Guz rakowiowy
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rokowanie w guzach rakowiowych zależy od lokalizacji, stopnia zaawansowania, cech histologicznych oraz obecności przerzutów. W przypadku guzów rakowiowych układu pokarmowego (GI) w USA, 5-letnie względne przeżycie wynosi 97% dla nowotworów zlokalizowanych, 96% dla regionalnych oraz 68% przy przerzutach odległych. W guzach płucnych typowych po resekcji wskaźnik przeżycia przekracza 85%, natomiast w atypowych wynosi około 52%. Kluczowe czynniki prognostyczne to rozmiar guza (>2 cm wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem), stopień zaawansowania, zróżnicowanie histologiczne, indeks Ki-67, zajęcie węzłów chłonnych oraz cechy atypowe. W guzach rakowiowych śródbrzusza poziom neurokiininy A (NKA) w osoczu jest najsilniejszym niezależnym predyktorem rokowania, a podwyższone wartości chromograniny A (CgA) i 5-HIAA korelują z gorszym przeżyciem.

Guz rakowiowy (Carcinoid tumors) – Rokowanie (przewidywanie wyniku)

Rokowanie w przypadku guzów rakowiowych zależy od wielu czynników, w tym lokalizacji guza, stopnia zaawansowania choroby, cech histologicznych oraz obecności przerzutów. Analizując dane dotyczące przeżycia, można określić przewidywane rokowanie dla pacjentów z tym typem nowotworu, jednak należy pamiętać, że są to wartości szacunkowe oparte na wcześniejszych wynikach dużych grup pacjentów i nie mogą przewidzieć przebiegu choroby u konkretnej osoby.12

Wskaźniki przeżycia

Względne wskaźniki 5-letniego przeżycia dla guzów rakowiowych układu pokarmowego (GI) w Stanach Zjednoczonych, oparte na bazie danych SEER, przedstawiają się następująco:3

W przypadku guzów rakowiowych płuc lub oskrzeli długoterminowe wskaźniki przeżycia po resekcji chirurgicznej przekraczają 85% dla guzów typowych. Natomiast dla pacjentów poddanych resekcji guzów atypowych wskaźniki te są znacznie niższe – około 52% według McCaughana i wsp.4

Czynniki prognostyczne

Wśród najważniejszych czynników prognostycznych wymienia się:567

  • Rozmiar guza pierwotnego – guzy większe niż 2 cm wiążą się z gorszym rokowaniem i większym ryzykiem przerzutów. Przerzuty występują w mniej niż 5% guzów o średnicy poniżej 1 cm, ale ze znacznie większą częstotliwością, gdy guz pierwotny przekracza 2 cm średnicy
  • Stopień zaawansowania choroby – guzy wykryte we wczesnych stadiach mają najlepsze rokowanie
  • Stopień zróżnicowania – guzy dobrze zróżnicowane mają lepsze rokowanie niż słabo zróżnicowane raki neuroendokrynne
  • Indeks Ki-67 – guzy z niskim indeksem Ki-67 mają korzystniejsze rokowanie i dłuższe przeżycie niż te z wysokim indeksem
  • Zajęcie węzłów chłonnych – obecność przerzutów w węzłach chłonnych znacząco pogarsza rokowanie
  • Atypowe cechy histologiczne – często wiążą się z gorszym rokowaniem

8910

Markery biochemiczne jako wskaźniki prognostyczne

W przypadku pacjentów z guzami rakowiowymi śródbrzusza (midgut carcinoid tumors), czynniki związane z gorszym rokowaniem w analizie jednowymiarowej obejmują:1112

  • Poziom neurokiininy A (NKA) w osoczu
  • Wydalanie kwasu 5-hydroksyindolooctowego w moczu
  • Wiek pacjenta
  • Obecność 5 lub więcej przerzutów do wątroby

