Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Carcinoid Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22103-carcinoid-syndrome

  No, it cant be prevented. Carcinoid syndrome is linked to neuroendocrine tumors, and as there isnt a known way to prevent NETs, theres no way to prevent its symptoms.

• #2 Can Lung Carcinoid Tumors Be Prevented? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-carcinoid-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  Because we do not yet know what causes most lung carcinoid tumors, it is not possible to know how to prevent them. […] Smoking has been linked with an increased risk of atypical carcinoids in some studies, so quitting (or not starting) might reduce a persons risk.

• #3 Carcinoid Tumor

  http://healthlibrary.gradyhealth.org/HomeHealthyHolidays/134,38

  Experts don’t know how to prevent carcinoid tumors. None of the known risk factors can be controlled or changed. […] Talk with your healthcare provider about your risk factors for carcinoid tumor and what you can do about them.

• #4 Explore Carcinoid Tumor Prevention Risk factors and Prevention Measures at HCG Oncology

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/carcinoid-tumours-prevention/

  Several factors increase the risk of carcinoid tumors. Identifying these carcinoid tumor risk factors and following the carcinoid tumor prevention measures to reduce those risks helps in the effective management of carcinoid tumors. […] Although 100% carcinoid tumor prevention is not possible, following certain measures can help one reduce their carcinoid tumor formation risk. Some of the carcinoid tumor prevention measures are: […] A protein diet not only helps reduce the risk of the disease but also helps manage carcinoid tumor symptoms. […] Excessive consumption of alcohol for prolonged periods increases the risk of various cancers, including carcinoid cancer. Limiting alcohol consumption lowers the risk of carcinoid tumors. […] Smoking increases the risk of carcinoid tumors, as the smoke contains several harmful carcinogens that cause genetic mutations, which in turn can lead to tumor formation. Thus, quitting or not initiating smoking reduces the risk of carcinoid tumors.

• #5 Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/gastrointestinal-carcinoid-tumor/causes-risks-prevention.html

  At this time, there is no known way to prevent gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. […] Since smoking might increase the risk of carcinoid tumors of the small intestine, not starting or quitting smoking may reduce the risk for this disease.

• #6 Can Lung Carcinoid Tumors Be Prevented? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-carcinoid-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  Because we do not yet know what causes most lung carcinoid tumors, it is not possible to know how to prevent them. […] Smoking has been linked with an increased risk of atypical carcinoids in some studies, so quitting (or not starting) might reduce a persons risk.

• #7 Explore Carcinoid Tumor Prevention Risk factors and Prevention Measures at HCG Oncology

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/carcinoid-tumours-prevention/

  Several factors increase the risk of carcinoid tumors. Identifying these carcinoid tumor risk factors and following the carcinoid tumor prevention measures to reduce those risks helps in the effective management of carcinoid tumors. […] Although 100% carcinoid tumor prevention is not possible, following certain measures can help one reduce their carcinoid tumor formation risk. Some of the carcinoid tumor prevention measures are: […] A protein diet not only helps reduce the risk of the disease but also helps manage carcinoid tumor symptoms. […] Excessive consumption of alcohol for prolonged periods increases the risk of various cancers, including carcinoid cancer. Limiting alcohol consumption lowers the risk of carcinoid tumors. […] Smoking increases the risk of carcinoid tumors, as the smoke contains several harmful carcinogens that cause genetic mutations, which in turn can lead to tumor formation. Thus, quitting or not initiating smoking reduces the risk of carcinoid tumors.

• #8 Explore Carcinoid Tumor Prevention Risk factors and Prevention Measures at HCG Oncology

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/carcinoid-tumours-prevention/

  Several factors increase the risk of carcinoid tumors. Identifying these carcinoid tumor risk factors and following the carcinoid tumor prevention measures to reduce those risks helps in the effective management of carcinoid tumors. […] Although 100% carcinoid tumor prevention is not possible, following certain measures can help one reduce their carcinoid tumor formation risk. Some of the carcinoid tumor prevention measures are: […] A protein diet not only helps reduce the risk of the disease but also helps manage carcinoid tumor symptoms. […] Excessive consumption of alcohol for prolonged periods increases the risk of various cancers, including carcinoid cancer. Limiting alcohol consumption lowers the risk of carcinoid tumors. […] Smoking increases the risk of carcinoid tumors, as the smoke contains several harmful carcinogens that cause genetic mutations, which in turn can lead to tumor formation. Thus, quitting or not initiating smoking reduces the risk of carcinoid tumors.

