Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2160127/

  Effective prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection following bone marrow transplantation is based on the epidemiology of infection. […] Transfusion-associated infection can be eliminated by using only seronegative donors for transfusion support. […] Passive immunoprophylaxis with different immunoglobulin preparations to prevent primary infection or to modify the manifestations of infection has been extensively explored with conflicting results. […] Suppression of CMV with antiviral agents may be the most effective means of preventing disease due to viral reactivation. […] Ganciclovir and foscarnet are also under investigation as prophylactic agents for the prevention of CMV disease in seropositive patients.

• #1 CMV Prevention – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cytomegalovirus/prevent.html

  CMV is passed from person to person by direct contact with body fluids such as saliva, urine, semen, blood, tears, and breastmilk. […] Not all CMV infections can be prevented. However, you can lower your chance of getting CMV by reducing contact with saliva and urine from babies and young children. Taking steps to reduce your risk is especially important if you are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant. […] Follow these tips to reduce your risk of getting CMV: Wash your hands often with soap and water for 15 to 20 seconds, especially after: Changing a diaper or helping a young child to use the toilet, Wiping a young child’s nose or mouth, and Handling children’s toys or touching a surface that may have a child’s saliva or urine on it. […] Discuss CMV with your health care provider if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. […] There is no approved vaccine to prevent CMV infection. However, there are several CMV vaccines in the development stage, including some that have the goal of preventing congenital CMV. It will likely be several years before an effective CMV vaccine is available for use in the United States.

• #1 About Cytomegalovirus | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/about/index.html

  You can lower your chances of getting CMV by reducing contact with saliva (spit) and urine from babies and young children. Make sure you: […] Do not share food, utensils, cups, or pacifiers with a child. […] Wash your hands with soap and water after changing diapers or helping a child to use the toilet.

• #1

  https://www.nationalcmv.org/overview/prevention-tips

  CMV can have the same devastating side effects as Zika when pregnant women contract it through bodily fluids, affecting 1 in 200 children born each year. […] At National CMV, we believe that being aware of and practicing tried prevention methods can help mitigate the risk of acquiring CMV infection before or during pregnancy. […] Women who are pregnant or are planning to become pregnant should practice the following CMV prevention and healthy pregnancy tips to mitigate the risk of contracting CMV: […] Saliva may remain on food, cups or cutlery and could transfer a CMV infection to you and your unborn baby. […] Saliva on your childs pacifier may transfer CMV to you and your unborn baby. […] Try not to kiss a child under six years of age on the lips or cheek to avoid contact with saliva. […] Store your toothbrush in an area that your child cannot reach. […] Wash your hands often with soap and water for 15-20 seconds, especially after the following activities: Wiping a young childs nose or drool, Changing diapers, Feeding a young child, Before eating.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/cytomegalovirus+cmv+infection/cytomegalovirus+cmv+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  This infection is caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV). This virus occurs worldwide and humans are the only source of human CMV. […] CMV infection can spread in different ways. The virus can be passed from person-to-person, usually through close contact with saliva, breast milk, urine or other body fluid, or through sexual contact with someone with the infection. […] There is currently no effective vaccine to prevent CMV infection, including in pregnant women. […] Pregnant women can reduce their risk of being infected with CMV if they: Do not share food, drinks, or utensils used by children (under the age of 3 years) […] Thoroughly wash hands with soap and water for 15-20 seconds, especially after changing nappies or feeding a young child or wiping a young child’s nose or saliva […] Clean toys, countertops and other surfaces that come into contact with children’s urine or saliva with a simple detergent and water.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/aids-hiv-opportunistic-infections-cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus Prevention […] You can protect yourself from a CMV infection by taking measures similar to those for preventing any other virus. This includes practicing careful hygiene, including: […] Washing your hands often with soap and water for 15-20 seconds […] Avoiding contact with tears or saliva, especially in young kids […] Avoiding shared food or drinking glasses […] Washing your hands after touching dirty diapers, tissues, or other items with bodily fluids on them […] Keeping toys, countertops, and other surfaces clean […] Using condoms during sex […] CMV prevention and HIV […] CMV was once the most common viral opportunistic infection (an illness that gets worse or happens more often in people with weakened immune systems) tied to HIV. Now, ART can help keep your CD4 count up and your immune system strong. It can also help stop retinitis from coming back.

• #1 Congenital Cytomegalovirus infection: advances and challenges in diagnosis, prevention and treatment | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-017-0358-8

  Strategies to reduce the burden of congenital CMV disease may be implemented at different stages, and include prevention of maternal infection, prevention of MTCT, early detection and intervention by neonatal screening, and neonatal antiviral therapy. […] Unlike many other infectious agents potentially harmful for the fetus and the neonate, prenatal screening by the use of maternal serology for CMV is not routinely recommended for several reasons, the most important being the unavailability of proven specific interventions for pregnant women who experience a primary CMV infection and also the fact that most congenitally infected babies are born to women experiencing a non-primary maternal infection. […] To date, the mainstay of interventions for the prevention of maternal infection, and in turn of congenital infection, remains the education of pregnant women regarding sources of exposure and behavioral interventions to limit exposure to CMV.

• #1 Congenital cytomegalovirus infection can be prevented | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2025/04/perspectives/congenital-cytomegalovirus-infection-can-be-prevented

  Around 250 children are born with cytomegalovirus infection in Norway every year, and up to 20 % develop permanent sequelae. Preventive measures can help avoid many of these cases. […] There are effective and well-documented measures to prevent maternal infection and fetal transmission, and to reduce harm to the newborn. […] Primary prevention entails preventing maternal infection around the time of conception and in the early stages of pregnancy. Basic hygiene advice significantly reduces transmission and has long been recommended internationally. […] It is therefore recommended that parents of young children who are planning a new pregnancy be diligent about handwashing after changing nappies and feeding. […] Early antiviral treatment with valacyclovir can reduce the risk of fetal infection and the incidence of severe sequelae when transmission has already occurred.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) during pregnancy | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/cytomegalovirus-cmv-during-pregnancy

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can’t be prevented, but the best way to reduce your risk is with good hygiene, especially handwashing after contact with any body fluids. […] There is currently no vaccine to prevent CMV infection, and no way to ensure prevention. The best way to reduce your chance of infection with CMV is by practising good hygiene. Try to reduce your chance of contact with body fluids that may be contaminated with CMV. […] If you are pregnant, it is a good idea to: regularly and thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water, particularly when feeding and caring for children, changing nappies, wiping noses or handling anything contaminated with body fluids; regularly clean surfaces and objects that may have body fluids on them; wear gloves when changing nappies; avoid kissing children on the lips or putting dummies in your mouth; avoid sharing food, cups, utensils, or toothbrushes.

