Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Carcinoid tumors | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/carcinoid-tumors?content_id=CON-20155338

  Carcinoid tumors are a type of slow-growing cancer that can arise in several places throughout your body. […] It’s not clear what causes carcinoid tumors. In general, cancer occurs when a cell develops mutations in its DNA. The mutations allow the cell to continue growing and dividing when healthy cells would normally die. […] Doctors don’t know what causes the mutations that can lead to carcinoid tumors. But they know that carcinoid tumors develop in neuroendocrine cells. […] Neuroendocrine cells are found in various organs throughout the body. They perform some nerve cell functions and some hormone-producing endocrine cell functions. Some hormones that are produced by neuroendocrine cells are histamine, insulin and serotonin.

• #2 Carcinoid tumors | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/carcinoid-tumors

  Carcinoid tumors are a type of slow-growing cancer that can arise in several places throughout your body. […] It’s not clear what causes carcinoid tumors. In general, cancer occurs when a cell develops mutations in its DNA. […] Doctors don’t know what causes the mutations that can lead to carcinoid tumors. But they know that carcinoid tumors develop in neuroendocrine cells. […] Neuroendocrine cells are found in various organs throughout the body. They perform some nerve cell functions and some hormone-producing endocrine cell functions.

• #3 What Causes Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Inherited gene mutations can be found in a person’s cells. A small portion of carcinoid tumors are caused by inherited gene mutations. Changes in 4 tumor suppressor genes are responsible for many inherited cases of carcinoid tumors. Most carcinoid tumors are caused by sporadic changes (mutations) in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Mutations are called sporadic if they occur after a person is born, rather than having been inherited.

• #4 Carcinoid tumors | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/carcinoid-tumors?content_id=CON-20155338

  Carcinoid tumors are a type of slow-growing cancer that can arise in several places throughout your body. […] It’s not clear what causes carcinoid tumors. In general, cancer occurs when a cell develops mutations in its DNA. The mutations allow the cell to continue growing and dividing when healthy cells would normally die. […] Doctors don’t know what causes the mutations that can lead to carcinoid tumors. But they know that carcinoid tumors develop in neuroendocrine cells. […] Neuroendocrine cells are found in various organs throughout the body. They perform some nerve cell functions and some hormone-producing endocrine cell functions. Some hormones that are produced by neuroendocrine cells are histamine, insulin and serotonin.

• #5 Carcinoid Tumors Treatment: Everything You Need To Know | ACTC

  https://actchealth.com/carcinoid-tumors-treatment

  Carcinoid tumors are typically caused by sporadic mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressors. If a mutation occurs after a person is born and is not inherited, it is called sporadic. Mutations in the DNA can result in oncogenes being switched on or tumor suppressor genes being turned off, causing cancer. As a consequence, the cells grow in a large number. A carcinoid tumor usually results from changes in many different genes.

• #6 Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid tumours | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/carcinoid-syndrome-and-carcinoid-tumours/

  A carcinoid tumour is a rare cancer of the neuroendocrine system the body system that produces hormones. […] Its not known exactly why carcinoid tumours develop, but its thought that most occur by chance. […] Your chances of developing a carcinoid tumour may be increased if you have: a rare family syndrome called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), parents or siblings with a carcinoid tumour, parents with squamous cell skin cancer, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, or cancer of the brain, breast, liver, womb, bladder or kidney, conditions called neurofibromatosis or tuberous sclerosis.

• #7 Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Genetic syndromes […] Some studies estimate that inherited mutations of the MEN1 gene are responsible for about 5% to 10% of carcinoid tumors. […] People with this condition also develop carcinoid tumors of the small intestines. […] Carcinoid tumors are also more common among people with tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel Lindau disease and familial small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. […] People with certain diseases that damage the stomach and reduce the amount of acid it makes (such as atrophic gastritis or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) have a greater risk of developing stomach carcinoid tumors, but their risk for carcinoid tumors of other organs is not affected. […] Having a family history of any cancer, specifically in a first-degree relative (sibling, parent, or child), or a family history of a neuroendocrine tumor or carcinoid tumor seems to raise the risk of developing a carcinoid tumor. […] It is not clear if smoking increases the risk of getting a carcinoid tumor. Further studies are needed.

• #8 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview

  The etiology of carcinoid tumors is not known, but genetic abnormalities, especially in pediatric pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, are suspected. Reported chromosomal abnormalities include changes in chromosomes, such as loss of heterogeneity, and numerical imbalances. […] MEN 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the occurrence of multiple tumors, particularly in the pancreatic islets, parathyroid and pituitary glands, and neuroendocrine tumors. […] Genetic abnormalities involving chromosome 11 are most common. These can be seen as a part of MEN 1 or independent of MEN 1 abnormalities. […] Some studies have implicated homeobox gene Hoxc6 through activation of the oncogenic activator protein-1 signaling pathway and via interaction with JunD in carcinoid tumorigenesis. […] One postulate is that loss of chromosomal arms 18q and 11q may represent an early event and that the loss of 16q and gain of 4p occur as a late event in midgut carcinoids.

• #9 Genetic Causes of Neuroendocrine Tumors by Dr. Run Yu – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/genetic-causes-neuroendocrine-tumors-dr-run-yu/

  A common question that patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) ask is whether their NETs are caused by inheriting a defective gene. […] Most patients with pancreatic NETs do not have a clear genetic cause. […] The most common genetic syndrome that causes pancreatic NETs is the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). […] The second most common genetic syndrome is the von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL). […] Two other genetic syndromes, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) occasionally cause pancreatic NETs. […] The fifth genetic syndrome, Mahvash disease, which we discovered several years ago based on our clinical practice, causes pancreatic NETs and very high glucagon levels. […] In contrast to pancreatic NETs, small bowel carcinoids are not associated with any known genetic syndromes.