• #9 Explore Carcinoid Tumor Prevention Risk factors and Prevention Measures at HCG Oncology

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/carcinoid-tumours-prevention/

  Several factors increase the risk of carcinoid tumors. Identifying these carcinoid tumor risk factors and following the carcinoid tumor prevention measures to reduce those risks helps in the effective management of carcinoid tumors. […] Although 100% carcinoid tumor prevention is not possible, following certain measures can help one reduce their carcinoid tumor formation risk. Some of the carcinoid tumor prevention measures are: […] A protein diet not only helps reduce the risk of the disease but also helps manage carcinoid tumor symptoms. […] Excessive consumption of alcohol for prolonged periods increases the risk of various cancers, including carcinoid cancer. Limiting alcohol consumption lowers the risk of carcinoid tumors. […] Smoking increases the risk of carcinoid tumors, as the smoke contains several harmful carcinogens that cause genetic mutations, which in turn can lead to tumor formation. Thus, quitting or not initiating smoking reduces the risk of carcinoid tumors.

• #10 Carcinoid Tumors (Neuroendocrine Tumors) | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/our-services/cancers-we-treat/carcinoid-tumors-neuroendocrine-tumors

  Surgery is the best option for treating neuroendocrine tumor and preventing it from spreading. […] Somatostatin analogs are a type of treatment that may stop your body from making too many hormones. This may slow down the growth of the tumor when cancer cells have spread to other part of the body. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs that target certain genes or proteins to kill cancer cells. Neuroendocrine tumor cells have receptors on the surface of the cells called somatostatin. A type of targeted therapy called peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) can target these cells.

• #11 Carcinoid Tumors (Neuroendocrine Tumors) | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/our-services/cancers-we-treat/carcinoid-tumors-neuroendocrine-tumors

  Surgery is the best option for treating neuroendocrine tumor and preventing it from spreading. […] Somatostatin analogs are a type of treatment that may stop your body from making too many hormones. This may slow down the growth of the tumor when cancer cells have spread to other part of the body. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs that target certain genes or proteins to kill cancer cells. Neuroendocrine tumor cells have receptors on the surface of the cells called somatostatin. A type of targeted therapy called peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) can target these cells.

• #12 Carcinoid Tumors (Neuroendocrine Tumors) | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/our-services/cancers-we-treat/carcinoid-tumors-neuroendocrine-tumors

  Surgery is the best option for treating neuroendocrine tumor and preventing it from spreading. […] Somatostatin analogs are a type of treatment that may stop your body from making too many hormones. This may slow down the growth of the tumor when cancer cells have spread to other part of the body. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs that target certain genes or proteins to kill cancer cells. Neuroendocrine tumor cells have receptors on the surface of the cells called somatostatin. A type of targeted therapy called peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) can target these cells.

• #13 Carcinoid Tumors (Neuroendocrine Tumors) | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/our-services/cancers-we-treat/carcinoid-tumors-neuroendocrine-tumors

  Surgery is the best option for treating neuroendocrine tumor and preventing it from spreading. […] Somatostatin analogs are a type of treatment that may stop your body from making too many hormones. This may slow down the growth of the tumor when cancer cells have spread to other part of the body. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs that target certain genes or proteins to kill cancer cells. Neuroendocrine tumor cells have receptors on the surface of the cells called somatostatin. A type of targeted therapy called peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) can target these cells.

• #14 Carcinoid syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000347.htm

  Treating the tumor reduces the risk of carcinoid syndrome.

• #15 Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome Follow-up: Inpatient & Outpatient Medications, Deterrence/Prevention, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/282515-followup

  Patients must avoid any physical and emotional stress and any food or drug that may trigger a crisis. For example, monamine oxidase inhibitors should be avoided because they can exacerbate the syndrome by inhibiting serotonin degradation.