• #1 Prevention Of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection During Pregnancy – Doctor Efi

  https://dr-efi.com/infectious-diseases/prevention-of-cytomegalovirus-cmv-infection-during-pregnancy/

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus belonging to the Herpes virus family. […] Therefore, prevention of Cytomegalovirus is important in avoiding complications for the baby. […] A primary infection during pregnancy can be avoided by following four simple steps: Washing hands with soap after taking care of children (touching, cleaning their nose, changing diapers etc). Washing hands after touching things that kids touched before (toys, chairs etc). Don’t kiss children on their mouth or cheeks. I recommend kissing them with love on their forehead. No sharing food, drinks, and towels with children. […] Remember, preventing CMV (like other diseases) is much easier than dealing with it, so follow the simple four steps above and prevent CMV infection during pregnancy.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy Prevention and Treatment Options: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/11/2142

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a significant health concern affecting numerous expectant mothers across the globe. Notably, this study examines CMV infection in pregnancy, its management, prevention mechanisms, and treatment options. The findings indicated that several techniques are used to prevent, diagnose, and manage CMV infection during pregnancy, including proper hygiene, ultrasound examination (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), amniocentesis, viremia, hyperimmunoglobulin (HIG), and valacyclovir (VACV). […] Caring for preschoolers while pregnant is a high risk; therefore, preventing maternal infection of CMV is necessary. As with the treatment, there is no approved vaccine to prevent CMV infection among pregnant women. Health professionals recommend hygiene measures to avoid exchanging body fluids and prevent maternal contamination. Prioritizing proper hygiene can help in preventing infection in pregnancy; education intervention is the most significant alternative strategy in minimizing the risk of the disease. Enlightening expectant women on CMV infection and proper hygiene is a practical approach to preventing such infection among them.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-treatment

  There are various CMV-treatment approaches based on the patients CMV status and co-morbidities. Some patients receive prophylaxis whereas some receive preemptive therapy. Prophylaxis is given to a patient to prevent primary, reactivation, or recurrent infection. […] Letermovir is indicated for prophylaxis of CMV infection and disease in adult CMV-seropositive recipients [R+] of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Among 495 patients with undetectable CMV DNA at randomization, fewer patients in the letermovir group than in the placebo group had clinically significant CMV infection or were imputed as having a primary end-point event by week 24 after transplantation (P 0.001). […] Additionally, letermovir is indicated for prophylaxis of CMV disease in adult kidney transplant recipients at high risk (donor CMV seropositive/recipient CMV seronegative [D+/R-]).

• #1 UK GUIDELINE ON PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION AND DISEASE FOLLOWING SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION – British Transplantation Society

  https://bts.org.uk/uk-guideline-on-prevention-and-management-of-cytomegalovirus-cmv-infection-and-disease-following-solid-organ-transplantation/

  1.1 All organ donors and recipients should be screened for CMV (IgG antibody) serostatus prior to, or at the time of transplantation [1A] […] 1.3 Offer Valganciclovir prophylaxis to people receiving kidney and liver transplants for at least 3 months following transplantation if either: The recipient is seronegative for CMV and receives an allograft from a CMV seropositive donor (D+/R-) [1A] OR The recipient has received T-lymphocyte depletion therapy with Antithymocyte gobulin (ATG) or Alemtuzumab (Campath), where donor: recipient serostatus is D+/R+ or D-/R+ [1A] […] 1.4 Consider Valganciclovir prophylaxis for people receiving heart, lung, intestinal or pancreas transplants for at least 3 months following transplantation if either: The recipient is seronegative for CMV and receives an allograft from a CMV seropositive donor (D+/R-) [1C] OR The recipient has received T-lymphocyte depletion therapy with Antithymocyte gobulin (ATG) or Alemtuzumab (Campath), where donor: recipient serostatus is D+/R+ or D-/R+ [1C]

• #1 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-treatment

  Some experts recommend extending the duration of CMV prophylaxis to the period of reduced immunosuppression. They feel this may protect patients from late-onset CMV disease. […] Letermovir, a novel viral terminase inhibitor, has been used for primary prevention of CMV in sero-positive allo-HSCT recipients, however, has not been approved for solid organ transplant recipients. […] A major successful use of ganciclovir has been prophylactic or preemptive treatment of CMV disease in transplant recipients. Without preventive CMV therapy, 30-75% of transplant recipients develop CMV infection, and 8-30% develop CMV disease. […] High-dose valacyclovir, penciclovir, famciclovir, and acyclovir have been used for CMV prophylaxis in organ transplant recipients. The results have been mixed and depend on the transplant population. […] Overall, acyclovir prophylaxis is not as effective as prophylaxis with ganciclovir.