• #10 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24594-gastrointestinal-neuroendocrine-tumors

  What causes gastrointestinal endocrine tumors? […] Medical researchers havent identified a specific cause. Theyve found links between GI NETs and hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid). People with certain inherited conditions and syndromes may develop GI NET. Those conditions and syndromes include: […] Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN): There are two types of MEN. One type (MEN1) causes your thyroid, parathyroid or adrenal glands to be overactive or form tumors. Another type (MEN2) affects your pancreas, pituitary or parathyroid to be overactive or form tumors. […] Von Hippel-Lindau disease: This is a rare condition where benign tumors grow in various parts of your body. […] Neurofibromatosis type 1: This is a rare condition where tumors grow on your skin and nerves, affecting your eyes and other parts of your body. […] Unfortunately, theres no known way to prevent GI NET. Medical researchers have discovered some links between certain hereditary syndromes and/or medical conditions that may increase your risk of developing neuroendocrine tumors.

• #11 Carcinoid Tumors Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/endocrinology/conditions/carcinoid-tumors

  Doctors don’t yet know what causes carcinoid tumors. They may occur because of DNA changes in a person’s cells. […] No one thing causes these changes. Some inherited gene changes may raise the risk of these tumors. […] Carcinoid syndrome happens when the tumor releases excessive hormones into the blood. […] Most risk factors for carcinoid tumors are genetic and may include: […] People with this gene change have a high risk of pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas tumors. They also have a higher risk of getting carcinoid tumors. […] People who have it get benign tumors in nerves under the skin. Some people who have it form carcinoid tumors in the small intestine. […] People with other gene changes may be at risk for carcinoid tumors. They include tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel Lindau disease, and familial small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. […] Those born female get more carcinoid tumors than those born male. […] African Americans have more carcinoid tumors than other groups. […] People who smoke may be at higher risk. […] The risk factor for carcinoid syndrome is having a malignant carcinoid tumor.

• #12 Genetic Causes of Neuroendocrine Tumors by Dr. Run Yu – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/genetic-causes-neuroendocrine-tumors-dr-run-yu/

  A common question that patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) ask is whether their NETs are caused by inheriting a defective gene. […] Most patients with pancreatic NETs do not have a clear genetic cause. […] The most common genetic syndrome that causes pancreatic NETs is the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). […] The second most common genetic syndrome is the von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL). […] Two other genetic syndromes, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) occasionally cause pancreatic NETs. […] The fifth genetic syndrome, Mahvash disease, which we discovered several years ago based on our clinical practice, causes pancreatic NETs and very high glucagon levels. […] In contrast to pancreatic NETs, small bowel carcinoids are not associated with any known genetic syndromes.

• #13 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448101/

  The etiology of GI-NETs is multifactorial and involves a combination of genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. Most GI-NETs are sporadic. NETs of the foregut are associated with genetic syndromes, eg, Von Hippel Lindau and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, but they are less likely to be responsible for midgut NETs. […] Risk factors associated with GI-NETs include a positive family history of cancer, while lifestyle and metabolic factors may contribute to the development of these tumors. A high body mass index (BMI) and diabetes have been implicated as potential risk factors, possibly due to their association with chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Some evidence has also suggested that cigarette smoking and alcohol use may play a role in increasing the risk of GI-NETs.

• #14 Explore Carcinoid Tumor Symptoms And Causes Symptoms and Causes at HCG Oncology

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/carcinoid-tumours-symptoms-and-causes/

  Carcinoid tumor causes include the presence of genetic diseases. […] Some of the causes of carcinoid tumors are: […] It is a genetic condition and is one of the carcinoid tumor causes. The condition is characterized by tumors in pancreatic islet cells, parathyroid glands, or the pituitary gland. […] It is also a genetic condition and is one of the carcinoid tumor causes. It involves the development of carcinoid tumors in the parathyroid, thyroid, and adrenal glands. […] It is a rare genetic condition and could serve as a carcinoid tumor cause. Patients with this condition may develop cysts or tumors in various organs, such as the spinal cord, brain, eyes, pancreas, and kidneys. […] It is also known as von Recklinghausen disease and is one of the carcinoid tumor causes. People with this condition may develop carcinoid tumors. […] The carcinoid tumor causes include MEN1, MEN2, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Genetic causes of carcinoid tumors include MEN1, MEN2, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1.

• #15 Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Genetic syndromes […] Some studies estimate that inherited mutations of the MEN1 gene are responsible for about 5% to 10% of carcinoid tumors. […] People with this condition also develop carcinoid tumors of the small intestines. […] Carcinoid tumors are also more common among people with tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel Lindau disease and familial small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. […] People with certain diseases that damage the stomach and reduce the amount of acid it makes (such as atrophic gastritis or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) have a greater risk of developing stomach carcinoid tumors, but their risk for carcinoid tumors of other organs is not affected. […] Having a family history of any cancer, specifically in a first-degree relative (sibling, parent, or child), or a family history of a neuroendocrine tumor or carcinoid tumor seems to raise the risk of developing a carcinoid tumor. […] It is not clear if smoking increases the risk of getting a carcinoid tumor. Further studies are needed.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Carcinoid-Tumors.aspx

  Many are unaware of the risk factors of carcinoid tumors of the lung. […] The causes for carcinoid tumors are obscure. Genetic factors are thought to be implicated in addition to a myriad of other factors. Anomalies in chromosomes comprise differences such as loss of heterogeneity and numerical imbalances. […] MEN-1 is the abbreviation for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and it is a group of disorders that give rise to neuroendocrine tumors in the parathyroid, pituitary and pancreas. Many carcinoid tumors occur together with MEN 1. […] Various studies have shown a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) with the MEN1 gene. […] A few abnormal carcinoids have LOH at band 11q13, between markers PYGM and D11S937, and at bands 11q14.3-11q21 (D11S906), 11q23.2-23.3 (D11S939), and 11q25 (D11S910).