• #16 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=134&contentid=38

  Experts don’t know how to prevent carcinoid tumors. None of the known risk factors can be controlled or changed. […] You can help manage a carcinoid tumor by learning as much as you can about it and taking an active role in your treatment. Be sure to follow all your healthcare providers’ directions, take your medicines, and keep all your appointments. Tell your healthcare team about any side effects or other problems you’re having. There are often ways to help. Here are some other tips: […] Don’t use alcohol or eat foods that trigger carcinoid symptoms. […] Reduce stress as much as you can.

• #17 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=134&contentid=38

  Experts don’t know how to prevent carcinoid tumors. None of the known risk factors can be controlled or changed. […] You can help manage a carcinoid tumor by learning as much as you can about it and taking an active role in your treatment. Be sure to follow all your healthcare providers’ directions, take your medicines, and keep all your appointments. Tell your healthcare team about any side effects or other problems you’re having. There are often ways to help. Here are some other tips: […] Don’t use alcohol or eat foods that trigger carcinoid symptoms. […] Reduce stress as much as you can.

• #18 Explore Carcinoid Tumor Prevention Risk factors and Prevention Measures at HCG Oncology

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/carcinoid-tumours-prevention/

  Stress may not increase the risk of carcinoid tumors. However, it may worsen the symptoms in patients with carcinoid tumors. The patients should manage their stress effectively through various techniques. […] Effective carcinoid tumor prevention measures include a high-protein diet, limiting alcohol consumption, stress management, meditation, yoga, music therapy, and avoiding certain medications such as decongestants and antidepressants (as these medications worsen carcinoid tumor symptoms).

• #19 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=134&contentid=38

  Experts don’t know how to prevent carcinoid tumors. None of the known risk factors can be controlled or changed. […] You can help manage a carcinoid tumor by learning as much as you can about it and taking an active role in your treatment. Be sure to follow all your healthcare providers’ directions, take your medicines, and keep all your appointments. Tell your healthcare team about any side effects or other problems you’re having. There are often ways to help. Here are some other tips: […] Don’t use alcohol or eat foods that trigger carcinoid symptoms. […] Reduce stress as much as you can.

• #20 Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome Follow-up: Inpatient & Outpatient Medications, Deterrence/Prevention, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/282515-followup

  Patients must avoid any physical and emotional stress and any food or drug that may trigger a crisis. For example, monamine oxidase inhibitors should be avoided because they can exacerbate the syndrome by inhibiting serotonin degradation.

• #21 Explore Carcinoid Tumor Prevention Risk factors and Prevention Measures at HCG Oncology

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/carcinoid-tumours-prevention/

  Stress may not increase the risk of carcinoid tumors. However, it may worsen the symptoms in patients with carcinoid tumors. The patients should manage their stress effectively through various techniques. […] Effective carcinoid tumor prevention measures include a high-protein diet, limiting alcohol consumption, stress management, meditation, yoga, music therapy, and avoiding certain medications such as decongestants and antidepressants (as these medications worsen carcinoid tumor symptoms).

• #22 Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome Follow-up: Inpatient & Outpatient Medications, Deterrence/Prevention, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/282515-followup

  Patients must avoid any physical and emotional stress and any food or drug that may trigger a crisis. For example, monamine oxidase inhibitors should be avoided because they can exacerbate the syndrome by inhibiting serotonin degradation.

• #23 Additional Resources about Nutrition and Diet: – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/for-patients/general-information/nutrition/nutritional-concerns-for-the-carcinoid-patient-developing-nutrition-guidelines-for-persons-with-carcinoid-disease/

  However, we find that the best guidelines for people to prevent cancer and patients with cancer are those published by the American Institute for Cancer Research. (AICR) […] Our assumption is that foods or substances in foods that have been found to prevent cancer will also be beneficial in preventing recurrence or progression of the disease. […] It is highly advisable that you seek professional advice from a reliable nutritionist that can help you determine what your nutritional needs are and also can guide you in the right direction regarding food and supplement intakes. […] The main goal of this lecture is to help you to choose and adjust among all the foods that you are now eating and like, which foods may be helpful to avoid or decrease symptoms, and which will give you optimal health and help you fight your disease.

