimen and GHVD. […] Overall, 98% of CMV reactivation occurs prior to day +100, with studies reporting a median time to onset of 20–71 days.

• #59 Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/2001

  CMV viraemia occurs in approximately 25% of paediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients post-transplant, occurring mostly early post-transplant. […] Current prophylactic and pre-emptive strategies used to manage CMV reactivation in paediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients effectively prevent CMV disease but are associated with significant side effects, and the optimum approach remains unclear. […] The risk of CMV reactivation and disease post-transplant is dynamic over time, and depends on multiple factors, including the CMV serostatus of donor and recipient, donor type, stem cell source, T cell depletion of the graft, conditioning regimen and GHVD. […] Overall, 98% of CMV reactivation occurs prior to day +100, with studies reporting a median time to onset of 20–71 days.

• #60 Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/2001

  CMV viraemia occurs in approximately 25% of paediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients post-transplant, occurring mostly early post-transplant. […] Current prophylactic and pre-emptive strategies used to manage CMV reactivation in paediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients effectively prevent CMV disease but are associated with significant side effects, and the optimum approach remains unclear. […] The risk of CMV reactivation and disease post-transplant is dynamic over time, and depends on multiple factors, including the CMV serostatus of donor and recipient, donor type, stem cell source, T cell depletion of the graft, conditioning regimen and GHVD. […] Overall, 98% of CMV reactivation occurs prior to day +100, with studies reporting a median time to onset of 20–71 days.

• #61 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes: […] These viruses share a characteristic ability to establish lifelong latency. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains latent and resides in cells without causing detectable damage or illness. […] CMV may reactivate occasionally. Reactivation of CMV infection rarely causes disease unless the persons immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease. […] For most people, CMV infection is not a serious health problem. However, certain groups are at high risk for serious complications from CMV infection: […] The risk of CMV complications to the fetus is greatest if a primary infection occurs during the first trimester. […] CMV is spread through: […] CMV is transmitted by direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.

• #62 Causes of CMV in pregnancy

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cytomegalovirus-pregnancy/causes/

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can be spread through body fluids, including: […] CMV can only be spread when it is active. This means that the virus is replicating inside you and it can be shed in your saliva urine. […] It is active when: you catch the virus for the first time, the virus has re-activated, you have been reinfected with a different strain (type) of the virus. […] The chance of developing a primary CMV infection during pregnancy and your baby being infected is low. If you do develop a primary CMV infection during your pregnancy, there is a 4 in 10 chance your baby will be infected. […] You may have a reinfection or reactivated CMV infection during your pregnancy. If so, there is a low chance (1 in 100) of your baby being infected.

• #63 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/cytomegalovirus-cmv.html

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus. It is so common that almost all adults in developing countries and 50% to 85% of adults in the United States have been infected. […] Being infected with this virus can be serious and even fatal in some people, however, including: people receiving chemotherapy for cancer, people with diseases that suppress the immune system, such as AIDS, people who have received organ or bone marrow transplants, newborn babies of women infected with CMV during pregnancy. […] Women infected with CMV for the first time during pregnancy can pass the virus to their unborn babies in the womb. The virus can also pass from mother to baby in vaginal secretions during delivery and in breast milk after birth. The virus can pass from person to person through close personal contact, sexual contact, blood transfusion or organ transplantation.

• #64 Cytomegalovirus and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/cytomegalovirus-and-pregnancy

  It’s possible for CMV to cause the death of a baby during pregnancy (pregnancy loss). […] When a baby gets CMV during pregnancy, it’s called congenital CMV. […] A baby also may get infected after birth if they come in contact with infected body fluids. […] You can pass CMV to your baby at any time during pregnancy. […] But you are more likely to pass it on if you get infected for the first time during pregnancy or if a past CMV infection becomes active again, especially in the third trimester. […] If you had a CMV infection before you got pregnant, you can still pass it to your baby, but this is rare. […] Most babies born with CMV never show signs of the disease and don’t have health problems. […] However, babies who are infected with CMV at birth may have long-term health problems, including hearing loss.