• #17 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview

  The etiology of carcinoid tumors is not known, but genetic abnormalities, especially in pediatric pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, are suspected. Reported chromosomal abnormalities include changes in chromosomes, such as loss of heterogeneity, and numerical imbalances. […] MEN 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the occurrence of multiple tumors, particularly in the pancreatic islets, parathyroid and pituitary glands, and neuroendocrine tumors. […] Genetic abnormalities involving chromosome 11 are most common. These can be seen as a part of MEN 1 or independent of MEN 1 abnormalities. […] Some studies have implicated homeobox gene Hoxc6 through activation of the oncogenic activator protein-1 signaling pathway and via interaction with JunD in carcinoid tumorigenesis. […] One postulate is that loss of chromosomal arms 18q and 11q may represent an early event and that the loss of 16q and gain of 4p occur as a late event in midgut carcinoids.

• #18 Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/282515-overview

  As with many other cancers, the exact cause is unknown. Malignant carcinoid syndrome does not generally appear to be hereditary. […] A study of genetic alterations in small bowel carcinoid tumors found that loss of all or most of chromosome 18 was the most common finding. Heterozygosity was also lost on chromosome arms 9p and 16q. Although the amplitude of observed gains was modest in comparison with those reported in some other tumor types, one focal region of recurrent gain on 14q mapped to the locus of the gene encoding the antiapoptotic protein DAD1.

• #19 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview

  The etiology of carcinoid tumors is not known, but genetic abnormalities, especially in pediatric pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, are suspected. Reported chromosomal abnormalities include changes in chromosomes, such as loss of heterogeneity, and numerical imbalances. […] MEN 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the occurrence of multiple tumors, particularly in the pancreatic islets, parathyroid and pituitary glands, and neuroendocrine tumors. […] Genetic abnormalities involving chromosome 11 are most common. These can be seen as a part of MEN 1 or independent of MEN 1 abnormalities. […] Some studies have implicated homeobox gene Hoxc6 through activation of the oncogenic activator protein-1 signaling pathway and via interaction with JunD in carcinoid tumorigenesis. […] One postulate is that loss of chromosomal arms 18q and 11q may represent an early event and that the loss of 16q and gain of 4p occur as a late event in midgut carcinoids.

• #20 Carcinoid Tumor: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/986050-overview

  The etiology of carcinoid tumors is not known, but genetic abnormalities, especially in pediatric pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, are suspected. Reported chromosomal abnormalities include changes in chromosomes, such as loss of heterogeneity, and numerical imbalances. […] MEN 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the occurrence of multiple tumors, particularly in the pancreatic islets, parathyroid and pituitary glands, and neuroendocrine tumors. […] Genetic abnormalities involving chromosome 11 are most common. These can be seen as a part of MEN 1 or independent of MEN 1 abnormalities. […] Some studies have implicated homeobox gene Hoxc6 through activation of the oncogenic activator protein-1 signaling pathway and via interaction with JunD in carcinoid tumorigenesis. […] One postulate is that loss of chromosomal arms 18q and 11q may represent an early event and that the loss of 16q and gain of 4p occur as a late event in midgut carcinoids.

• #21 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Carcinoid-Tumors.aspx

  Band 11q13 with the MEN 1 gene possibly acts as a tumor-suppressor gene. […] The formation of carcinoid tumors is infrequent. […] Ethnic background: African descendants are a little more exposed to carcinoids than are people of Caucasian descent. […] Gender: In general, relatively more women develop carcinoids than men. […] Diabetes: These tumors are more common in long-term diabetic patients. […] Other medical conditions: An inflammation in the stomach lining for a long period (called chronic atrophic gastritis) increases the risk in the stomach. […] Possible risk factors: It is not quite clear whether the risk factors increase the chance of tumors. […] Age: The age for examining GI carcinoid tumors is 5565 and for lung carcinoid tumors, between 4555. […] Saturated fats: Some studies suggest that the intake of more saturated fat increases the risk for carcinoid in the small intestine in comparison with intake of low saturated fat.

• #22 Carcinoid Tumors: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/carcinoid-tumors

  Doctors don’t know for sure why people get them. But a few things may put you at a higher risk. […] You may get carcinoid tumors if you have an illness called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). It’s a disease that’s passed down through your family. About 10% of these tumors are due to MEN1. […] Another condition that can raise your risk for them is neurofibromatosis type 1. […] More African-Americans than whites get carcinoid tumors in the GI tract. […] Women are slightly more likely than men to have this type of cancer. […] Most people are diagnosed with carcinoid tumors in their 40s or 50s. […] You’re more likely to get a tumor in your stomach if you have a disease like pernicious anemia or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which changes the amount of acid your stomach makes.