Poziom neurokiininy A (NKA) w osoczu okazał się najsilniejszym i jedynym niezależnym predyktorem rokowania w analizie wielowymiarowej. Jest to dokładny marker prognostyczny dla guzów rakowiowych śródbrzusza. Wzrost poziomu NKA w osoczu wydaje się być niezależny od innych czynników prognostycznych i stanowi najsilniejszy wskaźnik.1314

Osoby z wysokim poziomem chromograniny A (CgA) we krwi lub 5-HIAA w moczu mają gorsze rokowanie w porównaniu do osób z prawidłowymi poziomami.15

Rokowanie w zależności od lokalizacji guza

Guzy rakowiowe wyrostka robaczkowego

Dziewięćdziesiąt pięć procent guzów rakowiowych wyrostka robaczkowego ma średnicę mniejszą niż 2 cm. Częstość występowania przerzutów w tych przypadkach jest niska. Natomiast około 33% pacjentów z guzami rakowiowymi wyrostka robaczkowego o wymiarach przekraczających 2 cm ma przerzuty do węzłów chłonnych lub przerzuty odległe.16

Gdy choroba jest zlokalizowana, rokowanie guzów rakowiowych wyrostka robaczkowego jest dobre. Wskaźnik 5-letniego przeżycia wynosi:17

  • 94% dla choroby miejscowej
  • 85% dla choroby regionalnej
  • 34% przy obecności przerzutów odległych

W jednym z badań retrospektywnych przeżycie pacjentów z guzem rakowiowym esicy wynosiło tylko 33%, podczas gdy 99% pacjentów z guzem wyrostka robaczkowego przeżyło.18

Guzy rakowiowe jelita cienkiego

Badania krajowych baz danych wykazały medianę przeżycia wynoszącą 170 miesięcy dla pacjentów z lokalnymi guzami neuroendokrynnymi jelita cienkiego, 145 miesięcy dla choroby regionalnej i 70 miesięcy dla pacjentów z chorobą przerzutową. Przy agresywnej cytoredukcji wątrobowej przerzutów do wątroby mediana przeżycia może zostać poprawiona do ponad 100 miesięcy.19

Guzy rakowiowe płuc

Pięcioletnie przeżycie dla guzów rakowiowych płuc zostało określone na 96% w jednym z badań (14% miało zajęcie węzłów chłonnych, a żaden nie miał zespołu rakowiaka).20

Zespół serca rakowiakowego

Choroba serca rakowiakowa rozwija się u pacjentów z czynnymi guzami neuroendokrynnymi w zaawansowanym stadium. Pacjenci z rozpoznaną chorobą serca rakowiakową mają złe rokowanie długoterminowe w zakresie zachorowalności i śmiertelności.21

Do 70% pacjentów z guzem neuroendokrynnym powodującym zespół rakowiaka ostatecznie rozwinie chorobę serca rakowiakową, która wiąże się ze złym rokowaniem długoterminowym, z szacowanym 3-letnim wskaźnikiem przeżycia wynoszącym 31% w porównaniu do 68% obserwowanych u pacjentów z guzem neuroendokrynnym powodującym zespół rakowiaka bez zajęcia serca.22

Wskaźniki przeżycia pacjentów z chorobą serca rakowiakową zwiększyły się w okresie 20 lat z 18 miesięcy w latach 80. do 52 miesięcy pod koniec lat 90. W badanej grupie wskaźniki przeżycia po początkowym rozpoznaniu choroby serca rakowiakowej wynosiły 24 miesiące (zakres 0-144 miesiące).23

Jedyną definitywną interwencją łagodzącą objawy choroby serca rakowiakowej jest wymiana zastawki trójdzielnej i/lub płucnej, co zwiększa medianę przeżycia do 6-11 lat.24

Wpływ leczenia na rokowanie

Wyniki badań wykazały korzyść w zakresie przeżycia u pacjentów z odpowiedzią biochemiczną na analogi somatostatyny. U pacjentów z podwyższonym poziomem NKA w osoczu, zmniejszenie tego biomarkera po terapii analogami somatostatyny wiązało się z 87% przeżyciem po roku w porównaniu do 40%, jeśli poziom wzrósł. Oznacza to, że jakakolwiek zmiana poziomu NKA przewiduje poprawę lub pogorszenie przeżycia.25