• #24 Treatment Options – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/for-patients/treatment/treatment-options/

  It has been shown that giving niacin supplementation to neuroendocrine cancer patients not only resolves several common symptoms of carcinoid/neuroendocrine tumors(NETs) and pellagra, such as skin lesions and diarrhea/ steatorrhea, but also generally improves the health of the NET patients. […] Therefore, our results warrant that niacin status should be determined for all NET patients, so that active niacin replacement could be provided to biochemically niacin-deficient patients. In areas of the world where preformed niacin is not added to the food supply and screening of niacin status is not possible, all carcinoid patients should be supplemented with niacin as a preventative therapy. […] We suggest that hypertensive as well as hypotensive carcinoid crises respond to octreotide and that this agent should be considered for prophylactic and emergency use in all carcinoid syndrome patients prior to and during anesthesia and surgery.

• #25 Treatment Options – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/for-patients/treatment/treatment-options/

  It has been shown that giving niacin supplementation to neuroendocrine cancer patients not only resolves several common symptoms of carcinoid/neuroendocrine tumors(NETs) and pellagra, such as skin lesions and diarrhea/ steatorrhea, but also generally improves the health of the NET patients. […] Therefore, our results warrant that niacin status should be determined for all NET patients, so that active niacin replacement could be provided to biochemically niacin-deficient patients. In areas of the world where preformed niacin is not added to the food supply and screening of niacin status is not possible, all carcinoid patients should be supplemented with niacin as a preventative therapy. […] We suggest that hypertensive as well as hypotensive carcinoid crises respond to octreotide and that this agent should be considered for prophylactic and emergency use in all carcinoid syndrome patients prior to and during anesthesia and surgery.

• #26 Additional Resources about Nutrition and Diet: – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/for-patients/general-information/nutrition/nutritional-concerns-for-the-carcinoid-patient-developing-nutrition-guidelines-for-persons-with-carcinoid-disease/

  However, we find that the best guidelines for people to prevent cancer and patients with cancer are those published by the American Institute for Cancer Research. (AICR) […] Our assumption is that foods or substances in foods that have been found to prevent cancer will also be beneficial in preventing recurrence or progression of the disease. […] It is highly advisable that you seek professional advice from a reliable nutritionist that can help you determine what your nutritional needs are and also can guide you in the right direction regarding food and supplement intakes. […] The main goal of this lecture is to help you to choose and adjust among all the foods that you are now eating and like, which foods may be helpful to avoid or decrease symptoms, and which will give you optimal health and help you fight your disease.

• #27 Additional Resources about Nutrition and Diet: – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/for-patients/general-information/nutrition/nutritional-concerns-for-the-carcinoid-patient-developing-nutrition-guidelines-for-persons-with-carcinoid-disease/

  It is important to remember that if you eat large quantities of foods even moderately low in Serotonin it may still affect the 5HIAA urine test. […] At this time, it is not known whether any dietary manipulation will affect the clinical course of cancer (it will not increase or shrink tumors or cure the disease). HOWEVER, a well-nourished person is less likely to develop complications and will be better able to cope with treatment for the disease. In the case of carcinoid patient, avoiding certain foods that may aggravate symptoms and provoke a carcinoid crisis will surely improve quality of life.

• #28 Neuroendocrine Tumours – Carcinoid – Appendix – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/general/small-bowel/neuroendocrine-tumours/

  When major surgery or embolisation is planned for patients with carcinoid syndrome, prophylactic administration of somatostatin analogues should be considered to prevent a potential carcinoid crisis, both intra-operatively or post-operatively. Carcinoid crisis is caused by an overwhelming release of hormones from the NET, resulting in a resistant severe hypotension. […] Somatostatin analogues (such as ocreotide) may be used for the prophylaxis of carcinoid crisis, depending on the presence of carcinoid syndrome, how well it is controlled, and the type and degree of surgery planned. In the highest risk patients, octreotide can be started 24 hours prior to the operation and continued for 48 hours post-operatively.

• #29 ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pre- and Perioperative Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5637287/

  Patients with carcinoid syndrome should receive octreotide prophylaxis to prevent the development of carcinoid crisis during surgery. […] If patients already receive octreotide or other somatostatin analogs, this medication should be continued while awaiting surgery. […] Patients who have not received octreotide can be given 100-200 g 3 times/day subcutaneously for 2 weeks prior to surgery. […] If more acute operation is needed, octreotide is given as an intravenous infusion for 1-2 days before surgery. […] Perioperative treatment is recommended with intravenous octreotide; infusion is started 12 h before anesthesia at a dose of 50-100 g/h using dose titration until resolution of the symptoms (mean dose 100-200 g/h). […] In case of a carcinoid crisis reaction with hypotension during anesthesia, adrenergic drugs should be used cautiously and further octreotide infusion should be given even at doses as high as 500 g/h. […] Patients previously treated with somatostatin analogs may require even higher doses.