• #23 Carcinoid Tumors Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/endocrinology/conditions/carcinoid-tumors

  Doctors don’t yet know what causes carcinoid tumors. They may occur because of DNA changes in a person’s cells. […] No one thing causes these changes. Some inherited gene changes may raise the risk of these tumors. […] Carcinoid syndrome happens when the tumor releases excessive hormones into the blood. […] Most risk factors for carcinoid tumors are genetic and may include: […] People with this gene change have a high risk of pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas tumors. They also have a higher risk of getting carcinoid tumors. […] People who have it get benign tumors in nerves under the skin. Some people who have it form carcinoid tumors in the small intestine. […] People with other gene changes may be at risk for carcinoid tumors. They include tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel Lindau disease, and familial small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. […] Those born female get more carcinoid tumors than those born male. […] African Americans have more carcinoid tumors than other groups. […] People who smoke may be at higher risk. […] The risk factor for carcinoid syndrome is having a malignant carcinoid tumor.

• #24 Carcinoid Tumors: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/carcinoid-tumors

  Doctors don’t know for sure why people get them. But a few things may put you at a higher risk. […] You may get carcinoid tumors if you have an illness called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). It’s a disease that’s passed down through your family. About 10% of these tumors are due to MEN1. […] Another condition that can raise your risk for them is neurofibromatosis type 1. […] More African-Americans than whites get carcinoid tumors in the GI tract. […] Women are slightly more likely than men to have this type of cancer. […] Most people are diagnosed with carcinoid tumors in their 40s or 50s. […] You’re more likely to get a tumor in your stomach if you have a disease like pernicious anemia or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which changes the amount of acid your stomach makes.

• #25 Carcinoid Tumors Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/endocrinology/conditions/carcinoid-tumors

  Doctors don’t yet know what causes carcinoid tumors. They may occur because of DNA changes in a person’s cells. […] No one thing causes these changes. Some inherited gene changes may raise the risk of these tumors. […] Carcinoid syndrome happens when the tumor releases excessive hormones into the blood. […] Most risk factors for carcinoid tumors are genetic and may include: […] People with this gene change have a high risk of pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas tumors. They also have a higher risk of getting carcinoid tumors. […] People who have it get benign tumors in nerves under the skin. Some people who have it form carcinoid tumors in the small intestine. […] People with other gene changes may be at risk for carcinoid tumors. They include tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel Lindau disease, and familial small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. […] Those born female get more carcinoid tumors than those born male. […] African Americans have more carcinoid tumors than other groups. […] People who smoke may be at higher risk. […] The risk factor for carcinoid syndrome is having a malignant carcinoid tumor.

• #26 What are Carcinoid Tumors and Should I be Concerned? – OHC

  https://ohcare.com/what-are-carcinoid-tumors-and-should-i-be-concerned/

  Carcinoid tumors (also called neuroendocrine tumors) are rare, slow-growing cancers that usually start in the lining of the digestive tract and lungs. These tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor – growths that begin in the cells of the nervous and hormonal systems. […] We don’t yet know what exactly causes them but these factors may increase your risk: […] Genetic disease. You may get carcinoid tumors if you have an illness called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). It’s a disease that’s passed down through your family. About 10% of these tumors are due to MEN1. Another condition that can raise your risk for them is neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Race. More African-Americans get carcinoid tumors in the GI tract than Caucasians. […] Gender. Women are slightly more likely than men to have this type of cancer. […] Age. Most people are diagnosed with carcinoid tumors in their 50s and 60s. […] Conditions. You’re more likely to get a tumor in your stomach if you have a disease like pernicious anemia or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which changes the amount of acid your stomach makes.

• #27 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Carcinoid-Tumors.aspx

  Band 11q13 with the MEN 1 gene possibly acts as a tumor-suppressor gene. […] The formation of carcinoid tumors is infrequent. […] Ethnic background: African descendants are a little more exposed to carcinoids than are people of Caucasian descent. […] Gender: In general, relatively more women develop carcinoids than men. […] Diabetes: These tumors are more common in long-term diabetic patients. […] Other medical conditions: An inflammation in the stomach lining for a long period (called chronic atrophic gastritis) increases the risk in the stomach. […] Possible risk factors: It is not quite clear whether the risk factors increase the chance of tumors. […] Age: The age for examining GI carcinoid tumors is 5565 and for lung carcinoid tumors, between 4555. […] Saturated fats: Some studies suggest that the intake of more saturated fat increases the risk for carcinoid in the small intestine in comparison with intake of low saturated fat.

• #28 Carcinoid Tumors: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/carcinoid-tumors

  Doctors don’t know for sure why people get them. But a few things may put you at a higher risk. […] You may get carcinoid tumors if you have an illness called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). It’s a disease that’s passed down through your family. About 10% of these tumors are due to MEN1. […] Another condition that can raise your risk for them is neurofibromatosis type 1. […] More African-Americans than whites get carcinoid tumors in the GI tract. […] Women are slightly more likely than men to have this type of cancer. […] Most people are diagnosed with carcinoid tumors in their 40s or 50s. […] You’re more likely to get a tumor in your stomach if you have a disease like pernicious anemia or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which changes the amount of acid your stomach makes.

• #29 Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Genetic syndromes […] Some studies estimate that inherited mutations of the MEN1 gene are responsible for about 5% to 10% of carcinoid tumors. […] People with this condition also develop carcinoid tumors of the small intestines. […] Carcinoid tumors are also more common among people with tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel Lindau disease and familial small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. […] People with certain diseases that damage the stomach and reduce the amount of acid it makes (such as atrophic gastritis or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) have a greater risk of developing stomach carcinoid tumors, but their risk for carcinoid tumors of other organs is not affected. […] Having a family history of any cancer, specifically in a first-degree relative (sibling, parent, or child), or a family history of a neuroendocrine tumor or carcinoid tumor seems to raise the risk of developing a carcinoid tumor. […] It is not clear if smoking increases the risk of getting a carcinoid tumor. Further studies are needed.