• #65 Cytomegalovirus and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/cytomegalovirus-and-pregnancy

  It’s possible for CMV to cause the death of a baby during pregnancy (pregnancy loss). […] When a baby gets CMV during pregnancy, it’s called congenital CMV. […] A baby also may get infected after birth if they come in contact with infected body fluids. […] You can pass CMV to your baby at any time during pregnancy. […] But you are more likely to pass it on if you get infected for the first time during pregnancy or if a past CMV infection becomes active again, especially in the third trimester. […] If you had a CMV infection before you got pregnant, you can still pass it to your baby, but this is rare. […] Most babies born with CMV never show signs of the disease and don’t have health problems. […] However, babies who are infected with CMV at birth may have long-term health problems, including hearing loss.

• #66 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/cytomegalovirus-cmv.html

  In most cases, healthy people who become infected with CMV usually develop minor symptoms or no symptoms at all. […] People who have had an organ or bone marrow transplant and those with AIDS can develop serious illness caused by CMV. […] Reactivated CMV infection can affect many parts of the body: CMV retinitis affects the eyes and can cause blindness. […] Although there is no cure for CMV, organ transplant recipients, people with AIDS and others with immune disorders may need treatment to suppress the latent infection.

• #67 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/herpesvirus-infections/cytomegalovirus-cmv-infection

  Serious infections typically develop only in infants infected before birth and in people with a weakened immune systemfor example, people with AIDS or those who have received an organ transplant. […] CMV infection may develop in people who receive a transfusion of infected blood or an infected organ transplant. […] In people with a weakened immune system, CMV can cause serious disease or death. […] In people with AIDS, CMV infection is a common viral complication. […] If a pregnant woman transmits CMV to the fetus, the following may result: Miscarriage, Stillbirth, Death of the newborn. […] In newborns, CMV infection may cause extensive damage to the liver or brain.

• #68 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-clinical

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause a wide spectrum of infection in immunocompetent hosts. […] In most cases, primary CMV infection is asymptomatic or produces mild flulike symptoms. […] CMV may produce a mononucleosis syndrome similar to that caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), primary toxoplasmosis, or acute HIV seroconversion. […] CMV infection should be suspected in patients with clinical mononucleosis or fever of unknown origin. […] In rare cases, CMV can cause community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent hosts and should be considered a possible etiology in cases of severe viral community-acquired pneumonia. […] CMV is an important pathogen isolated in organ transplant recipients, as primary CMV infection in an organ transplant recipient may be quite severe. […] Patients who have received marrow transplants undergo ablative chemotherapy and/or radiation.

• #69 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-clinical

  Life-threatening CMV pneumonia may develop in immunocompromised patients, with the incidence varying based on the type of transplant received. […] The most common clinical presentation of CMV pneumonia is fever and shortness of breath, accompanied by an interstitial infiltrate. […] CMV pneumonia is difficult to treat, even with the antivirals now available. […] Severe CMV disease likely is secondary to synergism between the virus and other factors, such as radiation, chemotherapy, conditioning regimens, a nonimmune inflammatory response, or other infections. […] CMV often is isolated from patients who are co-infected with other bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. […] The etiology of CMV infection in Pneumocystis pneumonia is unclear, and treatment of the latter usually leads to resolution of the pneumonia and hypoxemia, meaning that CMV treatment typically is not warranted in most cases. […] In patients with HIV infection, CMV can involve parts of the entire GI tract. […] Diagnosis of CMV GI disease depends on a biopsy specimen demonstrating the typical CMV intranuclear inclusions.

• #70 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-clinical

  Life-threatening CMV pneumonia may develop in immunocompromised patients, with the incidence varying based on the type of transplant received. […] The most common clinical presentation of CMV pneumonia is fever and shortness of breath, accompanied by an interstitial infiltrate. […] CMV pneumonia is difficult to treat, even with the antivirals now available. […] Severe CMV disease likely is secondary to synergism between the virus and other factors, such as radiation, chemotherapy, conditioning regimens, a nonimmune inflammatory response, or other infections. […] CMV often is isolated from patients who are co-infected with other bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. […] The etiology of CMV infection in Pneumocystis pneumonia is unclear, and treatment of the latter usually leads to resolution of the pneumonia and hypoxemia, meaning that CMV treatment typically is not warranted in most cases. […] In patients with HIV infection, CMV can involve parts of the entire GI tract. […] Diagnosis of CMV GI disease depends on a biopsy specimen demonstrating the typical CMV intranuclear inclusions.