Wczesna diagnoza z echokardiograficznym monitorowaniem choroby serca rakowiakowej w trakcie choroby guza neuroendokrynnego była korzystna dla ogólnego przeżycia pacjentów.2627

Inne czynniki wpływające na rokowanie

Pacjenci z guzami rakowiowymi jelita cienkiego, u których zdiagnozowano inny nowotwór pierwotny przed (ale nie po) rozpoznaniem guza rakowiowego, mają gorsze rokowanie niż pacjenci, u których guz rakowiowy był pierwszym rozpoznanym nowotworem (średnie przeżycie 57,9 vs 40,9 miesięcy).28

Osoby z zespołem rakowiaka serca mają mniej korzystne rokowanie. Podobnie pacjenci z zespołem Cushinga również zazwyczaj mają mniej korzystne rokowanie.29

W przypadku pacjentów z całkowicie wyciętą zlokalizowaną chorobą rokowanie jest doskonałe. Jednakże wynik dla pacjentów z przerzutami pozostaje niekorzystny.30

Warto zaznaczyć, że osoby obecnie diagnozowane z guzem rakowiowym mogą mieć lepsze rokowanie niż wskazują na to prezentowane dane. Leczenie ulega poprawie z czasem, a prezentowane wskaźniki przeżycia są oparte na danych osób, które zostały zdiagnozowane i leczone co najmniej 5 lat wcześniej.3132

Postępy w metodach diagnostycznych i technikach chirurgicznych umożliwiły bardziej aktywne zarządzanie leczeniem i poprawę rokowania.33