• #1 High-dose aciclovir in CMV infection prophylaxis after allogeneic HSCT: a single-center long-term experience | Bone Marrow Transplantation

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41409-023-02081-6

  There is only limited data on cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis with high-dose (HD) aciclovir after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). […] A clinically significant CMV infection (cs-CMVi) was observed in 56 (31%) cases with a median time of 49 (range 25-147) days after HSCT. […] The CMV serostatus was the only significant risk factor for CMV infection in our analysis. […] During HD-aciclovir prophylaxis, we did not observe any medical condition attributable to HD-aciclovir’s adverse effects. […] Compared to published results, we observed a low incidence of cs-CMVi with HD-aciclovir prophylaxis in several patient subgroups, especially in seropositive recipients with a seropositive donor. […] Effective and safe anti-CMV prophylaxis could reduce the risk of CMV reactivation and improve mortality after HSCT.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-treatment

  Prophylaxis is provided to all patients who have positive CMV serology results. Positive findings on blood cultures, pp65 antigenemia, and CMV PCR have been used as markers for the initiation of therapy. […] The choice of the appropriate regimen may be determined by the adverse effects of the drugs and the abilities of the microbiology laboratory. Universal prophylaxis versus preemptive therapy as the best approach remains a matter of debate and varies among institutions. […] Some experts believe CMV prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients may protect against indirect CMV effects not measurable by levels, such as graft rejection, opportunistic infections, and transplant-associated vasculopathy. […] Prophylactic approaches have been very successful in eliminating CMV disease; however, toxicities are increased with this approach because patients without viral reactivation may be exposed to antiviral therapy. Many transplantation centers reserve prophylactic therapy for patients most at risk (CMV-positive donors/CMV-negative recipients) for disease reactivation and use antigen assays to institute preemptive therapy in other patients.

• #1 Letermovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/letermovir-for-the-prevention-of-cytomegalovirus-infection-and-disease-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  The principles, benefits and disadvantages of the two CMV prevention strategies are presented in Table 2. […] In general, there is no one-strategy-fits-all approach for CMV prevention. […] For example, antiviral prophylaxis is a preferred approach among highest-risk SOT recipients, such as CMV D+/R, lung, intestinal and composite tissue transplant patients. […] Among allogeneic HSCT recipients, the preferred approach is CMV surveillance followed by preemptive therapy of asymptomatic CMV replication. […] Letermovir is a novel viral terminase inhibitor that is currently approved for CMV prophylaxis in CMV-seropositive allogeneic HSCT recipients. […] The approval of letermovir for CMV prophylaxis was based on results of a phase III randomized, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled 565 CMV-seropositive allogeneic HSCT recipients.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus Disease: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus end-organ disease is best prevented using ART to maintain the CD4 count 100 cells/mm3. […] A randomized, placebo-controlled trial addressed whether valganciclovir (the current standard oral agent for treatment of CMV disease) in addition to ART might reduce CMV end-organ disease in AIDS patients at high risk (CD4 count 100 cells/mm3 and CMV viremia detected by plasma CMV DNA PCR assay). This study failed to show a benefit for such preventive therapy; therefore, valganciclovir primary prophylaxis is not recommended to prevent CMV end-organ disease in people with HIV, even among patients who have CMV viremia. […] The primary method for preventing severe CMV disease is recognizing the early manifestations of the disease and instituting proper therapy. Patients who have a low CD4 cell count (100cells/mm3) and are not on ART should be made aware of the implications of increased floaters in the eye and be advised to assess their visual acuity regularly using simple techniques, such as reading newsprint. Development of floaters or changes in visual acuity should prompt an urgent referral to ophthalmology. […] Some clinicians do recommend a baseline ophthalmologic exam for people with HIV with CD4 100 cells/mm3.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus: Pediatric OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-pediatric-opportunistic-infections/cytomegalovirus

  Children with HIV aged 5 years who are CMV infected and severely immunosuppressed (i.e., CD4 count 50 cells/mm3 or CD4 percentage 5%) should have a dilated retinal examination performed by an ophthalmologist every 6 months (strong, low). […] Treatment with antiviral therapy against CMV in addition to ART is recommended for CMV disease in children with HIV (strong, moderate). Intravenous (IV) ganciclovir is the drug of choice for initial treatment for acquired CMV disease, including retinitis and other end-organ disseminated CMV disease (e.g., colitis, esophagitis, and CNS disease). Transition from IV ganciclovir to oral valganciclovir can be considered for patients who improve on IV therapy (strong, moderate). […] After induction therapy, secondary prophylaxis (chronic maintenance therapy) is recommended for most forms of CMV disease until immune reconstitution or, in the absence of immune reconstitution, for the remainder of a patients life. Regimens for chronic suppression include IV ganciclovir, oral valganciclovir, IV foscarnet, combined IV ganciclovir and foscarnet, and IV cidofovir (strong, moderate).

• #1 Congenital and Perinatal Cytomegalovirus Infection (CMV) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/congenital-and-perinatal-cytomegalovirus-infection-cmv

  Nonimmune pregnant patients should attempt to limit exposure to the virus. For instance, because CMV infection is common among children attending day care centers, pregnant patients should always wash their hands thoroughly after exposure to urine and oral or respiratory secretions from children. […] Pasteurization of donated human milk can decrease CMV transmission to severely immunocompromised neonates, who are at increased risk of severe postnatal CMV infection. […] Transfusion-associated perinatal CMV disease can be avoided by giving preterm neonates blood products from CMV-seronegative donors or leukoreduced products. […] Vaccines to prevent congenital CMV infection are in development. Maternal antiviral therapy with acyclovir or valacyclovir to prevent fetal transmission is being investigated. […] CMV hyperimmune globulin given to pregnant patients with primary CMV infection did not show a reduction in congenital infection in a randomized, controlled trial.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/cytomegalovirus/control-prevention

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) poses significant risks to developing fetuses. Women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant should be informed of these risks. […] To prevent or reduce workers’ cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection risk, employers should develop an infection control plan that addresses sources of CMV exposure and infection prevention measures. […] A comprehensive infection control plan will include training on CMV risks. A recommended best practice is for employers to explain CMV risks to employees prior to them becoming pregnant. […] Consider encouraging workers who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, or those whose sexual partner(s) is or is planning to become pregnant, to discuss potential CMV risks with their healthcare provider. […] Provide disposable gloves and encourage employees to use them for any activities that involve contact with body fluids.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/healthcare-personnel-epidemiology-control/cytomegalovirus.html

  Work restrictions are not necessary for healthcare personnel who have an exposure to cytomegalovirus. […] Work restrictions are not necessary for healthcare personnel with active cytomegalovirus infection. […] Using infection prevention and control practices as recommended by CDC prevents transmission of CMV in healthcare settings. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is not administered after exposure to CMV. No treatment for CMV infection in healthy adults is indicated.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus infectionExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/cytomegalovirus-infection

  Primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may cause a mononucleosis syndrome clinically indistinguishable from Epstein–Barr virus infection. […] CMV is the most important cause of congenital viral infections in Australia. Some infected infants develop health problems. […] Prevention focuses on reducing the risk of CMV transmission to women who are pregnant and of childbearing age, and other people at risk of more serious infections. […] There is no vaccine available to protect against CMV infection. […] Public health measures focus on reducing the risk of CMV transmission to pregnant women, women of childbearing age and other people at risk of more serious infections. […] Women of childbearing age working in hospitals (especially obstetric and paediatric wards), childcare centres and preschools should practise strict infection control precautions and regard all body fluids as potentially infectious.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/cytomegalovirus/control-prevention

  Workplace surfaces that may be contaminated with body fluids should be cleaned regularly with disinfectant. […] To minimize infection risk, childcare workers should treat all body fluids as if they are infectious, and avoid sharing food, drinks, or utensils with young children. […] Childcare workers concerned about CMV exposure should talk to their healthcare provider about the virus, their infection risk, and ways to keep themselves healthy. […] Following the guidelines of OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogen standard and routinely following standard precautions can help protect healthcare workers from most potential sources of CMV infection. […] Healthcare workers who are pregnant or may become pregnant, or those whose sexual partner(s) is or is planning to become pregnant, should speak with their healthcare provider about their risks of contracting CMV in the healthcare environment and how they can protect themselves.

• #1 Prevention of Maternal and Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3347968/

  Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important cause of hearing impairment, mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Principal sources of infection during pregnancy are young children and intimate contacts. Prevention of maternal and congenital CMV infection depends on counseling women regarding the sources of infection and hygienic measures that might prevent infection. […] The only means of preventing maternal CMV infection that is available at this time is by limiting exposure to the virus. Efforts at limiting exposure are based on hygiene, with the focus on hand hygiene in settings where women who are or could become pregnant have contact with young children. This includes women who work in childcare and mothers of young children. Specific recommendations for preventing transmission of CMV have been made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); these are summarized in Table 2. […] In summary, it appears that currently the best option for prevention of congenital CMV is through education of patients regarding sources of maternal infection and methods of hygiene aimed at preventing maternal exposure to CMV.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy Prevention and Treatment Options: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/11/2142

  Despite the outcome of this study on the efficacy of valacyclovir, there are no official CMV treatments during pregnancy. Likewise, effective measures to prevent maternal CMV infections and transmission to children are lacking. The existing guidelines recommend that physicians provide antenatal therapy as a research protocol treatment. Advances in CMV infection prevention and treatment are a priority globally. Literature data still indicate a low level of awareness of the risks associated with cCMV infection and the primary prevention options before and during pregnancy among both patients and healthcare providers. […] Educational interventions and proper hygiene are effective measures to avoid CMV infection in pregnant women.

• #1 Congenital Cytomegalovirus infection: advances and challenges in diagnosis, prevention and treatment | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-017-0358-8

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most frequent cause of congenital infection worldwide, with an estimated incidence in developed countries of 0.60.7% of all live births. […] Other than behavioral measures, effective interventions aimed at the prevention of maternal infection and of mother-to-child transmission are lacking. […] Specifically, a highly-sensitive screening test with high throughput potential has been developed, and treatment of infants symptomatically infected with congenital CMV has proven to be well-tolerated and effective in improving long-term hearing and neurodevelopmental outcomes. […] This review highlights the clinical importance of congenital CMV infection, the developments in laboratory diagnostics, and the benefits of antiviral therapy. It also identifies the global efforts still required in the prevention of maternal infection and in the optimization of antiviral therapy to further reduce the burden of congenital CMV disease.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Pregnancy | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/physician-faqs/cytomegalovirus-in-pregnancy

  Cytomegalovirus infection can occur during pregnancy. The incidence of primary CMV infection among previously seronegative pregnant people in the United States ranges from 0.3% to 4%. For those who are seropositive before a pregnancy, developing a secondary CMV infection is a possibility, although there are no clinically available diagnostic assays to detect secondary infection. Secondary infection can be due to either a reactivation or a reinfection with another viral strain 1. […] Routine serologic screening of pregnant individuals for CMV is not recommended. The vast majority (approximately 90%) of positive IgM results are false positive and likely due to cross-reactivity with other non-CMV antibodies. The limitations of maternal IgM antibody screening in differentiating primary from recurrent infection also make the results difficult to use in counseling patients about fetal risk. In addition, maternal immunity does not eliminate the possibility of fetal infection. The lack of a vaccine for prevention or a proven treatment to prevent congenital transmission further diminishes the potential benefit of universal screening 1.

• #1 Assessing the Scope of Evidence-Based Interventions and Policy Mobilization Efforts on CMV Infection Prevention in U.S. Pregnant Women: A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4184/5/2/11

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common infection that affects individuals globally. While immunocompetent individuals will typically be asymptomatic when infected, CMV infections can be particularly important to consider in pregnant women. Congenital CMV (cCMV) is the leading cause of hearing loss and neurodevelopmental disabilities in children, affecting 15–18% of births in the United States (U.S.). Pregnant women are considered to be at a higher risk of CMV, specifically those that have frequent exposure to young children, close contact with bodily fluids, or other occupational risks. Despite its strong presence, the lack of routine prenatal screening limits its detection and prevention, especially in low-resource communities. […] There are a variety of challenges in screening for CMV among pregnant individuals in the United States. The lack of uniform guidelines regarding CMV screening during pregnancy makes its practice inconsistent across healthcare facilities and providers. Because there is no effective therapy for CMV in pregnancy, screening is not always recommended. Additionally, there is a limited amount of information about CMV and its health outcomes, making it more difficult for pregnant individuals to gain adequate knowledge about this topic and how it can impact them. Moreover, challenges in interpretation of serological tests persist due to false positives emerging from re-activated infections, which makes it difficult to determine the timing and nature of infection. Financial and logistical issues such as out-of-pocket expenses and disparities in access to healthcare also play a role in the limited knowledge that some communities may have in relation to CMV. Furthermore, cultural and linguistic barriers in the healthcare setting that minority populations may face also play a role in the lower rates of CMV testing.