• #71 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-clinical

  Life-threatening CMV pneumonia may develop in immunocompromised patients, with the incidence varying based on the type of transplant received. […] The most common clinical presentation of CMV pneumonia is fever and shortness of breath, accompanied by an interstitial infiltrate. […] CMV pneumonia is difficult to treat, even with the antivirals now available. […] Severe CMV disease likely is secondary to synergism between the virus and other factors, such as radiation, chemotherapy, conditioning regimens, a nonimmune inflammatory response, or other infections. […] CMV often is isolated from patients who are co-infected with other bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. […] The etiology of CMV infection in Pneumocystis pneumonia is unclear, and treatment of the latter usually leads to resolution of the pneumonia and hypoxemia, meaning that CMV treatment typically is not warranted in most cases. […] In patients with HIV infection, CMV can involve parts of the entire GI tract. […] Diagnosis of CMV GI disease depends on a biopsy specimen demonstrating the typical CMV intranuclear inclusions.

• #72 Cytomegalovirus and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/cytomegalovirus-and-pregnancy

  It’s possible for CMV to cause the death of a baby during pregnancy (pregnancy loss). […] When a baby gets CMV during pregnancy, it’s called congenital CMV. […] A baby also may get infected after birth if they come in contact with infected body fluids. […] You can pass CMV to your baby at any time during pregnancy. […] But you are more likely to pass it on if you get infected for the first time during pregnancy or if a past CMV infection becomes active again, especially in the third trimester. […] If you had a CMV infection before you got pregnant, you can still pass it to your baby, but this is rare. […] Most babies born with CMV never show signs of the disease and don’t have health problems. […] However, babies who are infected with CMV at birth may have long-term health problems, including hearing loss.

• #73 Cytomegalovirus or CMV | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/cytomegalovirus-or-cmv

  CMV is a virus that is spread from person to person, through close contact such as kissing, or sharing food or drink or utensils. Toddlers and young children commonly have silent CMV infections and may have CMV in their saliva and urine. CMV also is spread through blood transfusions and organ transplantation. […] Most people with CMV have no symptoms and never know they’ve been infected. Others have a mild flu-like illness or mononucleosis, with symptoms that may include: Fever, Headache, Sore throat, Swollen lymph glands, Muscle aches, Tiredness, Rash. […] Healthy babies may be born with silent congenital CMV and have no symptoms. Some babies with congenital CMV will have deafness at birth. More severely affected newborns with congenital CMV may have rash, enlarged liver and spleen, vision problems, or abnormalities of their brain development, such as microcephaly (small head), calcifications, or polymicrogyria (PMG).

• #74 Cytomegalovirus infection – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/cytomegalovirus-infection/

  Symptomatic infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) may occur in the newborn or in immunocompromised individuals, including those infected with HIV/AIDS, hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, and organ transplant recipients. […] Congenital CMV disease is the most common cause of intrauterine infection in humans, and congenital infection is the leading infectious cause of deafness and mental retardation in the US. […] CMV, or human herpes virus 5, is a DNA virus that belongs to the family Herpesviridae and the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. The virus enters the human host through mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Thus, possible sources of infection include oral secretions, urine, breast milk, semen, and cervical and vaginal secretions. Indirect transmission can occur via contaminated fomites.

• #75 Cytomegalovirus childhood deafness | Deafness caused by CMV

  https://www.ndcs.org.uk/information-and-support/childhood-deafness/causes-of-deafness/cytomegalovirus-cmv/

  Babies with cCMV might be born deaf, or they might lose their hearing later in life. […] Deafness is more common in babies with symptomatic cCMV. […] cCMV causes sensorineural deafness, which affects the cochlea (inner ear). […] cCMV may also affect the balance organs in a childs inner ear, their hearing nerve, or more rarely their ability to interpret sound (auditory processing disorder (APD)). […] If your child is infected with CMV after birth, this is called 'perinatal CMV’ (if they’re under four weeks old), or 'acquired CMV’ (if they’re more than four weeks old). Perinatal and acquired CMV is not known to cause deafness.