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  1. 12.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Survival Rates for Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
    Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] A relative survival rate compares people with the same type and stage of gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoid tumor to people in the overall population. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for GI carcinoid tumors in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] 5-year relative survival rates for GI carcinoid tumors: Localized 97%, Regional 96%, Distant 68%, All SEER stages combined 94%. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. […] These numbers dont take everything into account. […] People now being diagnosed with a GI carcinoid tumor may have a better outlook than these numbers show.
  • #2 Survival Rates for Lung Carcinoid Tumors | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-carcinoid-tumor/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
    Survival rates can give you an idea what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] A relative survival rate compares people with the same type and stage of lung carcinoid tumor to people in the overall population. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for lung carcinoid tumor in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment. […] People now being diagnosed with lung carcinoid tumors may have a better outlook than these numbers show. Treatments improve over time, and these numbers are based on people who were diagnosed and treated at least 5 years earlier.
  • #3 Survival Rates for Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
    Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] A relative survival rate compares people with the same type and stage of gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoid tumor to people in the overall population. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for GI carcinoid tumors in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] 5-year relative survival rates for GI carcinoid tumors: Localized 97%, Regional 96%, Distant 68%, All SEER stages combined 94%. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. […] These numbers dont take everything into account. […] People now being diagnosed with a GI carcinoid tumor may have a better outlook than these numbers show.
  • #4 Neuro-Endocrine/Endocrine system: Carcinoid tumors
    https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/5523/neuro-endocrine-endocrine-system-carcinoid-tumors
    Long-term survival rates for patients with typical lung or bronchial carcinoid tumors following surgical resection exceed 85%. […] Long-term survival rates are significantly shorter for patients who undergo resection for atypical carcinoids – about 52% according to McCaughan et al. […] The 5-year survival rate is 60% for patients with localized disease. It is 73% for those with regional metastases, and 36% for patients with distant metastases. […] The size of the primary lesion is predictive of metastatic disease. Metastases occur in less than 5% of tumors that are less 1 cm in diameter but at a much higher rate when the primary lesions is greater than 2 cm in diameter. […] The 5-year survival rate is 81% for local disease, 47% when regional metastases are present, and 18% with distant metastases.
  • #5 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview
    No systematic data for survival of children with carcinoid tumors is currently available. […] The prognosis for patients with completely resected localized disease is excellent. […] Tumors larger than 2 cm, positive lymph nodes, and atypical histologic features are often associated with a poor prognosis. […] In patients with carcinoid tumors located in the appendix, age, primary tumor size, histologic features, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis are significant factors in predicting survival. […] In one retroactive study, survival of patients with sigmoid colon was only 33% while 99% of those with appendiceal tumor had survived. […] Second primary malignancies of gastrointestinal tract which occurred in up to 33% of cases in adults, are unusual in children and adolescents.
  • #6 Prognosis and survival for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have a neuroendocrine tumour (NET), you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type, stage and characteristics of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] The stage of NETs is an important factor in determining the outcome. Stage includes the size of the tumour and where the cancer is in the body. Tumours that are in early stages when they are found have the most favourable prognosis. Tumours that are in later stages (they have spread into nearby lymph nodes or other organs) have a less favourable prognosis.
  • #7 Prognosis and survival for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/prognosis-and-survival
    The level of differentiation is an important prognostic factor for NETs. Well-differentiated NETs have a better prognosis than poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. […] NETs with a low Ki-67 index have a more favourable prognosis and longer survival than those with a high Ki-67 index. […] People with high levels of CgA in the blood or 5-HIAA in the urine have a poorer prognosis compared to people with normal levels. […] People with carcinoid heart disease have a less favourable prognosis. […] People with Cushing syndrome also tend to have a less favourable prognosis.