• #1 Cytomegalovirus and pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/cytomegalovirus-and-pregnancy

  Cytomegalovirus (also called CMV) is the most common infection passed from pregnant people to babies during pregnancy. […] CMV is the most common infection passed from pregnant people to babies during pregnancy. One in 3 pregnant people passes the infection on to their babies. If you have CMV during pregnancy, the virus in your blood can pass through the placenta to your baby. […] There is no cure for CMV, but medications can control infections. Most healthy adults with CMV don’t need treatment. This includes during pregnancy. […] Here are some things you can do: Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after being in contact with body fluids from babies or children. […] Scientists are working to develop vaccines for CMV. Vaccines make you immune to certain diseases. These vaccines may help prevent CMV infection in pregnant people and babies, and they may help reduce the chance that a baby born to an infected person will have health problems.

• #1 Assessing the Scope of Evidence-Based Interventions and Policy Mobilization Efforts on CMV Infection Prevention in U.S. Pregnant Women: A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4184/5/2/11

  Current U.S. policies related to CMV screening are quite limited in the guidance provided to pregnant individuals when making informed health decisions. While there are professional organizations such as the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) providing recommendations on CMV prevention strategies for pregnant individuals, such efforts often do not translate to routine screening. Despite the presence of state-level initiatives that attempt to address CMV education and prevention, measured impact and respective outcomes remain fragmented, leading to inconsistent awareness of this infection and a significant gap in implementation of effective education and screening strategies across healthcare systems. […] Currently, the scope of evidence-based educational and public policy interventions aiming to increase awareness of CMV among pregnant individuals and healthcare providers remains limited, particularly when it comes to tailoring screening strategies and educational messages to be culturally responsive to the growing diversity of the U.S. pregnant population. Examples of such campaigns that focus on patient education include social media messaging, community-based education, and distribution of informational resources in community-based settings and healthcare settings. Initiatives that emphasize provider education include trainings to bridge knowledge gaps. Despite these advancements in this realm, there is a need to have inclusivity and broader representation of U.S. minority pregnant women who are at higher risk of having CMV infections due to low health literacy, medical history, and environmental risk factors. Therefore, it is necessary for screening processes, educational programs, policies, and community-based engagement to work in tandem in order to effectively implement change in the communities that are at a higher risk for CMV infection.

• #2 CMV Prevention – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cytomegalovirus/prevent.html

  CMV is passed from person to person by direct contact with body fluids such as saliva, urine, semen, blood, tears, and breastmilk. […] Not all CMV infections can be prevented. However, you can lower your chance of getting CMV by reducing contact with saliva and urine from babies and young children. Taking steps to reduce your risk is especially important if you are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant. […] Follow these tips to reduce your risk of getting CMV: Wash your hands often with soap and water for 15 to 20 seconds, especially after: Changing a diaper or helping a young child to use the toilet, Wiping a young child’s nose or mouth, and Handling children’s toys or touching a surface that may have a child’s saliva or urine on it. […] Discuss CMV with your health care provider if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. […] There is no approved vaccine to prevent CMV infection. However, there are several CMV vaccines in the development stage, including some that have the goal of preventing congenital CMV. It will likely be several years before an effective CMV vaccine is available for use in the United States.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/cytomegalovirus+cmv+infection/cytomegalovirus+cmv+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  This infection is caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV). This virus occurs worldwide and humans are the only source of human CMV. […] CMV infection can spread in different ways. The virus can be passed from person-to-person, usually through close contact with saliva, breast milk, urine or other body fluid, or through sexual contact with someone with the infection. […] There is currently no effective vaccine to prevent CMV infection, including in pregnant women. […] Pregnant women can reduce their risk of being infected with CMV if they: Do not share food, drinks, or utensils used by children (under the age of 3 years) […] Thoroughly wash hands with soap and water for 15-20 seconds, especially after changing nappies or feeding a young child or wiping a young child’s nose or saliva […] Clean toys, countertops and other surfaces that come into contact with children’s urine or saliva with a simple detergent and water.

• #2 About Cytomegalovirus | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/about/index.html

  You can lower your chances of getting CMV by reducing contact with saliva (spit) and urine from babies and young children. Make sure you: […] Do not share food, utensils, cups, or pacifiers with a child. […] Wash your hands with soap and water after changing diapers or helping a child to use the toilet.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/aids-hiv-opportunistic-infections-cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus Prevention […] You can protect yourself from a CMV infection by taking measures similar to those for preventing any other virus. This includes practicing careful hygiene, including: […] Washing your hands often with soap and water for 15-20 seconds […] Avoiding contact with tears or saliva, especially in young kids […] Avoiding shared food or drinking glasses […] Washing your hands after touching dirty diapers, tissues, or other items with bodily fluids on them […] Keeping toys, countertops, and other surfaces clean […] Using condoms during sex […] CMV prevention and HIV […] CMV was once the most common viral opportunistic infection (an illness that gets worse or happens more often in people with weakened immune systems) tied to HIV. Now, ART can help keep your CD4 count up and your immune system strong. It can also help stop retinitis from coming back.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus infection – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cytomegalovirus-infection/

  There is currently no CMV vaccine. [2][19] […] CMV prevention is not recommended for healthy individuals. […] The risk of CMV infection or complications from infection is increased in selected groups, e.g.: […] Use CMV-negative blood products for high-risk individuals. [9][20][22] […] Recommend condoms during intercourse. [11][23] […] For pregnant individuals or those planning pregnancy: [22][23][24] […] For individuals who are immunocompromised, additional CMV precautions depend on the nature of immunocompromise. […] High-risk individuals usually receive antiviral prophylaxis with valganciclovir or ganciclovir for 3-12 months posttransplant. [9][25] […] Educate pregnant individuals about the risk for congenital CMV infection and ways to reduce the risk of contracting CMV infection. [22]

• #2 Congenital Cytomegalovirus infection: advances and challenges in diagnosis, prevention and treatment | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-017-0358-8

  A key source of CMV exposure is represented by young children who may shed CMV in saliva and urine. Therefore, specific behavioral guidance aimed at decreasing the transmission of CMV includes hand hygiene when caring for children, particularly after changing diapers or wiping a child nose, avoiding kissing children on their mouth and avoiding sharing food, drinks and other utensils that can be exposed to children’s bodily fluids. Studies have shown that these counselling-based interventions for CMV seronegative women may be effective in reducing CMV transmission.