• #30 Prevention and Management of Carcinoid Crisis – Neuroendocrine Cancer Irish Patient Support Group

  https://neuroendocrinecancer.ie/prevention-and-management-of-carcinoid-crisis/

  To prevent the carcinoid crisis, prophylactic intravenous octreotide should be administered prior to invasive procedures. The octreotide should be diluted in normal saline and given in a dose of 1000 mcg over 24 hours. It should be started 12 hours before, and continue for 24 to 48 hours after the procedure. […] In some cases, prophylaxis with small subcutaneous octreotide doses is possible. In minor procedures, for example dental procedures and ingrown toenails, prophylaxis is not needed.

• #31 ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pre- and Perioperative Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5637287/

  Patients with carcinoid syndrome should receive octreotide prophylaxis to prevent the development of carcinoid crisis during surgery. […] If patients already receive octreotide or other somatostatin analogs, this medication should be continued while awaiting surgery. […] Patients who have not received octreotide can be given 100-200 g 3 times/day subcutaneously for 2 weeks prior to surgery. […] If more acute operation is needed, octreotide is given as an intravenous infusion for 1-2 days before surgery. […] Perioperative treatment is recommended with intravenous octreotide; infusion is started 12 h before anesthesia at a dose of 50-100 g/h using dose titration until resolution of the symptoms (mean dose 100-200 g/h). […] In case of a carcinoid crisis reaction with hypotension during anesthesia, adrenergic drugs should be used cautiously and further octreotide infusion should be given even at doses as high as 500 g/h. […] Patients previously treated with somatostatin analogs may require even higher doses.

• #32 Neuroendocrine Tumours – Carcinoid – Appendix – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/general/small-bowel/neuroendocrine-tumours/

  When major surgery or embolisation is planned for patients with carcinoid syndrome, prophylactic administration of somatostatin analogues should be considered to prevent a potential carcinoid crisis, both intra-operatively or post-operatively. Carcinoid crisis is caused by an overwhelming release of hormones from the NET, resulting in a resistant severe hypotension. […] Somatostatin analogues (such as ocreotide) may be used for the prophylaxis of carcinoid crisis, depending on the presence of carcinoid syndrome, how well it is controlled, and the type and degree of surgery planned. In the highest risk patients, octreotide can be started 24 hours prior to the operation and continued for 48 hours post-operatively.

• #33 ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pre- and Perioperative Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5637287/

  Patients with carcinoid syndrome should receive octreotide prophylaxis to prevent the development of carcinoid crisis during surgery. […] If patients already receive octreotide or other somatostatin analogs, this medication should be continued while awaiting surgery. […] Patients who have not received octreotide can be given 100-200 g 3 times/day subcutaneously for 2 weeks prior to surgery. […] If more acute operation is needed, octreotide is given as an intravenous infusion for 1-2 days before surgery. […] Perioperative treatment is recommended with intravenous octreotide; infusion is started 12 h before anesthesia at a dose of 50-100 g/h using dose titration until resolution of the symptoms (mean dose 100-200 g/h). […] In case of a carcinoid crisis reaction with hypotension during anesthesia, adrenergic drugs should be used cautiously and further octreotide infusion should be given even at doses as high as 500 g/h. […] Patients previously treated with somatostatin analogs may require even higher doses.

• #34 ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pre- and Perioperative Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5637287/

  Patients with carcinoid syndrome should receive octreotide prophylaxis to prevent the development of carcinoid crisis during surgery. […] If patients already receive octreotide or other somatostatin analogs, this medication should be continued while awaiting surgery. […] Patients who have not received octreotide can be given 100-200 g 3 times/day subcutaneously for 2 weeks prior to surgery. […] If more acute operation is needed, octreotide is given as an intravenous infusion for 1-2 days before surgery. […] Perioperative treatment is recommended with intravenous octreotide; infusion is started 12 h before anesthesia at a dose of 50-100 g/h using dose titration until resolution of the symptoms (mean dose 100-200 g/h). […] In case of a carcinoid crisis reaction with hypotension during anesthesia, adrenergic drugs should be used cautiously and further octreotide infusion should be given even at doses as high as 500 g/h. […] Patients previously treated with somatostatin analogs may require even higher doses.