  • #8 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview
    No systematic data for survival of children with carcinoid tumors is currently available. […] The prognosis for patients with completely resected localized disease is excellent. […] Tumors larger than 2 cm, positive lymph nodes, and atypical histologic features are often associated with a poor prognosis. […] In patients with carcinoid tumors located in the appendix, age, primary tumor size, histologic features, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis are significant factors in predicting survival. […] In one retroactive study, survival of patients with sigmoid colon was only 33% while 99% of those with appendiceal tumor had survived. […] Second primary malignancies of gastrointestinal tract which occurred in up to 33% of cases in adults, are unusual in children and adolescents.
  • #9 Neuro-Endocrine/Endocrine system: Carcinoid tumors
    https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/5523/neuro-endocrine-endocrine-system-carcinoid-tumors
    Long-term survival rates for patients with typical lung or bronchial carcinoid tumors following surgical resection exceed 85%. […] Long-term survival rates are significantly shorter for patients who undergo resection for atypical carcinoids – about 52% according to McCaughan et al. […] The 5-year survival rate is 60% for patients with localized disease. It is 73% for those with regional metastases, and 36% for patients with distant metastases. […] The size of the primary lesion is predictive of metastatic disease. Metastases occur in less than 5% of tumors that are less 1 cm in diameter but at a much higher rate when the primary lesions is greater than 2 cm in diameter. […] The 5-year survival rate is 81% for local disease, 47% when regional metastases are present, and 18% with distant metastases.
  • #10 Prognosis and survival for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/prognosis-and-survival
    The level of differentiation is an important prognostic factor for NETs. Well-differentiated NETs have a better prognosis than poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. […] NETs with a low Ki-67 index have a more favourable prognosis and longer survival than those with a high Ki-67 index. […] People with high levels of CgA in the blood or 5-HIAA in the urine have a poorer prognosis compared to people with normal levels. […] People with carcinoid heart disease have a less favourable prognosis. […] People with Cushing syndrome also tend to have a less favourable prognosis.
  • #11 Circulating markers of prognosis and response to treatment in patients with midgut carcinoid tumours
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1860112/
    Midgut carcinoid tumours are uncommon tumours with an unpredictable clinical behaviour and few useful prognostic markers. […] We identified 139 patients with sufficient data for our analyses. Factors associated with a poor outcome on univariate analysis included: plasma neurokinin A (NKA), urinary 5hydroxyindolacetic acid output, age, and 5 liver metastases. Plasma NKA was the strongest and only independent predictor of outcome on multivariate analysis. […] Plasma NKA is an accurate marker of prognosis for midgut carcinoid tumours. This is the first paper to support a survival advantage in patients in whom plasma NKA is altered by somatostatin analogues. […] Our results suggest that circulating plasma markers are the most important prognostic indicators for midgut carcinoid tumours. Plasma NKA was an independent prognostic indicator and had the strongest association with outcome.
  • #12 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview
    In adult patients, factors associated with poor survival include persistence of plasma neurokinin A (NKA), urinary 50-hydroxyindolacetic acid output, age, and 5 or more liver metastases. […] Rise in plasma NKA appears to be independent of other prognostic factors and constitutes the strongest indication. […] Overall, localized carcinoid tumor which is completely resected has an excellent prognosis; the outcome for patients with metastasis, however, remains poor.
  • #13 Circulating markers of prognosis and response to treatment in patients with midgut carcinoid tumours
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1860112/
    Midgut carcinoid tumours are uncommon tumours with an unpredictable clinical behaviour and few useful prognostic markers. […] We identified 139 patients with sufficient data for our analyses. Factors associated with a poor outcome on univariate analysis included: plasma neurokinin A (NKA), urinary 5hydroxyindolacetic acid output, age, and 5 liver metastases. Plasma NKA was the strongest and only independent predictor of outcome on multivariate analysis. […] Plasma NKA is an accurate marker of prognosis for midgut carcinoid tumours. This is the first paper to support a survival advantage in patients in whom plasma NKA is altered by somatostatin analogues. […] Our results suggest that circulating plasma markers are the most important prognostic indicators for midgut carcinoid tumours. Plasma NKA was an independent prognostic indicator and had the strongest association with outcome.
  • #14 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview
    In adult patients, factors associated with poor survival include persistence of plasma neurokinin A (NKA), urinary 50-hydroxyindolacetic acid output, age, and 5 or more liver metastases. […] Rise in plasma NKA appears to be independent of other prognostic factors and constitutes the strongest indication. […] Overall, localized carcinoid tumor which is completely resected has an excellent prognosis; the outcome for patients with metastasis, however, remains poor.