• #30 Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid tumours | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/carcinoid-syndrome-and-carcinoid-tumours/

  A carcinoid tumour is a rare cancer of the neuroendocrine system the body system that produces hormones. […] Its not known exactly why carcinoid tumours develop, but its thought that most occur by chance. […] Your chances of developing a carcinoid tumour may be increased if you have: a rare family syndrome called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), parents or siblings with a carcinoid tumour, parents with squamous cell skin cancer, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, or cancer of the brain, breast, liver, womb, bladder or kidney, conditions called neurofibromatosis or tuberous sclerosis.

• #31 Carcinoid – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoid

  Carcinoid syndrome involves multiple tumors in one out of five males. The incidence of gastric carcinoids is increased in achlorhydria, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and pernicious anemia. […] Carcinoid tumors are the most common malignant tumor of the appendix, but they are most commonly associated with the small intestine, and they can also be found in the rectum and stomach. They are known to grow in the liver, but this finding is usually a manifestation of metastatic disease from a primary carcinoid occurring elsewhere in the body. […] Sometimes, carcinoids cause paraneoplastic syndromes, which involve discharge of serotonin and other vasoactive substances from well-differentiated carcinoids.

• #32 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=134&contentid=38

  People with diseases that damage the stomach and reduce acid production have a greater risk of developing stomach carcinoid tumors. People with pernicious anemia also have a higher risk of developing stomach carcinoid tumors. […] Experts don’t know how to prevent carcinoid tumors. None of the known risk factors can be controlled or changed.

• #33 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Carcinoid-Tumors.aspx

  Band 11q13 with the MEN 1 gene possibly acts as a tumor-suppressor gene. […] The formation of carcinoid tumors is infrequent. […] Ethnic background: African descendants are a little more exposed to carcinoids than are people of Caucasian descent. […] Gender: In general, relatively more women develop carcinoids than men. […] Diabetes: These tumors are more common in long-term diabetic patients. […] Other medical conditions: An inflammation in the stomach lining for a long period (called chronic atrophic gastritis) increases the risk in the stomach. […] Possible risk factors: It is not quite clear whether the risk factors increase the chance of tumors. […] Age: The age for examining GI carcinoid tumors is 5565 and for lung carcinoid tumors, between 4555. […] Saturated fats: Some studies suggest that the intake of more saturated fat increases the risk for carcinoid in the small intestine in comparison with intake of low saturated fat.

• #34 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448101/

  The etiology of GI-NETs is multifactorial and involves a combination of genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. Most GI-NETs are sporadic. NETs of the foregut are associated with genetic syndromes, eg, Von Hippel Lindau and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, but they are less likely to be responsible for midgut NETs. […] Risk factors associated with GI-NETs include a positive family history of cancer, while lifestyle and metabolic factors may contribute to the development of these tumors. A high body mass index (BMI) and diabetes have been implicated as potential risk factors, possibly due to their association with chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Some evidence has also suggested that cigarette smoking and alcohol use may play a role in increasing the risk of GI-NETs.

• #35 Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Genetic syndromes […] Some studies estimate that inherited mutations of the MEN1 gene are responsible for about 5% to 10% of carcinoid tumors. […] People with this condition also develop carcinoid tumors of the small intestines. […] Carcinoid tumors are also more common among people with tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel Lindau disease and familial small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. […] People with certain diseases that damage the stomach and reduce the amount of acid it makes (such as atrophic gastritis or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) have a greater risk of developing stomach carcinoid tumors, but their risk for carcinoid tumors of other organs is not affected. […] Having a family history of any cancer, specifically in a first-degree relative (sibling, parent, or child), or a family history of a neuroendocrine tumor or carcinoid tumor seems to raise the risk of developing a carcinoid tumor. […] It is not clear if smoking increases the risk of getting a carcinoid tumor. Further studies are needed.

• #36 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Carcinoid-Tumors.aspx

  Smoking and alcohol: These increase ones chances of developing carcinoids. […] Obesity: Unnaturally obese people, having body mass index greater than 35, have twice the risk of cancer in the small intestine in comparison with those of normal weight. […] Hormone therapy: This is another risk factor and is believed to be dependent on the type and duration of the therapy.

• #37 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448101/

  The etiology of GI-NETs is multifactorial and involves a combination of genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. Most GI-NETs are sporadic. NETs of the foregut are associated with genetic syndromes, eg, Von Hippel Lindau and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, but they are less likely to be responsible for midgut NETs. […] Risk factors associated with GI-NETs include a positive family history of cancer, while lifestyle and metabolic factors may contribute to the development of these tumors. A high body mass index (BMI) and diabetes have been implicated as potential risk factors, possibly due to their association with chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Some evidence has also suggested that cigarette smoking and alcohol use may play a role in increasing the risk of GI-NETs.

• #38 Carcinoid Syndrome Diarrhea

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/carcinoid-syndrome-diarrhea

  According to a prospective investigation of 494,000 subjects enrolled in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study who were followed for 8 years, saturated fat intake is associated with an increased risk of developing carcinoid tumors. Intakes of meat and fat were estimated from food-frequency questionnaires. The risk of carcinoid tumors of the small intestine was associated with high saturated-fat intake compared with low saturated-fat intake (hazard ratio 3.18; 95% CI, 1.62-6.25). […] The incidence of carcinoid tumors, a type of NET, is increasing. There are no known risk factors for the development of NETs or factors that can identify which patients will develop carcinoid syndrome, although most patients with carcinoid syndrome often have liver metastases at onset.