• #2 Congenital cytomegalovirus infection can be prevented | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2025/04/perspectives/congenital-cytomegalovirus-infection-can-be-prevented

  Preventive measures should be prioritised as they prevent disease. […] The national clinical guidelines for obstetrics were recently updated with recommendations that healthcare personnel should provide pregnant women with information about hygiene measures in order to prevent infections during pregnancy. […] The information on CMV should focus on preventing primary infection around the time of conception and in the first trimester of pregnancy, as this is when the risk of fetal damage is greatest. […] Before considering screening for pregnant women, health authorities in Norway should prioritise gathering nationwide data, implementing primary prevention measures and improving the understanding of congenital CMV infection. […] With effective and straightforward infection control advice and the opportunity to treat pregnant women in the early stages of pregnancy to prevent fetal transmission of the virus around the time of conception and in the first trimester, the time has come for Norwegian health authorities to address the issues related to CMV and pregnancy.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cytomegalovirus-cmv/

  The best way to lower the chance of getting cytomegalovirus (CMV) during pregnancy is to: […] wash your hands using soap and water especially after changing nappies, feeding young children or wiping their nose […] regularly wash toys or other items that may have young children’s saliva or pee on them […] avoid sharing food, cutlery and drinking glasses, or putting a child’s dummy in your mouth […] avoid kissing young children on their mouth. […] There’s currently no vaccine for CMV. […] Pregnant women who work closely with children or already have a young family are more at risk of getting CMV.

• #2 If I had only known:  Congenital CMV infection prevention diagnosis and treatment | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/our-company/actions-insights/2018/if-i-had-only-known-congenital-cmv-infection-prevention-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Avoiding contact with body fluids of young children can substantially reduce this risk, and includes behaviors such as using gloves and hand washing after changing diapers or touching saliva or nasal secretions, not sharing cups or utensils, not kissing on the mouth or cheek, and avoiding co-sleeping. […] Women should also be encouraged to use barrier methods to decrease the risk of sexual transmission. […] At a minimum, all clinicians caring for women of childbearing age should be fully informed about congenital CMV prevention and have appropriate tools for educating their patients. […] While completely eliminating exposure to CMV during pregnancy may not be feasible, exposures and therefore the risk of acquiring CMV can be significantly reduced. […] At a time when neither a CMV vaccine nor highly effective fetal or neonatal interventions are available, CMV awareness and education about safer behaviors during pregnancy are critical to minimize the risk of maternal infection and fetal transmission.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-treatment

  Prophylaxis is provided to all patients who have positive CMV serology results. Positive findings on blood cultures, pp65 antigenemia, and CMV PCR have been used as markers for the initiation of therapy. […] The choice of the appropriate regimen may be determined by the adverse effects of the drugs and the abilities of the microbiology laboratory. Universal prophylaxis versus preemptive therapy as the best approach remains a matter of debate and varies among institutions. […] Some experts believe CMV prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients may protect against indirect CMV effects not measurable by levels, such as graft rejection, opportunistic infections, and transplant-associated vasculopathy. […] Prophylactic approaches have been very successful in eliminating CMV disease; however, toxicities are increased with this approach because patients without viral reactivation may be exposed to antiviral therapy. Many transplantation centers reserve prophylactic therapy for patients most at risk (CMV-positive donors/CMV-negative recipients) for disease reactivation and use antigen assays to institute preemptive therapy in other patients.

• #2 Letermovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/letermovir-for-the-prevention-of-cytomegalovirus-infection-and-disease-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  The principles, benefits and disadvantages of the two CMV prevention strategies are presented in Table 2. […] In general, there is no one-strategy-fits-all approach for CMV prevention. […] For example, antiviral prophylaxis is a preferred approach among highest-risk SOT recipients, such as CMV D+/R, lung, intestinal and composite tissue transplant patients. […] Among allogeneic HSCT recipients, the preferred approach is CMV surveillance followed by preemptive therapy of asymptomatic CMV replication. […] Letermovir is a novel viral terminase inhibitor that is currently approved for CMV prophylaxis in CMV-seropositive allogeneic HSCT recipients. […] The approval of letermovir for CMV prophylaxis was based on results of a phase III randomized, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled 565 CMV-seropositive allogeneic HSCT recipients.

• #2 High-dose aciclovir in CMV infection prophylaxis after allogeneic HSCT: a single-center long-term experience | Bone Marrow Transplantation

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41409-023-02081-6

  Primary prophylaxis with letermovir led to a reduction in cs-CMVi with a favorable toxicity profile, and is recommended for CMV prophylaxis after allo-HSCT in CMV seropositive recipients (CMV R+). […] Based on these results, the primary CMV prophylaxis after allo-HSCT with HD-aciclovir has been routinely used for more than 20 years in our center. […] In conclusion, with HD-aciclovir use in cs-CMVi prophylaxis after allo-HSCT, we observed low cs-CMVi incidence in a significant number of patients compared to previously published data. […] At the same time, CMV-specific immunity reconstitution probably wasn’t negatively affected, which is important to prevent late CMV reactivations. […] Regarding our results, HD-aciclovir seems to be an option for the prophylaxis of CMV reactivation in intermediate risk patients (CMV R+/D+, T-lymphodepletion etc.), for example in cases of letermovir unavailability or financial obstacles, or in low-risk CMV seronegative recipients. […] To prevent CMV disease, a combination of HD-aciclovir prophylaxis and a standard preemptive approach (CMV viremia monitoring and early preemptive treatment) is required.