  • #15 Prognosis and survival for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/prognosis-and-survival
    The level of differentiation is an important prognostic factor for NETs. Well-differentiated NETs have a better prognosis than poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. […] NETs with a low Ki-67 index have a more favourable prognosis and longer survival than those with a high Ki-67 index. […] People with high levels of CgA in the blood or 5-HIAA in the urine have a poorer prognosis compared to people with normal levels. […] People with carcinoid heart disease have a less favourable prognosis. […] People with Cushing syndrome also tend to have a less favourable prognosis.
  • #16 Neuro-Endocrine/Endocrine system: Carcinoid tumors
    https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/5523/neuro-endocrine-endocrine-system-carcinoid-tumors
    Ninety-five percent of appendiceal carcinoid tumors are less than 2 cm in diameter. The incidence of metastases in these cases is low. In contrast, about 33% of patients who have appendiceal carcinoid tumors measuring more than 2 cm in diameter have either nodal or distant metastases. When disease is localized, the prognosis of appendiceal carcinoids is good. The 5-year survival rate is 94% for local disease, 85% for regional disease, and 34% when distant metastases are present. […] Atypical carcinoids pursue a more aggressive course, metastasizing to mediastinal lymph nodes in 30% to 50% of cases.
  • #17 Neuro-Endocrine/Endocrine system: Carcinoid tumors
    https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/5523/neuro-endocrine-endocrine-system-carcinoid-tumors
    Ninety-five percent of appendiceal carcinoid tumors are less than 2 cm in diameter. The incidence of metastases in these cases is low. In contrast, about 33% of patients who have appendiceal carcinoid tumors measuring more than 2 cm in diameter have either nodal or distant metastases. When disease is localized, the prognosis of appendiceal carcinoids is good. The 5-year survival rate is 94% for local disease, 85% for regional disease, and 34% when distant metastases are present. […] Atypical carcinoids pursue a more aggressive course, metastasizing to mediastinal lymph nodes in 30% to 50% of cases.
  • #18 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview
    No systematic data for survival of children with carcinoid tumors is currently available. […] The prognosis for patients with completely resected localized disease is excellent. […] Tumors larger than 2 cm, positive lymph nodes, and atypical histologic features are often associated with a poor prognosis. […] In patients with carcinoid tumors located in the appendix, age, primary tumor size, histologic features, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis are significant factors in predicting survival. […] In one retroactive study, survival of patients with sigmoid colon was only 33% while 99% of those with appendiceal tumor had survived. […] Second primary malignancies of gastrointestinal tract which occurred in up to 33% of cases in adults, are unusual in children and adolescents.
  • #19 Carcinoid Tumours: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/carcinoid-tumours
    Advances in diagnostic methods and surgical techniques have allowed more active management and improved prognosis. […] Surveys of national databases have shown a median survival of 170 months for patients with localised small bowel neuroendocrine tumours, 145 months for regional disease, and 70 months for those with metastatic disease. With aggressive hepatic cytoreduction of liver metastases, median survival may be improved to well over 100 months. […] Five-year survival for carcinoid tumours of the lung has been reported as 96% in one study (14% had lymph node involvement and none had carcinoid syndrome).
  • #20 Carcinoid Tumours: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/carcinoid-tumours
    Advances in diagnostic methods and surgical techniques have allowed more active management and improved prognosis. […] Surveys of national databases have shown a median survival of 170 months for patients with localised small bowel neuroendocrine tumours, 145 months for regional disease, and 70 months for those with metastatic disease. With aggressive hepatic cytoreduction of liver metastases, median survival may be improved to well over 100 months. […] Five-year survival for carcinoid tumours of the lung has been reported as 96% in one study (14% had lymph node involvement and none had carcinoid syndrome).
  • #21 Outcome of carcinoid heart syndrome in patients enrolled in the SwissNet cohort | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-023-10739-z
    Carcinoid heart disease is a rare disease which develops in patients with functional neuroendocrine tumors in an advanced tumor state. Patients diagnosed with carcinoid heart disease have a poor longtime prognosis with respect to morbidity and mortality and long-term data on patient outcomes are lacking. […] We observed that early diagnosis with echocardiographic surveillance of carcinoid heart disease during the course of the neuroendocrine tumor disease was beneficial to overall survival of patients. […] Up to 70% of patients with a NET causing carcinoid syndrome will eventually develop CHD which is associated with a poor long-term prognosis with an estimated 3-year survival rate of 31% vs 68% seen in patients with a NET causing carcinoid syndrome without heart involvement. […] The only definite intervention relieving CHD symptoms is TV and/ or PV valve replacement which increases the median survival to 6-11 years.