• #39 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Carcinoid-Tumors.aspx

  Band 11q13 with the MEN 1 gene possibly acts as a tumor-suppressor gene. […] The formation of carcinoid tumors is infrequent. […] Ethnic background: African descendants are a little more exposed to carcinoids than are people of Caucasian descent. […] Gender: In general, relatively more women develop carcinoids than men. […] Diabetes: These tumors are more common in long-term diabetic patients. […] Other medical conditions: An inflammation in the stomach lining for a long period (called chronic atrophic gastritis) increases the risk in the stomach. […] Possible risk factors: It is not quite clear whether the risk factors increase the chance of tumors. […] Age: The age for examining GI carcinoid tumors is 5565 and for lung carcinoid tumors, between 4555. […] Saturated fats: Some studies suggest that the intake of more saturated fat increases the risk for carcinoid in the small intestine in comparison with intake of low saturated fat.

• #40 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Carcinoid-Tumors.aspx

  Smoking and alcohol: These increase ones chances of developing carcinoids. […] Obesity: Unnaturally obese people, having body mass index greater than 35, have twice the risk of cancer in the small intestine in comparison with those of normal weight. […] Hormone therapy: This is another risk factor and is believed to be dependent on the type and duration of the therapy.

• #41 Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Genetic syndromes […] Some studies estimate that inherited mutations of the MEN1 gene are responsible for about 5% to 10% of carcinoid tumors. […] People with this condition also develop carcinoid tumors of the small intestines. […] Carcinoid tumors are also more common among people with tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel Lindau disease and familial small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. […] People with certain diseases that damage the stomach and reduce the amount of acid it makes (such as atrophic gastritis or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) have a greater risk of developing stomach carcinoid tumors, but their risk for carcinoid tumors of other organs is not affected. […] Having a family history of any cancer, specifically in a first-degree relative (sibling, parent, or child), or a family history of a neuroendocrine tumor or carcinoid tumor seems to raise the risk of developing a carcinoid tumor. […] It is not clear if smoking increases the risk of getting a carcinoid tumor. Further studies are needed.

• #42 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Carcinoid-Tumors.aspx

  Smoking and alcohol: These increase ones chances of developing carcinoids. […] Obesity: Unnaturally obese people, having body mass index greater than 35, have twice the risk of cancer in the small intestine in comparison with those of normal weight. […] Hormone therapy: This is another risk factor and is believed to be dependent on the type and duration of the therapy.

• #43 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448101/

  The etiology of GI-NETs is multifactorial and involves a combination of genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. Most GI-NETs are sporadic. NETs of the foregut are associated with genetic syndromes, eg, Von Hippel Lindau and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, but they are less likely to be responsible for midgut NETs. […] Risk factors associated with GI-NETs include a positive family history of cancer, while lifestyle and metabolic factors may contribute to the development of these tumors. A high body mass index (BMI) and diabetes have been implicated as potential risk factors, possibly due to their association with chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Some evidence has also suggested that cigarette smoking and alcohol use may play a role in increasing the risk of GI-NETs.

• #44 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Carcinoid-Tumors.aspx

  Smoking and alcohol: These increase ones chances of developing carcinoids. […] Obesity: Unnaturally obese people, having body mass index greater than 35, have twice the risk of cancer in the small intestine in comparison with those of normal weight. […] Hormone therapy: This is another risk factor and is believed to be dependent on the type and duration of the therapy.

• #45 Carcinoid Lung Tumors: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Survival Rate

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/carcinoid_lung_tumor/article_em.htm

  Carcinoid lung tumors are an uncommon group of lung tumors, that develop from neuroendocrine cells. […] The uncontrolled growth of neuroendocrine cells leads to the development of carcinoid tumors. […] Unlike most lung cancers, no external environmental toxin (for example, tobacco smoke, air pollution, asbestos, radon) has been identified as a causative agent for the development of carcinoid lung tumors. […] About 25% of lung carcinoid tumors are located within the airways and are referred to as bronchial carcinoids. These are not related to smoking or other environmental causes. […] There are no known ways to prevent carcinoid lung tumors.

• #46 Bronchial Carcinoid | Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.lungcancergroup.com/lung-cancer/bronchial-carcinoids/

  Lung carcinoid tumors form when neuroendocrine cell DNA mutates, causing the cells to grow at out-of-control rates. The mutated cells clump together to form tumorlets that grow into neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. […] Researchers are still trying to determine what causes neuroendocrine cells to become cancerous. […] For example, smoking is not known to increase the risk of lung carcinoid tumors, unlike in cases of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but it could still impact a patient’s health. […] Though the exact causes of lung carcinoids aren’t fully understood, researchers have identified some traits that increase the risks. […] Risk factors for bronchial carcinoid tumors include: Age: Most people who develop lung carcinoids are between 40 and 60 years old, according to the Merck Manuals (a leading medical publication).

• #47 Carcinoid Syndrome – NETRF

  https://netrf.org/old-for-patients/living-with-nets/carcinoid-syndrome/

  More commonly encountered chemical substances associated with carcinoid syndrome, include serotonin, tachykinins, histamine, kallikrein, and prostaglandins. […] Serotonin appears to the primary substance associated with the so-called “midgut” carcinoid syndrome; however, the contribution of individual substances known to cause the condition is largely unknown. […] Carcinoid syndrome can develop when a neuroendocrine tumor produces sufficient quantities of substances that cause the symptoms associated with the condition. […] NETs occur in about 7 out of every 100,000 people. […] Among those living with NETs, researchers estimate 19% develop carcinoid syndrome. […] Carcinoid syndrome is most commonly caused by NETs that occur in the midgut and spread (metastasize) to the liver; however, in rare instances, carcinoid syndrome may be caused by NETs originating in the foregut and hindgut.