• #2 Letermovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/letermovir-for-the-prevention-of-cytomegalovirus-infection-and-disease-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  The approval of letermovir paves the way for antiviral prophylaxis as another safe and effective option for the prevention of CMV infection and disease in allogeneic HSCT recipients. […] However, the low rate of CMV disease (5%) with current standard approach, where HSCT patients are monitored at least once weekly with CMV NAT and treated aggressively with intravenous ganciclovir or valganciclovir may argue against changing the current standard practice. […] If letermovir prophylaxis is chosen as the method for prevention, we emphasize the need to provide antiviral drugs for HSV prophylaxis (as letermovir has no activity against HSV, varicella zoster and other herpesviruses). […] Letermovir is not approved for any clinical indications in SOT recipients. […] However, it is being investigated for its role as CMV prophylaxis in high-risk CMV D+/R SOT recipients.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus: Pediatric OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-pediatric-opportunistic-infections/cytomegalovirus

  CMV antibody testing is recommended at age 1 year (or at baseline evaluation if age 1 year at initial visit) and then annually for CMV-seronegative infants and children with HIV who are immunosuppressed (i.e., CD4 T lymphocyte [CD4] cell count 100 cells/mm3 or CD4 percentage 10%) (strong, low). […] Testing for congenital CMV infection in the first 21 days of life is recommended for infants with vertically transmitted HIV (strong, low). CMV testing is also suggested for all infants exposed to HIV since their HIV status will be indeterminate during the first 21 days of life when congenital CMV infection can be diagnosed (weak, low). Infants with confirmed congenital CMV infection should be evaluated regularly for early detection of hearing loss and appropriate intervention. […] Primary prophylaxis against CMV disease is not recommended for children with HIV who are not severely immunocompromised (strong, moderate). CMV end-organ disease is best prevented by antiretroviral therapy (ART) to maintain the CD4 count 100 cells/mm3 in children aged 6 years, or CD4 percentage 10% in children aged 6 years (strong, moderate).

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03259312

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs in the majority of patients following solid organ transplantation. The mainstay of treatment for symptomatic CMV infection in this patient population is intravenous ganciclovir and, to a lesser extent, foscarnet. Methods of preventing CMV infection include: (i) protective matching; (ii) use of CMV-seronegative, filtered or leucocyte-poor blood products; (iii) active immunisation with a vaccine; (iv) passive immunisation with immunoglobulins; (v) prophylaxis with antiviral agents such as interferons, aciclovir (acyclovir), ganciclovir or foscarnet; and (vi) pre-emptive therapy. […] Protective matching is not feasible due to the scarcity of donor organs. CMV-seronegative, filtered or leucocyte-poor blood products should be used, at least in seronegative recipients. A live attenuated CMV vaccine has been shown to be of limited efficacy in preventing CMV disease in renal transplantation recipients; however, a subunit vaccine is in development. Prophylaxis with immunoglobulins has been shown to be effective in some solid organ transplantation populations; however, the cost of such an approach is considerable. Of the antiviral agents, intravenous ganciclovir is the only agent that has been shown to have some degree of prophylactic efficacy in the majority of solid organ transplantation recipients. However, the cost and need for intravenous access make intravenous ganciclovir a suboptimal prophylactic agent. Several newer drugs, including oral agents, are currently being studied in this mode. Pre-emptive therapy, based either on the early detection of CMV or the targeting of patients with risk factors for CMV, appears to be a promising new approach.

• #2 Prevention of transmission of cytomegalovirus from mother to fetus during pregnancy | Cochrane

  https://www.cochrane.org/CD008371/PREG_prevention-of-transmission-of-cytomegalovirus-from-mother-to-fetus-during-pregnancy

  There is insufficient evidence from randomised controlled trials to recommend use of any particular intervention to prevent the transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) from mother to fetus during pregnancy (congenital CMV infection). […] Maternal education and behavioural modification are used to limit women acquiring CMV in pregnancy (for example by improved hand hygiene). Drug interventions include antiviral treatment, immunoglobulin therapy (for example CMV hyperimmune globulin) and the possibility of anti-CMV vaccination. […] Antiviral therapy, such as ganciclovir, can be given to the newborn infant to prevent or reduce any consequences of congenital infection. […] To date, no RCTs are available that examine antenatal interventions for preventing the transmission of CMV from the infected mother to fetus during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in the congenitally infected infant. Further research is needed to assess the efficacy of interventions aimed at preventing the transmission of CMV from the mother to fetus during pregnancy including a long-term follow-up of exposed infants and a cost effective analysis. […] The high incidence and the serious morbidity associated with congenital CMV infection emphasise the need for effective interventions to prevent the antenatal transmission of CMV infection.

• #2 Congenital and Perinatal Cytomegalovirus Infection (CMV) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/congenital-and-perinatal-cytomegalovirus-infection-cmv

  Nonimmune pregnant patients should attempt to limit exposure to the virus. For instance, because CMV infection is common among children attending day care centers, pregnant patients should always wash their hands thoroughly after exposure to urine and oral or respiratory secretions from children. […] Pasteurization of donated human milk can decrease CMV transmission to severely immunocompromised neonates, who are at increased risk of severe postnatal CMV infection. […] Transfusion-associated perinatal CMV disease can be avoided by giving preterm neonates blood products from CMV-seronegative donors or leukoreduced products. […] Vaccines to prevent congenital CMV infection are in development. Maternal antiviral therapy with acyclovir or valacyclovir to prevent fetal transmission is being investigated. […] CMV hyperimmune globulin given to pregnant patients with primary CMV infection did not show a reduction in congenital infection in a randomized, controlled trial.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/symptoms-causes/syc-20355358

  Careful hygiene is the best prevention against CMV. You can take these precautions: […] If you have weakened immunity, you may benefit from taking antiviral medication to prevent CMV disease. […] Experimental vaccines are being tested for women of childbearing age. These vaccines may be useful in preventing CMV infection in mothers and infants, and reducing the chance that babies born to women who are infected while pregnant will develop disabilities.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy Prevention and Treatment Options: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/11/2142

  The current review and meta-analysis highlight cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy, covering its management and prevention options. The study prioritized articles discussing CMV infection among pregnant women. Given that CMV infection in pregnancy is an alarming problem, it is worth exploring ways to manage, prevent, and control it. […] The evidence favoring pharmacological interventions for CMV infections is increasingly growing. For women with compromised immune systems or organ transplant recipients, the approved antiviral drugs for the infection are ganciclovir, valacyclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet. An example of their use is when physicians use valacyclovir and gancyclovir for the treatment and prevention of congenital CMV infection. Valacyclovir acts against CMV’s DNA polymerase when utilized at a high dose.