  • #22 Outcome of carcinoid heart syndrome in patients enrolled in the SwissNet cohort | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-023-10739-z
    Carcinoid heart disease is a rare disease which develops in patients with functional neuroendocrine tumors in an advanced tumor state. Patients diagnosed with carcinoid heart disease have a poor longtime prognosis with respect to morbidity and mortality and long-term data on patient outcomes are lacking. […] We observed that early diagnosis with echocardiographic surveillance of carcinoid heart disease during the course of the neuroendocrine tumor disease was beneficial to overall survival of patients. […] Up to 70% of patients with a NET causing carcinoid syndrome will eventually develop CHD which is associated with a poor long-term prognosis with an estimated 3-year survival rate of 31% vs 68% seen in patients with a NET causing carcinoid syndrome without heart involvement. […] The only definite intervention relieving CHD symptoms is TV and/ or PV valve replacement which increases the median survival to 6-11 years.
  • #23 Outcome of carcinoid heart syndrome in patients enrolled in the SwissNet cohort | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-023-10739-z
    Survival rates of patients with CHD increased over a time period of 20 years from 18 months in the 1980s to 52 months in the late 1990s while in our cohort, survival rates following initial CHD diagnosis were 24 months ranging from 0-144 months. […] When excluding patients who received their diagnoses at end stage disease, the only significant parameter between patients with poor (average of 6 months) or long (average of 50 months) survival rates following initial CHD diagnosis was the time to CHD diagnosis following initial NET diagnosis. […] Therefore, evaluation of tricuspid insufficiency in patients with carcinoid syndrome could emerge as a new screening recommendation. […] This retrospective study of 23 patients with carcinoid heart disease enrolled into the SwissNet database showed that early diagnosis with echocardiographic surveillance of carcinoid heart disease during the course of the NET disease was beneficial to overall survival.
  • #24 Outcome of carcinoid heart syndrome in patients enrolled in the SwissNet cohort | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-023-10739-z
    Carcinoid heart disease is a rare disease which develops in patients with functional neuroendocrine tumors in an advanced tumor state. Patients diagnosed with carcinoid heart disease have a poor longtime prognosis with respect to morbidity and mortality and long-term data on patient outcomes are lacking. […] We observed that early diagnosis with echocardiographic surveillance of carcinoid heart disease during the course of the neuroendocrine tumor disease was beneficial to overall survival of patients. […] Up to 70% of patients with a NET causing carcinoid syndrome will eventually develop CHD which is associated with a poor long-term prognosis with an estimated 3-year survival rate of 31% vs 68% seen in patients with a NET causing carcinoid syndrome without heart involvement. […] The only definite intervention relieving CHD symptoms is TV and/ or PV valve replacement which increases the median survival to 6-11 years.
  • #25 Circulating markers of prognosis and response to treatment in patients with midgut carcinoid tumours
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1860112/
    Our results demonstrated a survival advantage in patients with a biochemical response to somatostatin analogues. In patients with a raised plasma NKA, a reduction of this biomarker following somatostatin analogue therapy was associated with an 87% survival at one year compared with 40% if it increased. […] This implies that any alteration in NKA predicts improved, or worsening, survival. […] In summary, this is the first paper to demonstrate the relevance of plasma NKA in assessing the prognosis of patients with midgut carcinoid tumours. More important, however, is the survival prediction that it confers in response to treatment. These results are the first to provide evidence to support a better survival when there is a biochemical response with somatostatin analogue therapy.
  • #26 Outcome of carcinoid heart syndrome in patients enrolled in the SwissNet cohort | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-023-10739-z
    Carcinoid heart disease is a rare disease which develops in patients with functional neuroendocrine tumors in an advanced tumor state. Patients diagnosed with carcinoid heart disease have a poor longtime prognosis with respect to morbidity and mortality and long-term data on patient outcomes are lacking. […] We observed that early diagnosis with echocardiographic surveillance of carcinoid heart disease during the course of the neuroendocrine tumor disease was beneficial to overall survival of patients. […] Up to 70% of patients with a NET causing carcinoid syndrome will eventually develop CHD which is associated with a poor long-term prognosis with an estimated 3-year survival rate of 31% vs 68% seen in patients with a NET causing carcinoid syndrome without heart involvement. […] The only definite intervention relieving CHD symptoms is TV and/ or PV valve replacement which increases the median survival to 6-11 years.
  • #27 Outcome of carcinoid heart syndrome in patients enrolled in the SwissNet cohort | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-023-10739-z