• #48 Carcinoid Syndrome – NETRF

  https://netrf.org/old-for-patients/living-with-nets/carcinoid-syndrome/

  Carcinoid syndrome is caused by the release or secretion of excessive amounts of bioactive substances (peptides and other hormones) from a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) into the bloodstream. […] NETs that secrete such substances are considered to be functional NETs. […] The body’s normal neuroendocrine cells also produce these active substances but in the case of carcinoid syndrome, the neuroendocrine tumor cells produce abnormally high levels of the substances. […] Once secreted by the NET, these active substances enter the bloodstream, and if they are not metabolized/deactivated by the body, for instance, in the liver, they may produce the pattern of symptoms referred to as carcinoid syndrome. […] NETs can release a multitude of bioactive substances, many of which are largely unknown, that create symptoms.

• #49 Carcinoid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448096/

  Carcinoid syndrome is caused by neuroendocrine tumors that metastasize to the liver, with the majority of these tumors originating from the midgut, particularly the appendix and small intestine. Neuroendocrine tumors without liver metastases typically do not produce carcinoid syndrome, as the liver metabolizes the biogenic amines produced by the primary tumor. Less commonly, tumors arising from the foregut or thorax can also result in carcinoid syndrome.[3][5] […] Carcinoid syndrome arises from the release of biologically active amines and peptides into the systemic circulation, bypassing the liver’s first-pass metabolism. The liver normally inactivates these substances, but liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors can allow these products to enter the circulation and exert systemic effects.[8][9]

• #50 Carcinoid Syndrome – NETRF

  https://netrf.org/old-for-patients/living-with-nets/carcinoid-syndrome/

  More commonly encountered chemical substances associated with carcinoid syndrome, include serotonin, tachykinins, histamine, kallikrein, and prostaglandins. […] Serotonin appears to the primary substance associated with the so-called “midgut” carcinoid syndrome; however, the contribution of individual substances known to cause the condition is largely unknown. […] Carcinoid syndrome can develop when a neuroendocrine tumor produces sufficient quantities of substances that cause the symptoms associated with the condition. […] NETs occur in about 7 out of every 100,000 people. […] Among those living with NETs, researchers estimate 19% develop carcinoid syndrome. […] Carcinoid syndrome is most commonly caused by NETs that occur in the midgut and spread (metastasize) to the liver; however, in rare instances, carcinoid syndrome may be caused by NETs originating in the foregut and hindgut.

• #51 Carcinoid syndrome: Causes and Management – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/carcinoid-syndrome

  Carcinoid syndrome is the result of a combination of peptides and amines secreted by advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) into the bloodstream. […] Neuroendocrine tumours can secrete bioactive amines into the bloodstream, causing symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. The most common amines and peptides are: […] Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic phenomenon, and therefore treating the underlying neuroendocrine tumour is key.

• #52 Carcinoid syndrome: update on the pathophysiology and treatment | Clinics

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinics-22-articulo-carcinoid-syndrome-update-on-pathophysiology-S1807593222011310

  Approximately 30-40% of patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors present with carcinoid syndrome, which is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with the secretion of several humoral factors. […] More than 40 substances have been identified as being potentially related to carcinoid syndrome; however, their individual contributions in triggering different carcinoid symptoms or complications, such as carcinoid heart disease, remain unclear. These substances include serotonin (5-HT), which appears to be the primary marker associated with the syndrome, as well as histamine, kallikrein, prostaglandins, and tachykinins. […] The exact mechanism underlying the development of CHD remains unclear. However, there is strong evidence for the role of 5-HT in the fibrogenesis and stimulation of fibroblast growth in CHD. […] A recent study demonstrated a significant association of MF with elevated urinary 5-HIAA levels, suggesting a potential causal relationship. Another study with 52 patients with midgut NETs demonstrated that elevated platelet 5-HT is associated with the presence of a mesenteric mass.

• #53 What Gastroenterologists Should Know about Carcinoid Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7422/13/1/14

  Carcinoid syndrome (CS) is the most common functional syndrome associated with neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN), particularly in intestinal NEN with extensive liver metastases. […] Most frequent manifestations of this syndrome are diarrhea and flushing (occurring in approximately 80% of cases), an asthma-like syndrome (12% of cases), and long-term complications, such as mesenteric fibrosis and carcinoid heart disease (CHD). […] More than 40 substances are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of CS, but the main mediator is serotonin (5-HT), which is considered the primary marker associated with the syndrome, and histamine, prostaglandins, and tachykinins. […] In the majority of cases, CS occurs in patients affected by NEN of the small intestine with extensive liver metastases due to the blood bypassing hepatic inactivation when entering the systemic circulation.