• #2 Cytomegalovirus – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/cytomegalovirus/control-prevention

  Workplace surfaces that may be contaminated with body fluids should be cleaned regularly with disinfectant. […] To minimize infection risk, childcare workers should treat all body fluids as if they are infectious, and avoid sharing food, drinks, or utensils with young children. […] Childcare workers concerned about CMV exposure should talk to their healthcare provider about the virus, their infection risk, and ways to keep themselves healthy. […] Following the guidelines of OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogen standard and routinely following standard precautions can help protect healthcare workers from most potential sources of CMV infection. […] Healthcare workers who are pregnant or may become pregnant, or those whose sexual partner(s) is or is planning to become pregnant, should speak with their healthcare provider about their risks of contracting CMV in the healthcare environment and how they can protect themselves.

• #2 Enhancing Awareness and Prevention of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) During CMV Awareness Month

  https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/enhancing-awareness-prevention-cytomegalovirus-cmv-during-cmv-awareness-month

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Awareness Month is a crucial period for infection preventionists (IPs) to enhance their knowledge and strategies regarding this pervasive viral infection, one of the most common congenital infections worldwide. […] During CMV Awareness Month, IPs are called to focus on the transmission pathways, clinical manifestations, and effective prevention measures for CMV. By increasing understanding and vigilance, IPs can play a pivotal role in reducing the spread of CMV, implementing robust infection control practices, and ultimately improving health outcomes for those impacted by this significant pathogen. […] In Saudi Arabia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection management and prevention are taken seriously due to their potential health risks, particularly to immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and newborns.

• #2 Assessing the Scope of Evidence-Based Interventions and Policy Mobilization Efforts on CMV Infection Prevention in U.S. Pregnant Women: A Scoping Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4184/5/2/11

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common infection that affects individuals globally. While immunocompetent individuals will typically be asymptomatic when infected, CMV infections can be particularly important to consider in pregnant women. Congenital CMV (cCMV) is the leading cause of hearing loss and neurodevelopmental disabilities in children, affecting 15–18% of births in the United States (U.S.). Pregnant women are considered to be at a higher risk of CMV, specifically those that have frequent exposure to young children, close contact with bodily fluids, or other occupational risks. Despite its strong presence, the lack of routine prenatal screening limits its detection and prevention, especially in low-resource communities. […] There are a variety of challenges in screening for CMV among pregnant individuals in the United States. The lack of uniform guidelines regarding CMV screening during pregnancy makes its practice inconsistent across healthcare facilities and providers. Because there is no effective therapy for CMV in pregnancy, screening is not always recommended. Additionally, there is a limited amount of information about CMV and its health outcomes, making it more difficult for pregnant individuals to gain adequate knowledge about this topic and how it can impact them. Moreover, challenges in interpretation of serological tests persist due to false positives emerging from re-activated infections, which makes it difficult to determine the timing and nature of infection. Financial and logistical issues such as out-of-pocket expenses and disparities in access to healthcare also play a role in the limited knowledge that some communities may have in relation to CMV. Furthermore, cultural and linguistic barriers in the healthcare setting that minority populations may face also play a role in the lower rates of CMV testing.

• #2 Navigating Congenital Cytomegalovirus: Latest Trends in Prevention and Care | Meridian Bioscience

  https://www.meridianbioscience.com/diagnostics-blog/navigating-congenital-cytomegalovirus-latest-trends-in-prevention-and-care/

  CMV testing during pregnancy is paramount for the early identification and management of potential infections. […] Early detection through cytomegalovirus testing can lead to interventions that may reduce the impact of the infection on the unborn child. […] Prevention plays a critical role in the fight against congenital CMV. Public health initiatives focusing on educating pregnant women about CMV transmission have shown promise. Simple hygiene practices, such as hand washing, avoiding sharing food and utensils with young children, and refraining from kissing children on the lips, can significantly reduce the risk of CMV infection during pregnancy. […] The latest trends in CMV testing and management offer new pathways for reducing the impact of this infection on the most vulnerable.

• #2 Congenital Cytomegalovirus infection: advances and challenges in diagnosis, prevention and treatment | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-017-0358-8

  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most frequent cause of congenital infection worldwide, with an estimated incidence in developed countries of 0.60.7% of all live births. […] Other than behavioral measures, effective interventions aimed at the prevention of maternal infection and of mother-to-child transmission are lacking. […] Specifically, a highly-sensitive screening test with high throughput potential has been developed, and treatment of infants symptomatically infected with congenital CMV has proven to be well-tolerated and effective in improving long-term hearing and neurodevelopmental outcomes. […] This review highlights the clinical importance of congenital CMV infection, the developments in laboratory diagnostics, and the benefits of antiviral therapy. It also identifies the global efforts still required in the prevention of maternal infection and in the optimization of antiviral therapy to further reduce the burden of congenital CMV disease.

• #2 CMV Conference

  https://cmv.usu.edu/about/cmv-resources.cfm

  Recognizing the lack of awareness about cCMV and its potentially devastating, long-term effects on babies and families, grassroots efforts have encouraged state lawmakers to pass legislation requiring public awareness initiatives, education programs, and testing of newborns for CMV. As of March 2024, 21 states have laws in place that mandate education, newborn screening, or both and many other states are in process of passing legislation. Additional legislation details are available on the National CMV Foundation’s website. Moreover, many individual hospitals and hospital systems have cCMV screening policies in place.

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