• #35 ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pre- and Perioperative Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5637287/

  Patients with carcinoid syndrome should receive octreotide prophylaxis to prevent the development of carcinoid crisis during surgery. […] If patients already receive octreotide or other somatostatin analogs, this medication should be continued while awaiting surgery. […] Patients who have not received octreotide can be given 100-200 g 3 times/day subcutaneously for 2 weeks prior to surgery. […] If more acute operation is needed, octreotide is given as an intravenous infusion for 1-2 days before surgery. […] Perioperative treatment is recommended with intravenous octreotide; infusion is started 12 h before anesthesia at a dose of 50-100 g/h using dose titration until resolution of the symptoms (mean dose 100-200 g/h). […] In case of a carcinoid crisis reaction with hypotension during anesthesia, adrenergic drugs should be used cautiously and further octreotide infusion should be given even at doses as high as 500 g/h. […] Patients previously treated with somatostatin analogs may require even higher doses.

• #36 ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pre- and Perioperative Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5637287/

  Patients with carcinoid syndrome should receive octreotide prophylaxis to prevent the development of carcinoid crisis during surgery. […] If patients already receive octreotide or other somatostatin analogs, this medication should be continued while awaiting surgery. […] Patients who have not received octreotide can be given 100-200 g 3 times/day subcutaneously for 2 weeks prior to surgery. […] If more acute operation is needed, octreotide is given as an intravenous infusion for 1-2 days before surgery. […] Perioperative treatment is recommended with intravenous octreotide; infusion is started 12 h before anesthesia at a dose of 50-100 g/h using dose titration until resolution of the symptoms (mean dose 100-200 g/h). […] In case of a carcinoid crisis reaction with hypotension during anesthesia, adrenergic drugs should be used cautiously and further octreotide infusion should be given even at doses as high as 500 g/h. […] Patients previously treated with somatostatin analogs may require even higher doses.

• #37 Prevention and Management of Carcinoid Crisis – Neuroendocrine Cancer Irish Patient Support Group

  https://neuroendocrinecancer.ie/prevention-and-management-of-carcinoid-crisis/

  To prevent the carcinoid crisis, prophylactic intravenous octreotide should be administered prior to invasive procedures. The octreotide should be diluted in normal saline and given in a dose of 1000 mcg over 24 hours. It should be started 12 hours before, and continue for 24 to 48 hours after the procedure. […] In some cases, prophylaxis with small subcutaneous octreotide doses is possible. In minor procedures, for example dental procedures and ingrown toenails, prophylaxis is not needed.

• #38 Prevention and Management of Carcinoid Crisis – Neuroendocrine Cancer Irish Patient Support Group

  https://neuroendocrinecancer.ie/prevention-and-management-of-carcinoid-crisis/

  To prevent the carcinoid crisis, prophylactic intravenous octreotide should be administered prior to invasive procedures. The octreotide should be diluted in normal saline and given in a dose of 1000 mcg over 24 hours. It should be started 12 hours before, and continue for 24 to 48 hours after the procedure. […] In some cases, prophylaxis with small subcutaneous octreotide doses is possible. In minor procedures, for example dental procedures and ingrown toenails, prophylaxis is not needed.

• #39 ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pre- and Perioperative Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5637287/

  Patients with carcinoid syndrome should receive octreotide prophylaxis to prevent the development of carcinoid crisis during surgery. […] If patients already receive octreotide or other somatostatin analogs, this medication should be continued while awaiting surgery. […] Patients who have not received octreotide can be given 100-200 g 3 times/day subcutaneously for 2 weeks prior to surgery. […] If more acute operation is needed, octreotide is given as an intravenous infusion for 1-2 days before surgery. […] Perioperative treatment is recommended with intravenous octreotide; infusion is started 12 h before anesthesia at a dose of 50-100 g/h using dose titration until resolution of the symptoms (mean dose 100-200 g/h). […] In case of a carcinoid crisis reaction with hypotension during anesthesia, adrenergic drugs should be used cautiously and further octreotide infusion should be given even at doses as high as 500 g/h. […] Patients previously treated with somatostatin analogs may require even higher doses.