    Survival rates of patients with CHD increased over a time period of 20 years from 18 months in the 1980s to 52 months in the late 1990s while in our cohort, survival rates following initial CHD diagnosis were 24 months ranging from 0-144 months. […] When excluding patients who received their diagnoses at end stage disease, the only significant parameter between patients with poor (average of 6 months) or long (average of 50 months) survival rates following initial CHD diagnosis was the time to CHD diagnosis following initial NET diagnosis. […] Therefore, evaluation of tricuspid insufficiency in patients with carcinoid syndrome could emerge as a new screening recommendation. […] This retrospective study of 23 patients with carcinoid heart disease enrolled into the SwissNet database showed that early diagnosis with echocardiographic surveillance of carcinoid heart disease during the course of the NET disease was beneficial to overall survival.
  • #28 The risk of metachronous cancers in patients with small-intestinal carcinoid tumors: a US population-based study in: Endocrine-Related Cancer Volume 19 Issue 3 (2012)
    https://erc.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/erc/19/3/381.xml
    Small-intestinal carcinoids (SIC) are the most common small-bowel malignancies. We sought to determine the risk of developing SIC before and after other primary malignancies (PM) and the prognosis of patients with SIC, with and without another PM. […] Compared to patients with only SIC, those with a PM pre-SIC had worse mean survival (57.9 vs 40.9 months, HR 1.55 (1.421.69), P0.001). […] When these primaries occur prior to (but not after) the SIC diagnosis, the prognosis is worse than with an initial SIC. […] Our study also suggests that patients with SICs are at increased risk for subsequent PM of the small bowel, liver, prostate, and thyroid, with RRs ranging from 1.25 to 8.78. […] Lastly, our survival analyses suggest that SIC patients diagnosed with a PM before, but not after, their SIC have a worse prognosis than patients diagnosed with SIC as a cancer of first diagnosis (mean survival 57.9 vs 40.9 months).
  • #29 Prognosis and survival for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/prognosis-and-survival
    The level of differentiation is an important prognostic factor for NETs. Well-differentiated NETs have a better prognosis than poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. […] NETs with a low Ki-67 index have a more favourable prognosis and longer survival than those with a high Ki-67 index. […] People with high levels of CgA in the blood or 5-HIAA in the urine have a poorer prognosis compared to people with normal levels. […] People with carcinoid heart disease have a less favourable prognosis. […] People with Cushing syndrome also tend to have a less favourable prognosis.
  • #30 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview
    In adult patients, factors associated with poor survival include persistence of plasma neurokinin A (NKA), urinary 50-hydroxyindolacetic acid output, age, and 5 or more liver metastases. […] Rise in plasma NKA appears to be independent of other prognostic factors and constitutes the strongest indication. […] Overall, localized carcinoid tumor which is completely resected has an excellent prognosis; the outcome for patients with metastasis, however, remains poor.
  • #31 Survival Rates for Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
    Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] A relative survival rate compares people with the same type and stage of gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoid tumor to people in the overall population. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for GI carcinoid tumors in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] 5-year relative survival rates for GI carcinoid tumors: Localized 97%, Regional 96%, Distant 68%, All SEER stages combined 94%. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. […] These numbers dont take everything into account. […] People now being diagnosed with a GI carcinoid tumor may have a better outlook than these numbers show.
  • #32 Survival Rates for Lung Carcinoid Tumors | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-carcinoid-tumor/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
    Survival rates can give you an idea what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] A relative survival rate compares people with the same type and stage of lung carcinoid tumor to people in the overall population. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for lung carcinoid tumor in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment. […] People now being diagnosed with lung carcinoid tumors may have a better outlook than these numbers show. Treatments improve over time, and these numbers are based on people who were diagnosed and treated at least 5 years earlier.
  • #33 Carcinoid Tumours: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/carcinoid-tumours
    Advances in diagnostic methods and surgical techniques have allowed more active management and improved prognosis. […] Surveys of national databases have shown a median survival of 170 months for patients with localised small bowel neuroendocrine tumours, 145 months for regional disease, and 70 months for those with metastatic disease. With aggressive hepatic cytoreduction of liver metastases, median survival may be improved to well over 100 months. […] Five-year survival for carcinoid tumours of the lung has been reported as 96% in one study (14% had lymph node involvement and none had carcinoid syndrome).