• #76 Cytomegalovirus childhood deafness | Deafness caused by CMV

  https://www.ndcs.org.uk/information-and-support/childhood-deafness/causes-of-deafness/cytomegalovirus-cmv/

  Babies with cCMV might be born deaf, or they might lose their hearing later in life. […] Deafness is more common in babies with symptomatic cCMV. […] cCMV causes sensorineural deafness, which affects the cochlea (inner ear). […] cCMV may also affect the balance organs in a childs inner ear, their hearing nerve, or more rarely their ability to interpret sound (auditory processing disorder (APD)). […] If your child is infected with CMV after birth, this is called 'perinatal CMV’ (if they’re under four weeks old), or 'acquired CMV’ (if they’re more than four weeks old). Perinatal and acquired CMV is not known to cause deafness.

• #77 Cytomegalovirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/

  CMV infects between 60% to 70% of adults in industrialized countries and close to 100% in emerging countries. Of all herpes viruses, CMV harbors the largest number of genes dedicated to evading innate and adaptive immunity in the host. […] Congenital cytomegalovirus infection can cause morbidity and even death. After infection, CMV often remains latent, but it can reactivate at any time. Eventually, it causes mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and it may be responsible for prostate cancer.

• #78 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cytomegalovirus

  The major risk factor for CMV pneumonia is a CMV-seronegative transplant recipient receiving a CMV-seropositive organ. […] Because of the multiple human strains of CMV, seropositive organ recipients are at risk of re-infection with a different strain of virus. […] CMV can cause very serious infection in HIV-positive people. […] CMV may cause disease in the peripheral and central nervous system. […] The prognosis of patients with CMV hepatitis is generally good. Most patients recover completely. […] CMV pneumonia in patients who have received transplants once carried a very high mortality rate but the use of ganciclovir plus high-dose immunoglobulin for the treatment of CMV pneumonia in patients who have received transplants has lowered the mortality rate considerably. […] CMV has been implicated in the development of a variety of different cancers.

• #79 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/herpesvirus-infections/cytomegalovirus-cmv-infection

  Serious infections typically develop only in infants infected before birth and in people with a weakened immune systemfor example, people with AIDS or those who have received an organ transplant. […] CMV infection may develop in people who receive a transfusion of infected blood or an infected organ transplant. […] In people with a weakened immune system, CMV can cause serious disease or death. […] In people with AIDS, CMV infection is a common viral complication. […] If a pregnant woman transmits CMV to the fetus, the following may result: Miscarriage, Stillbirth, Death of the newborn. […] In newborns, CMV infection may cause extensive damage to the liver or brain.

• #80 Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/2001

  CMV can be transmitted to the neonate by several routes, including transplacentally, through maternal genital secretions during delivery and postnatally via maternal oral secretions, breast milk, objects contaminated with body fluids (e.g., utensils such as drink bottles, dummies/soothers) and via blood products. […] However, the premature neonate, very low birthweight neonate and the neonate with primary immunodeficiency are at a significant risk of severe CMV infection, including pneumonia, hepatitis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and enterocolitis. […] In these individuals, persistent CMV can also drive progression to lymphoid malignancy. […] CMV infection and disease is common following allogeneic HSCT and, despite advances in diagnosis and pre-emptive therapy, still causes significant morbidity and mortality.

• #81 Cytomegalovirus infection causes a … | Article | H1 Connect

  https://archive.connect.h1.co/article/1160769

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common infection in adults (seropositive 60-99% globally), and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, in line with risk factors such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. […] In this report, the role of CMV infection as a cause of increased blood pressure and in forming aortic atherosclerotic plaques is examined. […] Cheng et al. now broaden the range of cardiovascular conditions that may be exacerbated by CMV by showing that CMV infection significantly increases blood pressure in infected mice. […] Mouse CMV-induced hypertension did not stem from virus-induced atherosclerosis and was correlated with increased levels of renin and angiotensin-II, key mediators of high blood pressure in humans. […] The authors also provide evidence that persistent non-lytic infection of vascular endothelial cells underlies the induction of these mediators in both intact mice and cultured human vascular endothelial cells.