• #40 ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pre- and Perioperative Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5637287/

  Patients with carcinoid syndrome should receive octreotide prophylaxis to prevent the development of carcinoid crisis during surgery. […] If patients already receive octreotide or other somatostatin analogs, this medication should be continued while awaiting surgery. […] Patients who have not received octreotide can be given 100-200 g 3 times/day subcutaneously for 2 weeks prior to surgery. […] If more acute operation is needed, octreotide is given as an intravenous infusion for 1-2 days before surgery. […] Perioperative treatment is recommended with intravenous octreotide; infusion is started 12 h before anesthesia at a dose of 50-100 g/h using dose titration until resolution of the symptoms (mean dose 100-200 g/h). […] In case of a carcinoid crisis reaction with hypotension during anesthesia, adrenergic drugs should be used cautiously and further octreotide infusion should be given even at doses as high as 500 g/h. […] Patients previously treated with somatostatin analogs may require even higher doses.

• #41 Treatment Options – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/for-patients/treatment/treatment-options/

  It has been shown that giving niacin supplementation to neuroendocrine cancer patients not only resolves several common symptoms of carcinoid/neuroendocrine tumors(NETs) and pellagra, such as skin lesions and diarrhea/ steatorrhea, but also generally improves the health of the NET patients. […] Therefore, our results warrant that niacin status should be determined for all NET patients, so that active niacin replacement could be provided to biochemically niacin-deficient patients. In areas of the world where preformed niacin is not added to the food supply and screening of niacin status is not possible, all carcinoid patients should be supplemented with niacin as a preventative therapy. […] We suggest that hypertensive as well as hypotensive carcinoid crises respond to octreotide and that this agent should be considered for prophylactic and emergency use in all carcinoid syndrome patients prior to and during anesthesia and surgery.

• #42 Late-stage diagnosis of carcinoid heart disease due to lack of access to health care | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-023-00176-z

  Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with carcinoid syndrome (CS). […] However, as the understanding of this rare syndrome improves, there is growing evidence that highlights ways that CHD can be prevented, one of which is to identify and treat CS in a timely manner. […] A multicenter retrospective cohort study in Latin America by Uema et al. had findings suggesting that poorer access to care was associated with higher chances of developing CHD. […] Our patients case highlights the importance of improved access to healthcare and timely diagnosis and treatment of CS as ways to prevent development of CHD. […] Once the diagnosis of CS is made, prompt treatment with somatostatin analogues, most commonly octreotide, should be initiated. […] While expert consensus opinion recommends octreotide therapy in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors for prevention of CHD, data is lacking to support this notion.

• #43 Late-stage diagnosis of carcinoid heart disease due to lack of access to health care | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-023-00176-z

  Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with carcinoid syndrome (CS). […] However, as the understanding of this rare syndrome improves, there is growing evidence that highlights ways that CHD can be prevented, one of which is to identify and treat CS in a timely manner. […] A multicenter retrospective cohort study in Latin America by Uema et al. had findings suggesting that poorer access to care was associated with higher chances of developing CHD. […] Our patients case highlights the importance of improved access to healthcare and timely diagnosis and treatment of CS as ways to prevent development of CHD. […] Once the diagnosis of CS is made, prompt treatment with somatostatin analogues, most commonly octreotide, should be initiated. […] While expert consensus opinion recommends octreotide therapy in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors for prevention of CHD, data is lacking to support this notion.

• #44 Late-stage diagnosis of carcinoid heart disease due to lack of access to health care | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-023-00176-z

  Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with carcinoid syndrome (CS). […] However, as the understanding of this rare syndrome improves, there is growing evidence that highlights ways that CHD can be prevented, one of which is to identify and treat CS in a timely manner. […] A multicenter retrospective cohort study in Latin America by Uema et al. had findings suggesting that poorer access to care was associated with higher chances of developing CHD. […] Our patients case highlights the importance of improved access to healthcare and timely diagnosis and treatment of CS as ways to prevent development of CHD. […] Once the diagnosis of CS is made, prompt treatment with somatostatin analogues, most commonly octreotide, should be initiated. […] While expert consensus opinion recommends octreotide therapy in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors for prevention of CHD, data is lacking to support this notion.