• #54 Carcinoid Syndrome due to Neuroendocrine Tumors – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/gastrointestinal-and-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/carcinoid-syndrome-due-to-neuroendocrine-tumors

  Neuroendocrine tumors are noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) growths that sometimes produce excessive amounts of hormone-like substances (such as serotonin), sometimes resulting in carcinoid syndrome. […] Neuroendocrine tumors (previously called carcinoid tumors) usually originate in hormone-producing cells that line the small intestine or other parts of the digestive tract. They can also occur in the pancreas, lungs (bronchial neuroendocrine tumors), or rarely the testes or ovaries. […] Neuroendocrine tumors can produce an excess of hormone-like substances, such as serotonin, bradykinin, histamine, and prostaglandins. Excess levels of these substances can sometimes result in a diverse set of symptoms called carcinoid syndrome. […] When neuroendocrine tumors occur in the digestive tract or pancreas, the substances they produce are released into a blood vessel that flows directly to the liver (portal vein), where enzymes destroy them. Therefore, neuroendocrine tumors that originate in the digestive tract generally do not cause symptoms of carcinoid syndrome unless the tumors have spread to the liver.

• #55 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors and Carcinoid Syndrome – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/gastrointestinal-and-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors-nets/gastrointestinal-neuroendocrine-tumors-and-carcinoid-syndrome

  Endocrinologically active neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the diffuse peripheral endocrine or paracrine system produce various amines and polypeptides with corresponding symptoms and signs, including carcinoid syndrome. Carcinoid syndrome is usually due to endocrinologically active NETs that develop from neuroendocrine cells (mostly in the ileum) and produce serotonin. It can, however, occur as a result of neuroendocrine tumors elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract (particularly the appendix and rectum), pancreas, bronchi, or, rarely, the gonads. Rarely, certain highly malignant tumors (eg, oat cell carcinoma of the lung, pancreatic islet cell carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma) are responsible. […] An intestinal serotonin-producing NET does not usually cause carcinoid syndrome unless hepatic metastases have occurred because metabolic products released by the tumor are rapidly destroyed by blood and liver enzymes in the portal circulation (eg, serotonin by hepatic monoamine oxidase). Hepatic metastases, however, release metabolic products via the hepatic veins directly into the systemic circulation. Metabolic products released by primary pulmonary and ovarian carcinoids bypass the portal route and may similarly induce symptoms. Rare intestinal NETs with only intra-abdominal spread can drain directly into the systemic circulation or the lymphatics and cause symptoms.

• #56 Can You Die from Carcinoid Syndrome? Life Expectancy

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/can_you_die_from_carcinoid_syndrome/article_em.htm

  Carcinoid syndrome is caused by a neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumor, and that may lead to liver dysfunction and death in cases where the cancer has spread (metastasized). […] Carcinoid syndrome is caused by an overproduction of hormones such as serotonin by a neuroendocrine tumor, resulting in the characteristic symptoms. […] Carcinoid syndrome commonly occurs when a neuroendocrine tumor that starts in the small intestine spreads to the liver, where the hormones produced by the tumor can enter the bloodstream, which can result in symptoms.

• #57 Carcinoid Syndrome due to Neuroendocrine Tumors – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/gastrointestinal-and-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/carcinoid-syndrome-due-to-neuroendocrine-tumors

  If the tumors have spread to the liver, the liver is unable to process the substances before they begin circulating throughout the body. Depending on which substances are being released by the tumors, the person will have the various symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lungs, testes, and ovaries also cause symptoms because the substances they produce bypass the liver and circulate widely in the bloodstream.

• #58 Newly Diagnosed: The Basics – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/for-patients/diagnosis/newly-diagnosed-the-basics/

  When neuroendocrine tumors have spread to the liver, the liver is unable to process the substances before they begin circulating throughout the body. Depending on which substances are being released by the tumors, the person will have the various symptoms of carcinoid syndrome, insulinoma syndrome, Zollinger Ellison syndrome, VIPoma syndrome, etc. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lungs, testes, and ovaries also cause symptoms without having spread, because the substances they produce bypass the liver and can sometimes circulate widely in the bloodstream.

• #59 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448101/

  The etiology of GI-NETs is multifactorial and involves a combination of genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. Most GI-NETs are sporadic. NETs of the foregut are associated with genetic syndromes, eg, Von Hippel Lindau and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, but they are less likely to be responsible for midgut NETs. […] Risk factors associated with GI-NETs include a positive family history of cancer, while lifestyle and metabolic factors may contribute to the development of these tumors. A high body mass index (BMI) and diabetes have been implicated as potential risk factors, possibly due to their association with chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Some evidence has also suggested that cigarette smoking and alcohol use may play a role in increasing the risk of GI-NETs.

• #60 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448101/

  However, the exact mechanisms remain unclear, and more recent data suggests that several germline mutations may be responsible, at least in part, for some NETs. […] These risk factors, genetic predispositions, and environmental influences highlight the multifactorial nature of GI-NET pathogenesis.

• #61 Carcinoid Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/risk-factors/carcinoid-syndrome

  Research into the exact cause of carcinoid syndrome is ongoing. In most instances, it occurs when neuroendocrine cells that produce serotonin and other hormonal substances spread to the liver. […] Neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix, small intestine, cecum and colon that metastasize (spread) to the liver will more often lead to carcinoid syndrome than tumors that originate elsewhere.

• #62 FAQ About Neuroendocrine and Carcinoid Tumors | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/treatment/gastrointestinal/programs/neuroendocrine-carcinoid/faq

  In rare cases, neuroendocrine tumors may be familial. Certain inherited conditions, including multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2, Von-Hippel Lindau disease, and others, result in multiple family members being affected. […] However, for the majority of neuroendocrine tumors (more than 95%), no clear cause has been identified. Traditional cancer risk factors, like exposure to environmental toxins or smoking, do not appear to be strongly associated with neuroendocrine tumors. […] Our researchers are actively investigating potential environmental or genetic causes for neuroendocrine tumors.

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