• #82 Cytomegalovirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a wide-spread virus, with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe end-organ dysfunction in immunocompromised patients with congenital CMV disease. Human cytomegalovirus is a member of the viral family known as herpesviruses, Herpesviridae, or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5). […] CMV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the herpesviruses. Like other herpesviruses, after recovery of the initial infection, CMV remains dormant within the host. Viral reactivation occurs during the compromise of the immune system with immunosuppression. […] Approximately 59% of the population older than six years old has been exposed to CMV, with an increase in the populations seroprevalence with increasing age. Infection can occur as a primary infection, reinfection, or reactivation.

• #83 Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-overview

  Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the family Herpesviridae, also known as Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). It is the largest (220 nm in diameter) and most complex herpesvirus, with a 235,000 double-stranded DNA genome. CMV seroprevalence in immunocompetent adults varies from 40-100% globally. […] CMV usually causes an asymptomatic infection; afterward, it remains latent throughout life and may reactivate. Infection is defined as isolation of CMV, its viral proteins, or its nucleic acid from any tissue sample or body fluid. […] Clinically significant CMV disease (reactivation of previously latent infection or newly acquired infection) frequently develops in patients immunocompromised by HIV infection, solid-organ transplantation, or bone marrow transplantation, as well as in those receiving high-dose steroids, tumor necrosis antagonists, or other immunosuppressing medications for conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn disease, or psoriasis, among others.

• #84 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpesvirus family. Infection is worldwide and usually asymptomatic. CMV may cause a mononucleosis infection in healthy individuals but can cause severe illness in congenital infection and in an immunocompromised host. […] The most common disease manifestation is gastrointestinal disease. CMV pneumonia is the most serious complication but has become less common with prevention strategies for at-risk patients. Rare manifestations include retinitis and encephalitis. CMV also has an immunosuppressive effect, which can lead to an increased susceptibility to invasive bacterial and fungal disease as well as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). […] After initial infection, human CMV remains in a persistent state within the host. Immunity against the virus controls replication, although intermittent viral shedding can still take place in the immunocompetent person.

• #85 Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes: […] These viruses share a characteristic ability to establish lifelong latency. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains latent and resides in cells without causing detectable damage or illness. […] CMV may reactivate occasionally. Reactivation of CMV infection rarely causes disease unless the persons immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease. […] For most people, CMV infection is not a serious health problem. However, certain groups are at high risk for serious complications from CMV infection: […] The risk of CMV complications to the fetus is greatest if a primary infection occurs during the first trimester. […] CMV is spread through: […] CMV is transmitted by direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.

• #86 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

  https://www.biospecialty.com/cytomegalovirus-cmv

  Cytomegalovirus is a common virus that can infect almost anyone. […] However, if youre pregnant or have a weakened immune system, CMV is cause for concern. […] CMV spreads from person to person through body fluids, such as blood, saliva, urine, semen and breast milk. […] However, if you are pregnant and develop an active infection, you can pass the virus to your baby. […] Theres no cure for CMV and there is generally no treatment required for otherwise healthy individuals, but drugs can help treat newborns and people with weak immune systems. […] Researchers are studying new medications and vaccines to treat and prevent CMV.

• #87 Cytomegalovirus and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/cytomegalovirus-and-pregnancy

  Some babies with congenital CMV who don’t show the signs of the disease at birth may still have or develop hearing loss. […] There is no cure for CMV, but medications can control infections. […] People with weakened immune systems may need treatment with an antiviral medicine. […] Babies who show the signs of CMV at birth may be treated with antiviral medications. […] Using antivirals to treat babies with congenital CMV who have no signs at birth is not currently recommended. […] CMV can be transmitted to your baby through breast milk while nursing. […] Scientists are working to develop vaccines for CMV.

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