• #45 Late-stage diagnosis of carcinoid heart disease due to lack of access to health care | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-023-00176-z

  Regular screening for CHD should also be performed in all patients with CS. […] Guidelines recommend screening with TTE annually for patients without cardiac involvement and semiannually for those with cardiac involvement. […] As illustrated in our patients cause, timely diagnosis and treatment of CS are imperative for prevention of CHD. […] This case highlights the importance of adequate access to healthcare for timely diagnosis and treatment of CS, appropriate screening for CHD once CS is diagnosed, and appropriate monitoring and therapy when CHD develops.

• #46 Carcinoid Crisis and Anaesthesia: Signs, Risks, Triggers & More

  https://neuroendocrine.org.au/treatments/carcinoid-crisis-and-anaesthesia/

  In extreme cases, it can lead to confusion or even a coma. Your NET specialist will ensure you are monitored during a procedures (including dental work and anaesthetics), in which you may be susceptible to these symptoms and may give you medication to prevent such a crisis occurring (e.g. an infusion of a somatostatin (octreotide) analogue). […] To help prevent and manage a carcinoid crisis, a medicine called octreotide is used. It stops certain hormones from being released and slows down tumour growth. […] Patients who are at risk of carcinoid crisis should engage in open and proactive communication with their healthcare team to ensure their safety and well-being. If youve had a recent NET diagnosis, it is vital to inform your healthcare providers about your specific medical history, including any previous episodes of carcinoid crisis, triggers, and symptoms youve experienced.

• #47 Carcinoid Crisis and Anaesthesia: Signs, Risks, Triggers & More

  https://neuroendocrine.org.au/treatments/carcinoid-crisis-and-anaesthesia/

  In extreme cases, it can lead to confusion or even a coma. Your NET specialist will ensure you are monitored during a procedures (including dental work and anaesthetics), in which you may be susceptible to these symptoms and may give you medication to prevent such a crisis occurring (e.g. an infusion of a somatostatin (octreotide) analogue). […] To help prevent and manage a carcinoid crisis, a medicine called octreotide is used. It stops certain hormones from being released and slows down tumour growth. […] Patients who are at risk of carcinoid crisis should engage in open and proactive communication with their healthcare team to ensure their safety and well-being. If youve had a recent NET diagnosis, it is vital to inform your healthcare providers about your specific medical history, including any previous episodes of carcinoid crisis, triggers, and symptoms youve experienced.

• #48 Carcinoid Crisis and Anaesthesia: Signs, Risks, Triggers & More

  https://neuroendocrine.org.au/treatments/carcinoid-crisis-and-anaesthesia/

  Establish a clear action plan with your healthcare team, which includes instructions on how to recognise the early signs of a carcinoid crisis and what immediate steps to take if one occurs. Regularly follow up with your healthcare team for ongoing monitoring, adjustments to your treatment plan, and to address any concerns or questions.

• #49 Carcinoid Crisis and Anaesthesia: Signs, Risks, Triggers & More

  https://neuroendocrine.org.au/treatments/carcinoid-crisis-and-anaesthesia/

  Establish a clear action plan with your healthcare team, which includes instructions on how to recognise the early signs of a carcinoid crisis and what immediate steps to take if one occurs. Regularly follow up with your healthcare team for ongoing monitoring, adjustments to your treatment plan, and to address any concerns or questions.

• #50 Carcinoid Tumor

  http://healthlibrary.gradyhealth.org/HomeHealthyHolidays/134,38

  Experts don’t know how to prevent carcinoid tumors. None of the known risk factors can be controlled or changed. […] Talk with your healthcare provider about your risk factors for carcinoid tumor and what you can do about them.

• #51 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=134&contentid=38

  Experts don’t know how to prevent carcinoid tumors. None of the known risk factors can be controlled or changed. […] You can help manage a carcinoid tumor by learning as much as you can about it and taking an active role in your treatment. Be sure to follow all your healthcare providers’ directions, take your medicines, and keep all your appointments. Tell your healthcare team about any side effects or other problems you’re having. There are often ways to help. Here are some other tips: […] Don’t use alcohol or eat foods that trigger carcinoid symptoms. […] Reduce stress as much as you can.

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